treatments-xml/data/03/F2/87/03F287BE0A7FE67E40FAFA9AFADEFAD8.xml

<document id="C5CAE068048339D959DDF97CC525FD43" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.277262" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b9c2d7e0-8764-499d-bb41-12d19355479c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="277262" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460280425723" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Roux, Michel &amp; Lambert, Philip" docDate="2011" docId="03F287BE0A7FE67E40FAFA9AFADEFAD8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02825p054.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2825" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Ptilocrinus (Ptilocrinus) pinnatus A.H. Clark 1907" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="44" masterDocId="FFCBFFC60A5CE655406DFFD8FFAFFF91" masterDocTitle="Two new species of stalked crinoids from the northeastern Pacific in the genera Gephyrocrinus and Ptilocrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Hyocrinidae). Effects of ontogeny and variability on hyocrinid taxonomy" masterLastPageNumber="54" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1698249390468" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="E23E08C322DDC1297B3DE8F3D3025BC3" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="EC231677A3B52A737335ED84D0BC6F55">
<mods:title id="FF5948EE640B3C629A7C9E5E0050D908">Two new species of stalked crinoids from the northeastern Pacific in the genera Gephyrocrinus and Ptilocrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Hyocrinidae). Effects of ontogeny and variability on hyocrinid taxonomy</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="82DBA73986E761694B9F668E3FA2A786" type="personal">
<mods:role id="784594B1A1FBA019570014A1B4ED4560">
<mods:roleTerm id="6E1F8654772163AFFCB77FC4A43B24AB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="C885AD76E8E2F89E7F9B8E1694B627ED">Roux, Michel</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="2D11AC90B3767B56D1EFEC183BDD06AE" type="personal">
<mods:role id="E018733F76DDD997B16511749BE0B21B">
<mods:roleTerm id="CA932ECEC9FE70FBC579C38A61B00C86">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="B157D4D56201C78EF8542275D6911CCB">Lambert, Philip</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="DF6A2DBAD438D5AA4FC37176A83344D1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="269D6D3D1C5B5A5F00E3380361A1E8AA" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="A2B5573DDBE7BE1F56920CDEAE85621D">
<mods:title id="1CCCA7703AE5198847D358ED699A129A">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="45B8F2BB6D63106748A2A3C6064FE3C9">
<mods:date id="3F9E8159246F5365F4F8881C1CE08D54">2011</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="17FBB1119C59C4EEB2E94285BF768490" type="volume">
<mods:number id="E4D047148D7F70474E27E948C617911E">2825</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="30BCB9570004BBE7DC60C0226E709FB8" unit="page">
<mods:start id="4321DF72E61D8277EF27C73C83BB92AF">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="9AB7AB666BDA0822356D98B6C25B7DE4">54</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="A21C82C61E9F141433C3E49251E6F230">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="3F3F912769A9D03EA7D65ECCFFB9BA89" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.277262</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5FC4F4E9685C73DE80ECBFFC5B4FB364" type="GBIF-Dataset">b9c2d7e0-8764-499d-bb41-12d19355479c</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="0DB1F79ABA2B274414518CCCF4F0330A" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="E90A9B95D75E01E159F0B50EC681CFF7" type="Zenodo-Dep">277262</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03F287BE0A7FE67E40FAFA9AFADEFAD8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6187438" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119396677" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6187438" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F287BE0A7FE67E40FAFA9AFADEFAD8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F287BE0A7FE67E40FAFA9AFADEFAD8" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<subSubSection id="C34165230A7FE67640FAFA9AFCFFF9A9" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A7FE67640FAFA9AFCA6FACD" blockId="35.[151,777,1346,1372]" box="[151,777,1346,1372]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<heading id="D0AC81C40A7FE67640FAFA9AFCA6FACD" bold="true" box="[151,777,1346,1372]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A7FE67640FAFA9AFCA6FACD" ID-CoL="8GHQV" authority="A.H. Clark, 1907" authorityName="A.H. Clark" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,777,1346,1372]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus" subGenus="Ptilocrinus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7FE67640FAFA9AFCA6FACD" bold="true" box="[151,777,1346,1372]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7FE67640FAFA9AFD81FACD" bold="true" box="[151,558,1346,1372]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Ptilocrinus (Ptilocrinus) pinnatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A7FE6764258FA9AFCA6FACD" author="Clark" box="[565,777,1346,1372]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Clark, A. H. (1907) A new stalked crinoid (Ptilocrinus pinnatus) from the Pacific coast with a note on Bathycrinus. Proceedings of the United States national Museum, 32, 1547, 551 - 554." type="journal article" year="1907">A.H. Clark, 1907</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A7FE67640FAFA56FCFFF9A9" blockId="35.[151,1436,1421,1592]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Synonymy: 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A7FE676417FFA55FD67FA32" authority="A.H. Clark, 1907: 551" authorityName="A.H. Clark" authorityPageNumber="551" authorityYear="1907" box="[274,712,1421,1443]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7FE676417FFA55FE4FFA32" box="[274,480,1421,1443]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Ptilocrinus pinnatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A7FE676418BFA56FD37FA32" author="Clark" box="[486,664,1421,1443]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Clark, A. H. (1907) A new stalked crinoid (Ptilocrinus pinnatus) from the Pacific coast with a note on Bathycrinus. Proceedings of the United States national Museum, 32, 1547, 551 - 554." type="journal article" year="1907">A.H. Clark, 1907</bibRefCitation>
: 551
</taxonomicName>
–553, 1 fig.; 1915a: 161; 1915b: 207, fig. 144; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A7FE67644CEFA55FA9CFA32" author="Bartsch" box="[1187,1331,1421,1443]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Bartsch, P. (1907) A new parasitic mollusk of the genus Eulima. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 32, 1548, 555 - 556." type="journal article" year="1907">Bartsch, 1907</bibRefCitation>
: 555–556, pl. 53; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A7FE676417DFA6AFE38FA59" author="Bather" box="[272,407,1458,1480]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Bather, F. A. (1908) Ptilocrinus antarcticus n. sp. a crinoid dredged by the Belgian Antarctic expedition. Bulletin de l'Academie royale de Belgique, 3, 296 - 299." type="journal article" year="1908">Bather, 1908</bibRefCitation>
: 297; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A7FE67641BBFA6AFDF3FA59" author="Gislen" box="[470,604,1458,1480]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Gislen, T. (1924) Echinoderm studies. Zoologiska Bidrag Uppsala, 9, 1 - 330." type="journal article" year="1924">Gislèn, 1924</bibRefCitation>
: 24, 75, 93, 96, figs. 60, 118–122; 1939: 13; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A7FE6764443FA6BFB07FA59" author="Roux" box="[1070,1192,1459,1480]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Roux, M. (1980) Les articulations du pedoncule des Hyocrinidae (Echinodermes, Crinoides pedoncules): interet systematique et consequences. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4 e serie, 2, section A, 1, 31 - 57." type="journal article" year="1980">Roux, 1980</bibRefCitation>
: 35, pl. V (1–6); 1990: 1135; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A7FE676416BFA00FDE6FA7C" author="Marshall" box="[262,585,1496,1518]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Marshall, J., Guille, A. &amp; Roux, M. (1981) Les types de Crinoides (Echinodermes) du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4 e serie, 3, section A, 3, 713 - 729." type="journal article" year="1981">
<collectingCountry id="F34C76380A7FE676416BFA00FECCFA7F" box="[262,355,1496,1518]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Marshall</collectingCountry>
, Guille &amp; Roux, 1981
</bibRefCitation>
: 720; Roux 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7FE67642A8FA01FD56FA7F" box="[709,761,1496,1518]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
, 2002: 822, figs. 2C, 10E–F; 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A7FE6764444FA01FE3BF982" authority="Mironov &amp; Sorokina, 1998b: 41" authorityName="Mironov &amp; Sorokina" authorityPageNumber="41" authorityYear="1998" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus" subGenus="Ptilocrinus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7FE6764444FA01FA8EFA7F" box="[1065,1313,1496,1518]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. (Ptilocrinus) pinnatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A7FE6764544FA00FEDDF982" author="Mironov" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Mironov, A. N. &amp; Sorokina, O. A. (1998 b) Sea lilies of the order Hyocrinida (Echinodermata, Crinoidea). Zoologicheskie Issledovania, 2, 1 - 117 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="b">Mironov &amp; Sorokina, 1998b</bibRefCitation>
: 41
</taxonomicName>
–42, fig. 13; 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A7FE676427BFA26FBC9F982" authority="Mironov &amp; Sorokina, 1998b: 48" authorityName="Mironov &amp; Sorokina" authorityPageNumber="48" authorityYear="1998" box="[534,1126,1533,1555]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ahearnae" subGenus="Ptilocrinus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7FE676427BFA26FCB9F982" box="[534,790,1533,1555]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. (Ptilocrinus) ahearnae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A7FE6764370FA25FBEEF982" author="Mironov" box="[797,1089,1533,1555]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Mironov, A. N. &amp; Sorokina, O. A. (1998 b) Sea lilies of the order Hyocrinida (Echinodermata, Crinoidea). Zoologicheskie Issledovania, 2, 1 - 117 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="b">Mironov &amp; Sorokina, 1998b</bibRefCitation>
: 48
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 17, pls. 7 (3–5), 10 (8); 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7FE67645E4FA26FEE7F9A9" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
P. (
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A7FE67640A3F9FAFEEFF9A9" box="[206,320,1570,1592]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Ptilocrinus</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
sp aff. s 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7FE67641F0F9FAFE54F9A9" box="[413,507,1570,1592]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">tukalinae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A7FE676426FF9FAFC89F9A9" author="Mironov" box="[514,806,1570,1592]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Mironov, A. N. &amp; Sorokina, O. A. (1998 b) Sea lilies of the order Hyocrinida (Echinodermata, Crinoidea). Zoologicheskie Issledovania, 2, 1 - 117 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="b">Mironov &amp; Sorokina, 1998b</bibRefCitation>
: 48.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34165230A7FE67640FAF9B5FB7EF88B" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A7FE67640FAF9B5FB7EF88B" blockId="35.[151,1436,1645,2005]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7FE67640FAF9B5FE2AF917" bold="true" box="[151,389,1645,1670]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Material examined.</emphasis>
The 
<typeStatus id="54E0880A0A7FE67641A7F9B5FD83F914" box="[458,556,1645,1669]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
now disassociated (
<collectionCode id="ED4AAE6D0A7FE6764370F9B5FCDFF914" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[797,880,1645,1669]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">USNM</collectionCode>
22603); another fragmented specimen (
<collectionCode id="ED4AAE6D0A7FE6764524F9B5FA33F914" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1353,1436,1645,1669]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">USNM</collectionCode>
E9478) and fragments from about 14– 
<specimenCount id="9D5DFD210A7FE6764235F94AFDDCF93B" box="[600,627,1682,1706]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="generic">16</specimenCount>
specimens (including four intact thecas with proximalmost stalk and proximal arms) in a third jar (
<collectionCode id="ED4AAE6D0A7FE6764182F96FFDEDF95E" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[495,578,1719,1743]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="9408AB4B0A7FE6764226F96FFD0AF95E" box="[587,677,1719,1743]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E18363" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="EnaNcbi">E18363</accessionNumber>
, previously 35978) all housed in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. One well preserved small specimen (
<collectionCode id="ED4AAE6D0A7FE676441EF905FB66F964" box="[1139,1225,1757,1781]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">BMNH</collectionCode>
1935.1.15.1) from the Natural History Museum, London. One large dry specimen (ECPs 237) from 
<collectionCode id="ED4AAE6D0A7FE676444FF8DBFBD7F88B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[1058,1144,1795,1818]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">MNHN</collectionCode>
(Paris).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34165230A7FE67C40AAF8FFFCA8F8A6" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A7FE67140AAF8FFFA2EFEFB" blockId="35.[151,1436,1645,2005]" lastBlockId="36.[151,1436,151,1792]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7FE67640AAF8FFFEEEF8D1" bold="true" box="[199,321,1831,1856]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A relatively small species, usually with Dp &lt;
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A7FE6764353F8FFFC3BF8AE" box="[830,916,1831,1855]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
and maximum 30 pinnules per arm side. Aboral cup usually wider than high, forming a rounded pentagonal pyramid without ornamentation; basal ring entirely conical, upper edge without rib or inward bending of radials in inter-rays. Tegmen inflated usually up to Br6, Br 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A7FE6764519F8AAFA33F81B" box="[1396,1436,1906,1930]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
largest specimens; Wr/Wb &lt;1.75, with fewer than 50 thick polygonal plates in each inter-ray. Proximal arm pattern 1+2 3 4 5+6 7+8 (13%) or 7 8+9 (77%) with first pinnule always on Br4, successive brachial pairs exceptional; brachial pair 10+11 or 11+12 (55%); usually 6–10 successive muscular joints in mid arm (maximum 12). Adoral face of proximal arm not inflated; flattened projections absent on arms and pinnules. Proximalmost part of pinnules with one row of low lateral plates without inflation. Stalk symplexies with 7–8 crenular units of 1 crenula or 2–3 crenulae; number of crenulae per crenular unit independent of columnal diameter; small ligamentary pit frequently present between robust crenular units in proximal mesistele; distalmost syzygies with a regular radial crenularium of 26–28 crenulae; H/D of columnals up to 0.9 near Dm, usually&gt;0.5 except in proximalmost and distalmost stalk.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A78E67140AAFEAFFE5EFBD9" blockId="36.[151,1436,151,1792]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A78E67140AAFEAFFE7DFE01" bold="true" box="[199,466,375,400]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Previous descriptions.</emphasis>
The 
<specimenCount id="9D5DFD210A78E6714279FEAFFD1EFE1E" box="[532,689,375,399]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="generic">24 specimens</specimenCount>
dredged by the steamer “Albatross” at station 3342 off British 
<collectingCountry id="F34C76380A78E67140FAFE46FEA7FE27" box="[151,264,414,438]" name="United States of America" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Columbia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F34C76380A78E6714179FE46FEC4FE27" box="[276,363,414,438]" name="Canada" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Canada</collectingCountry>
, remains the only record of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A78E67142C5FE78FC8BFE27" box="[680,804,415,439]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A78E67142C5FE78FC8BFE27" box="[680,804,415,439]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">P. pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A78E6714359FE47FBA5FE27" author="Clark" box="[820,1034,414,439]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Clark, A. H. (1907) A new stalked crinoid (Ptilocrinus pinnatus) from the Pacific coast with a note on Bathycrinus. Proceedings of the United States national Museum, 32, 1547, 551 - 554." type="journal article" year="1907">A. H. Clark (1907)</bibRefCitation>
based his description on one specimen designated as 
<typeStatus id="54E0880A0A78E6714106FE1DFE62FE4C" box="[363,461,453,477]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(Fig. 1a). Therefore, the other specimens from the same station are without status (neither cotypes nor 
<typeStatus id="54E0880A0A78E671413BFE34FE69FD95" box="[342,454,492,516]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
). According to Clark’s short description and figure, the arms of the 
<typeStatus id="54E0880A0A78E67144A4FE34FA84FD95" box="[1225,1323,492,516]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
are about 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A78E67140FAFDCAFF48FDBB" box="[151,231,530,554]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
long with more than 25 pinnules on each side (maximum pinnule length about 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A78E671441DFDCAFB6BFDBB" box="[1136,1220,530,554]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
); the proximal arm pattern is usually 1+2 3 4 5+6 7 8+9 with another non-muscular articulation “after about ten joints, and two or three at irregular intervals toward the tip of the arm”; “the longest pinnules are between the twentieth and twenty-fifth, these having about thirty joints”; “Radials are elongate, the median part of each one raised into a rounded ridge, giving the calyx a rounded pentagonal aspect when viewed dorsally”; two-thirds of the radial upper edge “is occupied by the first brachials” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A78E67141A3FD0CFD4FFD7D" author="Clark" box="[462,736,724,748]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Clark, A. H. (1907) A new stalked crinoid (Ptilocrinus pinnatus) from the Pacific coast with a note on Bathycrinus. Proceedings of the United States national Museum, 32, 1547, 551 - 554." type="journal article" year="1907" yearSuffix="p">A.H. Clark, 1907, p.552</bibRefCitation>
). Among the “Albatross” series, the longest stalk is 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A78E671454EFD0CFA2FFD7D" box="[1315,1408,724,748]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.55" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="mm" value="355.0">355 mm</quantity>
in length with 360 cylindrical columnals. Studying one specimen housed in the Uppsala Museum, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A78E67144ABFD22FACFFC83" author="Gislen" box="[1222,1376,762,786]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Gislen, T. (1924) Echinoderm studies. Zoologiska Bidrag Uppsala, 9, 1 - 330." type="journal article" year="1924">Gislèn (1924)</bibRefCitation>
gave the first figures of brachial synostosis (p. 75, Fig. 60) and proximal articulations of pinnules (p. 93, Figs. 118 to 122); he notes that the proximal pattern is 1+2 3 4 5+6 7 8+ 
<date id="FFE510680A78E6714340FC90FC2FFCF1" box="[813,896,840,864]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1911-10-09">9 10 11</date>
… in the five arms (p. 24). SEM views of a stalk symplexy were published by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A78E6714188FCB7FDDAFC17" author="Roux" box="[485,629,878,902]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Roux, M. (1980) Les articulations du pedoncule des Hyocrinidae (Echinodermes, Crinoides pedoncules): interet systematique et consequences. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4 e serie, 2, section A, 1, 31 - 57." type="journal article" year="1980">Roux (1980)</bibRefCitation>
from the MNHN specimen and by Roux 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A78E671443EFCA8FB22FC16" box="[1107,1165,879,903]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
(2002) from stalk fragments in USNM 
<accessionNumber id="9408AB4B0A78E6714136FC4DFE1AFC3C" box="[347,437,917,941]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E18363" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="EnaNcbi">E18363</accessionNumber>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A78E67141AFFC4EFDFDFC3C" author="Roux" box="[450,594,917,941]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Roux, M. (1990) Decouverte d'une nouvelle espece du genre Ptilocrinus (Echinodermes, Crinoides pedoncules) au large de Terre-Neuve. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68, 1132 - 1136." type="journal article" year="1990">Roux (1990)</bibRefCitation>
provided additional preliminary information on arm pattern (first pinnule always on Br4 without exception, little variation in proximalmost arm pattern) from all the specimens housed in the USNM. Roux 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A78E6714156FC3CFEDBFC6A" box="[315,372,995,1019]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
(2002, Figs. 10e, f) figured the MNHN specimen. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A78E67143DEFC3AFB50FC6B" author="Mironov" box="[947,1279,994,1018]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refString="Mironov, A. N. &amp; Sorokina, O. A. (1998 b) Sea lilies of the order Hyocrinida (Echinodermata, Crinoidea). Zoologicheskie Issledovania, 2, 1 - 117 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="b">Mironov &amp; Sorokina (1998b)</bibRefCitation>
described the USNM E9478 specimen and pointed out that the structure of pinnule genital expansion, and the form of cover and oral plates remained unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A78E67140AAFB8EFB1EFA5B" blockId="36.[151,1436,151,1792]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A78E67140AAFB8EFBC3FBFE" bold="true" box="[199,1132,1110,1135]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Additional comments on description and variation in the “Albatross” series.</emphasis>
Tegmen strongly inflated, about as high as aboral cup, lower in young specimens; top at level of Br 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A78E67143BCFBA5FBB7FB04" box="[977,1048,1149,1173]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.143" metricValueMax="1.27" metricValueMin="1.016" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="in" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 in</quantity>
small BMNH specimen, Br 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A78E6714538FBA5FA33FB04" box="[1365,1436,1149,1173]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.651" metricValueMax="1.778" metricValueMin="1.524" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="in" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6–7 in</quantity>
large MNHN specimen (Fig. 27), and Br 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A78E671420CFB7CFD08FB2D" box="[609,679,1188,1212]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.397" metricValueMax="1.524" metricValueMin="1.27" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="in" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 in</quantity>
others; tegminal plates relatively large, thick and regularly polygonal; 20–25 plates per interray in small BMNH specimen and more than 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A78E67143DBFB12FC40FB73" box="[950,1007,1226,1250]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" unit="in" value="50.0">50 in</quantity>
large MNHN specimen (Figs. 27d, e). Hydropores more or less conspicuous, open in the upper half of the tegmen. Anal sac relatively inconspicuous, contiguous to C–D oral, slightly higher than oral cone (Fig. 27f); orals well developed with convex and smooth surface; first cover plates rectangular in regular rows. Aboral cup with rounded pentagonal aspect of radial ring variable, moderately developed in 
<typeStatus id="54E0880A0A78E6714270FABDFD2DFAEC" box="[541,642,1381,1405]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, strongly marked in MNHN specimen (Figs. 27a, b), with coarse individualized ribs prolonging arm axes in BMNH specimen; radials and basals smooth without any ornamentation; basal ring flared and well-developed; basals fused or with up to 3 sutures, rarely conspicuous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A78E67140A8FA01FD79F891" blockId="36.[151,1436,151,1792]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Using proximalmost diameter as a growth index in an ontogenetic sequence of five specimens, the main variations quantified in external morphological characters (
<tableCitation id="C6D903130A78E671429BF9D8FCF4F989" box="[758,859,1536,1560]" captionStart="TABLE 14" captionStartId="37.[151,235,1596,1617]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,1737,1966]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="TABLE 14. Variation of main quantitative characters of aboral cup through ontogeny in Ptilocrinus pinnatus. (*) specimen E 9478, (**) largest specimen in E 18363. Dc: upper diameter of aboral cup, Dm: minimum stalk diameter, Dp: proximalmost stalk diameter, Drb: aboral cup diameter at basal / radial suture, Hc: aboral cup height, Hr: radial height, Wb: primibrachial width, Wr: upper radial width. Values in mm for continuous variables. Dp used as growth index (yellow background)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2466200A79E67040FAF9E4FA90F93F" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" tableUuid="DF2466200A79E67040FAF9E4FA90F93F">Table 14</tableCitation>
, left) mainly related to growth except for the larger specimens, which have radial width (Wr), primibrachial width (Wb), aboral cup height (Hc) and radial height (Hr) variable independently of size. Ratios (
<tableCitation id="C6D903130A78E6714235F995FD10F9F4" box="[600,703,1613,1637]" captionStart="TABLE 14" captionStartId="37.[151,235,1596,1617]" captionTargetBox="[151,1437,1737,1966]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="TABLE 14. Variation of main quantitative characters of aboral cup through ontogeny in Ptilocrinus pinnatus. (*) specimen E 9478, (**) largest specimen in E 18363. Dc: upper diameter of aboral cup, Dm: minimum stalk diameter, Dp: proximalmost stalk diameter, Drb: aboral cup diameter at basal / radial suture, Hc: aboral cup height, Hr: radial height, Wb: primibrachial width, Wr: upper radial width. Values in mm for continuous variables. Dp used as growth index (yellow background)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2466200A79E67040FAF9E4FA90F93F" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" tableUuid="DF2466200A79E67040FAF9E4FA90F93F">Table 14</tableCitation>
, right) indicate variations that are independent of growth, especially Wr/Wb (interradial opening) and Hc/Dc (aboral cup shape), and those that reflect allometric changes through ontogeny, i.e., a decrease of Hr/Wr (elongation of radial shape), or an increase of Drb/Dp and decrease of Hr/Hc (relative development of basal ring). The MNHN specimen offers an example of intra-individual variation: Wr/Wb 1.66–1.79, Hr/Wr 0.80–0.85, and Hr/Hc 0.57–0.62.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A79E67040FAFABBFC64FA2B" blockId="37.[151,1436,1377,1466]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A79E67040FAFABBFE89FAEA" bold="true" box="[151,294,1377,1403]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">FIGURE 27.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A79E6704140FABCFE54FAEB" box="[301,507,1380,1402]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A79E6704140FABCFE54FAEB" box="[301,507,1380,1402]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Ptilocrinus pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, theca and proximal crown of specimen MNHN ECPs 237. a and d: side view of A–B (anterior) inter-ray; b and e: C–D (anal) inter-ray; oblique view of tegmen from D to A rays (E ray removed); d–e: tegminal plates in inter-rays; f: top of tegmen with oral cone (oc) and inconspicuous anal cone (ac).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2466200A79E67040FAF9E4FA90F93F" ID-Table-UUID="DF2466200A79E67040FAF9E4FA90F93F" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2466200A79E67040FAF9E4FA90F93F" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" targetBox="[151,1437,1737,1966]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="37">
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A79E67040FAF9E4FA90F93F" blockId="37.[151,1437,1596,1710]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A79E67040FAF9E4FEBCF9C0" bold="true" box="[151,275,1596,1617]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">TABLE 14.</emphasis>
Variation of main quantitative characters of aboral cup through ontogeny in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A79E670445AF9E4FAA8F9C3" box="[1079,1287,1596,1618]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A79E670445AF9E4FAA8F9C3" box="[1079,1287,1596,1618]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Ptilocrinus pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (*) specimen E9478, (**) largest specimen in 
<accessionNumber id="9408AB4B0A79E670418BF983FD98F9E0" box="[486,567,1627,1649]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E18363" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="EnaNcbi">E18363</accessionNumber>
. Dc: upper diameter of aboral cup, Dm: minimum stalk diameter, Dp: proximalmost stalk diameter, Drb: aboral cup diameter at basal/radial suture, Hc: aboral cup height, Hr: radial height, Wb: primibrachial width, Wr: upper radial width. Values in mm for continuous variables. Dp used as growth index (yellow background).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A79E67040F3F911FACBF83F" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<table id="F95BC4080A7919AA40FAF911FA32F83F" box="[151,1437,1737,1966]" gridcols="15" gridrows="6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<tr id="356B34EA0A7919AA40FAF911FA32F971" box="[151,1437,1737,1760]" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA40FAF911FEA8F971" box="[151,263,1737,1760]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">specimens</th>
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA4146F911FEE4F971" box="[299,331,1737,1760]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Wr</th>
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA4103F911FE3CF971" box="[366,403,1737,1760]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Wb</th>
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA41DCF911FE72F971" box="[433,477,1737,1760]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Dc</th>
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA419BF911FDB2F971" box="[502,541,1737,1760]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Drb</th>
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA425BF911FDF8F971" box="[566,599,1737,1760]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Hc</th>
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA4217F911FD35F971" box="[634,666,1737,1760]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Hr</th>
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA42D0F911FD4CF971" box="[701,739,1737,1760]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Dm</th>
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA436DF911FC8FF971" box="[768,800,1737,1760]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Dp</th>
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA432EF911FC22F971" box="[835,909,1737,1760]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Wr/Wb</th>
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA43C0F911FC56F971" box="[941,1017,1737,1760]" gridcol="10" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Dc/Drb</th>
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA4475F911FBF5F971" box="[1048,1114,1737,1760]" gridcol="11" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Hr/Wr</th>
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA4415F911FB15F971" box="[1144,1210,1737,1760]" gridcol="12" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Hc/Dc</th>
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA44B5F911FAB7F971" box="[1240,1304,1737,1760]" gridcol="13" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Hr/Hc</th>
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA4555F911FA32F971" box="[1336,1437,1737,1760]" gridcol="14" gridrow="0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Drb/Dp</th>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7919AA40FAF92BFA32F898" box="[151,1437,1779,1801]" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA40FAF92BFEA8F898" box="[151,263,1779,1801]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">BMNH</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4146F92BFEE4F898" box="[299,331,1779,1801]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">3.7</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4103F92BFE3CF898" box="[366,403,1779,1801]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2.1</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA41DCF92BFE72F898" box="[433,477,1779,1801]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">6.2</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA419BF92BFDB2F898" box="[502,541,1779,1801]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">3.6</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA425BF92BFDF8F898" box="[566,599,1779,1801]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">6.3</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4217F92BFD35F898" box="[634,666,1779,1801]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">4.2</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA42D0F92BFD4CF898" box="[701,739,1779,1801]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1.1</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA436DF92BFC8FF898" box="[768,800,1779,1801]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1.6</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA432EF92BFC22F898" box="[835,909,1779,1801]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1.76</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA43C0F92BFC56F898" box="[941,1017,1779,1801]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1.72</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4475F92BFBF5F898" box="[1048,1114,1779,1801]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1.14</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4415F92BFB15F898" box="[1144,1210,1779,1801]" gridcol="12" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1.02</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA44B5F92BFAB7F898" box="[1240,1304,1779,1801]" gridcol="13" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">0.67</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4555F92BFA32F898" box="[1336,1437,1779,1801]" gridcol="14" gridrow="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2.25</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7919AA40FAF8C4FA32F8A3" box="[151,1437,1820,1842]" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA40FAF8C4FEA8F8A3" box="[151,263,1820,1842]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">USNM *</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4146F8C4FEE4F8A3" box="[299,331,1820,1842]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">4.3</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4103F8C4FE3CF8A3" box="[366,403,1820,1842]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2.7</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA41DCF8C4FE72F8A3" box="[433,477,1820,1842]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">8.2</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA419BF8C4FDB2F8A3" box="[502,541,1820,1842]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">4.8</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA425BF8C4FDF8F8A3" box="[566,599,1820,1842]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">6.4</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4217F8C4FD35F8A3" box="[634,666,1820,1842]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">4.2</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA42D0F8C4FD4CF8A3" box="[701,739,1820,1842]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1.6</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA436DF8C4FC8FF8A3" box="[768,800,1820,1842]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2.0</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA432EF8C4FC22F8A3" box="[835,909,1820,1842]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1.59</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA43C0F8C4FC56F8A3" box="[941,1017,1820,1842]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1.71</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4475F8C4FBF5F8A3" box="[1048,1114,1820,1842]" gridcol="11" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">0.98</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4415F8C4FB15F8A3" box="[1144,1210,1820,1842]" gridcol="12" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">0.78</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA44B5F8C4FAB7F8A3" box="[1240,1304,1820,1842]" gridcol="13" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">0.66</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4555F8C4FA32F8A3" box="[1336,1437,1820,1842]" gridcol="14" gridrow="2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7919AA40FAF89DFA32F8CA" box="[151,1437,1861,1883]" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA40FAF89DFEA8F8CA" box="[151,263,1861,1883]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">MNHN</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4146F89DFEE4F8CA" box="[299,331,1861,1883]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">5.7</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4103F89DFE3CF8CA" box="[366,403,1861,1883]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">3.3</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA41DCF89DFE72F8CA" box="[433,477,1861,1883]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">9.8</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA419BF89DFDB2F8CA" box="[502,541,1861,1883]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">5.4</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA425BF89DFDF8F8CA" box="[566,599,1861,1883]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">7.9</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4217F89DFD35F8CA" box="[634,666,1861,1883]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">4.7</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA42D0F89DFD4CF8CA" box="[701,739,1861,1883]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1.6</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA436DF89DFC8FF8CA" box="[768,800,1861,1883]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2.2</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA432EF89DFC22F8CA" box="[835,909,1861,1883]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1.73</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA43C0F89DFC56F8CA" box="[941,1017,1861,1883]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1.81</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4475F89DFBF5F8CA" box="[1048,1114,1861,1883]" gridcol="11" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">0.83</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4415F89DFB15F8CA" box="[1144,1210,1861,1883]" gridcol="12" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">0.81</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA44B5F89DFAB7F8CA" box="[1240,1304,1861,1883]" gridcol="13" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">0.60</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4555F89DFA32F8CA" box="[1336,1437,1861,1883]" gridcol="14" gridrow="3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2.45</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7919AA40FAF8B7FA32F814" box="[151,1437,1903,1925]" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA40FAF8B7FEA8F814" box="[151,263,1903,1925]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">USNM**</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4146F8B7FEE4F814" box="[299,331,1903,1925]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">5.5</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4103F8B7FE3CF814" box="[366,403,1903,1925]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">3.2</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA41DCF8B7FE72F814" box="[433,477,1903,1925]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">10.9</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA419BF8B7FDB2F814" box="[502,541,1903,1925]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">6.4</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA425BF8B7FDF8F814" box="[566,599,1903,1925]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">9.9</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4217F8B7FD35F814" box="[634,666,1903,1925]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">4.8</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA42D0F8B7FD4CF814" box="[701,739,1903,1925]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">-</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA436DF8B7FC8FF814" box="[768,800,1903,1925]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2.4</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA432EF8B7FC22F814" box="[835,909,1903,1925]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1.72</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA43C0F8B7FC56F814" box="[941,1017,1903,1925]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1.70</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4475F8B7FBF5F814" box="[1048,1114,1903,1925]" gridcol="11" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">0.87</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4415F8B7FB15F814" box="[1144,1210,1903,1925]" gridcol="12" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">0.91</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA44B5F8B7FAB7F814" box="[1240,1304,1903,1925]" gridcol="13" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">0.49</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4555F8B7FA32F814" box="[1336,1437,1903,1925]" gridcol="14" gridrow="4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2.67</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7919AA40FAF840FA32F83F" box="[151,1437,1944,1966]" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<th id="76BA5D960A7919AA40FAF840FEA8F83F" box="[151,263,1944,1966]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Holotype</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4146F840FEE4F83F" box="[299,331,1944,1966]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">6.0</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4103F840FE3CF83F" box="[366,403,1944,1966]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">3.8</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA41DCF840FE72F83F" box="[433,477,1944,1966]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">12.1</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA419BF840FDB2F83F" box="[502,541,1944,1966]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">7.1</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA425BF840FDF8F83F" box="[566,599,1944,1966]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">9.4</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4217F840FD35F83F" box="[634,666,1944,1966]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">4.7</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA42D0F840FD4CF83F" box="[701,739,1944,1966]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1.9</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA436DF840FC8FF83F" box="[768,800,1944,1966]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2.5</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA432EF840FC22F83F" box="[835,909,1944,1966]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1.57</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA43C0F840FC56F83F" box="[941,1017,1944,1966]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">1.70</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4475F840FBF5F83F" box="[1048,1114,1944,1966]" gridcol="11" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">0.78</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4415F840FB15F83F" box="[1144,1210,1944,1966]" gridcol="12" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">0.78</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA44B5F840FAB7F83F" box="[1240,1304,1944,1966]" gridcol="13" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">0.50</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7919AA4555F840FA32F83F" box="[1336,1437,1944,1966]" gridcol="14" gridrow="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">2.84</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2466200A7AE67340FAFF40FD2FFF42" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A7AE67340FAFF40FD2FFF42" blockId="38.[151,1436,152,446]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7AE67340FAFF40FEBFFF3C" bold="true" box="[151,272,152,173]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">TABLE 15.</emphasis>
Main variations of arm pattern in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A7AE6734204FF40FC98FF3F" box="[617,823,152,174]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7AE6734204FF40FC98FF3F" box="[617,823,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Ptilocrinus pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Red numbers: free brachials; black numbers: brachial pairs; bold numbers: brachial bearing the first pinnule.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A7AE67340F3FF28FD21FE97" blockId="38.[151,1436,152,446]" box="[158,654,240,262]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
1+2 3 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7AE67340B2FF28FF43FE94" bold="true" box="[223,236,240,261]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">4</emphasis>
5 6+7 (1 arm within USNM-E18363 jar)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A7AE67340F3FED7FCB0FEF0" blockId="38.[151,1436,152,446]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
1+2 3 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7AE67340B2FED7FF43FEB5" bold="true" box="[223,236,271,292]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">4</emphasis>
5+6 7 8 9+ 
<date id="FFE510680A7AE673410CFED7FE17FEB5" box="[353,440,271,292]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="1912-11-10">10 11 12</date>
+13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22+ 
<date id="FFE510680A7AE6734361FED7FF08FED3" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="1923-01-24">23 24 1</date>
+2 3 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7AE67340B2FEF5FF43FED3" bold="true" box="[223,236,301,322]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">4</emphasis>
5+6 7 8+9 
<date id="FFE510680A7AE673410CFEF5FE16FED3" box="[353,441,301,322]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="1912-11-10">10 11 12</date>
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21+22 
<date id="FFE510680A7AE6734369FEF5FF08FEF0" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="1923-01-24">23 24 1</date>
+2 3 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7AE67340B2FE94FF43FEF0" bold="true" box="[223,236,332,353]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">4</emphasis>
5+6 7 8+9 
<date id="FFE510680A7AE673410CFE94FE16FEF0" box="[353,441,332,353]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="1912-11-10">10 11 12</date>
13+14 15 16 17 18 19+20 21 22…
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A7AE67340F3FEB3FD4FFE0E" blockId="38.[151,1436,152,446]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
1+2 3 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7AE67340B2FEB3FF43FE11" bold="true" box="[223,236,363,384]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">4</emphasis>
5+6 7 8+ 
<date id="FFE510680A7AE6734123FEB3FE37FE11" box="[334,408,363,384]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="1911-10-09">9 10 11</date>
+ 
<date id="FFE510680A7AE67341CBFEB3FDAFFE11" box="[422,512,363,384]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="1914-12-13">12 13 14</date>
15 16 17+18 19 20 21 22 
<date id="FFE510680A7AE6734366FEB3FF08FE0E" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="1923-01-24">23 24 1</date>
+2 3 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7AE67340B2FE51FF43FE0F" bold="true" box="[223,236,393,414]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">4</emphasis>
5+6 7+ 
<date id="FFE510680A7AE6734151FE52FED4FE0E" box="[316,379,394,415]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="2010-09-08">8 9 10</date>
+ 
<date id="FFE510680A7AE67341E7FE52FE4FFE0E" box="[394,480,394,415]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="1913-12-11">11 12 13</date>
14 15 16 17 18+19 20…
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A7AE67340F3FE70FD07FE2F" blockId="38.[151,1436,152,446]" box="[158,680,424,446]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
1+2 3+ 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7AE673408AFE70FF5BFE2C" bold="true" box="[231,244,424,445]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">4</emphasis>
5 6+7 8 9+10 (1 arm in MNHN specimen)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A7AE67340FAFA23FCE1F9E1" blockId="38.[151,1437,1529,1648]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7AE67340FAFA23FE88F982" bold="true" box="[151,295,1529,1555]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">FIGURE 28.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A7AE6734142FA25FE52F982" box="[303,509,1533,1555]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7AE6734142FA25FE52F982" box="[303,509,1533,1555]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Ptilocrinus pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, pinnules in specimen MNHN ECPs 237 (SEM micrographs). a to c: proximal part of pinnules; a: view of two opposite pinnules attached on arm; b: pinnule side with small lateral plates up to Pn6 (location indicated in a); c: same side beyond Pn7; d: adoral view in middle part of pinnule showing the zigzag suture of cover plates; acv: arm cover plates; cv: pinnule cover plates; lp: lateral plates; Pn: pinnular.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A7BE67240FAF9B0FCEAF96A" blockId="39.[151,1436,1638,1787]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7BE67240FAF9B0FE89F911" bold="true" box="[151,294,1638,1664]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">FIGURE 29.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A7BE6724141F9B1FE55F9EE" box="[300,506,1641,1663]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A7BE6724141F9B1FE55F9EE" box="[300,506,1641,1663]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Ptilocrinus pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, brachials and pinnulars from isolated fragments in USMN 35978 (SEM micrographs). a–b: free brachials; c: proximal facet (transverse muscular synarthry) of proximalmost pinnular (Pn1); d: oblique adoral view of Pn1 with distal muscular synarthry in the upper part; e: proximal facet of Pn2 (muscular synarthry); F: distal view of Pn2 with synostosial facet; g: distal oblique view of Pn3 with flat synostosial facet; h: Pn from middle part of pinnule with muscular synarthry; i: Pn from distal part of pinnule with muscular synarthry.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A7BE67D40A8F8FAFE22FF66" blockId="39.[151,1436,1826,2031]" lastBlockId="40.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
On 38 arms preserved in their proximal part at least, the proximal pattern is usually 1+2 3 4 5+6 (90%) with the following brachial pair at 7+8 (13%) or 8+9 (77%); more than 55% of fourth synostoses occur at 10+11 or 11+12, and the fifth synostosis is always between Br17 and Br22. First pinnule is on Br4 without exception. Beyond Br4, 77% of Br7 and 80% of Br10 are free brachials. Between Br9 and Br21, a series of successive muscular articulations varies from 4 to 12 (
<tableCitation id="C6D903130A7BE67241A7F86AFD9CF85B" box="[458,563,1970,1994]" captionStart="TABLE 15" captionStartId="38.[151,235,152,173]" captionText="TABLE 15. Main variations of arm pattern in Ptilocrinus pinnatus. Red numbers: free brachials; black numbers: brachial pairs; bold numbers: brachial bearing the first pinnule." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Table 15</tableCitation>
). Brachial pairs become scarce distally. The BMNH specimen displays one abnormal proximal arm with a muscular articulation between Br1 and Br2, synostoses uniting Br2 to Br5, and no pinnule. The largest specimen in USNM-E18363 has Br1+2 fused. Four proximal brachials have nearly equal height and width; muscular synarthries are usually strongly oblique beyond Br9. Flattened projections are absent on arms and pinnules.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A74E67D40AAFEDCFCCCFE41" blockId="40.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
Genital pinnules not differentiated. Proximalmost part of pinnules slightly inflated with one row of small lateral plates on one side (Figs. 28a, b). Two rows of cover plates imbricate along a zigzag suture and form a regular roof over food groove; pairs of large and narrower, shorter plates alternate on each side, the suture between two pairs more conspicuous than within pairs (Figs. 28c, d). Distal architecture of pinnules not observed because of poor preservation. Ventral groove of arms covered by a roof of polygonal to rectangular plates. Brachial and pinnular articulations (Fig. 29) very similar to those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A74E67D42ADFE61FCB2FE41" box="[704,797,440,464]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A74E67D42ADFE61FCB2FE41" box="[704,797,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">P. clarki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C57C10A74E67D4349FE60FCCCFE41" box="[804,867,440,464]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A74E67D4349FE60FCCCFE41" bold="true" box="[804,867,440,464]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A74E67D40FAF9C4FEC4F901" blockId="40.[151,1436,1562,1680]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A74E67D40FAF9C4FE86F9A5" bold="true" box="[151,297,1562,1588]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">FIGURE 30.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A74E67D415EF9C5FDACF9A2" box="[307,515,1565,1587]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A74E67D415EF9C5FDACF9A2" box="[307,515,1565,1587]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Ptilocrinus pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, columnal articulations along an isolated stalk preserved in USMN 35978 (SEM micrographs). a: proximal symplexy (arrow indicates claustrum); b–c: symplexy without ligamentary pits in mesistele; d: syzygy of irregular labyrinthic pattern at a distance of about 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A74E67D42F8F983FD73F9E3" box="[661,732,1627,1650]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
from attachment disk; e–f: syzygy with regular radial crenularium in distalmost columnal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A74E67C40A8F96FFB6CFE3D" blockId="40.[151,1436,1719,2032]" lastBlockId="41.[151,1436,151,428]" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
Proximal stalk prolonging distal part of the basal ring without discontinuity, very flexible, with thin discoid to cylindrical columnals articulated by symplexies. In USNM-E18363, an isolated stalk (length 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A74E67D44ABF904FA88F965" box="[1222,1319,1756,1780]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="265.0">265 mm</quantity>
) probably belonging to the largest specimen was examined in detail: proximal end diameter 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A74E67D445EF927FB38F886" box="[1075,1175,1791,1815]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.92" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="1.92">1.92 mm</quantity>
with relative columnal thickness (H/D) 0.20–0.23; minimum diameter 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A74E67D42C6F8FCFCA0F8AD" box="[683,783,1828,1852]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.79" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="1.79">1.79 mm</quantity>
with H/D 0.96 at a distance of 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A74E67D4400F8FCFB13F8AD" box="[1133,1212,1828,1852]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="32.0">32 mm</quantity>
from proximal end; diameter 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A74E67D416CF89FFEC8F8F1" box="[257,359,1863,1888]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.88" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="1.88">1.88 mm</quantity>
with H/D 0.83 at a distance of 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A74E67D42BEF89FFC8CF8F1" box="[723,803,1863,1888]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
from proximal end; diameter 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A74E67D4411F89FFB4EF8F1" box="[1148,1249,1863,1888]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.36" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="2.36">2.36 mm</quantity>
with H/D 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A74E67D4530F89FFF4BF815" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4478" metricValueMax="1.4731999999999998" metricValueMin="1.4224" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="in" value="0.57" valueMax="0.58" valueMin="0.56">0.56– 0.58 in</quantity>
distal mesistele at 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A74E67D41D5F8B4FDBAF815" box="[440,533,1900,1924]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="200.0">200 mm</quantity>
from proximal end; diameter increasing distally to 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A74E67D4439F8B4FB18F815" box="[1108,1207,1900,1924]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" unit="mm" value="3.25">3.25 mm</quantity>
and H/D decreasing to 0.37; stalk broken distally near the attachment disk. Proximal symplexies with 8 crenular units of 2–3 short irregular crenulae and areolar lobes reaching outer facet border (Fig. 30a); mesistele symplexies near Dm with 8 crenular units of 1–2 relatively long crenulae and small crenulae underlying outer facet border, areolar lobes with small rudimentary pits (Figs. 30b, c); distal mesistele syzygies with irregular radial crenularium around a central juvenile symplexy with 7 crenular units (Fig. 30d); distalmost syzygies with a regular radial crenularium of 26–28 crenulae of labyrinthic design derived from 
<specimenCount id="9D5DFD210A75E67C42E6FF38FD54FF66" box="[651,763,223,247]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="juvenile">7 juvenile</specimenCount>
crenular units by up to four dichotomies through ontogeny (Figs. 30e, f). Additional observations on isolated columnals in USNM-E18363 indicate 7 crenular units more frequent than 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A75E67C417EFEFFFE91FEAE" box="[275,318,295,319]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
symplexies, young proximalmost columnals with crenular units of 1 crenula and pentalobate lumen (Fig. 31a); number of crenulae per crenular unit independent of columnal diameter; proximal mesistele symplexies with small deep ligamentary pits variously developed between robust crenular units (Figs. 31b to d). In the young BMHN specimen, columnals with maximum H/D 0.71 at a distance of 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A75E67C43D9FE4CFBACFE3D" box="[948,1027,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
from aboral cup.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A75E67C40FAF902FCA8F8A6" blockId="41.[151,1436,1752,1847]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A75E67C40FAF902FE87F963" bold="true" box="[151,296,1752,1778]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">FIGURE 31.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A75E67C415DF903FE51F960" box="[304,510,1755,1777]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A75E67C415DF903FE51F960" box="[304,510,1755,1777]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Ptilocrinus pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, stalk symplexies from isolated fragments in USMN 35978 (SEM micrographs). a: young proximalmost columnal; b: mesistele symplexy with a few rudimentary pits in areola; c–d: well developed symplexial crenularium with conspicuous ligamentary pits in proximal mesistele.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34165230A75E67E40A8F8BFFADEFAD8" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A75E67F40A8F8BFFB34FEAE" blockId="41.[151,1436,1895,2027]" lastBlockId="42.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A75E67C40A8F8BFFE96F8EE" bold="true" box="[197,313,1895,1919]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A75E67C412CF8B0FE31F8EE" box="[321,414,1895,1919]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A75E67C412CF8B0FE31F8EE" box="[321,414,1895,1919]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. clarki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C57C10A75E67C41CBF8BFFE49F8EE" box="[422,486,1895,1919]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A75E67C41CBF8BFFE49F8EE" bold="true" box="[422,486,1895,1919]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
shares with 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A75E67C421BF8B0FD5CF8EE" box="[630,755,1896,1919]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A75E67C421BF8B0FD5CF8EE" box="[630,755,1896,1919]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
an inflated tegmen with flat oral ring, each oral at top of an angle formed by two rows of subrectangular, poorly differentiated, cover plates; no radial bridges elevated above the tegmen surface from mouth to arms, and a relatively inconspicuous anal sac coalescing with oral ring. 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A75E67C4522F868FF7DF87A" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">P. a u s - tralis</emphasis>
mainly differs in having a well-developed anal sac reaching above the oral ring, tip of each oral with curious globular projection, radial food groove slightly elevated above tegmen surface, well differentiated rounded cover plates, and first pinnule always on Br5 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A76E67F4201FF64FC23FF45" author="Ameziane" box="[620,908,188,212]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" refString="Ameziane, N. &amp; Roux, M. (2011) Stalked crinoids from Southern Tasmanian Seamounts. Part 1: Family Hyocrinidae. Journal of Natural History, 45 (3), 137 - 170." type="journal article" year="2011">Améziane &amp; Roux 2011</bibRefCitation>
). The tegmen shape and pinnules with lateral plates restricted proximally or absent, suggest affinities with 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A76E67F4350FF39FC17FF69" box="[829,952,225,248]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F4350FF39FC17FF69" box="[829,952,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rather than with 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A76E67F4418FF39FB7EFF69" box="[1141,1233,224,248]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F4418FF39FB7EFF69" box="[1141,1233,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. clarki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C57C10A76E67F44B5FF38FAB9FF69" box="[1240,1302,224,248]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F44B5FF38FAB9FF69" bold="true" box="[1240,1302,224,248]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
Some characters suggest 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A76E67F4150FEDDFE13FE8D" box="[317,444,260,284]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="australis">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F4150FEDDFE13FE8D" box="[317,444,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. australis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is intermediate between the subgenera 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A76E67F4313FEDCFC55FE8D" box="[894,1018,260,284]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F4313FEDCFC55FE8D" box="[894,1018,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Ptilocrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A76E67F4459FEDCFAA8FE8D" box="[1076,1287,260,284]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Chambersaecrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Millericrinida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F4459FEDCFAA8FE8D" box="[1076,1287,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Chambersaecrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although its well differentiated crenularium of distal stalk syzygies is closer to the subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A76E67F4475FEF0FB3BFED1" box="[1048,1172,296,320]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F4475FEF0FB3BFED1" box="[1048,1172,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Ptilocrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2466200A76E67F40FAFEABFB95FE19" ID-Table-UUID="DF2466200A76E67F40FAFEABFB95FE19" box="[151,1082,371,393]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2466200A76E67F40FAFEABFB95FE19" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" targetBox="[151,1428,420,1718]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="42">
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A76E67F40FAFEABFB95FE19" blockId="42.[151,1082,371,393]" box="[151,1082,371,393]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F40FAFEABFEBEFE19" bold="true" box="[151,273,371,392]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">TABLE 16.</emphasis>
Comparative summary of the main characters in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A76E67F4368FEACFCDAFE18" box="[773,885,372,393]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F4368FEACFCDAFE18" box="[773,885,372,393]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A76E67F43CBFEACFC55FE18" box="[934,1018,371,393]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F43CBFEACFC55FE18" box="[934,1018,371,393]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. clarki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C57C10A76E67F446CFEABFB95FE19" box="[1025,1082,371,392]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A76E67F40F4FE7CFA97F927" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<table id="F95BC4080A7619AA40FAFE7CFA3BF927" box="[151,1428,420,1718]" gridcols="4" gridrows="19" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAFE7CFA3BFE2B" box="[151,1428,420,442]" gridrow="0" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAFE7CFE20FE2B" box="[151,399,420,442]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">characters</th>
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDFE7CFD5FFE2B" box="[432,752,420,442]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A76E67F41DDFE7DFDB0FE2B" box="[432,543,421,442]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F41DDFE7DFDB0FE2B" box="[432,543,421,442]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EFE7CFBE9FE2B" box="[771,1094,420,442]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F436EFE7DFCFAFE2B" bold="true" box="[771,853,420,442]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. c l a r k i</emphasis>
(juvenile)
</th>
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BFE7CFA3BFE2B" box="[1110,1428,420,442]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F443BFE7DFB07FE2B" bold="true" box="[1110,1192,420,442]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. c l a r k i</emphasis>
(adult)
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAFE16FA3BFDCF" box="[151,1428,462,606]" gridrow="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAFE16FE20FDCF" box="[151,399,462,606]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Arm pattern</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDFE16FD5FFDCF" box="[432,752,462,606]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">1+2 3 4 5+6 7 8+9 (77%), 1+2 3 4 5+6 7+8 (13%), usually 6– 10 successive muscular joints in mid arm (maximum 12), synostoses rare distally</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EFE16FBE9FDCF" box="[771,1094,462,606]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">successive brachial pairs in proximal arm rare, series of more than 7 successive muscu- lar joints frequent in middle arm, synostoses rare distally</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BFE16FA3BFDCF" box="[1110,1428,462,606]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">1+2 3 4 5+6 7+8 (50 %), up to 4 successive brachial pairs in proximal arm, usually 3–7 successive muscular joints in mid arm, synostoses rare distally</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAFDA9FA3BFD19" box="[151,1428,625,648]" gridrow="2" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAFDA9FE20FD19" box="[151,399,625,648]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Br bearing first pinnule</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDFDA9FD5FFD19" box="[432,752,625,648]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Always Br4</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EFDA9FBE9FD19" box="[771,1094,625,648]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Br4, sometimes Br5</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BFDA9FA3BFD19" box="[1110,1428,625,648]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Usually Br4 (Br5 10 %)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAFD43FA3BFD20" box="[151,1428,667,689]" gridrow="3" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAFD43FE20FD20" box="[151,399,667,689]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">IR space (Wr/Wb)</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDFD43FD5FFD20" box="[432,752,667,689]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">1.71 + 0.2</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EFD43FBE9FD20" box="[771,1094,667,689]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">1.68 + 0.17</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BFD43FA3BFD20" box="[1110,1428,667,689]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">1.77 + 0.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAFD1CFA3BFD4B" box="[151,1428,708,730]" gridrow="4" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAFD1CFE20FD4B" box="[151,399,708,730]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Pinnules per arm side</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDFD1CFD5FFD4B" box="[432,752,708,730]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Up to 30</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EFD1CFBE9FD4B" box="[771,1094,708,730]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Up to 25</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BFD1CFA3BFD4B" box="[1110,1428,708,730]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Up to 45</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAFD36FA3BFCB3" box="[151,1428,750,802]" gridrow="5" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAFD36FE20FCB3" box="[151,399,750,802]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Adoral face of proximal arm</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDFD36FD5FFCB3" box="[432,752,750,802]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Two rows of rectangular cover plates</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EFD36FBE9FCB3" box="[771,1094,750,802]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Two rows of rectangular cover plates</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BFD36FA3BFCB3" box="[1110,1428,750,802]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Inflated with numerous lateral plates</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAFCEEFA3BFC18" box="[151,1428,822,905]" gridrow="6" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAFCEEFE20FC18" box="[151,399,822,905]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Lateral plates in pinnule</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDFCEEFD5FFC18" box="[432,752,822,905]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Less developed in one side of proximalmost part of pinnule only</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EFCEEFBE9FC18" box="[771,1094,822,905]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Less developed on one side of proximalmost part of pinnule only</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BFCEEFA3BFC18" box="[1110,1428,822,905]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Well developed on two sides, present on one side in proximal mid part</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAFC44FA3BFC40" box="[151,1428,924,977]" gridrow="7" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAFC44FE20FC40" box="[151,399,924,977]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Cover plates in pinnules</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDFC44FD5FFC40" box="[432,752,924,977]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Rectangular to polygonal, fre- quently in pairs (large + small)</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EFC44FBE9FC40" box="[771,1094,924,977]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Rectangular to polygonal, fre- quently in pairs (large + small)</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BFC44FA3BFC40" box="[1110,1428,924,977]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Rectangular to polygonal, frequently in pairs (large + small)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAFC3CFA3BFC6B" box="[151,1428,996,1018]" gridrow="8" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAFC3CFE20FC6B" box="[151,399,996,1018]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Cover plates on tegmen</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDFC3CFD5FFC6B" box="[432,752,996,1018]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Rectangular, in flat rows</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EFC3CFBE9FC6B" box="[771,1094,996,1018]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Rectangular, in flat rows</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BFC3CFA3BFC6B" box="[1110,1428,996,1018]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Rectangular, in flat rows</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAFBD6FA3BFBD3" box="[151,1428,1038,1090]" gridrow="9" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAFBD6FE20FBD3" box="[151,399,1038,1090]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Tegmen height</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDFBD6FD5FFBD3" box="[432,752,1038,1090]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Usually to Br5–6, Br8 in largest specimen</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EFBD6FBE9FBD3" box="[771,1094,1038,1090]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Up to Br6 or Br8</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BFBD6FA3BFBD3" box="[1110,1428,1038,1090]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Up to Br11</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAFB8EFA3BFB1B" box="[151,1428,1110,1162]" gridrow="10" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAFB8EFE20FB1B" box="[151,399,1110,1162]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Tegminal plates</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDFB8EFD5FFB1B" box="[432,752,1110,1162]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">25 to&gt; 40, thick, relatively regular polygonal</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EFB8EFBE9FB1B" box="[771,1094,1110,1162]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">16 to 18, thin, convex and regu- lar polygonal</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BFB8EFA3BFB1B" box="[1110,1428,1110,1162]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">50 or more, thin, flat irregular polygonal</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAFB46FA3BFB43" box="[151,1428,1182,1234]" gridrow="11" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAFB46FE20FB43" box="[151,399,1182,1234]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Anal cone</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDFB46FD5FFB43" box="[432,752,1182,1234]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Quite inconspicuous, equal or slightly higher than orals</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EFB46FBE9FB43" box="[771,1094,1182,1234]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Quite inconspicuous, equal or slightly higher than orals</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BFB46FA3BFB43" box="[1110,1428,1182,1234]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Quite inconspicuous, equal or slightly higher than orals</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAFB3EFA3BFAA8" box="[151,1428,1254,1337]" gridrow="12" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAFB3EFE20FAA8" box="[151,399,1254,1337]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Aboral cup</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDFB3EFD5FFAA8" box="[432,752,1254,1337]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Variable rounded pentagonal pyramid without ornamentation</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EFB3EFBE9FAA8" box="[771,1094,1254,1337]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Variable from conical to bowl- shaped with slight ornamenta- tion or not</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BFB3EFA3BFAA8" box="[1110,1428,1254,1337]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Variable from conical to bowlshaped with slight ornamentation or not</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAFA94FA3BFA10" box="[151,1428,1356,1409]" gridrow="13" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAFA94FE20FA10" box="[151,399,1356,1409]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Upper cup edge in inter- rays</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDFA94FD5FFA10" box="[432,752,1356,1409]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Flat, no rib</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EFA94FBE9FA10" box="[771,1094,1356,1409]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Rib or not, inner inflexion of radials</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BFA94FA3BFA10" box="[1110,1428,1356,1409]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Rib and inner inflexion of radi- als</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAFA4CFA3BFA58" box="[151,1428,1428,1481]" gridrow="14" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAFA4CFE20FA58" box="[151,399,1428,1481]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Basal ring</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDFA4CFD5FFA58" box="[432,752,1428,1481]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Regularly conical, no cylindri- cal base</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EFA4CFBE9FA58" box="[771,1094,1428,1481]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Base subcylindrical slightly wider than stalk or not</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BFA4CFA3BFA58" box="[1110,1428,1428,1481]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Base subcylindrical slightly wider than stalk or not</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAFA04FA3BFA63" box="[151,1428,1500,1522]" gridrow="15" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAFA04FE20FA63" box="[151,399,1500,1522]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">H/D of columnals</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDFA04FD5FFA63" box="[432,752,1500,1522]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">&gt;0.5, to 0.9</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EFA04FBE9FA63" box="[771,1094,1500,1522]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Up to 1.1</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BFA04FA3BFA63" box="[1110,1428,1500,1522]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Usually &lt;0.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAF9DEFA3BF98D" box="[151,1428,1542,1564]" gridrow="16" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAF9DEFE20F98D" box="[151,399,1542,1564]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Areola in symplexies</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDF9DEFD5FF98D" box="[432,752,1542,1564]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Ligamentary pits frequent</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EF9DEFBE9F98D" box="[771,1094,1542,1564]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">No ligamentary pit</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BF9DEFA3BF98D" box="[1110,1428,1542,1564]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">No ligamentary pit</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAF9F7FA3BF91C" box="[151,1428,1583,1677]" gridrow="17" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAF9F7FE20F91C" box="[151,399,1583,1677]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Crenular units Syzygial crenularium in mesistele</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDF9F7FD5FF91C" box="[432,752,1583,1677]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">7–8 of 1–2(3) crenulae Present distally with irregular radial pattern</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EF9F7FBE9F91C" box="[771,1094,1583,1677]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">7 of 1–2 crenulae Present distally with irregular pattern</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BF9F7FA3BF91C" box="[1110,1428,1583,1677]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">(6)7–9 of 3–4 crenulae In mid to distal stalk with laby- rinthic pattern</td>
</tr>
<tr id="356B34EA0A7619AA40FAF978FA3BF927" box="[151,1428,1696,1718]" gridrow="18" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<th id="76BA5D960A7619AA40FAF978FE20F927" box="[151,399,1696,1718]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Distalmost syzygies</th>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA41DDF978FD5FF927" box="[432,752,1696,1718]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">26–28 radial crenulae</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA436EF978FBE9F927" box="[771,1094,1696,1718]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Radial crenulae</td>
<td id="76BA5D960A7619AA443BF978FA3BF927" box="[1110,1428,1696,1718]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">20–24 radial crenulae</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A76E67F40A8F923FD1FF87A" blockId="42.[151,1436,1787,2028]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<tableCitation id="C6D903130A76E67F40A8F923FE85F882" box="[197,298,1787,1811]" captionStart="TABLE 16" captionStartId="42.[151,235,371,392]" captionTargetBox="[151,1428,420,1718]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="TABLE 16. Comparative summary of the main characters in P. pinnatus and P. clarki n. sp." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2466200A76E67F40FAFEABFB95FE19" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" tableUuid="DF2466200A76E67F40FAFEABFB95FE19">Table 16</tableCitation>
compares 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A76E67F41C1F924FD84F882" box="[428,555,1788,1811]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F41C1F924FD84F882" box="[428,555,1788,1811]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A76E67F4206F924FD64F882" box="[619,715,1787,1811]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F4206F924FD64F882" box="[619,715,1787,1811]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. clarki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C57C10A76E67F42BAF924FCB5F885" box="[727,794,1788,1812]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F42BAF924FCB5F885" bold="true" box="[727,794,1788,1812]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, showing their very close affinities despite differences related to the smaller size of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A76E67F418EF8F8FDF0F8A6" box="[483,607,1824,1847]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F418EF8F8FDF0F8A6" box="[483,607,1824,1847]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, a few characters clearly distinguish the two species, the most important of which is pinnule architecture. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A76E67F42FAF89CFD5BF8CA" box="[663,756,1859,1883]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F42FAF89CFD5BF8CA" box="[663,756,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. clarki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C57C10A76E67F4296F89CFC96F8CD" box="[763,825,1860,1884]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F4296F89CFC96F8CD" bold="true" box="[763,825,1860,1884]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, proximal genital inflation develops with lateral plates on two sides, one side having plates sometimes up to mid pinnule. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A76E67F43B9F8B0FBFBF8EE" box="[980,1108,1896,1919]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F43B9F8B0FBFBF8EE" box="[980,1108,1896,1919]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, genital inflation was never observed and only a few rudimentary lateral plates are restricted to the proximalmost part of pinnule as in juveniles of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A76E67F40D8F868FEBDF856" box="[181,274,1967,1991]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F40D8F868FEBDF856" box="[181,274,1967,1991]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. clarki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C57C10A76E67F4177F868FEF6F859" box="[282,345,1968,1992]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F4177F868FEF6F859" bold="true" box="[282,345,1968,1992]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
The development of genital inflation in pinnules of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A76E67F43CBF868FBACF856" box="[934,1027,1967,1991]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F43CBF868FBACF856" box="[934,1027,1967,1991]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. clarki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C57C10A76E67F4467F868FBE6F859" box="[1034,1097,1968,1992]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F4467F868FBE6F859" bold="true" box="[1034,1097,1968,1992]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
and its absence in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A76E67F454DF868FA34F856" box="[1312,1435,1968,1991]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A76E67F454DF868FA34F856" box="[1312,1435,1968,1991]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
suggest two different strategies of reproduction.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A77E67E40A8FF4FFDCFFDF1" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,1354]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
Other distinguishing characters are proximal arm pattern beyond Br6, inter-ray space width, inward bending of radials in interrays of aboral cup, shape of basal ring, relative thickness of columnals and symplexies with or without areolar pits in mesistele. The shape of cover plates is not a discriminating character, probably because their low level of differentiation in the subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E4220FEDCFD66FE8D" box="[589,713,260,284]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E4220FEDCFD66FE8D" box="[589,713,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Ptilocrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although variation is documented from a relatively small number of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E40B2FEF1FEF4FED1" box="[223,347,297,320]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E40B2FEF1FEF4FED1" box="[223,347,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens, many characters appear to have a wider range of variation in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E44E6FEF1FB48FED1" box="[1163,1255,296,320]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E44E6FEF1FB48FED1" box="[1163,1255,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. clarki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C57C10A77E67E4483FEF0FA82FED1" box="[1262,1325,296,320]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E4483FEF0FA82FED1" bold="true" box="[1262,1325,296,320]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
This suggests a response to heterogeneous environmental conditions where 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E43E8FE95FC4DFEF5" box="[901,994,332,356]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E43E8FE95FC4DFEF5" box="[901,994,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. clarki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C57C10A77E67E4384FE94FB88FEF5" box="[1001,1063,332,356]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E4384FE94FB88FEF5" bold="true" box="[1001,1063,332,356]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
lives. The small ligamentary pits in stalk symplexies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E41F8FEA9FDBCFE19" box="[405,531,369,392]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E41F8FEA9FDBCFE19" box="[405,531,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have previously been described in various hyocrinid taxa (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A77E67E44C0FEB7FA81FE16" author="Roux" box="[1197,1326,367,391]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Roux, M. (1980) Les articulations du pedoncule des Hyocrinidae (Echinodermes, Crinoides pedoncules): interet systematique et consequences. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4 e serie, 2, section A, 1, 31 - 57." type="journal article" year="1980">Roux 1980</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A77E67E4557FEB7FEDEFE3D" author="Mironov" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Mironov, A. N. &amp; Sorokina, O. A. (1998 b) Sea lilies of the order Hyocrinida (Echinodermata, Crinoidea). Zoologicheskie Issledovania, 2, 1 - 117 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="b">Mironov &amp; Sorokina 1998b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A77E67E41EDFE4DFDABFE3D" author="Roux" box="[384,516,404,428]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Roux, M. (2004) New hyocrinid crinoids (Echinodermata) from submersible investigations in the Pacific Ocean. Pacific Science, 58, 4, 597 - 613." type="journal article" year="2004">Roux 2004</bibRefCitation>
). In stalk synarthries of bathycrinids, a ligamentary depression can occupy the whole areola, especially in species living in environments deeper than 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A77E67E43D2FE6FFBB2FE5E" box="[959,1053,439,463]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="2000.0">2,000 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A77E67E4443FE6FFB1EFE5E" author="Roux" box="[1070,1201,439,463]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Roux, M. (1987) Evolutionary ecology and biogeography of recent stalked crinoids as a model for the fossil record. In: Jangoux M. &amp; Lawrence J. M. (Ed.) Echinoderm Studies. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 2, 1 - 53." type="journal article" year="1987">Roux 1987</bibRefCitation>
). In hyocrinids, they are weakly or moderately developed and are present both in the deepest species such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E4419FE05FAACFE65" box="[1140,1283,476,500]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stukalinae">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E4419FE05FAACFE65" box="[1140,1283,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. stukalinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as in the shallowest, i.e., 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E4114FDD9FD32FD89" box="[377,669,513,536]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Dumetocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E4114FDD9FD32FD89" box="[377,669,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Dumetocrinus antarcticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E42A1FDD9FCE6FD89" box="[716,841,513,536]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E42A1FDD9FCE6FD89" box="[716,841,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, they are associated with high and robust crenularia (Figs. 31b to d), which indicate water flow of relatively high velocity. Robust crenularia of similar height and ligamentary pits are absent in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E41D0FD91FDB5FDF1" box="[445,538,584,608]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E41D0FD91FDB5FDF1" box="[445,538,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. clarki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C57C10A77E67E424CFD90FDCFFDF1" box="[545,608,584,608]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E424CFD90FDCFFDF1" bold="true" box="[545,608,584,608]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A77E67E40AAFDB4FBC8FD76" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,1354]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
With its smaller size and characters, 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E420FFDB5FD71FD15" box="[610,734,621,644]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E420FFDB5FD71FD15" box="[610,734,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tends to resemble juvenile 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E447FFDB5FBC1FD15" box="[1042,1134,620,644]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E447FFDB5FBC1FD15" box="[1042,1134,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. clarki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C57C10A77E67E441BFDB4FB1AFD15" box="[1142,1205,620,644]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E441BFDB4FB1AFD15" bold="true" box="[1142,1205,620,644]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, suggesting that this species may represent a heterochronic development by paedomorphy (especially progenesis) in an environment about 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A77E67E40B1FD76FE97FD57" box="[220,312,686,710]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="1000.0">1,000 m</quantity>
deeper than that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E427AFD68FDDBFD57" box="[535,628,686,711]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E427AFD68FDDBFD57" box="[535,628,686,711]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. clarki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C57C10A77E67E4216FD77FD16FD56" box="[635,697,687,711]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E4216FD77FD16FD56" bold="true" box="[635,697,687,711]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, with lower food supply and currents of higher velocity but in the same geographical area. That could be interpreted as the result of sympatric speciation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A77E67E40A8FD29FD77FBB8" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,1354]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
So this raises the question: are these two subspecies within a single species or two species isolated by depth and hydrodynamics? In the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E427EFCCEFC12FCBC" authority="Ameziane &amp; Roux (2011)" authorityName="Ameziane &amp; Roux" authorityYear="2011" box="[531,957,789,813]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Feracrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E427EFCCEFD20FCBC" box="[531,655,790,813]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Feracrinus</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A77E67E42F0FCCDFC12FCBC" author="Ameziane" box="[669,957,789,813]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Ameziane, N. &amp; Roux, M. (2011) Stalked crinoids from Southern Tasmanian Seamounts. Part 1: Family Hyocrinidae. Journal of Natural History, 45 (3), 137 - 170." type="journal article" year="2011">Améziane &amp; Roux (2011)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
distinguished two species with close affinities but living at different depths: 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E4276FCE2FD26FCC0" box="[539,649,825,849]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">F. k o s lo w i</emphasis>
(
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A77E67E42F6FCE1FCF1FCC0" box="[667,862,825,849]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5625" metricValueMax="1.815" metricValueMin="1.31" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="1562.5" valueMax="1815.0" valueMin="1310.0">1,310 to 1,815 m</quantity>
) and 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E43F0FCE2FB8FFCC0" box="[925,1056,825,849]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">F. a c u l e a t u s</emphasis>
(
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A77E67E445EFCE1FB57FCC0" box="[1075,1272,825,849]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0949999999999998" metricValueMax="3.275" metricValueMin="2.915" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="3095.0" valueMax="3275.0" valueMin="2915.0">2,915 to 3,275 m</quantity>
). In pentacrinids of the subfamily 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E4111FC85FDB6FCE4" box="[380,537,861,885]" class="Crinoidea" family="Isselicrinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Diplocrininae">Diplocrininae</taxonomicName>
, after a detailed study of numerous specimens from different populations, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A77E67E453AFC85FE8BFC08" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="David, J., Roux, M., Messing, C. G. &amp; Ameziane, N. (2006) Revision of the pentacrinid stalked crinoids of the genus Endoxocrinus (Echinodermata, Crinoidea), with a study of environmental control of characters and its consequence for taxonomy. Zootaxa, 1156, 1 - 50." type="journal article">
David 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E40FAFC5AFF7EFC08" box="[151,209,897,921]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A77E67E4130FC5AFD9FFC08" box="[349,560,897,921]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Roux, M., Ameziane, N. &amp; Eleaume, M. (2009) The genus Teliocrinus (Crinoidea, Echinodermata): a key taxon among pentacrinid stalked crinoids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 155, 22 - 39." type="journal article">
Roux 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E41CEFC5AFE72FC08" box="[419,477,897,921]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
(2009)
</bibRefCitation>
concluded that in each province (western Atlantic, north Indian and western Pacific) one species differentiated into morphotypes related to depth or hydrodynamics which were interpreted as subspecies. Given the present incomplete state of our knowledge of hyocrinids, and in agreement with the interpretation of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A77E67E4096FC35FDB2FB94" author="Ameziane" box="[251,541,1005,1029]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Ameziane, N. &amp; Roux, M. (2011) Stalked crinoids from Southern Tasmanian Seamounts. Part 1: Family Hyocrinidae. Journal of Natural History, 45 (3), 137 - 170." type="journal article" year="2011">Améziane &amp; Roux (2011)</bibRefCitation>
for a similar case observed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E431EFC36FC40FB94" box="[883,1007,1006,1029]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Feracrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E431EFC36FC40FB94" box="[883,1007,1006,1029]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Feracrinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the simplest solution is to consider 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E45EAFC36FF57FBB8" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E45EAFC36FF57FBB8" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E4143FBCAFE25FBB8" box="[302,394,1041,1065]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E4143FBCAFE25FBB8" box="[302,394,1041,1065]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. clarki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21C57C10A77E67E41FCFBCAFE7FFBBB" box="[401,464,1042,1066]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E41FCFBCAFE7FFBBB" bold="true" box="[401,464,1042,1066]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
as two distinct species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A77E67E40A8FBEDFD02FAB4" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,1354]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
The single known specimen of 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E425DFBEEFD1CFBDC" box="[560,691,1077,1101]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. ah e a r na e</emphasis>
Mironov &amp; Sorokina, 1998, falls within the range of variation of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E40FAFB82FEBAFBE0" box="[151,277,1114,1137]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E40FAFB82FEBAFBE0" box="[151,277,1114,1137]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. With its moderately inflated tegmen, proxistele with numerous thin columnals, mesistele symplexies with a juvenile pattern, and relatively small size, this specimen is interpreted as a young 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E44E1FBA6FAA6FB04" box="[1164,1289,1150,1173]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E44E1FBA6FAA6FB04" box="[1164,1289,1150,1173]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The incomplete specimen attributed to 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E41BEFB7AFE4AFB28" box="[467,485,1186,1209]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P.</emphasis>
sp. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E4278FB79FD1BFB28" box="[533,692,1185,1209]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stukalinae">
aff. 
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E422CFB79FD1BFB28" box="[577,692,1185,1209]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">stukalinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA4B590A77E67E42B3FB79FB87FB28" author="Mironov" box="[734,1064,1185,1209]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refString="Mironov, A. N. &amp; Sorokina, O. A. (1998 b) Sea lilies of the order Hyocrinida (Echinodermata, Crinoidea). Zoologicheskie Issledovania, 2, 1 - 117 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="b">Mironov &amp; Sorokina (1998b)</bibRefCitation>
was collected at the same station as the 
<typeStatus id="54E0880A0A77E67E40B2FB1DFEEEFB4C" box="[223,321,1221,1245]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E4102FB1EFE5AFB4C" box="[367,501,1221,1245]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ahearnae">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E4102FB1EFE5AFB4C" box="[367,501,1221,1245]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. ahearnae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A77E67E424FFB1DFDD1FB4C" box="[546,638,1221,1245]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="2540.0">2,540 m</quantity>
off northeastern 
<collectingCountry id="F34C76380A77E67E4352FB1DFC2CFB4C" box="[831,899,1221,1245]" name="Japan" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Japan</collectingCountry>
), and exhibits no significant characters that justify its recognition as a different species. 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E4219FB32FCABFA90" box="[628,772,1257,1281]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="stukalinae">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E4219FB32FCABFA90" box="[628,772,1257,1281]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. stukalinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lives significantly deeper than 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E4403FB32FB42FA90" box="[1134,1261,1258,1281]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E4403FB32FB42FA90" box="[1134,1261,1258,1281]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, we 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E40FAFAD6FEB3FAB4" box="[151,284,1293,1317]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ahearnae">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E40FAFAD6FEB3FAB4" box="[151,284,1293,1317]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. ahearnae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C5B4D2B0A77E67E4246FAD6FD09FAB4" box="[555,678,1294,1317]" class="Crinoidea" family="Hyocrinidae" genus="Ptilocrinus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hyocrinida" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pinnatus">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E4246FAD6FD09FAB4" box="[555,678,1294,1317]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">P. pinnatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE436A80A77E67E40AAFAE9FADEFAD8" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,1354]" box="[199,1393,1329,1354]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B92FEABA0A77E67E40AAFAE9FEF6FADB" bold="true" box="[199,345,1329,1354]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Occurrence.</emphasis>
North Pacific, off British 
<collectingCountry id="F34C76380A77E67E4213FAE9FD43FAD8" box="[638,748,1329,1353]" name="United States of America" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Columbia</collectingCountry>
and northeastern 
<collectingCountry id="F34C76380A77E67E43D9FAEAFC58FAD8" box="[948,1015,1330,1353]" name="Japan" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Japan</collectingCountry>
, at depths from 
<quantity id="4CA39B4D0A77E67E44C6FAE9FAC2FAD8" box="[1195,1389,1329,1353]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.723" metricValueMax="2.906" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="2723.0" valueMax="2906.0" valueMin="2540.0">2,540 to 2,906 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>