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<document id="1AAAC76B27D936C6718F4367AC3E2A72" ID-CLB-Dataset="37320" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.272951" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e2c88f4c-3ac2-45f9-95e4-99b75561a081" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="272951" ID-ZooBank="6D68A019-6F63-4AA4-A8B3-92D351F1F69B" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1484409208030" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Van, Rob W. M." docDate="2017" docId="03A800107799FF7CFF14A6359273FD6A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4217.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Leucandra hentschelii Brondsted 1931" docType="treatment" docVersion="21" lastPageNumber="209" masterDocId="FF9178687757FFACFF83A36B907DFF9A" masterDocTitle="Sponges of the Guyana Shelf" masterLastPageNumber="225" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="207" updateTime="1698435695899" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="2190BDD112CE58554758AB132F036695" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="D97F2E22EB962AEB559DA0EED3632C6D">
<mods:title id="5C6F84F69555FCFE9A61F9BCD7119BC4">Sponges of the Guyana Shelf</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="53F2DC7FABD6825A91AE6845267B8AB6" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="96F8D2336B709162373A8A73A7BD8A77">Van, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="AEBB142F5B2959DEC3FBE21CC40A46FD">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="88506DDCDAB94F66E060ABAF800CBBC2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="FF5693AA773F58B42F163F1C069A50C0">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8A9C85F699CB70A9D7C8E1E2FAC7E9A1">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="258D556ED99EF9D4772B01D2709FC3E6">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="BD0BB84F4A9FCFBF85527E4A8046F2D1" type="CLB-Dataset">37320</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7C4080CCC4E57993C8F86C01EC9022C5" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.272951</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5136F4CEE543F65ACE09779BD07C3FF5" type="GBIF-Dataset">e2c88f4c-3ac2-45f9-95e4-99b75561a081</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E189FC60D8FF54FDC450038E01D4962E" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="359D70FD859F757A2AA524AC9A90B077" type="Zenodo-Dep">272951</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03A800107799FF7CFF14A6359273FD6A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5698776" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127419670" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5698776" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A800107799FF7CFF14A6359273FD6A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A800107799FF7CFF14A6359273FD6A" lastPageId="208" lastPageNumber="209" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
<subSubSection id="C31BE28D7799FF62FF14A6359139FA00" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067799FF62FF14A63592D4FAE2" blockId="206.[151,681,1374,1434]" box="[151,681,1374,1400]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
<heading id="D0F6066A7799FF62FF14A63592D4FAE2" bold="true" box="[151,681,1374,1400]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA857799FF62FF14A63592D4FAE2" ID-CoL="6Q4D5" authority="Brondsted, 1931" authorityName="Brondsted" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,681,1374,1400]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hentschelii">
<emphasis id="B9756D147799FF62FF14A63592D4FAE2" bold="true" box="[151,681,1374,1400]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
<emphasis id="B9756D147799FF62FF14A6359166FAE2" bold="true" box="[151,283,1374,1400]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Leucandra</emphasis>
aff.
<emphasis id="B9756D147799FF62FED0A63591ABFAE2" bold="true" box="[339,470,1374,1400]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">hentschelii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF77799FF62FE5EA63592D4FAE2" author="Brondsted" box="[477,681,1374,1400]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" refString="Brondsted, H. V. (1931) [1929] Die Kalkschwamme der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutsche Sudpolar- Expedition 1901 - 03, 20, 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1931">Brøndsted, 1931</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067799FF62FF14A6EA9139FA00" blockId="206.[151,681,1374,1434]" box="[151,324,1409,1434]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
<figureCitation id="133AAD837799FF62FF14A6EA9166FA00" box="[151,283,1409,1434]" captionStart="FIGURE 132" captionStartId="207.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@207.[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetPageId="207" captionText="FIGURE 132. Leucandra aff. hentschelii Brøndsted, 1931, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9740 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of the skeleton and the spicules, b, cortical skeleton, c, cortical triactine, d, subcortical giant triactine, e, subcortical tetractine, f, choanosomal triactines, g, atrial triactine, h, atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273082/files/figure.png" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Figures 132</figureCitation>
a–h
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31BE28D7799FF62FF14A6A2935EFA64" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067799FF62FF14A6A29284FA45" blockId="206.[151,803,1481,1534]" box="[151,761,1481,1503]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
<emphasis id="B9756D147799FF62FF14A6A290DDFA45" box="[151,160,1481,1503]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">?</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA857799FF62FF23A6A292FDFA45" ID-CoL="6Q4D5" authority="Brondsted, 1931" authorityName="Brondsted" authorityYear="1931" box="[160,640,1481,1503]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hentschelii">
<emphasis id="B9756D147799FF62FF23A6A291F8FA45" box="[160,389,1481,1503]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Leucandra hentschelii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF77799FF62FE0FA6A2924EFA45" author="Brondsted" box="[396,563,1481,1503]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" refString="Brondsted, H. V. (1931) [1929] Die Kalkschwamme der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutsche Sudpolar- Expedition 1901 - 03, 20, 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1931">Brøndsted, 1931</bibRefCitation>
(1929)
</taxonomicName>
: 40, fig. 31;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067799FF62FF14A682935EFA64" blockId="206.[151,803,1481,1534]" box="[151,803,1512,1534]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1196287799FF62FF14A682935EFA64" box="[151,803,1512,1534]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA857799FF62FF14A6829114FA64" box="[151,361,1512,1534]" class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" genus="Leuconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hentschelii">
<emphasis id="B9756D147799FF62FF14A6829114FA64" box="[151,361,1512,1534]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Leuconia hentschelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<treatmentCitation id="0AA097177799FF62FEF5A68392ADFA64" author="Borojevic" box="[374,720,1512,1534]" page="1030" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" year="1976">
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF77799FF62FEF5A68392ECFA64" author="Borojevic" box="[374,657,1512,1534]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" refString="Borojevic, R. &amp; Peixinho, S. (1976) Eponges calcaires du Nord-Nord-Est du Bresil. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, (3, A) 402, 987 - 1036." type="journal article" year="1976">Borojevic &amp; Peixinho 1976</bibRefCitation>
: 1030
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 26.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31BE28D7799FF62FF14A541932DF9FD" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067799FF62FF14A541932DF9FD" blockId="206.[151,1436,1578,2035]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
<materialsCitation id="3B69BB5B7799FF62FF14A5419330F9FD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1424726484" collectingDate="1970-09-04" collectionCode="RMNH" country="Guyana" elevation="85" latitude="7.9" location="Material" longLatPrecision="5555" longitude="-57.5167" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="B9756D147799FF62FF14A54191FCF9D9" bold="true" box="[151,385,1578,1603]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
<location id="8EDEE7DD7799FF62FF14A5419082F9D9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A800107799FF7CFF14A6359273FD6A:8EDEE7DD7799FF62FF14A5419082F9D9" box="[151,255,1578,1603]" country="Guyana" latitude="7.9" longLatPrecision="5555" longitude="-57.5167" name="Material" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Material</location>
examined.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED1029C37799FF62FE0AA54091A0F9D8" box="[393,477,1579,1602]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">RMNH</collectionCode>
Por. 9740,
<collectingCountry id="F316F1967799FF62FDE2A54092C6F9D9" box="[609,699,1579,1603]" name="Guyana" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Guyana</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F316F1967799FF62FD44A540935CF9D9" box="[711,801,1579,1603]" name="Guyana" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Guyana</collectingCountry>
, ‘Luymes’
<collectingCountry id="F316F1967799FF62FC21A5409384F9D9" box="[930,1017,1579,1603]" name="Guyana" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf Expedition, station 103,
<geoCoordinate id="EE35D7C17799FF62FAD9A54095E1F9D9" box="[1370,1436,1579,1603]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" precision="5555" value="7.9">7.9°N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE35D7C17799FF62FF14A525916AF9FD" box="[151,279,1614,1639]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" precision="5" value="-57.5167">57.5167°W</geoCoordinate>
, depth
<quantity id="4CF91CE37799FF62FEEBA52591DEF9FC" box="[360,419,1614,1639]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" unit="m" value="85.0">
<elevation id="002C56357799FF62FEEBA52591DEF9FC" box="[360,419,1614,1639]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" unit="m" value="85.0">85 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, triangular dredge,
<date id="FFBF97C67799FF62FDFEA5249330F9FD" box="[637,845,1614,1639]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" value="1970-09-04">
<collectingDate id="EFFB6E2E7799FF62FDFEA5249330F9FD" box="[637,845,1614,1639]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" value="1970-09-04">4 September 1970</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31BE28D7799FF63FF44A51993A7F947" lastPageId="207" lastPageNumber="208" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067799FF62FF44A5199497F935" blockId="206.[151,1436,1578,2035]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
<emphasis id="B9756D147799FF62FF44A5199124F911" bold="true" box="[199,345,1650,1675]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Description.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133AAD837799FF62FEEBA51991B5F911" box="[360,456,1650,1675]" captionStart="FIGURE 132" captionStartId="207.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@207.[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetPageId="207" captionText="FIGURE 132. Leucandra aff. hentschelii Brøndsted, 1931, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9740 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of the skeleton and the spicules, b, cortical skeleton, c, cortical triactine, d, subcortical giant triactine, e, subcortical tetractine, f, choanosomal triactines, g, atrial triactine, h, atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273082/files/figure.png" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Fig. 132</figureCitation>
a) Thin tube with rough surface, sitting on a dead coral branch. Length of tube
<quantity id="4CF91CE37799FF62FAC5A51895E5F910" box="[1350,1432,1651,1675]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
, diameter
<quantity id="4CF91CE37799FF62FE83A5FD9125F934" box="[256,344,1686,1711]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
, atrial opening less than
<quantity id="4CF91CE37799FF62FDEEA5FD92BBF934" box="[621,710,1686,1711]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
. Color (in alcohol) dirty white, consistency firm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067799FF62FF44A5D19499F881" blockId="206.[151,1436,1578,2035]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
<emphasis id="B9756D147799FF62FF44A5D19148F949" bold="true" box="[199,309,1722,1747]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Skeleton.</emphasis>
The cortical region (
<figureCitation id="133AAD837799FF62FDA3A5D19202F949" box="[544,639,1722,1747]" captionStart="FIGURE 132" captionStartId="207.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@207.[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetPageId="207" captionText="FIGURE 132. Leucandra aff. hentschelii Brøndsted, 1931, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9740 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of the skeleton and the spicules, b, cortical skeleton, c, cortical triactine, d, subcortical giant triactine, e, subcortical tetractine, f, choanosomal triactines, g, atrial triactine, h, atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273082/files/figure.png" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Fig. 132</figureCitation>
b) is built of tangentially arranged large sagittal triactines (occasionally also tetractines), overlying tangential giant triactines of the subcortical region. The choanosomal region is supported by small triactines, the atrial skeleton consists of similar triactines and small tetractines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067799FF62FF44A44D9475F8A5" blockId="206.[151,1436,1578,2035]" box="[199,1032,1830,1855]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
<emphasis id="B9756D147799FF62FF44A44D914DF8A5" bold="true" box="[199,304,1830,1855]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Spicules.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133AAD837799FF62FEBCA44D91DCF8A5" box="[319,417,1830,1855]" captionStart="FIGURE 132" captionStartId="207.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@207.[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetPageId="207" captionText="FIGURE 132. Leucandra aff. hentschelii Brøndsted, 1931, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9740 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of the skeleton and the spicules, b, cortical skeleton, c, cortical triactine, d, subcortical giant triactine, e, subcortical tetractine, f, choanosomal triactines, g, atrial triactine, h, atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273082/files/figure.png" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Figs 132</figureCitation>
c–h) Triactines of various sizes and shapes, tetractines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067799FF62FF44A420938DF81D" blockId="206.[151,1436,1578,2035]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
Large triactines (
<figureCitation id="133AAD837799FF62FE0EA421918CF8F9" box="[397,497,1866,1891]" captionStart="FIGURE 132" captionStartId="207.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@207.[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetPageId="207" captionText="FIGURE 132. Leucandra aff. hentschelii Brøndsted, 1931, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9740 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of the skeleton and the spicules, b, cortical skeleton, c, cortical triactine, d, subcortical giant triactine, e, subcortical tetractine, f, choanosomal triactines, g, atrial triactine, h, atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273082/files/figure.png" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Fig. 132</figureCitation>
c) of the cortical region, sagittal, with straight unpaired actines, 183–
<emphasis id="B9756D147799FF62FAA3A4219537F8F9" box="[1312,1354,1866,1891]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">306</emphasis>
–426
<date id="FFBF97C67799FF62FA0DA42090CFF81D" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" value="2012-10">x 12</date>
–
<emphasis id="B9756D147799FF62FF42A405908FF81D" box="[193,242,1902,1927]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">15.6</emphasis>
–20 µm, and curved paired actines, 177–
<emphasis id="B9756D147799FF62FD39A4049299F81D" box="[698,740,1903,1927]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">259</emphasis>
–354
<date id="FFBF97C67799FF62FCA0A404932CF81D" box="[803,849,1903,1927]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" value="2011-10">x 11</date>
–
<emphasis id="B9756D147799FF62FCE2A40493EFF81D" box="[865,914,1903,1927]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">14.5</emphasis>
–21 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067799FF62FF44A4F990B9F869" blockId="206.[151,1436,1578,2035]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">
Giant triactines (
<figureCitation id="133AAD837799FF62FE06A4F9919BF831" box="[389,486,1938,1963]" captionStart="FIGURE 132" captionStartId="207.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@207.[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetPageId="207" captionText="FIGURE 132. Leucandra aff. hentschelii Brøndsted, 1931, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9740 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of the skeleton and the spicules, b, cortical skeleton, c, cortical triactine, d, subcortical giant triactine, e, subcortical tetractine, f, choanosomal triactines, g, atrial triactine, h, atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273082/files/figure.png" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">Fig. 132</figureCitation>
d) of the subcortical region, sagittal or almost equiangular, unpaired actines sharply pointed, paired actines often blunt, 326–
<emphasis id="B9756D147799FF62FDEAA4DC92EEF855" box="[617,659,1975,1999]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">504</emphasis>
–710
<date id="FFBF97C67799FF62FD56A4DC937AF855" box="[725,775,1974,1999]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" value="2015-10">x 15</date>
–
<emphasis id="B9756D147799FF62FC94A4DC9335F855" box="[791,840,1975,1999]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">34.4</emphasis>
–55 µm, paired actines 164–
<emphasis id="B9756D147799FF62FB10A4DC94C0F855" box="[1171,1213,1975,1999]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">325</emphasis>
–594
<date id="FFBF97C67799FF62FB7CA4DC954CF855" box="[1279,1329,1974,1999]" pageId="206" pageNumber="207" value="2015-10">x 15</date>
–
<emphasis id="B9756D147799FF62FAC2A4DC950FF855" box="[1345,1394,1975,1999]" italics="true" pageId="206" pageNumber="207">31.9</emphasis>
–53 µm.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7EE18E7798FF63FF14A6419305FAE7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273082/files/figure.png" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1300]" targetPageId="207">
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067798FF63FF14A6419305FAE7" blockId="207.[151,1436,1322,1405]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FF14A641914DFAA5" bold="true" box="[151,304,1322,1344]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">FIGURE 132.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA857798FF63FEBAA641937DFADA" authority="Brondsted, 1931" authorityName="Brondsted" authorityYear="1931" box="[313,768,1322,1344]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hentschelii">
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FEBAA64191DAFADA" box="[313,423,1322,1344]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Leucandra</emphasis>
aff.
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FE5FA6419234FADA" box="[476,585,1322,1344]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">hentschelii</emphasis>
Brøndsted, 1931
</taxonomicName>
, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9740 (scale bar = 1 cm), b–h, SEM images of the skeleton and the spicules, b, cortical skeleton, c, cortical triactine, d, subcortical giant triactine, e, subcortical tetractine, f, choanosomal triactines, g, atrial triactine, h, atrial tetractine.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067798FF63FF44A6CE9292FA7B" blockId="207.[151,1437,1444,2009]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
Large tetractines (
<figureCitation id="133AAD837798FF63FE11A6CF918FFA27" box="[402,498,1444,1469]" captionStart="FIGURE 132" captionStartId="207.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@207.[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetPageId="207" captionText="FIGURE 132. Leucandra aff. hentschelii Brøndsted, 1931, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9740 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of the skeleton and the spicules, b, cortical skeleton, c, cortical triactine, d, subcortical giant triactine, e, subcortical tetractine, f, choanosomal triactines, g, atrial triactine, h, atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273082/files/figure.png" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Fig. 132</figureCitation>
e) of the cortical region, rare, equiangular (n=3), actines of the basal radiate system 200–220
<date id="FFBF97C67798FF63FE83A6A29127FA7B" box="[256,346,1480,1505]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" value="2012-10-15">x 12–15</date>
µm, apical actines up to
<date id="FFBF97C67798FF63FDF7A6A392C7FA7B" box="[628,698,1480,1505]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" value="1959-10-09">59 x 9</date>
µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067798FF63FF44A68793DDF9B3" blockId="207.[151,1437,1444,2009]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
Small triactines of the choanosomal region (
<figureCitation id="133AAD837798FF63FD54A687933DF99F" box="[727,832,1516,1541]" captionStart="FIGURE 132" captionStartId="207.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@207.[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetPageId="207" captionText="FIGURE 132. Leucandra aff. hentschelii Brøndsted, 1931, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9740 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of the skeleton and the spicules, b, cortical skeleton, c, cortical triactine, d, subcortical giant triactine, e, subcortical tetractine, f, choanosomal triactines, g, atrial triactine, h, atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273082/files/figure.png" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Figs 132</figureCitation>
f), sagittal, often almost T-shaped, unpaired actines 36–
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FF42A57A90A0F9B3" box="[193,221,1553,1577]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">59</emphasis>
–
<date id="FFBF97C67798FF63FF6FA57A914DF9B3" box="[236,304,1552,1577]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" value="1984-10-06">84 x 6</date>
–
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FEBCA57B911FF9B3" box="[319,354,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">8.6</emphasis>
–12 µm, paired actines 69–
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FD11A57A92D3F9B3" box="[658,686,1553,1577]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">93</emphasis>
–121
<date id="FFBF97C67798FF63FD6EA57A9372F9B3" box="[749,783,1552,1577]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">x 5</date>
–
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FC9DA57A933CF9B3" box="[798,833,1553,1577]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">8.4</emphasis>
–13 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067798FF63FF44A55F91A8F90F" blockId="207.[151,1437,1444,2009]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
Small triactines of the atrial region (
<figureCitation id="133AAD837798FF63FD03A55F929AF9D7" box="[640,743,1588,1613]" captionStart="FIGURE 132" captionStartId="207.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@207.[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetPageId="207" captionText="FIGURE 132. Leucandra aff. hentschelii Brøndsted, 1931, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9740 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of the skeleton and the spicules, b, cortical skeleton, c, cortical triactine, d, subcortical giant triactine, e, subcortical tetractine, f, choanosomal triactines, g, atrial triactine, h, atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273082/files/figure.png" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
Fig.
<quantity id="4CF91CE37798FF63FD39A55E929AF9D7" box="[698,743,1589,1613]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" unit="g" value="132.0">132</quantity>
</figureCitation>
g), sagittal, not easily distinguished from the choanosomal triactines, but tending to have three unequal actines, unpaired actines 80–
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FC56A533947BF9EB" box="[981,1030,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">96.4</emphasis>
–144
<date id="FFBF97C67798FF63FBC5A5329414F9EB" box="[1094,1129,1624,1649]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">x 6</date>
–
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FBFBA53294E6F9EB" box="[1144,1179,1625,1649]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">8.2</emphasis>
–11 µm, paired actines 63–
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FF42A51690A0F90F" box="[193,221,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">81</emphasis>
–101
<date id="FFBF97C67798FF63FE9FA5169143F90F" box="[284,318,1660,1685]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">x 6</date>
–
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FECEA516910DF90F" box="[333,368,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">7.4</emphasis>
–8.5 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067798FF63FF44A5CB93A7F947" blockId="207.[151,1437,1444,2009]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
Tetractines of the the atrial region (
<figureCitation id="133AAD837798FF63FDE2A5CB92B9F923" box="[609,708,1696,1721]" captionStart="FIGURE 132" captionStartId="207.[151,250,1322,1344]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetId="figure@207.[151,1436,193,1300]" captionTargetPageId="207" captionText="FIGURE 132. Leucandra aff. hentschelii Brøndsted, 1931, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9740 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – h, SEM images of the skeleton and the spicules, b, cortical skeleton, c, cortical triactine, d, subcortical giant triactine, e, subcortical tetractine, f, choanosomal triactines, g, atrial triactine, h, atrial tetractine." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273082/files/figure.png" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Fig. 132</figureCitation>
h), sagittal, unpaired actines 46–
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FBBBA5CA9429F922" box="[1080,1108,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">77</emphasis>
–120
<date id="FFBF97C67798FF63FB15A5CA94C6F923" box="[1174,1211,1696,1721]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">x 6</date>
–
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FB49A5CA9490F923" box="[1226,1261,1697,1721]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">7.4</emphasis>
–11 µm, paired actines 43–
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FE96A5AE914CF947" box="[277,305,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">80</emphasis>
–111
<date id="FFBF97C67798FF63FEEDA5AE91EDF947" box="[366,400,1732,1757]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">x 5</date>
–
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FE1CA5AE91BFF947" box="[415,450,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">7.2</emphasis>
–9 µm, apical actines, 18–
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FD6AA5AE9378F947" box="[745,773,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">28</emphasis>
–
<date id="FFBF97C67798FF63FC97A5AE932AF947" box="[788,855,1732,1757]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" value="1939-10-05">39 x 5</date>
–
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FCE4A5AE93F7F947" box="[871,906,1733,1757]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">7.1</emphasis>
–8 µm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31BE28D7798FF63FF44A58390C0F8BF" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067798FF63FF44A58390C0F8BF" blockId="207.[151,1437,1444,2009]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FF44A583918AF89B" bold="true" box="[199,503,1768,1793]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F316F1967798FF63FD83A582922AF89B" box="[512,599,1769,1793]" name="Guyana" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf, NE
<collectingCountry id="F316F1967798FF63FD5AA583935DF89B" box="[729,800,1768,1793]" name="Brazil" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, gravel bottom at
<quantity id="4CF91CE37798FF63FC70A5839425F89A" box="[1011,1112,1768,1793]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.95" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" unit="m" value="49.5" valueMax="85.0" valueMin="14.0">14–85 m</quantity>
depth (
<collectingCountry id="F316F1967798FF63FB33A5829574F89B" box="[1200,1289,1769,1793]" name="Guyana" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf
<quantity id="4CF91CE37798FF63FAD5A58390CCF8BF" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="5.7" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" unit="m" value="71.0" valueMax="85.0" valueMin="57.0">57–85 m</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31BE28D7798FF7CFF44A45B9273FD6A" lastPageId="208" lastPageNumber="209" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067798FF7CFF44A45B93D9FEDA" blockId="207.[151,1437,1444,2009]" lastBlockId="208.[151,1436,151,752]" lastPageId="208" lastPageNumber="209" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FF44A45B9146F8D3" bold="true" box="[199,315,1840,1865]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Remarks.</emphasis>
The present identification is uncertain. The species was originally described from
<collectingCountry id="F316F1967798FF63FB6BA45B9506F8D3" box="[1256,1403,1840,1865]" name="South Africa" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">
<collectingRegion id="49C57FE47798FF63FB6BA45B9554F8D3" box="[1256,1321,1840,1865]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">South</collectingRegion>
Africa
</collectingCountry>
, at considerable distance from the
<collectingCountry id="F316F1967798FF63FE70A43E9237F8F7" box="[499,586,1877,1901]" name="Guyana" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf.
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF77798FF63FD1AA43F93A3F8F7" author="Borojevic" box="[665,990,1876,1901]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" refString="Borojevic, R. &amp; Peixinho, S. (1976) Eponges calcaires du Nord-Nord-Est du Bresil. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, (3, A) 402, 987 - 1036." type="journal article" year="1976">Borojevic &amp; Peixinho (1976)</bibRefCitation>
record this species from NE
<collectingCountry id="F316F1967798FF63FAA1A43F9514F8F7" box="[1314,1385,1876,1901]" name="Brazil" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, and their description conforms to a large extent to the
<collectingCountry id="F316F1967798FF63FD47A4129366F80B" box="[708,795,1913,1937]" name="Guyana" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Guyana</collectingCountry>
material. Differences are the greater length of the actines of the giant triactines (up to 900
<date id="FFBF97C67798FF63FD9EA4F6922CF82F" box="[541,593,1948,1973]" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" value="1960-10">x 60</date>
µm) and the general diversity of triactines and tetractines, which seems smaller than in the present specimen. Still, among the known Brazilian and Caribbean
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA857798FF63FBE7A4AB94A0F843" box="[1124,1245,1984,2009]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="207" pageNumber="208" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9756D147798FF63FBE7A4AB94A0F843" box="[1124,1245,1984,2009]" italics="true" pageId="207" pageNumber="208">Leucandra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’s this is the only one lacking diactines, like the present specimen. The correspondence with Borojevic &amp; Peixinho’s (1976) specimens, however, still does not mean the
<collectingRegion id="49C57FE47787FF7CFD3BA3D79376FF4F" box="[696,779,188,213]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Central" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">Central</collectingRegion>
<collectingRegion id="49C57FE47787FF7CFC9BA3D69332FF4E" box="[792,847,189,212]" country="Tanzania" name="Mjini Magharibi" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">West</collectingRegion>
Atlantic material conforms to the
<collectingRegion id="49C57FE47787FF7CFB7BA3D79547FF4F" box="[1272,1338,188,213]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">South</collectingRegion>
African specimens of Brøndsted. It is likely that the two are different species, e.g. because tetractines are apparently rare in Brøndsted’s
<typeStatus id="54BA0FA47787FF7CFEAAA26E9124FE87" box="[297,345,261,285]" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">type</typeStatus>
material.
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF77787FF7CFE57A26F92E4FE87" author="Borojevic" box="[468,665,260,285]" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" refString="Borojevic, R. (1967) Spongiaires d'Afrique du Sud. (2) Calcarea. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 37 (3), 183 - 226." type="journal article" year="1967">Borojevic (1967)</bibRefCitation>
described specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F316F1967787FF7CFC63A26F940BFE87" box="[992,1142,260,285]" name="South Africa" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">
<collectingRegion id="49C57FE47787FF7CFC63A26F945CFE87" box="[992,1057,260,285]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">South</collectingRegion>
Africa
</collectingCountry>
under this name, but he mentioned the presence of microdiactines, not reported by Brøndsted.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067787FF7CFF44A2279354FD32" blockId="208.[151,1436,151,752]" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">
There is also a rather close similarity with
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA857787FF7CFD3AA2269455FEFE" authority="Polejaeff, 1883" authorityName="Polejaeff" authorityYear="1883" box="[697,1064,332,357]" class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" genus="Leuconia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Baerida" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="typica">
<emphasis id="B9756D147787FF7CFD3AA226930DFEFE" box="[697,880,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">Leuconia typica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF77787FF7CFCFBA2279455FEFE" author="Polejaeff" box="[888,1064,332,357]" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" refString="Polejaeff, N. (1883) Report on the Calcarea dredged by H. M. S. ' Challenger', during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Foyage of H. M. S. ' Challenger', 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 8 (2), 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1883">Poléjaeff, 1883</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Poléjaeff described this species from
<collectingCountry id="F316F1967787FF7CFF57A2049146FE12" box="[212,315,367,392]" name="Bermuda" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
in two varieties, the
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA857787FF7CFDA6A21B92FAFE12" box="[549,647,367,392]" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" rank="variety" variety="tuba">
var.
<emphasis id="B9756D147787FF7CFDD6A20492FAFE12" box="[597,647,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">tuba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(conforming to the present form) and the
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA857787FF7CFBDDA21B94A9FE12" box="[1118,1236,368,392]" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" rank="variety" variety="massa">
var.
<emphasis id="B9756D147787FF7CFB0DA21A94A9FE12" box="[1166,1236,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">massa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Poléjaeff did not indicate which of his varieties is the typical variety, which would then take the name of the species,
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA857787FF7CFAA0A2FF915BFE4A" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="typica" subSpecies="typica">
<emphasis id="B9756D147787FF7CFAA0A2FF915BFE4A" italics="true" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">Leucandra typica typica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The various authors that treated this species ignored the varieties or considered them as belonging to the same species. The properties of the present specimen conform fairly well to those of the tubiform variety with a few exceptions: Poléjaeff mentioned the presence of diactines in the choanosome, which are lacking from the present material. The size range of the choanosomal triactines including sagittal smaller triactines is not clearly mentioned, as only the upper size, here called giant triactines is given by Poléjaeff. Von Lendenfeld’s (1885) (p. 1130) record of the species from the east coast of
<collectingCountry id="F316F1967787FF7CFD6BA1079333FD1F" box="[744,846,620,645]" name="Australia" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">Australia</collectingCountry>
differs considerably from both Poléjaeff’s and the present specimen, and it is unlikely to be the same species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB1067787FF7CFF44A1DF9273FD6A" blockId="208.[151,1436,151,752]" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">
<materialsCitation id="3B69BB5B7787FF7CFF44A1DF9273FD6A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1424726489" location="Central West" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Central West">
Other reports of
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA857787FF7CFE13A1DF9274FD57" box="[400,521,692,717]" class="Calcarea" family="Grantiidae" genus="Leucandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="208" pageNumber="209" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9756D147787FF7CFE13A1DF9274FD57" box="[400,521,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">Leucandra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species from the
<collectingRegion id="49C57FE47787FF7CFD66A1DF9307FD56" box="[741,890,692,717]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="208" pageNumber="209">Central West</collectingRegion>
Atlantic differ by having large diactines as a prominent part of the spiculation.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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