906 lines
101 KiB
XML
906 lines
101 KiB
XML
<document id="5C77A5A8C25FF4B71BB2755A9D08CABE" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.195659" ID-GBIF-Dataset="645ed7da-f689-4d1c-b7e5-ba1d7120b6ee" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="195659" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460231431186" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Speybroeck, Jeroen, Beukema, Wouter & Crochet, Pierre-André" docDate="2010" docId="03A97A72FFA4FFF2F6D2FF37FBEEFE23" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02492p027.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2492" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Caudata" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FF90020AFFA6FFF7F645FFA0FF85FFB1" masterDocTitle="A tentative species list of the European herpetofauna (Amphibia and Reptilia) — an update" masterLastPageNumber="27" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1698239019894" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="D25B4A6F2D8F8921BAF6951875A09DF4" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BEA25F0A9A2C0AF175AA6D75C8563A02">
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<mods:title id="A408C9DED779A6FF86E2ABC29FA6246E">A tentative species list of the European herpetofauna (Amphibia and Reptilia) — an update</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="89B75A74E052B77133C4705699BC20B2" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="19C3E136A2515C1C3B0A629042D56E5B">Speybroeck, Jeroen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="434619B34717BC4CBB48D94B4A7C3412">Beukema, Wouter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="585B76B2DBCCDECE1830A7244020DE23" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="12B68CC53DF9870F2CB7FD8F1789964A">Crochet, Pierre-André</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="EA72B8592374ED1D103039E6CF39B572">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="099047F8CAAA338BE74F084F1C988F98">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="88E7C59A16151FB854511ABC1566D848">
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<mods:date id="AE4F9B930CD0B4467EA9085D89973529">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="5936FB45BFD0DD23C92DD4A9596B4B89" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="E9073F47D54E882B91E103491B7C242D">2492</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="975BD06D8061AB48C312EF76EFC89A99">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="61DF9BAE518785059884B906473BA6B5" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.195659</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="292B3E077DC55E080169646A034D2A9A" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BA325736FBA42CC4A7530C80665A3D91" type="Zenodo-Dep">195659</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A97A72FFA4FFF2F6D2FF37FBEEFE23" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6212134" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119387374" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6212134" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A97A72FFA4FFF2F6D2FF37FBEEFE23" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A97A72FFA4FFF2F6D2FF37FBEEFE23" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="C31A98EFFFA4FFF5F6D2FF37FCA5FEAE" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA4FFF5F6D2FF37FE15FF00" blockId="2.[151,400,151,177]" box="[151,400,151,177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<heading id="D0F77C08FFA4FFF5F6D2FF37FE15FF00" bold="true" box="[151,400,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F6D2FF37FE15FF00" bold="true" box="[151,400,151,177]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F6D2FF37FE86FF00" ID-CoL="W3" box="[151,259,151,177]" class="Amphibia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Caudata</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F769FF37FE15FF00" box="[300,400,151,177]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Urodela</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA4FFF5F6D2FF40FCA5FEAE" blockId="2.[151,1437,224,2004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Different opinions exist on whether
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F406FF40FD26FF4B" box="[579,675,224,250]" class="Amphibia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Caudata</taxonomicName>
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(e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F4ADFF40FC29FF4B" author="Frost" box="[744,940,224,250]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Frost, D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A .. Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. & Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297, 1 - 370." type="journal article" year="2006">
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Frost
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<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F569FF40FCEDFF48" box="[812,872,224,249]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
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2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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) or
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F598FF40FBB9FF4B" box="[989,1084,224,250]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Urodela</taxonomicName>
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(e.g. Dubois 2004) should be used to refer to the the order of salamanders and newts.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31A98EFFFA4FFF5F683FE8AFE93F945" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA4FFF5F683FE8AFBD6FE05" blockId="2.[151,1437,224,2004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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A recent paper on the
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F78DFE8AFDF3FEF5" box="[456,630,298,324]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Salamandridae</taxonomicName>
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family taxonomy (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F510FE8AFB08FEF5" author="Dubois" box="[853,1165,298,324]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Dubois, A. & Raffaelli, J. (2009) A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26 (1 - 4), 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="2009">Dubois and Raffaëlli 2009</bibRefCitation>
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) proposed a number of systematic changes, many of which above and below the species level. Concerning species of European newts and salamanders, the proposed changes include treating six taxa as new species:
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<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F2C6FED5FCEBFE02" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F2C6FED5FAF3FE3F" box="[1155,1398,373,398]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="graecus">Lissotriton graecus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F3C6FED5FEABFE02" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meridionalis">L. meridionalis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F77FFE3AFE44FE02" box="[314,449,410,435]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maltzani">L. maltzani</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F789FE3AFD47FE02" box="[460,706,410,435]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurorae">Salamandra aurorae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F48AFE3AFCEBFE02" box="[719,878,410,435]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="almanzoris">S. almanzoris</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F5E2FE3AFBC8FE02" box="[935,1101,410,435]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">
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<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F5E2FE3AFBC8FE02" box="[935,1101,410,435]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. longirostris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA4FFF5F680FE60FB99FD6E" blockId="2.[151,1437,224,2004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F680FE60FD92FE6B" author="Dubois" box="[197,535,448,474]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Dubois, A. & Raffaelli, J. (2009) A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26 (1 - 4), 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="2009">Dubois and Raffaëlli (2009)</bibRefCitation>
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elevated
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F4C9FE60FCA3FE68" box="[652,806,448,473]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" variety="graecus">
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<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F4C9FE60FCA3FE68" box="[652,806,448,473]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. v. graecus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F524FE60FBB1FE68" box="[865,1076,448,473]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vulgaris" subSpecies="meridionalis">
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<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F524FE60FBB1FE68" box="[865,1076,448,473]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. v. meridionalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to species level, based on the results of
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<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F755FE45FE7FFE4E" box="[272,506,485,511]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" refString="Babik, W., Branicki, W., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Cogalniceanu, D., Sas, I., Olgun, K., Poyarkov, N. A., Garcia-Paris, M. & Arntzen, J. W. (2005) Phylogeography of two European newt species-discordance between mtDNA and morphology. Molecular Ecology, 14, 2475 - 2491." type="journal article">
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Babik
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<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F725FE45FE1BFE4F" box="[352,414,485,510]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
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(2005)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. They interpret these results as suggesting that if
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F210FE45FF64FD95" authority="Carpathian Newt" authorityName="Carpathian Newt" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montandoni">
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<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F210FE45FA83FE4F" box="[1109,1286,485,510]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. montandoni</emphasis>
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(Carpathian Newt)
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</taxonomicName>
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is recognised as a distinct species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F4C9FDAAFBBDFD95" authority="Smooth Newt" authorityName="Smooth Newt" box="[652,1080,522,548]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
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<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F4C9FDAAFCF2FD92" box="[652,887,522,547]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Lissotriton vulgaris</emphasis>
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(Smooth Newt)
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</taxonomicName>
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as traditionally understood is paraphyletic. In fact, this seems to be a misinterpretation of
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<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F52FFD90FBE4FDFB" box="[874,1121,560,586]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" refString="Babik, W., Branicki, W., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Cogalniceanu, D., Sas, I., Olgun, K., Poyarkov, N. A., Garcia-Paris, M. & Arntzen, J. W. (2005) Phylogeography of two European newt species-discordance between mtDNA and morphology. Molecular Ecology, 14, 2475 - 2491." type="journal article">
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Babik
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<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F5FCFD90FC73FDF8" box="[953,1014,560,585]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
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’s (2005)
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</bibRefCitation>
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results - the latter authors convincingly argue that the paraphyly of the mitochondrial haplotypes of
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F262FDF5FB0EFDDF" box="[1063,1163,597,622]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
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<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F262FDF5FB0EFDDF" box="[1063,1163,597,622]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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is caused by repeated introgression of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F71DFDDAFE3DFD22" box="[344,440,634,659]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
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<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F71DFDDAFE3DFD22" box="[344,440,634,659]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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mitochondrial lineages into
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F54FFDDAFC13FD22" box="[778,918,634,659]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montandoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F54FFDDAFC13FD22" box="[778,918,634,659]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">montandoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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, resulting in the replacement of the original
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F6D2FD00FEA1FD08" box="[151,292,672,697]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montandoni">
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<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F6D2FD00FEA1FD08" box="[151,292,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">montandoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mtDNA by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F7FCFD00FD9FFD08" box="[441,538,672,697]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F7FCFD00FD9FFD08" box="[441,538,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
mtDNA. Conclusively,
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F579FD00FC38FD08" box="[828,957,672,697]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F579FD00FC38FD08" box="[828,957,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mtDNA is paraphyletic in relation to
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F3C1FD00FEA6FD6F" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="montandoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F3C1FD00FEA6FD6F" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. montandoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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mtDNA, but this is probably not true for the species themselves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA4FFF5F680FD4AFC28FA85" blockId="2.[151,1437,224,2004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Indeed, even while both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F7AEFD4AFDCDFCB2" box="[491,584,746,771]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="graecus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F7AEFD4AFDCDFCB2" box="[491,584,746,771]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">graecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
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and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F4C1FD4AFC9CFCB2" box="[644,793,746,771]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meridionalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F4C1FD4AFC9CFCB2" box="[644,793,746,771]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">meridionalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in addition to several other Anatolian and Caucasian subspecies) are distinct in molecular (mtDNA:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F48BFCB0FC24FC9B" author="Babik" box="[718,929,784,810]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" refString="Babik, W., Branicki, W., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Cogalniceanu, D., Sas, I., Olgun, K., Poyarkov, N. A., Garcia-Paris, M. & Arntzen, J. W. (2005) Phylogeography of two European newt species-discordance between mtDNA and morphology. Molecular Ecology, 14, 2475 - 2491." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Babik
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F55BFCB0FCDFFC98" box="[798,858,784,809]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, nuclear DNA:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F21AFCAFFA84FC9B" author="Kalezic" box="[1119,1281,783,810]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Kalezic, M. L. (1983) Geographical aspects of genetic variability in the smooth newt (Triturus vulgaris). Genetika, 15 (1), 93 - 103." type="journal article" year="1983">Kalezić 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F34BFCAFFEA4FCFE" author="Kalezic" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Kalezic, M. L. & Tucic, N. (1984) Genic diversity and population genetic structure of Triturus vulgaris (Urodela, Salamandridae). Evolution, 38, 389 - 401." type="journal article" year="1984">Kalezić and Tucić 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and morphological (Schmidtler and Franzen 2004) features (however, mainly based on male secondary sexual characters -
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F455FCFAFD66FCC5" author="Raxworthy" box="[528,739,858,884]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" refString="Raxworthy, C. J. (1990) A review of the smooth newt (Triturus vulgaris) subspecies, including an identification key. Herpetological Journal, 1, 481 - 492." type="journal article" year="1990">Raxworthy 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F516FCFAFB1DFCC5" author="Pellarini" box="[851,1176,858,884]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" refString="Pellarini, P. & Lapini, L. (2000) Differenze etologiche e morfologiche tra Triturus vulgaris vulgaris (Linnaeus, 1758) e Triturus vulgaris meridionalis (Boulenger, 1882). In: Giacoma, C. (Ed), Atti I Congresso Nazionale Societas Herpetologica Italica, Torino (1996). Museo Regionale Di Scienze Naturali, Torino, pp. 347 - 351." type="journal article" year="2000">Pellarini and Lapini 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F2EBFCFAFA18FCC5" box="[1198,1437,858,884]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" refString="Babik, W., Branicki, W., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Cogalniceanu, D., Sas, I., Olgun, K., Poyarkov, N. A., Garcia-Paris, M. & Arntzen, J. W. (2005) Phylogeography of two European newt species-discordance between mtDNA and morphology. Molecular Ecology, 14, 2475 - 2491." type="journal article">
|
||
Babik
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F344FCFAFAC4FCC2" box="[1281,1345,858,883]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
revealed high levels of mtDNA introgression in contact zones between several subspecies/lineages, including both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F696FC05FEB4FC0F" box="[211,305,933,958]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="graecus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F696FC05FEB4FC0F" box="[211,305,933,958]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">graecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F729FC05FD84FC0F" box="[364,513,933,958]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meridionalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F729FC05FD84FC0F" box="[364,513,933,958]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">meridionalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and a general lack of concordance between subspecies limits, defined on the basis of mtDNA and morphological data. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F55DFC6AFC75FC52" box="[792,1008,970,995]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vulgaris" subSpecies="meridionalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F55DFC6AFC75FC52" box="[792,1008,970,995]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. v. meridionalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is represented by a single clade in peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA4FFF5F75CFC50FECAFBBB" box="[281,335,1008,1034]" name="Italy" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
(albeit represented by only two samples), Istrian and Slovenian populations which have been attributed to this taxon based on morphology and allozymes (Schmidtler and Franzen 2004), seem to belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F6D2FB9AFEB1FBE2" box="[151,308,1082,1107]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vulgaris" subSpecies="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F6D2FB9AFEB1FBE2" box="[151,308,1082,1107]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. v. vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
according to mtDNA data (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F4C1FB9AFCD9FBE5" author="Babik" box="[644,860,1082,1108]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" refString="Babik, W., Branicki, W., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Cogalniceanu, D., Sas, I., Olgun, K., Poyarkov, N. A., Garcia-Paris, M. & Arntzen, J. W. (2005) Phylogeography of two European newt species-discordance between mtDNA and morphology. Molecular Ecology, 14, 2475 - 2491." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Babik
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F490FB9AFC97FBE2" box="[725,786,1082,1107]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Concerning
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F241FB9AFB18FBE2" box="[1028,1181,1082,1107]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" variety="graecus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F241FB9AFB18FBE2" box="[1028,1181,1082,1107]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. v. graecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the current northern parts of its distributional range seems to be introgressed by populations related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F221FBC0FB7BFBC8" box="[1124,1278,1120,1145]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="vulgaris" subSpecies="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F221FBC0FB7BFBC8" box="[1124,1278,1120,1145]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. v. vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while Corfu represents a relictual lineage and sampling is lacking from central parts of southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA4FFF5F2C1FB25FB59FB2E" box="[1156,1244,1157,1183]" name="Greece" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Thus, despite a high level of mtDNA divergence and evidence of ancient diversification events between some subspecies in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F6D2FB70FE79FB5B" authority="Babik et al. 2005" authorityName="Babik et al." authorityYear="2005" box="[151,508,1232,1258]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F6D2FB70FE93FB58" box="[151,278,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F760FB70FE71FB5B" author="Babik" box="[293,500,1232,1258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" refString="Babik, W., Branicki, W., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Cogalniceanu, D., Sas, I., Olgun, K., Poyarkov, N. A., Garcia-Paris, M. & Arntzen, J. W. (2005) Phylogeography of two European newt species-discordance between mtDNA and morphology. Molecular Ecology, 14, 2475 - 2491." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Babik
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F731FB70FE2BFB58" box="[372,430,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the available data do not allow drawing definite conclusions on these taxa. We therefore refrain from accepting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F46CFB55FD0CFABF" box="[553,649,1269,1294]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="graecus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F46CFB55FD0CFABF" box="[553,649,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">graecus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F483FB55FCE5FABF" box="[710,864,1269,1294]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meridionalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F483FB55FCE5FABF" box="[710,864,1269,1294]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">meridionalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as full species until additional data on contact zones and wider geographical sampling of these taxa are presented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA4FFF5F680FAE0FE93F945" blockId="2.[151,1437,224,2004]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The Algarve clade of Bosca’s Newt (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F4C3FAE0FCDAFAE8" box="[646,863,1344,1369]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boscai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F4C3FAE0FCDAFAE8" box="[646,863,1344,1369]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Lissotriton boscai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) found by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F5A3FAE0FAC8FAEB" box="[998,1357,1344,1370]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" refString="Martinez-Solano, I., Teixeira, J., Buckley, D. & Garcia-Paris, M. (2006) Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of Lissotriton boscai (Caudata, Salamandridae): evidence for old, multiple refugia in an Iberian endemic. Molecular Ecology, 15, 3375 - 3388." type="journal article">
|
||
Martínez-Solano
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F2FDFAE0FB73FAE8" box="[1208,1270,1344,1369]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
might deserve species rank, the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F453FAC5FDFBFACF" box="[534,638,1381,1406]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maltzani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F453FAC5FDFBFACF" box="[534,638,1381,1406]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">maltzani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
apparently being available for it (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F25FFAC5FA89FACE" author="Montori" box="[1050,1292,1381,1407]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" refString="Montori, A., Llorente, G. A., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Arribas, O., Ayllon, E., Bosch, J., Carranza, S., Carretero, M. A., Galan, P., Garcia-Paris, M., Harris, D. J., Lluch, J., Marquez, R., Mateo, J. A., Navarro, P., Ortiz, M., Perez Mellado, V., Pleguezuelos, J. M., Roca, V., Santos, X. & Tejedo, M. (2005) Lista patron actualizada de la herpetofauna espanola-Conclusiones de nomenclatura y taxonomia para las especies de anfibios y reptiles de Espana. AHE, Barcelona, 48 pp." type="book" year="2005">
|
||
Montori
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F2C3FAC5FB46FACF" box="[1158,1219,1381,1406]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as already mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F77BFA2AFD33FA15" author="Speybroeck" box="[318,694,1418,1444]" pageId="2" pageNumber="26" refString="Speybroeck, J. & Crochet, P. - A. (2007) Species list of the European herpetofauna-a tentative update. Podarcis, 8 (1 / 2): 8 - 34." type="journal article" year="2007">Speybroeck and Crochet (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However, more sampling in (possible) transition zones and the study of nuclear genes and morphology seems required, prior to any new arrangement. The distinct clade found by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F74EFA75FE45FA5E" author="Herrero" box="[267,448,1493,1519]" pageId="2" pageNumber="23" refString="Herrero, P. (1991) Polytypic chromosomal variation in Triturus boscai (Urodela: Salamandridae). Genetics Selection Evolution, 23 (4), 263 - 272." type="journal article" year="1991">Herrero (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also deserves further attention. Quoting
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F5E8FA75FA92FA5E" box="[941,1303,1493,1519]" pageId="2" pageNumber="24" refString="Martinez-Solano, I., Teixeira, J., Buckley, D. & Garcia-Paris, M. (2006) Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of Lissotriton boscai (Caudata, Salamandridae): evidence for old, multiple refugia in an Iberian endemic. Molecular Ecology, 15, 3375 - 3388." type="journal article">
|
||
Martínez-Solano
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F23BFA75FB3EFA5F" box="[1150,1211,1493,1518]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: “(…) new data from independent sources are needed to clarify the taxonomic status of these two divergent lineages, and morphological and molecular studies including data on variation in nuclear markers will be particularly helpful in this respect. Variation in populations within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F553F9E5FC04F9EF" box="[790,897,1605,1630]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boscai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F553F9E5FC04F9EF" box="[790,897,1605,1630]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. boscai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been already studied from morphological and genetic perspectives, but previous studies have failed to include representatives of all the clades identified in our study (…).”.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA4FFF5F7C4F930FE24F91B" box="[385,417,1680,1706]" name="American Samoa" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
no additional evidence seems to have been presented in the mean time, we agree with this.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA4FFF5F690F915FF72F97E" box="[213,247,1717,1743]" name="American Samoa" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
such, we consider Dubois and Raffaëlli’s (2009) proposal to accept
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F21DF915FAD1F97F" box="[1112,1364,1717,1742]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Lissotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maltzani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F21DF915FAD1F97F" box="[1112,1364,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Lissotriton maltzani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be premature.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31A98EFFFA4FFF4F680F8A0FF7AFD0D" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA4FFF4F680F8A0FD4AFE93" blockId="2.[151,1437,224,2004]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Elevating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F70CF8A0FD17F8A8" ID-CoL="78ZN4" box="[329,658,1792,1817]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="atra" subSpecies="aurorae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F70CF8A0FD17F8A8" box="[329,658,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Salamandra atra aurorae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to species rank, as the same authors do, seems quite clearly unwarranted, as —with little or no doubt— their acceptance renders the Alpine Salamander (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F379F885FA17F88F" ID-CoL="6WZN4" box="[1340,1426,1829,1854]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F379F885FA17F88F" box="[1340,1426,1829,1854]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. atra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) paraphyletic. Indeed, papers stating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F405F8EBFD18F8D5" ID-CoL="78ZN4" box="[576,669,1867,1892]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurorae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F405F8EBFD18F8D5" box="[576,669,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">aurorae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be a sister group to all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA4FFF5F250F8EBFBC3F8D5" ID-CoL="6WZN4" box="[1045,1094,1867,1892]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F250F8EBFBC3F8D5" box="[1045,1094,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">atra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F2A3F8EAFF50F83B" author="Steinfartz" pageId="2" pageNumber="26" refString="Steinfartz, S., Veith, M. & Tautz, D. (2000) Mitochondrial sequence analysis of Salamandra taxa suggests old splits of major lineages and postglacial recolonizations of Central Europe from distinct source populations of Salamandra salamandra. Molecular Ecology, 9, 397 - 410." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Steinfartz
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F324F8EBFA19F8D5" box="[1377,1436,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F6A4F8D0FDA9F83B" author="Bonato" box="[225,556,1904,1930]" pageId="2" pageNumber="20" refString="Bonato, L. & Steinfartz, S. (2005) Evolution of the melanistic colour in the Alpine salamander Salamandra atra as revealed by a new subspecies from the Venetian Prealps. Italian Journal of Zoology, 72, 253 - 260." type="journal article" year="2005">Bonato and Steinfartz, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have been contradicted by those including samples from northern Dinaric populations from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA4FFF5F722F835FE48F81E" box="[359,461,1941,1967]" name="Slovenia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA4FFF5F443F835FDD9F81E" box="[518,604,1941,1967]" name="Croatia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F42EF835FCD4F81E" author="Riberon" box="[619,849,1941,1967]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" refString="Riberon, A., Miaud, C., Grossenbacher, K. & Taberlet, P. (2001) Phylogeography of the Alpine salamander, Salamandra atra (Salamandridae), and the influence of the Pleistocene climatic oscillations on population divergence. Molecular Ecology, 10, 2555 - 2560." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Ribéron
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F497F835FC88F81F" box="[722,781,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F518F835FC18F81E" author="Riberon" box="[861,925,1941,1967]" pageId="2" pageNumber="25" refString="Riberon, A., Miaud, C., Guyetant, R. & Taberlet, P. (2004) Genetic variation in an endemic salamander, Salamandra atra, using amplified fragment length polymorphism. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31, 910 - 914." type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA4FFF5F5F5F835FB7DF81E" author="Dubois" box="[944,1272,1941,1967]" pageId="2" pageNumber="22" refString="Dubois, A. & Raffaelli, J. (2009) A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26 (1 - 4), 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="2009">Dubois and Raffaëlli (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also accepted the subspecies
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA4FFF5F708F81BFD80F865" box="[333,517,1979,2004]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. a. prenjensis</emphasis>
|
||
, restricting it to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA4FFF5F494F81AFC7BF865" box="[721,1022,1978,2004]" name="Bosnia and Herzegovina" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bosnia and Herzegovina</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA4FFF5F24FF81AFBDFF865" box="[1034,1114,1978,2004]" name="Serbia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Serbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA4FFF5F222F81AFB7FF865" box="[1127,1274,1978,2004]" name="Serbia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Montenegro</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA4FFF5F370F81AFA12F865" box="[1333,1431,1978,2004]" name="Albania" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Albania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, “because it is isolated from the other populations in the non-Dinaric Alps and shows morphological differences from them, being smaller and slightly different in coloration”.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F275FF1DFB6CFF66" author="Klewen" box="[1072,1257,189,215]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Klewen, R. (1988) Die Landsalamander Europas, Teil I, Die Gattungen Salamandra und Mertensiella. A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg, Lutherstadt, 184 pp." type="book" year="1988">Klewen (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F363FF1DFE1BFF4D" author="Guex" pageId="3" pageNumber="23" refString="Guex, G. D. & Grossenbacher, K. (2003) Salamandra atra. In: Grossenbacher, K., Thiesmeier, B. (Eds), Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas, Band 4 / IIB: Schwanzlurche Urodela. Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 975 - 1028." type="book chapter" year="2003">Guex and Grossenbacher (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, however, consider these differences to fall within the intraspecific variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F308FF42FA19FF4A" ID-CoL="6WZN4" box="[1357,1436,226,251]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F308FF42FA19FF4A" box="[1357,1436,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. atra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and do not accept
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F729FEA8FE66FE90" box="[364,483,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">prenjensis</emphasis>
|
||
as a separate taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA5FFF4F680FE8DFF7AFD0D" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F680FE8DFD90FEF6" author="Dubois" box="[197,533,301,327]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" refString="Dubois, A. & Raffaelli, J. (2009) A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26 (1 - 4), 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="2009">Dubois and Raffaëlli (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F486FE8DFBF2FEF7" ID-CoL="78ZMQ" box="[707,1143,301,326]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="salamandra" subSpecies="almanzoris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F486FE8DFBF2FEF7" box="[707,1143,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Salamandra salamandra almanzoris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to deserve species rank, rather than its conventional treatment as a subspecies of the Fire Salamander (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F21EFEF2FA89FEDA" ID-CoL="6XB2G" box="[1115,1292,338,363]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salamandra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F21EFEF2FA89FEDA" box="[1115,1292,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. salamandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F6D2FED8FE44FE23" box="[151,449,376,402]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" refString="Garcia-Paris, M., Alcobendas, M., Buckley, D. & Wake, D. B. (2003) Dispersal of viviparity across contact zones in Iberian populations of fire salamanders (Salamandra) inferred from discordance of genetic and morphological traits. Evolution, 57 (1), 129 - 143." type="journal article">
|
||
García-París
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F774FED8FEE9FE20" box="[305,364,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F7BEFED8FCE4FE23" author="Iraola" box="[507,865,376,402]" pageId="3" pageNumber="23" refString="Iraola, A. & Garcia-Paris, M. (2004) Evidencia molecular de transporte fraudulento y comercio de Salamandra salamandra (Caudata: Salamandridae). Munibe, 55, 217 - 222." type="journal article" year="2004">Iraola and García-París (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F5B9FED8FBFBFE20" ID-CoL="78ZMQ" box="[1020,1150,376,401]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="almanzoris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F5B9FED8FBFBFE20" box="[1020,1150,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">almanzoris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to a main clade with
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F69CFE3DFE17FE07" box="[217,402,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. s. morenica</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F796FE3DFDF7FE07" box="[467,626,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. s. crespoi</emphasis>
|
||
, making it impossible to treat the former as a species without consequences for the status of the other taxa.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F4F2FE62FB9DFE6D" box="[695,1048,450,476]" pageId="3" pageNumber="24" refString="Martinez-Solano, I., Alcobendas, M., Buckley, D. & Garcia-Paris, M. (2005) Molecular characterisation of the endangered Salamandra salamandra almanzoris. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 42, 57 - 68." type="journal article">
|
||
Martínez-Solano
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F5C3FE62FC47FE6A" box="[902,962,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F2FDFE62FAB9FE6A" ID-CoL="78ZMQ" box="[1208,1340,450,475]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="almanzoris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F2FDFE62FAB9FE6A" box="[1208,1340,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">almanzoris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more widespread than traditionally considered, being distributed over most of the mountains of the Spanish Sistema Central. They found that the genetic divergence in allozymes between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F5A6FDADFBE2FD97" ID-CoL="78ZMQ" box="[995,1127,525,550]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="almanzoris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F5A6FDADFBE2FD97" box="[995,1127,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">almanzoris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F2E7FDADFB78FD97" box="[1186,1277,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">bejarae</emphasis>
|
||
is typical for intraspecific levels in amphibians and that allozymes, morphology and mtDNA provide contrasting results on the delimitation of those taxa, evidencing introgression in contact zones. Thus, we do not follow the proposal to elevate this taxon to species rank, which is clearly not the most divergent among the Iberian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F34EFDDDFA19FD27" ID-CoL="7BSB" box="[1291,1436,637,662]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F34EFDDDFA19FD27" box="[1291,1436,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Salamandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineages.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31A98EFFFA5FFF2F680FD68FBEEFE23" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA5FFF4F680FD68FCA6FA86" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The more difficult case of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F445FD68FC42FD50" box="[512,967,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F445FD68FD0AFD50" box="[512,655,712,737]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Salamandra</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F4E5FD68FCAAFD50" box="[672,815,712,737]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salamandra">salamandra</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F57AFD68FC42FD50" box="[831,967,712,737]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">longirostris</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
seems primarily to depend on where to draw the line based on mtDNA sequence divergence between allopatric taxa.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F20EFD4DFADAFCB6" box="[1099,1375,749,775]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" refString="Steinfartz, S., Veith, M. & Tautz, D. (2000) Mitochondrial sequence analysis of Salamandra taxa suggests old splits of major lineages and postglacial recolonizations of Central Europe from distinct source populations of Salamandra salamandra. Molecular Ecology, 9, 397 - 410." type="journal article">
|
||
Steinfartz
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F28CFD4DFA83FCB7" box="[1225,1286,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2000)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
note 6,3% mtDNA divergence (control region sequences) between this taxon,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F259FCB2FB4FFC9A" box="[1052,1226,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. s. morenica</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F342FCB2FA18FC9A" box="[1287,1437,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. s. crespoi</emphasis>
|
||
versus all other subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F44FFC98FD3FFCE0" box="[522,698,824,849]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salamandra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F44FFC98FD3FFCE0" box="[522,698,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. salamandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but group
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F50FFC98FC5DFCE0" box="[842,984,824,849]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F50FFC98FC5DFCE0" box="[842,984,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">longirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
together with
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F2C8FC98FB7AFCE0" box="[1165,1279,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">morenica</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F379FC98FA10FCE0" box="[1340,1429,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">crespoi</emphasis>
|
||
. Corresponding divergence times were tentatively estimated at approximately 2–4 mya. Using a different mitochondrial gene (cytochrome b),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F404FC22FCEFFC2D" box="[577,874,898,924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" refString="Garcia-Paris, M., Alcobendas, M. & Alberch, P. (1998) Influence of the Guadalquivir river basin on the mitochondrial DNA evolution of Salamandra salamandra (Caudata: Salamandridae) from Southern Spain. Copeia, 1998, 173 - 176." type="journal article">
|
||
García-París
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F49EFC22FC90FC2A" box="[731,789,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1998)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found a basal position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F2D3FC22FA9BFC2A" box="[1174,1310,898,923]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F2D3FC22FA9BFC2A" box="[1174,1310,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">longirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in relation to all other Iberian lineages (including
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F41BFC08FD4EFC70" box="[606,715,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">morenica</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F541FC08FCDCFC70" box="[772,857,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">crespoi</emphasis>
|
||
) and a 5.1%–5.7% sequence divergence between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F6D2FC6DFEA7FC57" box="[151,290,973,998]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F6D2FC6DFEA7FC57" box="[151,290,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">longirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the main clade. According to these authors,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F534FC6DFBCEFC57" box="[881,1099,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
S. (s.)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F585FC6DFBCEFC57" box="[960,1099,973,998]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">longirostris</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
became isolated from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F6D2FC52FEB6FBBA" box="[151,307,1010,1035]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F6D2FC52FEB6FBBA" box="[151,307,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Salamandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa either by the Betic Strait in the Miocene, or during the Pliocene formation of the Guadalquivir river valley. Under this second (favoured) hypothesis,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F59CFBB8FBE3FB80" box="[985,1126,1048,1073]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F59CFBB8FBE3FB80" box="[985,1126,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">longirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would have split 2.5–5.3 mya. In yet another study, Escoriza
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F402FB9DFD01FBE7" box="[583,644,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006) place
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F56EFB9DFC33FBE7" box="[811,950,1085,1110]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F56EFB9DFC33FBE7" box="[811,950,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">longirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F266FB9DFAE2FBE7" box="[1059,1383,1085,1110]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="inframaculata" subSpecies="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F266FB9DFAE2FBE7" box="[1059,1383,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. inframaculata orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but admit that this sister taxon relationship may very well be an artefact. Additionally, we note that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F356FBC2FED7FB13" author="Dubois" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" refString="Dubois, A. & Raffaelli, J. (2009) A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26 (1 - 4), 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="2009">Dubois and Raffaëlli (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
claim a close relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F4B3FB28FCFBFB10" box="[758,894,1160,1185]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F4B3FB28FCFBFB10" box="[758,894,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">longirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F5F2FB28FB99FB10" box="[951,1052,1160,1185]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="algira">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F5F2FB28FB99FB10" box="[951,1052,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. algira</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas this is in clear contrast to the findings of other authors (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F41CFB0DFCD8FB76" author="Steinfartz" box="[601,861,1197,1223]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" refString="Steinfartz, S., Veith, M. & Tautz, D. (2000) Mitochondrial sequence analysis of Salamandra taxa suggests old splits of major lineages and postglacial recolonizations of Central Europe from distinct source populations of Salamandra salamandra. Molecular Ecology, 9, 397 - 410." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Steinfartz
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F492FB0DFC90FB77" box="[727,789,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F52EFB0DFAA3FB76" author="Donaire" box="[875,1318,1197,1223]" pageId="3" pageNumber="21" refString="Donaire Barroso, D. & Bogaerts, S. (2003) A new subspecies of Salamandra algira from northern Morocco. Podarcis, 4 (3), 84 - 100." type="journal article" year="2003">Donaire Barroso and Bogaerts 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F37EFB0DFE0AFB5D" pageId="3" pageNumber="21" refString="Donaire Barroso, D., Gonzalez de la Vega, J. P. & Barnestein, J. A. M. (2009) Aportacion sobre los patrones de diseno pigmentario en Salamandra longirostris Joger & Steinfartz, 1994, y nueva nomenclatura taxonomica. Butlleti de la Societat Catalana d'Herpetologia, 18, 10 - 17." type="journal article">
|
||
Donaire Barroso
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F6B9FB73FEBCFB5D" box="[252,313,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided some additional data on the distinctiveness of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F218FB73FB63FB5D" box="[1117,1254,1235,1260]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F218FB73FB63FB5D" box="[1117,1254,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">longirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colour pattern. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F749FB58FE11FAA0" box="[268,404,1272,1297]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F749FB58FE11FAA0" box="[268,404,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">longirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may well deserve full species rank, conflicting phylogenetic trees prompt us to maintain it as a subspecies until conclusive evidence is provided.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA5FFF4F680FAE2FB11FA43" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Following Schmidtler (2004),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F404FAE2FC4BFAED" author="Speybroeck" box="[577,974,1346,1372]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" refString="Speybroeck, J. & Crochet, P. - A. (2007) Species list of the European herpetofauna-a tentative update. Podarcis, 8 (1 / 2): 8 - 34." type="journal article" year="2007">Speybroeck and Crochet (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and the online database “Amphibian Species of the World 5.3” have accepted that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F4A2FAC8FBB5FA33" authority="Rafinesque 1815" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[743,1072,1384,1410]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F4A2FAC8FCCAFA30" box="[743,847,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Triturus</emphasis>
|
||
Rafinesque 1815
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a nomen nudum and thus nomenclaturally unavailable. However, this was clearly a mistake: as demonstrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F2E1FA2DFF68FA7D" author="Dubois" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" refString="Dubois, A. & Raffaelli, J. (2009) A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26 (1 - 4), 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="2009">Dubois and Raffaëlli (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F6BEFA13FDB9FA7D" authority="Rafinesque 1815" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[251,572,1458,1484]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F6BEFA13FEE5FA7D" box="[251,352,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Triturus</emphasis>
|
||
Rafinesque 1815
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was a neonym (nomen novum) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F5BBFA13FA81FA7D" authority="Laurenti 1768" authorityName="Laurenti" authorityYear="1768" box="[1022,1284,1458,1484]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F5BBFA13FBCEFA7D" box="[1022,1099,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Triton</emphasis>
|
||
Laurenti 1768
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and thus an available nomen. This means that authorship for this taxon remains 1815 and not 1820.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA5FFF4F680FA5DFEB4F963" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
We note that the rejection of the works of de la Cepède (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 2005) lead to attribution of some names to Bonnaterre, 1789. This was already adopted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F6D2F9E8FD95F9D3" author="Speybroeck" box="[151,528,1608,1634]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" refString="Speybroeck, J. & Crochet, P. - A. (2007) Species list of the European herpetofauna-a tentative update. Podarcis, 8 (1 / 2): 8 - 34." type="journal article" year="2007">Speybroeck and Crochet (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for e.g. the Southern Spectacled Salamander (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F27DF9E8FAE7F9D0" box="[1080,1378,1608,1633]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="terdigitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F27DF9E8FAE7F9D0" box="[1080,1378,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Salamandrina terdigitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA5FFF4F33EF9E8FA19F9D3" box="[1403,1436,1608,1634]" name="American Samoa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
pointed out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F710F9CDFD32F936" author="Dubois" box="[341,695,1645,1671]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" refString="Dubois, A. & Raffaelli, J. (2009) A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26 (1 - 4), 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="2009">Dubois and Raffaëlli (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, this also holds true for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F5A2F9CDFA11F937" box="[999,1428,1645,1670]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="salamandra" subSpecies="terrestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F5A2F9CDFA11F937" box="[999,1428,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Salamandra salamandra terrestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Referral to the latter taxon by means of junior synonyms like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F5DCF933FB54F91D" authority="Bedriaga, 1883" authorityName="Bedriaga" authorityYear="1883" box="[921,1233,1682,1708]" class="Reptilia" family="Emydidae" genus="Emys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="europaea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F5DCF933FB89F91D" box="[921,1036,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">europaea</emphasis>
|
||
Bedriaga, 1883
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems therefore unwarranted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA5FFF3F680F97DFC22FF4D" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,152,2013]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Finally, we are reluctant to accept Dubois and Raffaëlli’s (2009) new subspecific arrangement of the Alpine Newt (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F70CF8A3FDDAF8AD" box="[329,607,1795,1820]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Ichthyosaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F70CF8A3FDDAF8AD" box="[329,607,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ichthyosaura alpestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), because we believe that mtDNA data alone are not sufficient for revising intraspecific systematics, and any proposal for changes seems currently premature. The same applies to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F6F1F8EDFE63F8D6" box="[180,486,1869,1895]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" refString="Sotiropoulos, K., Eleftherakos, K., Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M. L., Legakis, A. & Polymeni, R. M. (2007) Phylogeny and biogeography of the alpine newt Mesotriton alpestris (Salamandridae, Caudata), inferred from mtDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 45 (1), 211 - 226." type="journal article">
|
||
Sotiropoulos
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F714F8EDFE09F8D7" box="[337,396,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: we are not (yet) convinced that the subspecies
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F255F8EDFB12F8D7" box="[1040,1175,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">inexpectata</emphasis>
|
||
should be abandoned.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA5FFF4F6D2F8D2FF3DF83D" box="[151,184,1906,1932]" name="American Samoa" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
a side comment, both
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F78FF8D2FD70F83D" author="Sotiropoulos" box="[458,757,1906,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="26" refString="Sotiropoulos, K., Eleftherakos, K., Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M. L., Legakis, A. & Polymeni, R. M. (2007) Phylogeny and biogeography of the alpine newt Mesotriton alpestris (Salamandridae, Caudata), inferred from mtDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 45 (1), 211 - 226." type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Sotiropoulos
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F42FF8D3FD22F83D" box="[618,679,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
- mtDNA) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA5FFF4F5F1F8D2FB53F83D" author="Canestrelli" box="[948,1238,1906,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="21" refString="Canestrelli, D., Caputo, F. P., Bagnoli, C. & Nascetti, G. (2006 a) Integrating genetic, demographic and ecological issues for the conservation of the Alpine newt in central Italy. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 43, 322 - 334." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Canestrelli
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F278F8D3FBFFF83D" box="[1085,1146,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
- allozymes and mtDNA) uncovered a level of genetic divergence between peninsular Italian and continental European
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F6D2F81DFEB7F867" box="[151,306,1981,2006]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Ichthyosaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA5FFF4F6D2F81DFEB7F867" box="[151,306,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Ichthyosaura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which is more typical of interspecific divergence than intraspecific variation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA5FFF4F291F81DFABDF866" box="[1236,1336,1981,2007]" class="Amphibia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Caudata</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Lack of clear concordance between mtDNA clades and morphology, and absence of supporting evidence for the most basal lineages in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA2FFF3F72DFF1DFD1AFF66" box="[360,671,189,215]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Sotiropoulos, K., Eleftherakos, K., Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M. L., Legakis, A. & Polymeni, R. M. (2007) Phylogeny and biogeography of the alpine newt Mesotriton alpestris (Salamandridae, Caudata), inferred from mtDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 45 (1), 211 - 226." type="journal article">
|
||
Sotiropoulos
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F44FFF1DFDC2FF67" box="[522,583,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
prevent us from adopting any systematic changes here, but we anticipate future splits when additional data will become available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA2FFF3F680FEA8FD22FD96" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Two species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F440FEA8FD36FE90" box="[517,691,264,289]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F440FEA8FD36FE90" box="[517,691,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Salamandrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-the Southern Spectacled Salamander
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F2D3FEA8FABCFE90" box="[1174,1337,264,289]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="terdigitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F2D3FEA8FABCFE90" box="[1174,1337,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. terdigitata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Northern Spectacled Salamander
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F47EFE8DFD7EFEF7" box="[571,763,301,326]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Salamandrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perspicillata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F47EFE8DFD7EFEF7" box="[571,763,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. perspicillata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- have been recognised in recent years, based on both mtDNA and nuclear markers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA2FFF3F440FEF2FC88FEDD" author="Mattoccia" box="[517,781,338,364]" pageId="4" pageNumber="24" refString="Mattoccia, M., Romano, A. & Sbordoni V. (2005) Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the spectacled salamander, Salamandrina terdigitata (Urodela: Salamandridae), supports the existence of two distinct species. Zootaxa, 995, 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Mattoccia
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F4CDFEF2FD40FEDA" box="[648,709,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA2FFF3F55FFEF2FBBFFEDD" author="Canestrelli" box="[794,1082,338,364]" pageId="4" pageNumber="21" refString="Canestrelli, D., Zangari, F. & Nascetti, G. (2006 b) Genetic evidence for two distinct species within the Italian endemic Salamandrina terdigitata (Bonnaterre, 1789) (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae). Herpetological Journal, 16, 221 - 227." type="journal article" year="2006" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Canestrelli
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F5E0FEF2FC67FEDA" box="[933,994,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), apparently separated by the Volturno river. However, only a restricted number of samples was used and morphological data was lacking.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA2FFF3F6D2FE3DFE1DFE06" box="[151,408,413,439]" pageId="4" pageNumber="25" refString="Romano, A., Mattoccia, M., Marta, S., Bogaerts, S., Pasmans, F. & Sbordoni, V. (2009) Distribution and morphological characterization of the endemic Italian salamanders Salamandrina perspicillata (Savi, 1821) and S. terdigitata (Bonnaterre, 1789) (Caudata: Salamandridae). Italian Journal of Zoology, 76 (4), 422 - 432." type="journal article">
|
||
Romano
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F741FE3DFEC5FE07" box="[260,320,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented evidence of morphological divergence between the species, based on body size and dorsal colouration differences. New localities and additional samples revealed a contact zone south of the Volturno River in northern Campania, where both species occur syntopically in several locations, but they remain distinct in terms of (at least) mtDNA.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA2FFF3F680FD92FE6CFCC6" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Arntzen
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F768FD92FEEEFDFA" box="[301,363,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007) found a high level of allozyme differentiation between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F223FD92FE22FDC3" authority="Italian Crested Newt" authorityName="Italian Crested Newt" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="carnifex" subSpecies="carnifex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F223FD92FA19FDFA" box="[1126,1436,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Triturus carnifex carnifex</emphasis>
|
||
(Italian Crested Newt)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F7A1FDF8FD3AFDC0" box="[484,703,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
T. c.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F464FDF8FD3AFDC0" authority="Macedonian Crested Newt" authorityName="Macedonian Crested Newt" box="[545,703,600,625]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">macedonicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Macedonian Crested Newt) (Nei’s genetic distance = 0.19, similar to the divergence between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F478FDDDFD75FD27" box="[573,752,637,662]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marmoratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F478FDDDFD75FD27" box="[573,752,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. marmoratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F569FDDDFC41FD27" box="[812,964,637,662]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F569FDDDFC41FD27" box="[812,964,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. pygmaeus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) suggesting a long (> 5 million years) separate evolution.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA2FFF3F73BFD02FE1AFD0D" box="[382,415,674,700]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
a consequence, they elevated the latter to species rank as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F215FD02FAD5FD0A" box="[1104,1360,674,699]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F215FD02FAD5FD0A" box="[1104,1360,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Triturus macedonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Even more recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA2FFF3F70FFD68FD68FD53" box="[330,749,712,738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" refString="Espregueira Themudo, G., Wielstra, B. & Arntzen, J. W. (2009) Multiple nuclear and mitochondrial genes resolve the branching order of a rapid radiation of crested newts (Triturus, Salamandridae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 52 (2), 321 - 328." type="journal article">
|
||
Espregueira Themudo
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F41CFD68FD13FD50" box="[601,662,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
elevated the European Southern Crested Newt to species rank as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F6B7FD4DFE3DFCB7" box="[242,440,749,774]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F6B7FD4DFE3DFCB7" box="[242,440,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Triturus arntzeni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Arntzen’s Crested Newt). Forthcoming papers will have to delimit the geographical range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F746FCB2FEE3FC9A" box="[259,358,786,811]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arntzeni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F746FCB2FEE3FC9A" box="[259,358,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">arntzeni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F7E7FCB2FD82FC9A" box="[418,519,786,811]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="karelinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F7E7FCB2FD82FC9A" box="[418,519,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">karelinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as different sources of information give contrasting results (Olgun
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F37AFCB2FAF9FC9A" box="[1343,1404,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
in prep.; Wielstra
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F70AFC98FE09FCE0" box="[335,396,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
in prep.).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA2FFF3F44FFC98FDAEFCE3" box="[522,555,824,850]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
a consequence, it is unclear at present whether
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F22DFC98FB49FCE0" box="[1128,1228,824,849]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Triturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="karelinii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F22DFC98FB49FCE0" box="[1128,1228,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">karelinii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A247AA0DFFA2FFF3F291FC98FB7FFCE3" box="[1236,1274,824,850]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
occurs in the area considered in our paper.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA2FFF3F680FC22FCCBFB83" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Carretero
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F77BFC22FEFFFC2A" box="[318,378,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009) issued an updated ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F4F8FC22FD71FC2D" box="[701,756,898,924]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Lista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">lista</taxonomicName>
|
||
patrón’ of the Spanish herpetofauna, as first released by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA2FFF3F6D2FC08FE1DFC73" box="[151,408,936,962]" pageId="4" pageNumber="24" refString="Montori, A., Llorente, G. A., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Arribas, O., Ayllon, E., Bosch, J., Carranza, S., Carretero, M. A., Galan, P., Garcia-Paris, M., Harris, D. J., Lluch, J., Marquez, R., Mateo, J. A., Navarro, P., Ortiz, M., Perez Mellado, V., Pleguezuelos, J. M., Roca, V., Santos, X. & Tejedo, M. (2005) Lista patron actualizada de la herpetofauna espanola-Conclusiones de nomenclatura y taxonomia para las especies de anfibios y reptiles de Espana. AHE, Barcelona, 48 pp." type="book">
|
||
Montori
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F745FC08FEB8FC70" box="[256,317,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In conflict with the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, they reject
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F6A7FC6DFE05FC57" box="[226,384,973,998]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Ichthyosaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F6A7FC6DFE05FC57" box="[226,384,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ichthyosaura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(containing the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F4E3FC6DFC8BFC57" box="[678,782,973,998]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Ichthyosaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F4E3FC6DFC8BFC57" box="[678,782,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">alpestris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on grounds of confusion with the prehistorical taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F6D2FC52FEB8FBBA" box="[151,317,1010,1035]" class="Reptilia" family="Ichthyosauridae" genus="Ichthyosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ichthyosauria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F6D2FC52FEB8FBBA" box="[151,317,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ichthyosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA2FFF3F709FC52FEE8FBBD" box="[332,365,1010,1036]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
stated in the introduction, we firmly believe that the Code should be followed consistently, thus we advocate the use of this name over e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F483FBB8FCC3FB80" box="[710,838,1048,1073]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Mesotriton" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F483FBB8FCC3FB80" box="[710,838,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mesotriton</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA2FFF3F680FB9DFD8EFA33" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Frost (2009) attributes the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F40CFB9DFD61FBE7" box="[585,740,1085,1110]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Ichthyosaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F40CFB9DFD61FBE7" box="[585,740,1085,1110]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ichthyosaura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to Latreille in Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA2FFF3F6D2FBC2FEC1FBCD" author="Dubois" box="[151,324,1122,1148]" pageId="4" pageNumber="21" refString="Dubois, A. (2008) Authors of zoological publications and nomina are signatures, not persons. Zootaxa, 1771, 63 - 68." type="journal article" year="2008">Dubois (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
advocated attribution of nomina to the author name(s) as cited in the original publication. In this case, the book is authored by C.S. Sonnini and P.A. Latreille.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA2FFF3F5FBFB28FC5AFB13" box="[958,991,1160,1186]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
pointed out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA2FFF3F2E5FB28FF6CFB76" author="Dubois" pageId="4" pageNumber="22" refString="Dubois, A. & Raffaelli, J. (2009) A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26 (1 - 4), 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="2009">Dubois and Raffaëlli (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the relevant part of this 4-volume work contains no specification on whether it was written by either author or both. In this part, singular (‘je’ = I) and plural (‘nous’ = we) are mixed up, while the part dealing with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F691FB58FE1AFAA0" box="[212,415,1272,1297]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tritonius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F691FB58FE1AFAA0" box="[212,415,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Proteus tritonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is written in plural.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA2FFF3F4DDFB58FD3CFAA3" box="[664,697,1272,1298]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F487FB58FCE5FAA0" box="[706,864,1272,1297]" class="Amphibia" family="Salamandridae" genus="Ichthyosaura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F487FB58FCE5FAA0" box="[706,864,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ichthyosaura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was based on the latter taxon, we attribute this name to Sonnini and Latreille, 1801, as does
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA2FFF3F4E3FABDFC05FA86" author="Schmidtler" box="[678,896,1309,1335]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Schmidtler, J. F. (2009) Ichthyosaura, der neue Gattungsname fur den Bergmolch-ein Lehrbeispiel in Sachen Nomenklatur. Zeitschrift fur Feldherpetologie, 16, 245 - 250." type="journal article" year="2009">Schmidtler (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The latter also pointed out that the name is of female gender, therefore requiring accordingly inflected subspecies names (e.g.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F27AFAE3FB12FAED" box="[1087,1175,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">apuana</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F2E0FAE3FF34FA30" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">inexpectata, serdara, …</emphasis>
|
||
), regardless of their validity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA2FFF3F680FA2DFBADF94C" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA2FFF3F680FA2DFF62FA16" box="[197,231,1421,1447]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
discussed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA2FFF3F7D6FA2DFCA1FA16" author="Speybroeck" box="[403,804,1421,1447]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Speybroeck, J. & Crochet, P. - A. (2007) Species list of the European herpetofauna-a tentative update. Podarcis, 8 (1 / 2): 8 - 34." type="journal article" year="2007">Speybroeck and Crochet (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and in contrast to a number of recent papers (e.g. Carranza
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F742FA13FEC4FA7D" box="[263,321,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008a; van der
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA2FFF3F7BEFA12FD66FA7D" author="Meijden" box="[507,739,1458,1484]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="van der Meijden, A., Chiari, Y., Mucedda, M., Carranza, S., Corti, C. & Veith, M. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships of Sardinian cave salamanders, genus Hydromantes, based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data." type="book" year="2009">
|
||
Meijden
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F421FA13FD1BFA7D" box="[612,670,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we extend the use of the genus name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F2E2FA13FACDFA7D" box="[1191,1352,1459,1484]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F2E2FA13FACDFA7D" box="[1191,1352,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Speleomantes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the European cave salamanders. Nascetti
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F421FA78FD27FA40" box="[612,674,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1996) found a huge genetic distance between the Californian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F6D2FA5DFE1BF9A7" box="[151,414,1533,1558]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Hydromantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shastae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F6D2FA5DFE1BF9A7" box="[151,414,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hydromantes shastae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Sardinian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F4C2FA5DFCFCF9A7" box="[647,889,1533,1558]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="genei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F4C2FA5DFCFCF9A7" box="[647,889,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Speleomantes genei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Gené’s Cave Salamander; D Nei 3.38) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F3C0FA5DFE8AF98E" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F3C0FA5DFE8AF98E" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Scented Cave Salamander; D Nei 3.92), and all available studies resolve the European species as a monophyletic clade.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA2FFF3F7CEF9EEFDE6F9D9" box="[395,611,1614,1640]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" refString="Wake, D. B., Salvador, A. & Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A. (2005) Taxonomy of the plethodontid salamander genus Hydromantes (Caudata: Plethodontidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 26, 543 - 548." type="journal article">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3178BF4FFA2FFF3F7CEF9EEFE48F9D9" box="[395,461,1614,1640]" name="Wake Island" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Wake</collectingCountry>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F791F9EEFD8BF9D6" box="[468,526,1614,1639]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed the genus name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F5DFF9EEFC7AF9D6" box="[922,1023,1614,1639]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Atylodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F5DFF9EEFC7AF9D6" box="[922,1023,1614,1639]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Atylodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F26AF9EEFA93F9D6" box="[1071,1302,1614,1639]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="genei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F26AF9EEFA93F9D6" box="[1071,1302,1614,1639]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Speleomantes genei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which can be used at genus or subgenus level (Crochet 2007).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA2FFF3F57BF9D3FBC0F93C" box="[830,1093,1651,1677]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" refString="Vieites, D. R., Min, M. - S. & Wake, D. B. (2007) Rapid diversification and dispersal during periods of global warming by plethodontid salamanders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 19903 - 19907." type="journal article">
|
||
Vieites
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F5E7F9D3FC60F93D" box="[930,997,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
proposed to use
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F360F9D3FEBFF903" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F360F9D3FA1DF93D" box="[1317,1432,1651,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Atylodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atylodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F6D2F939FEBFF903" box="[151,314,1689,1714]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Speleomantes</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F730F939FD96F903" box="[373,531,1689,1714]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Hydromantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F730F939FD96F903" box="[373,531,1689,1714]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Hydromantes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the genus level. However, van der
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA2FFF3F59DF938FB53F903" box="[984,1238,1688,1714]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="van der Meijden, A., Chiari, Y., Mucedda, M., Carranza, S., Corti, C. & Veith, M. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships of Sardinian cave salamanders, genus Hydromantes, based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data." type="book">
|
||
Meijden
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F206F939FBFAF903" box="[1091,1151,1689,1714]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
could not find a strongly supported (basal) position for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F439F91EFD3AF966" box="[636,703,1726,1751]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="genei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F439F91EFD3AF966" box="[636,703,1726,1751]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">genei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Consequently, using
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F597F91EFBB9F966" box="[978,1084,1726,1751]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Atylodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F597F91EFBB9F966" box="[978,1084,1726,1751]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Atylodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a valid taxon may render
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F6D2F943FEBDF94D" box="[151,312,1763,1788]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F6D2F943FEBDF94D" box="[151,312,1763,1788]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Speleomantes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
paraphyletic. We thus refrain from using this name at any level.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA2FFF3F680F8A8FA18F86C" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Carranza
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F772F8A9FEF6F893" box="[311,371,1801,1826]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008) elevated the Sette Fratelli Cave Salamander from southeastern Sardinia to species rank as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F6B1F88EFDC5F8F6" box="[244,576,1838,1863]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sarrabusensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F6B1F88EFDC5F8F6" box="[244,576,1838,1863]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Speleomantes sarrabusensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The still unnamed “subspecies B” of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F24CF88EFB76F8F6" box="[1033,1267,1838,1863]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="genei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F24CF88EFB76F8F6" box="[1033,1267,1838,1863]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Speleomantes genei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was shown to be more widespread (van der
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA2FFF3F440F8F3FD7CF8DC" author="Meijden" box="[517,761,1875,1901]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="van der Meijden, A., Chiari, Y., Mucedda, M., Carranza, S., Corti, C. & Veith, M. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships of Sardinian cave salamanders, genus Hydromantes, based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data." type="book" year="2009">
|
||
Meijden
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F436F8F3FD34F8DD" box="[627,689,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) than previously assumed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA2FFF3F20FF8F3FAADF8DC" author="Lanza" box="[1098,1320,1875,1901]" pageId="4" pageNumber="24" refString="Lanza, B., Pastorelli, C., Laghi, P. & Cimmaruta, R., (2005) A review of systematics, taxonomy, genetics, biogeography and natural history of the genus Speleomantes Dubois, 1984 (Amphibia Caudata Plethodontidae). Atti del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste (Suppl.), 52, 5 - 135." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Lanza
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F2DAF8F3FB58F8DD" box="[1183,1245,1875,1900]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Van der
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA2FFF3F6D2F8D8FE10F823" box="[151,405,1912,1938]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="van der Meijden, A., Chiari, Y., Mucedda, M., Carranza, S., Corti, C. & Veith, M. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships of Sardinian cave salamanders, genus Hydromantes, based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data." type="book">
|
||
Meijden
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F747F8D8FEBBF820" box="[258,318,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
confirmed that the genetic distance between the A and B
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F20EF8D8FB0EF820" box="[1099,1163,1912,1937]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="genei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F20EF8D8FB0EF820" box="[1099,1163,1912,1937]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">genei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa is of a magnitude that could warrant treatment of both taxa as separate species. Furthermore, their easternmost sample of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F6D2F863FE3BF86D" box="[151,446,1987,2012]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F6D2F863FE3BF86D" box="[151,446,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Speleomantes imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Lago Omodeo area) appeared quite distinct from their other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA2FFF3F2F4F863FAA9F86D" box="[1201,1324,1987,2012]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA2FFF3F2F4F863FAA9F86D" box="[1201,1324,1987,2012]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
samples.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBFCB64FFA3FFF2F6D2FF38FBEEFE23" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,402]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Taxonomic consequences, however, remain premature, pending more range-wide sampling, including samples of the central parts of the species’ range. On the other hand, the results of van der
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F2B7FF1DFF63FF4D" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" refString="van der Meijden, A., Chiari, Y., Mucedda, M., Carranza, S., Corti, C. & Veith, M. (2009) Phylogenetic relationships of Sardinian cave salamanders, genus Hydromantes, based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data." type="book">
|
||
Meijden
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F31BFF1DFA19FF67" box="[1374,1436,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
confirmed that the current systematics of the
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F551FF42FC74FF4A" box="[788,1009,226,252]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F551FF42FCE9FF4A" box="[788,876,226,251]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="italicus">italicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F5C2FF42FC74FF4A" box="[903,1009,226,251]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ambrosii">ambrosii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
group (Italian and Ambrosi’s Cave Salamander) is probably inadequate: in their phylogenetic tree, specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F276FEA8FAAFFE90" box="[1075,1322,264,289]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ambrosii" subSpecies="ambrosii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F276FEA8FAAFFE90" box="[1075,1322,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. ambrosii ambrosii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are more closely related to specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F459FE8DFD13FEF7" box="[540,662,301,326]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="italicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F459FE8DFD13FEF7" box="[540,662,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. italicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F5E3FE8DFB1BFEF7" box="[934,1182,301,326]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ambrosii" subSpecies="bianchii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F5E3FE8DFB1BFEF7" box="[934,1182,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. ambrosii bianchii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Based on extensive introgression in contact zones (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF91B695FFA3FFF2F45DFEF2FD73FEDD" author="Lanza" box="[536,758,338,364]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" refString="Lanza, B., Pastorelli, C., Laghi, P. & Cimmaruta, R., (2005) A review of systematics, taxonomy, genetics, biogeography and natural history of the genus Speleomantes Dubois, 1984 (Amphibia Caudata Plethodontidae). Atti del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste (Suppl.), 52, 5 - 135." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Lanza
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F428FEF2FD29FEDA" box="[621,684,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), it might be better to treat
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F20EFEF2FB32FEDA" box="[1099,1207,338,363]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ambrosii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F20EFEF2FB32FEDA" box="[1099,1207,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">ambrosii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C00B0E7FFA3FFF2F6D2FED8FF68FE20" box="[151,237,376,401]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Speleomantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="italicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9741776FFA3FFF2F6D2FED8FF68FE20" box="[151,237,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">italicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, we refrain from proposing any formal change for the time being.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |