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<document id="D00636BF41906039DE1B011D18C14963" ID-DOI="10.1649/0010-065X(2005)059[0091:LDOESO]2.0.CO;2" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10104898" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630171519151" checkinUser="tatiana" docAuthor="Ratcliffe, Brett C. &amp; Morón, Miguel-Angel" docDate="2005" docId="03ED726E8A0A3B27F2E0FD7EBA96FF49" docLanguage="en" docName="0010-065X_2005_059_0091_LDOESO_2.0.CO_2.pdf.imf" docOrigin="The Coleopterists Bulletin 59 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x(2005)059[0091:ldoeso]2.0.co;2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:8F272F586C426DAD54565EB2271A6C17.2:TheColeopBull.2000-2002.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="8F272F586C426DAD54565EB2271A6C17" docStyleName="TheColeopBull.2000-2002.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Megasoma actaeon" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="124" masterDocId="FFD40A168A103B06F37CFF9DB947FF9E" masterDocTitle="Larval Descriptions Of Eight Species Of Megasoma Kirby (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) With A Key For Identification And Notes On Biology" masterLastPageNumber="126" masterPageNumber="91" pageNumber="117" updateTime="1699631449810" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="DEC9DEC5C4EC266B2D22020CABEE682E">Larval Descriptions Of Eight Species Of Megasoma Kirby (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) With A Key For Identification And Notes On Biology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2C2E43567D241B135DCF7084FF2C45ED">Ratcliffe, Brett C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9D67DFBEEFC129F46750D3DCE3E33757">Morón, Miguel-Angel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="2357B348167D52481D2DD9C00823F0A6">The Coleopterists Bulletin</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="18E18BCB0619F70C81080AB39FE3C69F">2005</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A5AE1755A608D8B8EF296DAED401389E">2005-03-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3148F6D1BB88530A76CDC178419DED4D">59</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="579EC2FF5B2D8C92E3EB35F7BF1BE733" type="DOI">10.1649/0010-065X(2005)059[0091:LDOESO]2.0.CO;2</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03ED726E8A0A3B27F2E0FD7EBA96FF49" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED726E8A0A3B27F2E0FD7EBA96FF49" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED726E8A0A3B27F2E0FD7EBA96FF49" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="26" pageNumber="117">
<subSubSection id="C35E90F38A0A3B1CF2E0FD7EBBC8FC8D" pageId="26" pageNumber="117" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A0A3B1CF2E0FD7EBBC8FC8D" blockId="26.[412,768,739,787]" pageId="26" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0A3B1CF2E0FD7EBA47FD66" bold="true" box="[412,768,739,760]" pageId="26" pageNumber="117">
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0A3B1CF2E0FD7EBB1BFD66" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[412,604,739,760]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="117" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="actaeon">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0A3B1CF2E0FD7EBB1BFD66" bold="true" box="[412,604,739,760]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="117">Megasoma actaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.), 3rd instar
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0A3B1CF168FD63BBCFFC8D" box="[532,648,766,787]" captionStart-0="Figs" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="27.[169,208,1221,1240]" captionStartId-1="28.[197,228,1415,1434]" captionTargetBox-0="[148,980,195,1200]" captionTargetId-0="figure-115@27.[148,980,194,1200]" captionTargetPageId-0="27" captionText-0="Figs. 81–92. Megasoma actaeon, third instar. 81) Head, frontal view; 82) epipharynx; 83–84) mandibles, dorsal view, 83) left and 84) right; mandibles, ventral view, 85) right and 86) left; 87) right maxilla and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 88) detail of maxillary stridulatory area; 89) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 90) distal segment of antenna, ventral view; 91) left middle tarsal claw, anterolateral view; 92) second right abdominal spiracle. Fig. 81, bar ¼ 5 mm. Figs. 82–87, 89–90, 92, bar ¼ 1 mm. Figs. 88, 91, bar ¼ 0.5 mm." captionText-1="Fig. 93. Megasoma actaeon, adult male habitus." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104934" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10104934/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="117">Figs. 81–93</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35E90F38A0A3B1BF3BBFCB8B817FC8D" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="26" pageNumber="117" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A0A3B1CF3BBFCB8B84CFCEE" blockId="26.[175,1004,805,880]" pageId="26" pageNumber="117">
Description based on one third instar larva reared from eggs laid by female collected in French
<collectingCountry id="F35383E88A0A3B1CF264FCDDB825FCCB" box="[280,354,832,853]" name="Guyana" pageId="26" pageNumber="117">Guyana</collectingCountry>
(1992) and one cast skin of lab-reared, third instar larva (1997) (UNSM).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A0A3B1DF3B9FC19BA4DFF0D" blockId="26.[175,1006,900,1565]" lastBlockId="27.[347,778,128,147]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="118" pageId="26" pageNumber="117">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0A3B1CF3B9FC19B874FC09" bold="true" box="[197,307,900,919]" pageId="26" pageNumber="117">Description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0A3B1CF244FC19B821FC09" box="[312,358,900,919]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="117">Head</emphasis>
: Maximum width of head capsule
<quantity id="4CBC6E9D8A0A3B1CF1F5FC19BB90FC09" box="[649,727,900,919]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.51" pageId="26" pageNumber="117" unit="mm" value="15.1">15.1 mm</quantity>
. Surface of cranium dark reddish brown, coarsely rugopunctate (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0A3B1CF2C6FC01B8BDFC31" box="[442,506,924,943]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="27.[169,208,1221,1240]" captionTargetBox="[148,980,195,1200]" captionTargetId="figure-115@27.[148,980,194,1200]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs. 81–92. Megasoma actaeon, third instar. 81) Head, frontal view; 82) epipharynx; 83–84) mandibles, dorsal view, 83) left and 84) right; mandibles, ventral view, 85) right and 86) left; 87) right maxilla and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 88) detail of maxillary stridulatory area; 89) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 90) distal segment of antenna, ventral view; 91) left middle tarsal claw, anterolateral view; 92) second right abdominal spiracle. Fig. 81, bar ¼ 5 mm. Figs. 82–87, 89–90, 92, bar ¼ 1 mm. Figs. 88, 91, bar ¼ 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104934" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104934/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="117">Fig. 81</figureCitation>
); punctures large, dense, deep. Frons on each side with 4 short, posterior frontal setae, 8 short, anterior frontal setae, and 2 long anterior angle frontal setae; remaining cranial surface on each side with 10 dorsoepicranial setae, 7–10 minute epicranial setae, and 6 long, paraocellar setae. Clypeus trapezoidal, with 1 long, posterior clypeal seta near each lateral margin. Labrum slightly asymmetrical, rounded at sides, with 2 long, setae on each side, and 18 long setae in transverse row in basal third. Ocelli vaguely indicated. Epipharynx (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0A3B1CF0D4FB89BAA1FBB9" box="[936,998,1044,1063]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="27.[169,208,1221,1240]" captionTargetBox="[148,980,195,1200]" captionTargetId="figure-115@27.[148,980,194,1200]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs. 81–92. Megasoma actaeon, third instar. 81) Head, frontal view; 82) epipharynx; 83–84) mandibles, dorsal view, 83) left and 84) right; mandibles, ventral view, 85) right and 86) left; 87) right maxilla and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 88) detail of maxillary stridulatory area; 89) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 90) distal segment of antenna, ventral view; 91) left middle tarsal claw, anterolateral view; 92) second right abdominal spiracle. Fig. 81, bar ¼ 5 mm. Figs. 82–87, 89–90, 92, bar ¼ 1 mm. Figs. 88, 91, bar ¼ 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104934" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104934/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="117">Fig. 82</figureCitation>
) with fused zygum and epizygum forming raised, longitudinal, sclerotized tubercle on haptomerum; heli and plegmatia absent; right chaetoparia with about 75 spine-like setae and 15 sensillae; left chaetoparia with about 75 spine-like setae and 25 sensillae; acroparia with 9 long, thick setae on right side and 6 long, thick setae on left side; both acanthoparia with vaguely indicated (nearly obsolete) tormae of about 4 setae; both gymnoparia wide, weakly sclerotized; pedium wide; dexiotorma wide, elongate; laeotorma slender, elongate, with widely rounded pternotorma; dexiophoba with 15 long setae located near haptolochus; laeophoba with 10 long setae sclerotized plate of left nesium elongately subtriangular, strongly sclerotized; sense cone of left nesium represented by large, longitudinal, well-sclerotized plate with suboval anterior end and truncate posterior end; crepis vaguely indicated by shallow sulcus. Scissorial area of right mandible (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0A3B1CF277FA86B834FAB0" box="[267,371,1307,1326]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="27.[169,208,1221,1240]" captionTargetBox="[148,980,195,1200]" captionTargetId="figure-115@27.[148,980,194,1200]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs. 81–92. Megasoma actaeon, third instar. 81) Head, frontal view; 82) epipharynx; 83–84) mandibles, dorsal view, 83) left and 84) right; mandibles, ventral view, 85) right and 86) left; 87) right maxilla and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 88) detail of maxillary stridulatory area; 89) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 90) distal segment of antenna, ventral view; 91) left middle tarsal claw, anterolateral view; 92) second right abdominal spiracle. Fig. 81, bar ¼ 5 mm. Figs. 82–87, 89–90, 92, bar ¼ 1 mm. Figs. 88, 91, bar ¼ 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104934" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104934/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="117">Figs. 84–85</figureCitation>
) with 3 scissorial teeth vaguely separated by notches and 1 small, basal, angular tooth; molar area (ventral view) with 3 poorly defined lobes, calx prominent, brustia sparse. Scissorial area of left mandible (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0A3B1CF17CFAD7BB21FAC3" box="[512,614,1354,1373]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="27.[169,208,1221,1240]" captionTargetBox="[148,980,195,1200]" captionTargetId="figure-115@27.[148,980,194,1200]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs. 81–92. Megasoma actaeon, third instar. 81) Head, frontal view; 82) epipharynx; 83–84) mandibles, dorsal view, 83) left and 84) right; mandibles, ventral view, 85) right and 86) left; 87) right maxilla and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 88) detail of maxillary stridulatory area; 89) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 90) distal segment of antenna, ventral view; 91) left middle tarsal claw, anterolateral view; 92) second right abdominal spiracle. Fig. 81, bar ¼ 5 mm. Figs. 82–87, 89–90, 92, bar ¼ 1 mm. Figs. 88, 91, bar ¼ 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104934" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104934/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="117">Figs. 83, 86</figureCitation>
) with 3 scissorial teeth distinctly separated by notches and 1 basal, wide, subquadrangular tooth; molar area with 1 feeble lobe, brustia sparse, acia low and rounded. Stridulatory area of each mandible with about 14 well-marked striae, striae broad basally, becoming finer apically. Mala (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0A3B1CF14EFA0FBB28FA3B" box="[562,623,1426,1445]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="27.[169,208,1221,1240]" captionTargetBox="[148,980,195,1200]" captionTargetId="figure-115@27.[148,980,194,1200]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs. 81–92. Megasoma actaeon, third instar. 81) Head, frontal view; 82) epipharynx; 83–84) mandibles, dorsal view, 83) left and 84) right; mandibles, ventral view, 85) right and 86) left; 87) right maxilla and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 88) detail of maxillary stridulatory area; 89) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 90) distal segment of antenna, ventral view; 91) left middle tarsal claw, anterolateral view; 92) second right abdominal spiracle. Fig. 81, bar ¼ 5 mm. Figs. 82–87, 89–90, 92, bar ¼ 1 mm. Figs. 88, 91, bar ¼ 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104934" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104934/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="117">Fig. 87</figureCitation>
) with large, apical uncus on galea and with 3 well-developed unci fused at their bases at apex of lacinia; maxillary stridulatory area (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0A3B1CF0DBFA37BAA1FA23" box="[935,998,1450,1469]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="27.[169,208,1221,1240]" captionTargetBox="[148,980,195,1200]" captionTargetId="figure-115@27.[148,980,194,1200]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs. 81–92. Megasoma actaeon, third instar. 81) Head, frontal view; 82) epipharynx; 83–84) mandibles, dorsal view, 83) left and 84) right; mandibles, ventral view, 85) right and 86) left; 87) right maxilla and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 88) detail of maxillary stridulatory area; 89) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 90) distal segment of antenna, ventral view; 91) left middle tarsal claw, anterolateral view; 92) second right abdominal spiracle. Fig. 81, bar ¼ 5 mm. Figs. 82–87, 89–90, 92, bar ¼ 1 mm. Figs. 88, 91, bar ¼ 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104934" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104934/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="117">Fig. 88</figureCitation>
) with short row of 4 laterally compressed, semi-oval teeth and heavily sclerotized, narrowly elongate anterior process. Labium (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0A3B1CF29CFA47BB58FA73" box="[480,543,1498,1517]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="27.[169,208,1221,1240]" captionTargetBox="[148,980,195,1200]" captionTargetId="figure-115@27.[148,980,194,1200]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs. 81–92. Megasoma actaeon, third instar. 81) Head, frontal view; 82) epipharynx; 83–84) mandibles, dorsal view, 83) left and 84) right; mandibles, ventral view, 85) right and 86) left; 87) right maxilla and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 88) detail of maxillary stridulatory area; 89) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 90) distal segment of antenna, ventral view; 91) left middle tarsal claw, anterolateral view; 92) second right abdominal spiracle. Fig. 81, bar ¼ 5 mm. Figs. 82–87, 89–90, 92, bar ¼ 1 mm. Figs. 88, 91, bar ¼ 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104934" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104934/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="117">Fig. 86</figureCitation>
) with numerous, long setae located on sides, slightly shorter setae near lateral margins, and minute sensillae at center near base; hypopharynx with right anterior process of hypopharyngeal sclerome moderately developed, raised, heavily sclerotized. 118 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3B93F08A0B3B1DF3D5FB58BB1BFACE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104934" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10104934" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104934/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="118" startId="27.[169,208,1221,1240]" targetBox="[148,980,195,1200]" targetPageId="27">
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A0B3B1DF3D5FB58BB1BFACE" blockId="27.[148,978,1221,1361]" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF3D5FB58B853FB46" bold="true" box="[169,276,1221,1240]" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">Figs. 81–92.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0B3B1DF255FB5BB889FB47" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[297,462,1222,1241]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="actaeon">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF255FB5BB889FB47" box="[297,462,1222,1241]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">Megasoma actaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, third instar.
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF143FB58BB1CFB46" bold="true" box="[575,603,1221,1240]" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">81)</emphasis>
Head, frontal view;
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF075FB58BA62FB46" bold="true" box="[777,805,1221,1240]" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">82)</emphasis>
epipharynx;
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF0E9FB58BA96FB46" bold="true" box="[917,977,1221,1240]" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">83–84)</emphasis>
mandibles, dorsal view,
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF21FFB40B838FB6E" bold="true" box="[355,383,1245,1264]" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">83)</emphasis>
left and
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF2B7FB40B8A0FB6E" bold="true" box="[459,487,1245,1264]" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">84)</emphasis>
right; mandibles, ventral view,
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF18AFB40BA54FB6E" bold="true" box="[758,787,1245,1264]" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">85)</emphasis>
right and
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF017FB40BAC0FB6E" bold="true" box="[875,903,1245,1264]" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">86)</emphasis>
left;
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF0C8FB40BA96FB6E" bold="true" box="[948,977,1245,1264]" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">87)</emphasis>
right maxilla and hypopharynx, dorsal view;
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF161FB68BB7EFA96" bold="true" box="[541,569,1269,1288]" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">88)</emphasis>
detail of maxillary stridulatory area;
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF003FB68BADBFA96" bold="true" box="[895,924,1269,1288]" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">89)</emphasis>
distal segment of antenna, dorsal view;
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF2D2FA90B88DFABE" bold="true" box="[430,458,1293,1312]" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">90)</emphasis>
distal segment of antenna, ventral view;
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF05EFA90BA79FABE" bold="true" box="[802,830,1293,1312]" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">91)</emphasis>
left middle tarsal claw, anterolateral view;
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF210FAB8B8CFFAA6" bold="true" box="[364,392,1317,1336]" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">92)</emphasis>
second right abdominal spiracle. Fig. 81, bar
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF06FFAB9BA64FAA7" bold="true" box="[787,803,1316,1337]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">¼</emphasis>
5 mm. Figs. 82–87, 89–90, 92, bar
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF26AFAA1B861FACF" bold="true" box="[278,294,1340,1361]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">¼</emphasis>
1 mm. Figs. 88, 91, bar
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF282FAA1BB49FACF" bold="true" box="[510,526,1340,1361]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">¼</emphasis>
0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A0B3B1AF3E8FA1DBAABF9BC" blockId="27.[148,977,1408,1570]" lastBlockId="28.[175,1006,1479,1570]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="119" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">
Last antennal segment on dorsal surface (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0B3B1DF289FA1DBB74FA0D" box="[501,563,1408,1427]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="27.[169,208,1221,1240]" captionTargetBox="[148,980,195,1200]" captionTargetId="figure-115@27.[148,980,194,1200]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs. 81–92. Megasoma actaeon, third instar. 81) Head, frontal view; 82) epipharynx; 83–84) mandibles, dorsal view, 83) left and 84) right; mandibles, ventral view, 85) right and 86) left; 87) right maxilla and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 88) detail of maxillary stridulatory area; 89) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 90) distal segment of antenna, ventral view; 91) left middle tarsal claw, anterolateral view; 92) second right abdominal spiracle. Fig. 81, bar ¼ 5 mm. Figs. 82–87, 89–90, 92, bar ¼ 1 mm. Figs. 88, 91, bar ¼ 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104934" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104934/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">Fig. 89</figureCitation>
) with 11 sensory spots; ventral surface (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0B3B1DF0F0FA1DBA8CFA0D" box="[908,971,1408,1427]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="27.[169,208,1221,1240]" captionTargetBox="[148,980,195,1200]" captionTargetId="figure-115@27.[148,980,194,1200]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs. 81–92. Megasoma actaeon, third instar. 81) Head, frontal view; 82) epipharynx; 83–84) mandibles, dorsal view, 83) left and 84) right; mandibles, ventral view, 85) right and 86) left; 87) right maxilla and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 88) detail of maxillary stridulatory area; 89) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 90) distal segment of antenna, ventral view; 91) left middle tarsal claw, anterolateral view; 92) second right abdominal spiracle. Fig. 81, bar ¼ 5 mm. Figs. 82–87, 89–90, 92, bar ¼ 1 mm. Figs. 88, 91, bar ¼ 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104934" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104934/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">Fig. 90</figureCitation>
) with 9 spots.
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0B3B1DF273FA05B80BFA35" box="[271,332,1432,1451]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="118">Thorax</emphasis>
: Pronotum with irregularly shaped, reddish brown, lateral sclerome with vertical row of 10 long setae, and about 110 mostly long setae near anterior margin, and about 100 long setae near posterior margin, setae not arranged in rows. Mesonotum with transverse group (briefly interrupted at middle) of about 70 long, slender setae, and 50 long, slender setae in irregular rows and a group of 75 long, slender setae on each side; metanotum with 2 transverse groups of 35 and 50 long, slender setae on each side and about 75 other long, slender setae on each side. Thoracic spiracle
<quantity id="4CBC6E9D8A0C3B1AF2DCFA5AB8A6FA44" box="[416,481,1479,1498]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="28" pageNumber="119" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
long and 2.0 mm wide; lobes of respiratory plate contiguous, directed posteriorly. Spiracular bulla rounded, irregularly convex, prominent. Tarsal claws (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0C3B1AF0B6FA42B982F994" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="27.[169,208,1221,1240]" captionTargetBox="[148,980,195,1200]" captionTargetId="figure-115@27.[148,980,194,1200]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs. 81–92. Megasoma actaeon, third instar. 81) Head, frontal view; 82) epipharynx; 83–84) mandibles, dorsal view, 83) left and 84) right; mandibles, ventral view, 85) right and 86) left; 87) right maxilla and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 88) detail of maxillary stridulatory area; 89) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 90) distal segment of antenna, ventral view; 91) left middle tarsal claw, anterolateral view; 92) second right abdominal spiracle. Fig. 81, bar ¼ 5 mm. Figs. 82–87, 89–90, 92, bar ¼ 1 mm. Figs. 88, 91, bar ¼ 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104934" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104934/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="119">Fig. 91</figureCitation>
) similar on all legs, with rounded apex bearing a sclerotized tooth and with 1 long, slender seta on median side and 1 short, thick seta on outer side.
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0C3B1AF1E1F992BBAAF9BC" box="[669,749,1551,1570]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="119">Abdomen</emphasis>
: Dorsum of segment I with
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3B93F08A0C3B1AF3B9FA1ABB32FA04" box="[197,629,1415,1434]" pageId="28" pageNumber="119" startId="28.[197,228,1415,1434]">
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A0C3B1AF3B9FA1ABB32FA04" blockId="28.[197,629,1415,1434]" box="[197,629,1415,1434]" pageId="28" pageNumber="119">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0C3B1AF3B9FA1AB84EFA04" bold="true" box="[197,265,1415,1434]" pageId="28" pageNumber="119">Fig. 93.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0C3B1AF262FA1AB882FA04" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[286,453,1415,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="actaeon">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0C3B1AF262FA1AB882FA04" box="[286,453,1415,1434]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="119">Megasoma actaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, adult male habitus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A0D3B1BF3E8FF1DBA4DFF0D" blockId="29.[148,180,128,147]" box="[148,778,128,147]" lastBlockId="29.[347,778,128,147]" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">120 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A0D3B1BF3E8FF5FBA96FF73" blockId="29.[148,977,194,237]" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">transverse row of 40 mixed, medium sized and long, slender setae and 1 row of about 70 long, slender setae and 40 sort, spine-like setae. Dorsum of segment II on prescutum with 1 transverse</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A0D3B1BF3E8FF6FB817FC8D" blockId="29.[148,978,242,787]" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">
group of about 100 long, slender setae mixed with about 80 short, spine-like setae; scutum with about 16 long, slender setae mixed with about 110 short, spine-like setae; postscutum with about 36 long, slender setae mixed with about 120 short, spine-like setae. Dorsa of segments III–VI each with 1 transverse group of about 40 long, slender setae mixed with about 160 short, spine-like setae on prescutum; scutum with 6 long, slender setae mixed with about 140 short, spine-like setae; postscutum with about 30 long, slender setae mixed with about 210 short, spine-like setae. Dorsum of segment VIII with anterior transverse row of 8 long, slender setae and posterior transverse row of about 44 long, slender setae and about 80 long, slender setae on sides surrounding spiracle and about 120 short, spine-like setae generally distributed, and with a transverse row of about 100 long, slender setae (mostly on sides) near posterior border. Dorsum of segment IX with 2 transverse rows of 14 long, slender setae each, about 75 short, spine-like setae widely distributed, and about 80 long, slender pleural setae. Dorsum of segment X with about 30 medium sized, slender setae widely distributed, about 150 short, spine-like setae widely distributed and about 150 long, slender setae on posterior border. Venter of abdominal segments I–VI each with about 80 long, slender setae. Venter of segments VII–VIII each with about 50 long slender setae. Venter of segment IX with about 30 long, slender setae either side of middle. Raster lacking pallidia and septula, with about 30 medium sized, slender setae on campus; teges formed by about 65 short, slender setae. Barbula formed by 60 long, slender setae. Lower anal lip with about 90 long, slender setae. Upper anal lip with about 120 short, spine-like setae. Spiracles of segments I–VIII (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0D3B1BF252FD25B828FD55" box="[302,367,696,715]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="27.[169,208,1221,1240]" captionTargetBox="[148,980,195,1200]" captionTargetId="figure-115@27.[148,980,194,1200]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figs. 81–92. Megasoma actaeon, third instar. 81) Head, frontal view; 82) epipharynx; 83–84) mandibles, dorsal view, 83) left and 84) right; mandibles, ventral view, 85) right and 86) left; 87) right maxilla and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 88) detail of maxillary stridulatory area; 89) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 90) distal segment of antenna, ventral view; 91) left middle tarsal claw, anterolateral view; 92) second right abdominal spiracle. Fig. 81, bar ¼ 5 mm. Figs. 82–87, 89–90, 92, bar ¼ 1 mm. Figs. 88, 91, bar ¼ 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104934" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104934/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">Fig. 92</figureCitation>
) progressively larger (
<quantity id="4CBC6E9D8A0D3B1BF14AFD25BBE7FD55" box="[566,672,696,715]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="2.8" valueMin="2.2">2.2–2.8 mm</quantity>
long, 2.0–
<quantity id="4CBC6E9D8A0D3B1BF07DFD25BA03FD55" box="[769,836,696,715]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
wide); lobes of respiratory plate contiguous, directed anteriorly. Spiracular bulla irregularly convex, weakly prominent; respiratory plate with about 90 minute holes across any diameter. Approximate dorsal body length
<quantity id="4CBC6E9D8A0D3B1BF27DFC9DB80CFC8D" box="[257,331,768,787]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="130.0">130 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35E90F38A0D3B1BF3D0FCB8BB52FBE7" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A0D3B1BF3D0FCB8BA7AFC6A" blockId="29.[148,977,805,1570]" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0D3B1BF3D0FCB8B849FCA4" bold="true" box="[172,270,805,826]" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0D3B1BF266FCBBB89FFCA5" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[282,472,806,827]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="actaeon">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0D3B1BF266FCBBB89FFCA5" box="[282,472,806,827]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">Megasoma actaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique among all of the known species in the genus because it has the fewest number of maxillary stridulatory teeth with only 4 (
<quantity id="4CBC6E9D8A0D3B1BF0D0FCDDB9E1FCEE" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.651" metricValueMax="2.032" metricValueMin="1.27" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" unit="in" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5–8 in</quantity>
other species) and only 2 setae on each tarsungulus. It is easily separated from the equally large and partially sympatric
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0D3B1BF287FCE8BB24FC14" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[507,611,885,906]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elephas">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0D3B1BF287FCE8BB24FC14" box="[507,611,885,906]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">M. elephas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the relatively small and ‘‘sunken’’ head of
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0D3B1BF399FC0DB808FC3B" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[229,335,912,933]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elephas">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0D3B1BF399FC0DB808FC3B" box="[229,335,912,933]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">M. elephas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, far fewer cranial frontal setae in
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0D3B1BF1DCFC0DBA4AFC3B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[672,781,912,933]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="actaeon">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0D3B1BF1DCFC0DBA4AFC3B" box="[672,781,912,933]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">M. actaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsum of the first abdominal segment with a mixture of short and long setae in
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0D3B1BF18EFC37BA18FC21" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[754,863,938,959]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="actaeon">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0D3B1BF18EFC37BA18FC21" box="[754,863,938,959]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">M. actaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(long setae only in
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0D3B1BF3A3FC58B80EFC44" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[223,329,965,986]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elephas">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0D3B1BF3A3FC58B80EFC44" box="[223,329,965,986]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">M. elephas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and by the presence of about 28 long setae on the campus of the last abdominal segment in
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0D3B1BF2E5FC7DBB41FC6B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[409,518,992,1013]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="actaeon">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0D3B1BF2E5FC7DBB41FC6B" box="[409,518,992,1013]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">M. actaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(only 4–6 setae in
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0D3B1BF1B9FC7DBA68FC6B" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[709,815,992,1013]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elephas">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0D3B1BF1B9FC7DBA68FC6B" box="[709,815,992,1013]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">M. elephas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A0D3B1BF3D0FC67BB52FBE7" blockId="29.[148,977,805,1570]" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0D3B1BF3D0FC67B82FFB91" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[172,360,1018,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="actaeon">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0D3B1BF3D0FC67B82FFB91" box="[172,360,1018,1039]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">Megasoma actaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the other large (but allopatric) species in
<collectingCountry id="F35383E88A0D3B1BF0FEFC67BA8AFB91" box="[898,973,1018,1039]" name="Mexico" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">Mexico</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0D3B1BF3E8FB88B861FBB4" authorityName="Bolivar, Pieltain, Jimenez-Asua &amp; Martinez" authorityYear="1963" box="[148,294,1045,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0D3B1BF3E8FB88B861FBB4" box="[148,294,1045,1066]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">M. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by the presence of 8 cranial frontal setae in
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0D3B1BF1ADFB88BA7BFBB4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[721,828,1045,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="actaeon">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0D3B1BF1ADFB88BA7BFBB4" box="[721,828,1045,1066]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">M. actaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(4 frontal setae in
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0D3B1BF3CEFBB2B80DFBDA" authorityName="Bolivar, Pieltain, Jimenez-Asua &amp; Martinez" authorityYear="1963" box="[178,330,1071,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0D3B1BF3CEFBB2B80DFBDA" box="[178,330,1071,1092]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">M. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), last antennal segment with 11 dorsal sensory spots (8 dorsal sensory spots in
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0D3B1BF24BFBD7B88CFBC1" authorityName="Bolivar, Pieltain, Jimenez-Asua &amp; Martinez" authorityYear="1963" box="[311,459,1098,1119]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0D3B1BF24BFBD7B88CFBC1" box="[311,459,1098,1119]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">M. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and maxillary stridulatory area with only 4 teeth in
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0D3B1BF3E8FBF9B847FBE7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[148,256,1124,1145]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="actaeon">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0D3B1BF3E8FBF9B847FBE7" box="[148,256,1124,1145]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">M. actaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(8 teeth in
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0D3B1BF208FBF9BB40FBE7" authorityName="Bolivar, Pieltain, Jimenez-Asua &amp; Martinez" authorityYear="1963" box="[372,519,1124,1145]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0D3B1BF208FBF9BB40FBE7" box="[372,519,1124,1145]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">M. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35E90F38A0D3B18F3D0FBE2BAC0FE40" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A0D3B1BF3D0FBE2BA89FAF7" blockId="29.[148,977,805,1570]" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0D3B1BF3D0FBE2B8E1FB0A" bold="true" box="[172,422,1151,1172]" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">Distribution and Habits.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0D3B1BF2CEFBE2BB2BFB0A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[434,620,1151,1172]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="actaeon">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0D3B1BF2CEFBE2BB2BFB0A" box="[434,620,1151,1172]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">Megasoma actaeon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from
<collectingCountry id="F35383E88A0D3B1BF07FFBE2BA17FB0A" box="[771,848,1151,1172]" name="Panama" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">Panama</collectingCountry>
, the Guianas,
<collectingCountry id="F35383E88A0D3B1BF3E8FB07B99BFB31" box="[148,220,1178,1199]" name="Bolivia" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35383E88A0D3B1BF392FB07B813FB31" box="[238,340,1178,1199]" name="Venezuela" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35383E88A0D3B1BF21AFB07B8F0FB31" box="[358,439,1178,1199]" name="Ecuador" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35383E88A0D3B1BF2B5FB07BB6EFB31" box="[457,553,1178,1199]" name="Colombia" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">Colombia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35383E88A0D3B1BF147FB07BB2EFB31" box="[571,617,1178,1199]" name="Peru" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">Peru</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35383E88A0D3B1BF107FB07BBF3FB31" box="[635,692,1178,1199]" name="Brazil" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(primarily Amazonia), and northern
<collectingCountry id="F35383E88A0D3B1BF396FB29B805FB57" box="[234,322,1204,1225]" name="Paraguay" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD5BE898A0D3B1BF232FB29B8AEFB57" author="Lachaume" box="[334,489,1204,1225]" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref19739" refString="Lachaume, G. 1985. Dynastini 1: Dynastes - Megasoma - Golofa. Les Coleopteres du Monde 5: 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1985">Lachaume 1985</bibRefCitation>
; Ratcliffe 2003). Like the other large
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0D3B1BF030FB29BAECFB57" authorityName="Macleay" authorityYear="1819" box="[844,939,1204,1225]" pageId="29" pageNumber="125" rank="tribe" tribe="Dynastini">Dynastini</taxonomicName>
, the larvae probably develop in rotting logs. Adults (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0D3B1BF118FB52BBEDFB7A" box="[612,682,1231,1252]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[197,228,1415,1434]" captionText="Fig. 93. Megasoma actaeon, adult male habitus." pageId="29" pageNumber="120">Fig. 93</figureCitation>
) are nocturnal and attracted to lights. Radnai (2003) compiled the following life history information based upon six years of observations. Eggs were deposited into a suitable log or compost and were approximately
<quantity id="4CBC6E9D8A0D3B1BF25EFA83B83BFAAD" box="[290,380,1310,1331]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="8.0">8–10 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CBC6E9D8A0D3B1BF2A4FA83BB67FAAD" box="[472,544,1310,1331]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="7.5">7.5 mm</quantity>
in diameter when laid. After deposit, the eggs increased in size, presumably by absorption of water. Eggs increased in length by
<quantity id="4CBC6E9D8A0D3B1BF3E8FAC9B9A1FAF7" box="[148,230,1364,1385]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="5.0">5–7 mm</quantity>
, and the diameter increased by
<quantity id="4CBC6E9D8A0D3B1BF16BFAC9BBC9FAF7" box="[535,654,1364,1385]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="3.5">3.5–5.5 mm</quantity>
. Eclosion took from 25–36 days.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A0D3B18F3D0FAF3BB65FF6C" blockId="29.[148,977,805,1570]" lastBlockId="30.[175,546,221,242]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="29" pageNumber="120">
Upon hatching, first instar larvae measured about
<quantity id="4CBC6E9D8A0D3B1BF1EBFAF3BB96FA1D" box="[663,721,1390,1411]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
in length and
<quantity id="4CBC6E9D8A0D3B1BF018FAF3BAF1FA1D" box="[868,950,1390,1411]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
in diameter. A first instar larva weighed about
<quantity id="4CBC6E9D8A0D3B1BF151FA14BB2FFA00" box="[557,616,1417,1438]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.7" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" unit="g" value="0.17">0.17 g</quantity>
whereas a third instar larva will weigh
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. Laboratory development time for all three instars averaged 943 days (893 days minimum, 993 days maximum). The prepupal stage took about 24 days after which pupation occurred. Pupation lasted about 38 days. The pupation chamber is comprised of compacted compost about the size of an adult’s fist. Total development time averaged 1,035 days (2.8 years). In captivity, adults lived from 100 to 151 days.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD5BE898A0D3B1BF014F990BA96F9BC" author="Lai" box="[872,977,1549,1570]" pageId="29" pageNumber="120" refId="ref19764" refString="Lai, J. T. 2001. For the love of rhinoceros and stag beetles. Morning Star Publishing, Inc., Tapai, Taiwan. 346 pp." type="book" year="2001">Lai (2001)</bibRefCitation>
suggested they live this way in nature.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A0E3B18F20BFEAABBD2FE1F" blockId="30.[375,804,311,385]" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0E3B18F20BFEAABA59FEF8" bold="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0E3B18F20BFEAABB27FED2" authorityName="Bolivar, Pieltain, Jimenez-Asua &amp; Martinez" authorityYear="1963" box="[375,608,311,332]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0E3B18F20BFEAABB27FED2" bold="true" box="[375,608,311,332]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Megasoma occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectingRegion id="49800D9A8A0E3B18F114FEAABBF3FED2" box="[616,692,311,332]" country="Venezuela" name="Bolivar" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Bolívar</collectingRegion>
y Pieltain, Jiménez-Asffla, and Martínez, 3rd instar
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0E3B18F172FEF1BBC9FE1F" box="[526,654,364,385]" captionStart-0="Figs" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="31.[169,208,1430,1449]" captionStartId-1="32.[197,228,1103,1122]" captionTargetBox-0="[172,952,194,1409]" captionTargetBox-1="[245,936,194,1082]" captionTargetId-0="figure-1@31.[172,953,194,1409]" captionTargetId-1="figure-187@32.[245,936,194,1082]" captionTargetPageId-0="31" captionTargetPageId-1="32" captionText-0="Figs. 94–105. Megasoma occidentalis, third instar. 94) Head, frontal view; 95) epipharynx; 96–97) mandibles, ventral view, 96) right and 97) left; 98) labium and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 99) left maxilla dorsal view; 100) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 101) thoracic spiracle; 102) structure of holes of respiratory plate; 103) left prothoracic claw, lateral view; 104) venter of segment X of abdomen; 105) last abdominal segments, lateral view. Bar ¼ 1 mm for all figures except Fig. 102." captionText-1="Fig. 106. Megasoma occidentalis, adult male, on fruit of Delonyx regia (Bojer) Raf." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104938" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104940" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10104938/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10104940/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Figs. 94–106</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A0E3B18F3BBFE09BAC0FE40" blockId="30.[175,1005,404,478]" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">
Description based on three third instar larvae collected in association with an adult female in
<collectingCountry id="F35383E88A0E3B18F26CFE32B81BFE5A" box="[272,348,431,452]" name="Mexico" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Mexico</collectingCountry>
: State of
<collectingRegion id="49800D9A8A0E3B18F2CBFE32B8B8FE5A" box="[439,511,431,452]" country="Mexico" name="Colima" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Colima</collectingRegion>
, Tecomán Municipality, El Saucito, 28-VIII-70, Y. Domínguez &amp; R. Peña, in rotten log of
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0E3B18F149FE54BB8FFE40" box="[565,712,457,478]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Cocos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="30" pageNumber="121" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nucifera">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0E3B18F149FE54BB8FFE40" box="[565,712,457,478]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Cocos nucifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.,
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(IEXA).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35E90F38A0E3B26F3B9FE6EBBBBFBE4" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="30" pageNumber="121" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A0E3B18F3B9FE6EBBA2F9BC" blockId="30.[175,1006,499,1570]" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0E3B18F3B9FE6EB80FFD98" bold="true" box="[197,328,499,518]" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Redescription.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0E3B18F233FE6EB83AFD98" box="[335,381,499,518]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Head</emphasis>
: Maximum width of head capsule
<quantity id="4CBC6E9D8A0E3B18F1D1FE6EBBABFD98" box="[685,748,499,518]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="30" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
. Surface of cranium (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0E3B18F0DBFE6EBAA1FD98" box="[935,998,499,518]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="31.[169,208,1430,1449]" captionTargetBox="[172,952,194,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-1@31.[172,953,194,1409]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figs. 94–105. Megasoma occidentalis, third instar. 94) Head, frontal view; 95) epipharynx; 96–97) mandibles, ventral view, 96) right and 97) left; 98) labium and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 99) left maxilla dorsal view; 100) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 101) thoracic spiracle; 102) structure of holes of respiratory plate; 103) left prothoracic claw, lateral view; 104) venter of segment X of abdomen; 105) last abdominal segments, lateral view. Bar ¼ 1 mm for all figures except Fig. 102." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104938" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104938/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Fig. 94</figureCitation>
) strongly and densely punctate, dark brown to black. Frons on each side bearing 2 posterior frontal setae, 3 median lateral frontal seta, 4 anterior frontal setae, and numerous anterior frontal angular setae of which 1 is distinctly thicker and longer; remaining cranial surface bears numerous short, fine, uniformly distributed setae and 2 conspicuous, dorsoepicranial setae and 4 epicranial setae, all placed well away from epicranial suture. Clypeus with 4 long setae on preclypeus and numerous short, fine, scattered setae. Labrum subtrapezoidal, with 5 or 6 posterior setae, 2 central setae, 4 lateral setae, and numerous short, fine, scattered setae. Ocelli vestigial. Epipharynx (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0E3B18F001FD07BAFCFD33" box="[893,955,666,685]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="31.[169,208,1430,1449]" captionTargetBox="[172,952,194,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-1@31.[172,953,194,1409]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figs. 94–105. Megasoma occidentalis, third instar. 94) Head, frontal view; 95) epipharynx; 96–97) mandibles, ventral view, 96) right and 97) left; 98) labium and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 99) left maxilla dorsal view; 100) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 101) thoracic spiracle; 102) structure of holes of respiratory plate; 103) left prothoracic claw, lateral view; 104) venter of segment X of abdomen; 105) last abdominal segments, lateral view. Bar ¼ 1 mm for all figures except Fig. 102." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104938" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104938/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Fig. 95</figureCitation>
) with fused zygum and epizygum forming oblique, sclerotized tubercle; heli absent; right chaetoparia with 52–55 spinelike setae and 56 fine setae; left chaetoparia with 86–90 spinelike setae and few fine setae; right acroparia with 15–17 straight, long, thick setae; left acroparia with 18–20 long, slightly curved, thick setae; acanthoparia with 9 short, curved, spinelike setae. Scissorial area of right mandible (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0E3B18F245FC8FB83FFCBB" box="[313,376,786,805]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="31.[169,208,1430,1449]" captionTargetBox="[172,952,194,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-1@31.[172,953,194,1409]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figs. 94–105. Megasoma occidentalis, third instar. 94) Head, frontal view; 95) epipharynx; 96–97) mandibles, ventral view, 96) right and 97) left; 98) labium and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 99) left maxilla dorsal view; 100) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 101) thoracic spiracle; 102) structure of holes of respiratory plate; 103) left prothoracic claw, lateral view; 104) venter of segment X of abdomen; 105) last abdominal segments, lateral view. Bar ¼ 1 mm for all figures except Fig. 102." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104938" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104938/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Fig. 96</figureCitation>
) with 3 teeth separated by 2 notches; molar area with 3 lobes. Scissorial area of left mandible (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0E3B18F214FCB7B8E2FCA3" box="[360,421,810,829]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="31.[169,208,1430,1449]" captionTargetBox="[172,952,194,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-1@31.[172,953,194,1409]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figs. 94–105. Megasoma occidentalis, third instar. 94) Head, frontal view; 95) epipharynx; 96–97) mandibles, ventral view, 96) right and 97) left; 98) labium and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 99) left maxilla dorsal view; 100) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 101) thoracic spiracle; 102) structure of holes of respiratory plate; 103) left prothoracic claw, lateral view; 104) venter of segment X of abdomen; 105) last abdominal segments, lateral view. Bar ¼ 1 mm for all figures except Fig. 102." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104938" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104938/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Fig. 97</figureCitation>
) with 3 teeth and 1 truncate pre-incisor tooth; molar area with 2 lobes and long, truncate acia. Stridulatory area of each mandible well-marked by distinct striae. Galea (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0E3B18F3CAFCC7B9B0FCF3" box="[182,247,858,877]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="31.[169,208,1430,1449]" captionTargetBox="[172,952,194,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-1@31.[172,953,194,1409]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figs. 94–105. Megasoma occidentalis, third instar. 94) Head, frontal view; 95) epipharynx; 96–97) mandibles, ventral view, 96) right and 97) left; 98) labium and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 99) left maxilla dorsal view; 100) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 101) thoracic spiracle; 102) structure of holes of respiratory plate; 103) left prothoracic claw, lateral view; 104) venter of segment X of abdomen; 105) last abdominal segments, lateral view. Bar ¼ 1 mm for all figures except Fig. 102." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104938" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104938/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Fig. 98</figureCitation>
) with conical uncus well-developed; lacinia with 3 conical unci fused at their bases; maxillary stridulatory area with 8 small, subtrapezoidal, truncated teeth and wide, truncate anterior tubercle (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0E3B18F383FC14B878FC02" box="[255,319,905,924]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="31.[169,208,1430,1449]" captionTargetBox="[172,952,194,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-1@31.[172,953,194,1409]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figs. 94–105. Megasoma occidentalis, third instar. 94) Head, frontal view; 95) epipharynx; 96–97) mandibles, ventral view, 96) right and 97) left; 98) labium and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 99) left maxilla dorsal view; 100) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 101) thoracic spiracle; 102) structure of holes of respiratory plate; 103) left prothoracic claw, lateral view; 104) venter of segment X of abdomen; 105) last abdominal segments, lateral view. Bar ¼ 1 mm for all figures except Fig. 102." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104938" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104938/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Fig. 98</figureCitation>
). Labium cylindrical in form (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0E3B18F13DFC14BBC7FC02" box="[577,640,905,924]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="31.[169,208,1430,1449]" captionTargetBox="[172,952,194,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-1@31.[172,953,194,1409]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figs. 94–105. Megasoma occidentalis, third instar. 94) Head, frontal view; 95) epipharynx; 96–97) mandibles, ventral view, 96) right and 97) left; 98) labium and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 99) left maxilla dorsal view; 100) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 101) thoracic spiracle; 102) structure of holes of respiratory plate; 103) left prothoracic claw, lateral view; 104) venter of segment X of abdomen; 105) last abdominal segments, lateral view. Bar ¼ 1 mm for all figures except Fig. 102." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104938" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104938/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Fig. 99</figureCitation>
), with numerous long, strong setae located principally at sides; hypopharynx with right anterior lateral process of hypopharyngeal sclerome strongly developed, raised and curved, heavily sclerotized; left hypopharyngeal lateral lobe with oblique row of 7 posterior lateral setae. Dorsal surface of last antennal segment (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0E3B18F01DFC4CBAEDFC7A" box="[865,938,977,996]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="31.[169,208,1430,1449]" captionTargetBox="[172,952,194,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-1@31.[172,953,194,1409]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figs. 94–105. Megasoma occidentalis, third instar. 94) Head, frontal view; 95) epipharynx; 96–97) mandibles, ventral view, 96) right and 97) left; 98) labium and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 99) left maxilla dorsal view; 100) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 101) thoracic spiracle; 102) structure of holes of respiratory plate; 103) left prothoracic claw, lateral view; 104) venter of segment X of abdomen; 105) last abdominal segments, lateral view. Bar ¼ 1 mm for all figures except Fig. 102." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104938" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104938/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Fig. 100</figureCitation>
) with 8 sensory spots.
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0E3B18F24FFC74B837FC62" box="[307,368,1001,1020]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Thorax</emphasis>
: Pronotum with wide lateral areas, well-sclerotized and reddish brown. Mesoprescutum with 1 anterior row of short setae and 4 rows of posterior large setae; mesoscutum with 3 lateral rows of long setae; mesoscutellum with 2 rows of long setae; metaprescutum with anterior, irregular row of short setae and 3 posterior rows of long setae; metascutum with 4 lateral rows of long setae; metascutellum with 3 rows of long setae. Thoracic spiracles (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0E3B18F00CFBD4BAFEFBC2" box="[880,953,1097,1116]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="31.[169,208,1430,1449]" captionTargetBox="[172,952,194,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-1@31.[172,953,194,1409]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figs. 94–105. Megasoma occidentalis, third instar. 94) Head, frontal view; 95) epipharynx; 96–97) mandibles, ventral view, 96) right and 97) left; 98) labium and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 99) left maxilla dorsal view; 100) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 101) thoracic spiracle; 102) structure of holes of respiratory plate; 103) left prothoracic claw, lateral view; 104) venter of segment X of abdomen; 105) last abdominal segments, lateral view. Bar ¼ 1 mm for all figures except Fig. 102." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104938" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104938/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Fig. 101</figureCitation>
)
<quantity id="4CBC6E9D8A0E3B18F0BBFBD4B997FBEA" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.06" pageId="30" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="2.06">2.06 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CBC6E9D8A0E3B18F258FBFCB837FBEA" box="[292,368,1121,1140]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.93" pageId="30" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="1.93">1.93 mm</quantity>
wide. Respiratory plate with indefinite number of irregular-shaped ‘‘holes’’ (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0E3B18F3CAFBE4B9B8FB12" box="[182,255,1145,1164]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="31.[169,208,1430,1449]" captionTargetBox="[172,952,194,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-1@31.[172,953,194,1409]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figs. 94–105. Megasoma occidentalis, third instar. 94) Head, frontal view; 95) epipharynx; 96–97) mandibles, ventral view, 96) right and 97) left; 98) labium and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 99) left maxilla dorsal view; 100) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 101) thoracic spiracle; 102) structure of holes of respiratory plate; 103) left prothoracic claw, lateral view; 104) venter of segment X of abdomen; 105) last abdominal segments, lateral view. Bar ¼ 1 mm for all figures except Fig. 102." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104938" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104938/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Fig. 102</figureCitation>
), lobes of respiratory plate contiguous. Spiracular bulla convex, longitudinal. Claws (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0E3B18F0B6FBE4B988FB3D" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="31.[169,208,1430,1449]" captionTargetBox="[172,952,194,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-1@31.[172,953,194,1409]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figs. 94–105. Megasoma occidentalis, third instar. 94) Head, frontal view; 95) epipharynx; 96–97) mandibles, ventral view, 96) right and 97) left; 98) labium and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 99) left maxilla dorsal view; 100) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 101) thoracic spiracle; 102) structure of holes of respiratory plate; 103) left prothoracic claw, lateral view; 104) venter of segment X of abdomen; 105) last abdominal segments, lateral view. Bar ¼ 1 mm for all figures except Fig. 102." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104938" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104938/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Fig. 103</figureCitation>
) each with 2 internal, long, thick basal setae and 2 external, long thick preapical setae.
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0E3B18F3D3FB35B9B8FB25" box="[175,255,1192,1211]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Dorsa of segments I–VI each with 3–5 transverse rows of short, spine-like setae; dorsa of segments I–II each with 2–3 transverse rows of long, spinelike setae; dorsa of segments III–VI each with transverse row of long, spinelike setae; dorsum of segment VII with 8–9 transverse rows of short, spinelike setae, 1 anterior row of long, fine setae, 1 subposterior row of long, fine setae, and 1 posterior row of long, fine setae; dorsum of segment VIII with 7–8 transverse rows of short, spinelike setae, some scattered anterior long, fine, setae, 1 subposterior row of long, fine setae, and 1 posterior row of long, fine setae; dorsum of segment IX with anterior scattered, short, spinelike setae, 1 anterior row of long, fine setae, and 1 posterior row of long, fine setae; dorsum of segment X with scattered short, spinelike setae and long, fine setae (pleural lobes of all abdominal segments densely covered with setae). Venter of abdominal segments I–IX each with 1 median, transverse row of long fine setae. Raster (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0E3B18F2CAFA05B8B8FA35" box="[438,511,1432,1451]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="31.[169,208,1430,1449]" captionTargetBox="[172,952,194,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-1@31.[172,953,194,1409]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figs. 94–105. Megasoma occidentalis, third instar. 94) Head, frontal view; 95) epipharynx; 96–97) mandibles, ventral view, 96) right and 97) left; 98) labium and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 99) left maxilla dorsal view; 100) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 101) thoracic spiracle; 102) structure of holes of respiratory plate; 103) left prothoracic claw, lateral view; 104) venter of segment X of abdomen; 105) last abdominal segments, lateral view. Bar ¼ 1 mm for all figures except Fig. 102." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104938" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104938/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Fig. 104</figureCitation>
) with 22–27 long, fine setae in campus; teges with 40–44 scattered, long, fine setae; lower anal lip with 78–86 fine setae; upper anal lip with numerous mixed short, spinelike setae and long, fine setae; setae of barbula sparse. Dorsolateral region of segment X (dorsally adjacent to outer extremity of anal slit) with light, cribrate, subtriangular depression (
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A0E3B18F264FA6AB823F994" box="[280,356,1527,1546]" captionStart="Figs" captionStartId="31.[169,208,1430,1449]" captionTargetBox="[172,952,194,1409]" captionTargetId="figure-1@31.[172,953,194,1409]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figs. 94–105. Megasoma occidentalis, third instar. 94) Head, frontal view; 95) epipharynx; 96–97) mandibles, ventral view, 96) right and 97) left; 98) labium and hypopharynx, dorsal view; 99) left maxilla dorsal view; 100) distal segment of antenna, dorsal view; 101) thoracic spiracle; 102) structure of holes of respiratory plate; 103) left prothoracic claw, lateral view; 104) venter of segment X of abdomen; 105) last abdominal segments, lateral view. Bar ¼ 1 mm for all figures except Fig. 102." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104938" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104938/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="121">Fig. 105</figureCitation>
). Spiracles of segments I–VIII progressively larger (2.0–3.0 mm long and 1.8–2.0 mm wide). Approximate dorsal body length
<quantity id="4CBC6E9D8A0E3B18F10BF992BBA7F9BC" box="[631,736,1551,1570]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="95.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="90.0">90–100 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A0F3B19F3E8FF1DBA4DFF0D" blockId="31.[148,180,128,147]" box="[148,778,128,147]" lastBlockId="31.[347,778,128,147]" pageId="31" pageNumber="122">122 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3B93F08A0F3B19F3D5FA0BB867F9BF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104938" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10104938" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104938/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="122" startId="31.[169,208,1430,1449]" targetBox="[172,952,194,1409]" targetPageId="31">
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A0F3B19F3D5FA0BB867F9BF" blockId="31.[148,978,1430,1569]" pageId="31" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0F3B19F3D5FA0BB866FA37" bold="true" box="[169,289,1430,1449]" pageId="31" pageNumber="122">Figs. 94–105.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A0F3B19F24AFA0BB8B8FA37" authorityName="Bolivar, Pieltain, Jimenez-Asua &amp; Martinez" authorityYear="1963" box="[310,511,1430,1449]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0F3B19F24AFA0BB8B8FA37" box="[310,511,1430,1449]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="122">Megasoma occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, third instar.
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0F3B19F10AFA0BBBD5FA37" bold="true" box="[630,658,1430,1449]" pageId="31" pageNumber="122">94)</emphasis>
Head, frontal view;
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0F3B19F034FA0BBA22FA37" bold="true" box="[840,869,1430,1449]" pageId="31" pageNumber="122">95)</emphasis>
epipharynx;
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0F3B19F3E8FA33B997FA5F" bold="true" box="[148,208,1454,1473]" pageId="31" pageNumber="122">96–97)</emphasis>
mandibles, ventral view,
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0F3B19F2D7FA33B880FA5F" bold="true" box="[427,455,1454,1473]" pageId="31" pageNumber="122">96)</emphasis>
right and
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0F3B19F163FA33BB7CFA5F" bold="true" box="[543,571,1454,1473]" pageId="31" pageNumber="122">97)</emphasis>
left;
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0F3B19F114FA33BBC3FA5F" bold="true" box="[616,644,1454,1473]" pageId="31" pageNumber="122">98)</emphasis>
labium and hypopharynx, dorsal view;
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0F3B19F3E8FA5BB9F7FA47" bold="true" box="[148,176,1478,1497]" pageId="31" pageNumber="122">99)</emphasis>
left maxilla dorsal view;
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0F3B19F2F2FA5BB8F2FA47" bold="true" box="[398,437,1478,1497]" pageId="31" pageNumber="122">100)</emphasis>
distal segment of antenna, dorsal view;
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0F3B19F06EFA5BBA7EFA47" bold="true" box="[786,825,1478,1497]" pageId="31" pageNumber="122">101)</emphasis>
thoracic spiracle;
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0F3B19F3E8FA43B9FCFA6F" bold="true" box="[148,187,1502,1521]" pageId="31" pageNumber="122">102)</emphasis>
structure of holes of respiratory plate;
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0F3B19F178FA43BB6CFA6F" bold="true" box="[516,555,1502,1521]" pageId="31" pageNumber="122">103)</emphasis>
left prothoracic claw, lateral view;
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0F3B19F024FA43BA38FA6F" bold="true" box="[856,895,1502,1521]" pageId="31" pageNumber="122">104)</emphasis>
venter of segment X of abdomen;
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0F3B19F217FA6BB8D5F997" bold="true" box="[363,402,1526,1545]" pageId="31" pageNumber="122">105)</emphasis>
last abdominal segments, lateral view. Bar
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A0F3B19F070FA68BA5BF994" bold="true" box="[780,796,1525,1546]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="122">¼</emphasis>
1 mm for all figures except Fig. 102.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF3B93F08A303B26F3B9FBD2BAA8FBFD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104940" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10104940" box="[197,1007,1103,1123]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104940/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="123" startId="32.[197,228,1103,1122]" targetBox="[245,936,194,1082]" targetPageId="32">
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A303B26F3B9FBD2BAA8FBFD" blockId="32.[175,1007,1103,1146]" box="[197,1007,1103,1123]" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A303B26F3B9FBD2B85DFBFC" bold="true" box="[197,282,1103,1122]" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">Fig. 106.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A303B26F253FBCDB8BAFBFD" authorityName="Bolivar, Pieltain, Jimenez-Asua &amp; Martinez" authorityYear="1963" box="[303,509,1104,1123]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A303B26F253FBCDB8BAFBFD" box="[303,509,1104,1123]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">Megasoma occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, adult male, on fruit of
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A303B26F188FBCDBAA8FBFD" authority="(Bojer) Raf." authorityName="Raf." baseAuthorityName="Bojer" box="[756,1007,1104,1123]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Delonyx" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="32" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="regia">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A303B26F188FBCDBA34FBFD" box="[756,883,1104,1123]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">Delonyx regia</emphasis>
(Bojer) Raf.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A303B26F3D3FBFABBBBFBE4" blockId="32.[175,1007,1103,1146]" box="[175,764,1127,1146]" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A303B26F3C9FBFAB840FBE4" box="[181,263,1127,1146]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="32" pageNumber="123" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
), Puerto Vallarta,
<collectingRegion id="49800D9A8A303B26F2D9FBFAB8A7FBE4" box="[421,480,1127,1146]" country="Mexico" name="Jalisco" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">Jalisco</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F35383E88A303B26F296FBFABB6AFBE4" box="[490,557,1127,1146]" name="Mexico" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">Mexico</collectingCountry>
. Photo by G. Nogueira.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35E90F38A303B26F3BBFB53BA94FAD0" pageId="32" pageNumber="123" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A303B26F3BBFB53BA94FAD0" blockId="32.[175,1005,1230,1570]" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A303B26F3BBFB53B86DFB7D" bold="true" box="[199,298,1230,1251]" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">Remarks.</emphasis>
Larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A303B26F2E5FB52BB6CFB7A" authorityName="Bolivar, Pieltain, Jimenez-Asua &amp; Martinez" authorityYear="1963" box="[409,555,1231,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A303B26F2E5FB52BB6CFB7A" box="[409,555,1231,1252]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">M. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are characterized by 9 spines on acanthoparia; right laterocentral part of anterior border of labrum not sinuous; ocelli vague; maxilla with 8 stridulatory teeth; last antennal segment with 8 dorsal sensory spots; anterior abdominal spiracles smaller than posterior spiracles; more than 50 ‘‘holes’’ in respiratory plate; 2–12 rows of setae on abdominal dorsa; setae of barbula sparse; campus with 22–27 setae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35E90F38A303B27F3BBFACEBA96FF49" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="32" pageNumber="123" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A303B27F3BBFACEBA4DFF0D" blockId="32.[175,1005,1230,1570]" lastBlockId="33.[347,778,128,147]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A303B26F3BBFACEB884FAF6" bold="true" box="[199,451,1363,1384]" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">Distribution and Habits.</emphasis>
Adults of
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A303B26F14CFACEBB85FAF6" authorityName="Bolivar, Pieltain, Jimenez-Asua &amp; Martinez" authorityYear="1963" box="[560,706,1363,1384]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A303B26F14CFACEBB85FAF6" box="[560,706,1363,1384]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">M. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="137FDFFD8A303B26F1ACFACEBA65FAF6" box="[720,802,1363,1384]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[197,228,1103,1122]" captionTargetBox="[245,936,194,1082]" captionTargetId="figure-187@32.[245,936,194,1082]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 106. Megasoma occidentalis, adult male, on fruit of Delonyx regia (Bojer) Raf." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10104940" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10104940/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">Fig. 106</figureCitation>
) have been collected on the slopes of Pacific Ocean from southern
<collectingRegion id="49800D9A8A303B26F11BFAF3BBE9FA1D" box="[615,686,1390,1411]" country="Mexico" name="Sinaloa" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">Sinaloa</collectingRegion>
(Mazatlán) to
<collectingRegion id="49800D9A8A303B26F040FAF3BAC4FA1D" box="[828,899,1390,1411]" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
(Pochutla)
<collectingCountry id="F35383E88A303B26F3D3FA14B9B0FA00" box="[175,247,1417,1438]" name="Mexico" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">México</collectingCountry>
(19
<geoCoordinate id="EE70A5BF8A303B26F25CFA15B81EFA00" box="[288,345,1416,1438]" degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" pageId="32" pageNumber="123" precision="15" seconds="9" value="8.669167">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A303B26F25CFA15B86FFA00" bold="true" box="[288,296,1416,1438]" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">8</emphasis>
40
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A303B26F243FA15B800FA00" bold="true" box="[319,327,1416,1438]" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">9</emphasis>
N
</geoCoordinate>
) (Ratcliffe and Morón 1997; Morón and Gómez-Anaya 2002). The habitat for
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A303B26F264FA3EB8EDFA26" authorityName="Bolivar, Pieltain, Jimenez-Asua &amp; Martinez" authorityYear="1963" box="[280,426,1443,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A303B26F264FA3EB8EDFA26" box="[280,426,1443,1464]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">M. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is tropical deciduous forests and tropical plantations located between sea level and 700 meters in elevation. Larvae were also found inside the rotten stem of a coconut palm in plantations near Tecomán,
<collectingRegion id="49800D9A8A303B26F1CFFA45BBBEFA73" box="[691,761,1496,1517]" country="Mexico" name="Colima" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">Colima</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD5BE898A303B26F079FA45BAC6FA73" author="Moron" box="[773,897,1496,1517]" pageId="32" pageNumber="123" pagination="339 - 345" refId="ref19823" refString="Moron, M. A. 1977. Description of the third-stage larva of Megasoma elephas occidentalis Bolivar et al. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Coleopterists Bulletin 31: 339 - 345." type="journal article" year="1977">Morón 1977</bibRefCitation>
). Adults of
<taxonomicName id="4C44B8FB8A303B26F3D3FA6EB802F996" authorityName="Bolivar, Pieltain, Jimenez-Asua &amp; Martinez" authorityYear="1963" box="[175,325,1523,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Dynastidae" genus="Megasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="B9301F6A8A303B26F3D3FA6EB802F996" box="[175,325,1523,1544]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="123">M. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are frequently attracted to lights in high numbers in some Mexican localities, but searching for larvae in rotten logs and stumps has not revealed them. It 124 THE COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN 59(1), 2005
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFBC3788A313B27F3E8FF5FBA96FF49" blockId="33.[148,977,194,215]" box="[148,977,194,215]" pageId="33" pageNumber="124">may be possible that the life history and habits of this species are similar to those of</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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