619 lines
76 KiB
XML
619 lines
76 KiB
XML
<document id="FCF33D5CEC978BA9A7614C8CB891B8E2" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.172816" ID-GBIF-Dataset="da252f30-be05-420b-bcf0-12bd0601096c" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="172816" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459762928725" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Loader, Simon P., Channing, Alan, Menegon, Michele & Davenport, Tim R. B." docDate="2006" docId="03CA3B2CFF961336EE6AFEE69D39F8FF" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01237p060.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1237" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Probreviceps durirostris Loader, Channing, Menegon & Davenport, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="55" masterDocId="FFF34354FF92133CEF62FFFA981FFFB1" masterDocTitle="A new species of Probreviceps (Amphibia: Anura) from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania" masterLastPageNumber="60" masterPageNumber="45" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1698215762751" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="961A0AF4A804FDB0687E0B279668999B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A6C8D3246F4049B224589B578AEA3F6F">
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<mods:title id="56D3458011FA1E74460DC17B1EF156A8">A new species of Probreviceps (Amphibia: Anura) from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="F95E4698D184B1876FE15CD29459FE3A" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="564EDB79F9200CA1D8A7C57EB92C6848">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="AD02C2EDBA9A77A0E4E6DEF4272BB3DE">Loader, Simon P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="7A9B56FC5F9EFFCD4BE3C49C5215E3E3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="80085F3EABF54CEA65CE755937AF1EA5">Channing, Alan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="55F6163FED8425686926BDF641866DED" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="529F7719C0BC91421309F4382765228D">
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<mods:roleTerm id="7B466DC3E0520D1ED5579DD64EAA8A3D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="41C5C88E236F09DD008A6A4406407E03">Menegon, Michele</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="9DD7751EEFEF9853D2EC512E1D48C263" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="AA6122473415EAD37AE4F8A7B7B28D58">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="F3653A45836586582EAEEADDDAC0E28C">Davenport, Tim R. B.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D285AA137C329D1556DE0FEF86FE8ABA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="8DB8C769A411B634FF96C941C4B84E22">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="A5AEDE58BEBC995265F0DDBF5DEF4B99">
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<mods:date id="60AEE8DA1036F7B3E671CA675C9E6584">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="40353FA7DF7F2751482A74C5F3C135EB" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="9E8835EFE179D1E0F1617AFC5DE084B6">1237</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="9AFBEB116655780BCEEC387999AD660D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="E7C1E3617D82DE046C6AC044B2AB0AE7" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.172816</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03CA3B2CFF961336EE6AFEE69D39F8FF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5696771" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119345369" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5696771" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CA3B2CFF961336EE6AFEE69D39F8FF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA3B2CFF961336EE6AFEE69D39F8FF" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
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<subSubSection id="C379D9B1FF961338EE6AFEE6998CFEE8" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF961338EE6AFEE69CB7FE84" blockId="4.[264,1192,283,345]" box="[264,1192,283,310]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
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<heading id="D0943D56FF961338EE6AFEE69CB7FE84" bold="true" box="[264,1192,283,310]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EE6AFEE69CB7FE84" bold="true" box="[264,1192,283,310]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EE6AFEE69C5CFE84" ID-CoL="4MMBL" authority="Loader, Channing, Menegon & Davenport" authorityName="Loader, Channing, Menegon & Davenport" box="[264,1091,283,310]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="durirostris" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EE6AFEE69A34FE87" bold="true" box="[264,555,284,310]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Probreviceps durirostris</emphasis>
|
||
Loader, Channing, Menegon & Davenport
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A224EB53FF961338EB28FEE19CB7FE84" box="[1098,1192,283,309]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF961338EE6AFEC5998CFEE8" blockId="4.[264,1192,283,345]" box="[264,403,319,345]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<figureCitation id="135896BFFF961338EE6AFEC5998CFEE8" box="[264,403,319,345]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="6.[264,368,1643,1667]" captionStartId-1="7.[264,368,1398,1422]" captionStartId-2="8.[264,367,875,899]" captionStartId-3="8.[264,368,1412,1436]" captionStartId-4="9.[264,368,1122,1146]" captionTargetBox-0="[264,1323,557,1614]" captionTargetBox-1="[267,1319,609,1368]" captionTargetBox-2="[494,1095,329,844]" captionTargetBox-3="[491,1031,992,1411]" captionTargetBox-4="[419,1171,329,1111]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[264,1323,557,1614]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[267,1319,609,1369]" captionTargetId-2="figure@8.[491,1096,329,848]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[491,1096,937,1421]" captionTargetId-4="figure@9.[419,1172,329,1120]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Probreviceps durirostris holotype BMNH 2005.1564." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Probreviceps durirostris in life." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Sternal elements of Probreviceps durirostris (BMNH 2005.1573) in ventral view. Abbreviations, omo = omosternum, clav = clavicle, ecora = epicoracoid, stern = sternum." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Palate of Probreviceps durirostris (BMNH 2005.1573)." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Sonogram and waveform of the advertisement call of Probreviceps durirostris." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/172817/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/172818/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/172819/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/172820/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/172821/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Figures 1–5</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C379D9B1FF961338EE6AFE7E9CDFFC7B" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF961338EE6AFE7E9CB9FE77" blockId="4.[264,1325,388,970]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D83498FF961338EE6AFE7E996AFE2F" box="[264,373,388,414]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
— A large female, snouturostyle length (SUL) 40.1,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7212FFFF961338EB66FE7E9C43FE2F" box="[1028,1116,388,414]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
2005.1564 (field number MW 3058) deposited at the Natural History Museum, London (NHM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF961338EE5AFE2E9963FDD7" blockId="4.[264,1325,388,970]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Collected
|
||
<date id="FFDDACFAFF961338EECDFE2E9A20FE5F" box="[431,575,468,494]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" value="2002-05-05">5 May 2002</date>
|
||
, by R. Hinde, S. P. Loader and J. Mariaux from Ikwamba Forest Reserve, Morogoro Region, Kilosa District, Ukaguru Mountains,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F374CAAAFF961338EB71FE069C60FDA7" box="[1043,1151,508,534]" name="Tanzania" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE57ECFDFF961338EBEEFE069904FD8F" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" precision="1" value="-6.35875">06º 21’ 31.5” S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE57ECFDFF961338EE4AFDDE99FEFD8F" box="[296,481,548,574]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" precision="1" value="36.982723">36º 58’ 57.8” E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B27DFFF961338EE8CFDDE9A55FD8F" box="[494,586,548,574]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
|
||
. Tissue has been preserved under the field numbers MW 3059 and 3060.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF961338EE5AFD8E9CDFFC7B" blockId="4.[264,1325,388,970]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D83498FF961338EE5AFD8E99B5FD3F" box="[312,426,628,654]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
— Eleven specimens,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7212FFFF961338EDD7FD8E9B19FD3F" box="[693,774,628,654]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">MTSN</collectionCode>
|
||
554551, collected by M. Menegon and Wilirk Ngalason from MamiwaKisara Forest Reserve,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B27DFFF961338EC33FD619BAEFD04" box="[849,945,667,693]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="1850.0">1850 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE57ECFDFF961338ECDDFD619C7AFD04" box="[959,1125,667,693]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" precision="15" value="-6.38">06° 22’ 48’’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE57ECFDFF961338EB17FD619D37FD04" box="[1141,1320,667,693]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" precision="15" value="36.93389">36° 56’ 02’’ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, deposited at Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali, Trento,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F374CAAAFF961338EC8AFD399C01FD6C" box="[1000,1054,707,733]" name="Italy" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7212FFFF961338EB50FD399C9AFD6C" box="[1074,1157,707,733]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">MTSN</collectionCode>
|
||
5547 is now accessioned in the NHM, as
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7212FFFF961338ED3BFD109AAEFCB5" box="[601,689,746,772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
2005.1573 and is cleared and stained. Tissue samples MW 4089–90 were taken from
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7212FFFF961338ED18FCE89AD3FC9D" box="[634,716,786,812]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">MTSN</collectionCode>
|
||
5546–47 respectively); and four specimens
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7212FFFF961338EBB1FCE89D32FC9D" box="[1235,1325,786,812]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">MHNG</collectionCode>
|
||
2670.32,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7212FFFF961338EE14FCC399CFFCE2" box="[374,464,825,851]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">MHNG</collectionCode>
|
||
2670.33,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7212FFFF961338ED26FCC39A81FCE2" box="[580,670,825,851]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">MHNG</collectionCode>
|
||
2670.31 and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7212FFFF961338EC5FFCC39B8DFCE2" box="[829,914,825,851]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tmzp-njz4" name="University of Dar es Salaam" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">UDSM</collectionCode>
|
||
2326 were collected by William T. Stanley from “Camp A”, which is in slightly degraded primary forest, and has the locality:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F374CAAAFF961338EE6AFC72996AFC13" box="[264,373,904,930]" name="Tanzania" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Morogoro Region, Kilosa District, Ukaguru Mts, MamiwaKisara Forest Reserve,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B27DFFF961338EE17FC4A99AFFC7B" box="[373,432,944,970]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
E,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B27DFFF961338EEBAFC4A9A27FC7B" box="[472,568,944,970]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" unit="km" value="0.75">0.75 km</quantity>
|
||
S Mt. Munyera,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B27DFFF961338EC62FC4A9B44FC7B" box="[768,859,944,970]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="1900.0">1900 m</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE57ECFDFF961338EC0AFC4A9C15FC7B" box="[872,1034,944,970]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" precision="15" value="-6.3791666">06° 22’ 45” S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE57ECFDFF961338EB75FC4A9CA3FC7B" box="[1047,1212,944,970]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" precision="15" value="36.93611">36° 56’ 10” E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C379D9B1FF961339EE6AFC0F9B15FC37" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF961338EE6AFC0F9960FBBF" blockId="4.[264,1325,1013,1868]" box="[264,383,1013,1038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EE6AFC0F9960FBBF" box="[264,383,1013,1038]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF961338EE5AFBE69A38FA58" blockId="4.[264,1325,1013,1868]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
The species is a brevicipitid on account of the following combination of characters, mainly associated with the retention of the shoulder girdle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF2F7CBFF961338ECADFBBE9CF1FBEF" author="Parker" box="[975,1262,1092,1118]" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" refString="Parker, H. W. (1934) A monograph of the frogs of the family Microhylidae. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, i - viii, 1 - 208." type="book chapter" year="1934">
|
||
Parker, 1934, see
|
||
<figureCitation id="135896BFFF961338EBC7FBBE9CF1FBEF" box="[1189,1262,1092,1118]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[264,367,875,899]" captionTargetBox="[494,1095,329,844]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[491,1096,329,848]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sternal elements of Probreviceps durirostris (BMNH 2005.1573) in ventral view. Abbreviations, omo = omosternum, clav = clavicle, ecora = epicoracoid, stern = sternum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172819/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): (1) Omosternum cartilaginous (2) Fully developed clavicles and procoracoid cartilages (3) Dilated coracoids (4) Cartilaginous sternum (5) Expanded vomer. The species is assigned to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EEFDFB419A26FB65" box="[415,569,1211,1236]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EEFDFB419A26FB65" box="[415,569,1211,1236]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Probreviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the following characters, which separate it from other brevicipitines: (1) Fusion of the urostyle and the sacral vertebra (unfused in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EBE8FB189CE6FB4A" box="[1162,1273,1250,1275]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EBE8FB189CE6FB4A" box="[1162,1273,1250,1275]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Callulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EE6AFAF399A9FA93" box="[264,438,1289,1314]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Spelaeophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EE6AFAF399A9FA93" box="[264,438,1289,1314]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Spelaeophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). (2) Palate smooth with two serrated denticulate ridges
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EBEBFAF39CD5FA93" box="[1161,1226,1289,1314]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF2F7CBFF961338EBBAFAF39945FAFA" pageId="4" pageNumber="60" refString="Parker, H. W. (1934) A monograph of the frogs of the family Microhylidae. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, i - viii, 1 - 208." type="book chapter">Parker, (1934)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF2F7CBFF961338EE04FACB9AB4FAFA" box="[358,683,1329,1355]" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" refString="Largen, M. J. & Drewes, R. C. (1989) A new genus and species of brevicipitine frog (Amphibia Anura Microhylidae) from high altitude in the mountains of Ethiopia. Tropical Zoology, 2, 13 - 30." type="journal article">Largen and Drewes, (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="135896BFFF961338EDDEFACB9B1CFAFA" box="[700,771,1329,1355]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[264,368,1412,1436]" captionTargetBox="[491,1031,992,1411]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[491,1096,937,1421]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Palate of Probreviceps durirostris (BMNH 2005.1573)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172820/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) (absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338ECF2FACB9C1DFAFB" box="[912,1026,1329,1354]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Breviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338ECF2FACB9C1DFAFB" box="[912,1026,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Breviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, single row in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EBD6FACB9A6FFAC0" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EBD6FACB9D3AFAFB" box="[1204,1317,1329,1354]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Callulina</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EE6AFAA299A6FAC0" box="[264,441,1368,1393]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Spelaeophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Spelaeophryne</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EEA9FAA29A6FFAC0" box="[459,624,1368,1393]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Balebreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Balebreviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). (3) Omosternum moderately large (reduced/vestigal in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EE6AFA7A9965FA28" box="[264,378,1408,1433]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Breviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EE6AFA7A9965FA28" box="[264,378,1408,1433]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Breviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EED7FA7A9A72FA28" box="[437,621,1408,1433]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EED7FA7A9A7AFA28" box="[437,613,1408,1433]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Spelaeophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Spelaeophryne</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(4) Moderately dilated coracoids (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EB28FA7A9CE7FA28" box="[1098,1272,1408,1433]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Spelaeophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EB28FA7A9CE7FA28" box="[1098,1272,1408,1433]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Spelaeophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EE6AFA529968FA70" box="[264,375,1448,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EE6AFA529968FA70" box="[264,375,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Callulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but strongly in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338ED3DFA529B8EFA70" box="[607,913,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338ED3DFA529B18FA70" box="[607,775,1448,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Balebreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Balebreviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EC7DFA529B8EFA70" box="[799,913,1448,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Breviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Breviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) (5) Terminal phalange simple (expanded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EECAFA359A09FA59" box="[424,534,1487,1512]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EECAFA359A09FA59" box="[424,534,1487,1512]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Callulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF961339EE5AFA0C9B15FC37" blockId="4.[264,1325,1013,1868]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1323,284,902]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EE5AFA0C99CDF9BE" box="[312,466,1526,1551]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="durirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EE5AFA0C99CDF9BE" box="[312,466,1526,1551]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">P. durirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a medium sized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EDDAFA0C9B4DF9BE" box="[696,850,1526,1551]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EDDAFA0C9B4DF9BE" box="[696,850,1526,1551]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Probreviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which can be easily distinguished from all other species: (1) Snout morphology:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EC72F9E49BB2F986" box="[784,941,1566,1591]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="durirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EC72F9E49BB2F986" box="[784,941,1566,1591]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">P. durirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a markedly pointed snout, which is hardened white with ridges along the canthus to the apex of the snout (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="135896BFFF961338EBB7F9BF9D06F9EE" box="[1237,1305,1605,1631]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,368,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,557,1614]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,557,1614]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Probreviceps durirostris holotype BMNH 2005.1564." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172817/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EE6AF9979A4AF937" box="[264,597,1645,1670]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EE6AF99799BDF937" box="[264,418,1645,1670]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Probreviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
m. rungwensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has a pointed snout, but is not hardened, white in colour, nor does it have a ridged canthus. All other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EC0FF96E9C18F91C" box="[877,1031,1684,1709]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EC0FF96E9C18F91C" box="[877,1031,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Probreviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have relatively rounded snouts. (2) Tympanum size:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338ED34F9469AEFF964" box="[598,752,1724,1749]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="durirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338ED34F9469AEFF964" box="[598,752,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">P. durirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sexually dimorphic with respect to tympanum size, which varies from 13 to 16% of SUL in males, and 4 to 7% in females. This is similar to
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EE44F8F199F3F895" box="[294,492,1803,1828]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">P. m. rungwensis</emphasis>
|
||
, which varies from 9 to 14% in males, and 4 to 7% in females. Both
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EA77F8F199BBF8FA" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
P. m.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338EE4FF8C899BBF8FA" box="[301,420,1842,1867]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loveridgei">loveridgei</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF961338EE83F8C89ACDF8FA" box="[481,722,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
|
||
P. m.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF961338ED44F8C89ACDF8FA" box="[550,722,1842,1867]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrodactylus">macrodactylus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
males do not possess such large tympani, varying from 4 to 7% in males, and 3 to 5% in females. Four
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339ECE1FEE69C30FE84" box="[899,1071,284,309]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhodesianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339ECE1FEE69C30FE84" box="[899,1071,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. rhodesianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens measured vary in typmanum size 3–5% of SUL.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339EDB0FEBE9B98FEEC" box="[722,903,324,349]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uluguruensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339EDB0FEBE9B98FEEC" box="[722,903,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. uluguruensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not have a visible tympanum. (3) Finger ridging: Parker reported a fleshy ridge along the inner side of the second and third finger in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339EED4FE689A72FE1A" box="[438,621,402,427]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uluguruensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339EED4FE689A72FE1A" box="[438,621,402,427]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. uluguruensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Finger ridging is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339ECAAFE689C7DFE1A" box="[968,1122,402,427]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="durirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339ECAAFE689C7DFE1A" box="[968,1122,402,427]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. durirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though in some specimen only faintly and not as strongly as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339EC6FFE409BDEFE62" box="[781,961,442,467]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uluguruensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339EC6FFE409BDEFE62" box="[781,961,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. uluguruensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Similarly, in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339EB04FE409D35FE62" box="[1126,1322,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. m. rungwensis</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339EE5EFE1B99F6FE4B" box="[316,489,481,506]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhodesianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339EE5EFE1B99F6FE4B" box="[316,489,481,506]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. rhodesianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
finger ridging is present, though very slight in the latter. The ridge is almost entirely absent in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339ED58FDF39B34FD93" box="[570,811,521,546]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
P. m.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339EDE2FDF39B34FD93" box="[640,811,521,546]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrodactylus">macrodactylus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339EC0BFDF39C39FD93" box="[873,1062,521,546]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
P. m.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339ECCDFDF39C39FD93" box="[943,1062,521,546]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loveridgei">loveridgei</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. (4) Position of vent: The vent opens posteroventrally in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339EDACFDCB9B6FFDFB" box="[718,880,561,586]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="durirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339EDACFDCB9B6FFDFB" box="[718,880,561,586]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. durirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339ECB4FDCB999AFDC0" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
P. m.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339EB45FDCB9CCAFDFB" box="[1063,1237,561,586]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrodactylus">macrodactylus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, P. m.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339EE6AFDA2999EFDC0" box="[264,385,600,625]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loveridgei">loveridgei</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339EEDDFDA29A9AFDC0" box="[447,645,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. m. rungwensis</emphasis>
|
||
) (opens ventrally in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339EC1BFDA29C33FDC0" box="[889,1068,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339EC1BFDA29C37FDC0" box="[889,1064,600,625]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhodesianus">P. rhodesianus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339EB07FDA29D06FDC0" box="[1125,1305,600,625]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uluguruensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339EB07FDA29D06FDC0" box="[1125,1305,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. uluguruensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). (5) Advertisement call: the new species can be distinguished from all other species recorded. The call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339ED6BFD5D9ABCFD71" box="[521,675,679,704]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="durirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339ED6BFD5D9ABCFD71" box="[521,675,679,704]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. durirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a very slow series of clicks, slightly faster than one every two seconds (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135896BFFF971339EE9AFD349A25FD59" box="[504,570,718,744]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[264,368,1122,1146]" captionTargetBox="[419,1171,329,1111]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[419,1172,329,1120]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Sonogram and waveform of the advertisement call of Probreviceps durirostris." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172821/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Fig.5</figureCitation>
|
||
). This contrasts with the calls of three taxa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339EB12FD349D15FD56" box="[1136,1290,718,743]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339EB12FD349D15FD56" box="[1136,1290,718,743]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Probreviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F374CAAAFF971339EE6AFD0C996EFCA1" box="[264,369,758,784]" name="Tanzania" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
that are rapidly pulsed chirps (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF2F7CBFF971339EDBAFD0C9BABFCA1" author="Mkonyi" box="[728,948,758,784]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59" refString="Mkonyi, F. J., Ngalason, W., Msuya, C. A., Howell, K. M. & Channing, A. (2004) Advertisement calls: Probreviceps loveridgei, P. uluguruensis, and P. macrodactylus. Herpetological Review, 35 (3), 2004." type="journal article" year="2004">Mkonyi et al 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), varying from a mean of 20/sec (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339EE70FCE799D9FC87" box="[274,454,797,822]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uluguruensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339EE70FCE799D9FC87" box="[274,454,797,822]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. uluguruensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 38/sec (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339ED5EFCE79B38FC87" box="[572,807,797,822]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
P. m.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339ED1EFCE79B38FC87" box="[636,807,797,822]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrodactylus">macrodactylus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) to 90/sec (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339ECD1FCE79C74FC87" box="[947,1131,797,822]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
P. m.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339EC96FCE79C74FC87" box="[1012,1131,797,822]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loveridgei">loveridgei</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). The calls of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339EA77FCE799AAFCEF" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. m. rungwensis</emphasis>
|
||
from Mount Rungwe and the Udzungwa Mountains in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F374CAAAFF971339EB01FCBE9CD0FCEF" box="[1123,1231,836,862]" name="Tanzania" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF971339EA77FCBF9988FC34" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhodesianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339EA77FCBF9988FC34" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">P. rhodesianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F374CAAAFF971339EEBCFC969A40FC37" box="[478,607,876,902]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
, are unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C379D9B1FF971336EE6AFC469C67FCD7" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF971339EE6AFC469A03FC64" blockId="5.[264,1325,956,1901]" box="[264,540,956,981]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF971339EE6AFC469A03FC64" box="[264,540,956,981]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D83498FF971339EED5FC469A03FC64" box="[439,540,956,981]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF97133AEE5AFC199C3AFE4F" blockId="5.[264,1325,956,1901]" lastBlockId="6.[264,1325,284,510]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
|
||
The SUL is
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B27DFFF971339EEB1FC199A27FC4C" box="[467,568,995,1021]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4299999999999997" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="34.3">34.3mm</quantity>
|
||
. The head is flat on top with a protruding snout, 5.0mm, the canthal ridges, tip of snout and the upper lip are white and hardened (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135896BFFF971339EB26FBF19C9CFB94" box="[1092,1155,1035,1061]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,368,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,557,1614]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,557,1614]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Probreviceps durirostris holotype BMNH 2005.1564." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172817/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The canthal ridges, which form an apex at the anterior of the snout are continuous with the ridged skin of the eyelids. The apex of the snout is ridged and slightly raised and pointed in profile. Loreal region is almost vertical, slightly concave. Snout tip to mouth 3.0mm. Maximum head width 14.0mm. Nostrils are round, situated midway between lip and top of snout, with the openings visible laterally. Tongue longer than wider, posterior half and lateral edges not adhered to the lower jaw. Choanae are small and round. Internostril distance 3.3. Snout tip to nostril
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B27DFFF971339EE89FAD99A5FFA8C" box="[491,576,1315,1341]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2mm</quantity>
|
||
, and nostril to eye
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B27DFFF971339EC7CFAD99B6BFA8C" box="[798,884,1315,1341]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5mm</quantity>
|
||
. The eyelid (
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B27DFFF971339EB69FAD99C7EFA8C" box="[1035,1121,1315,1341]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="4.7">4.7mm</quantity>
|
||
) extends back as a strong supratympanic ridge to above the arm as a fold in the dorsal skin. The eyes are visible from below, eye
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B27DFFF971339ED45FA899A62FA3C" box="[551,637,1395,1421]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="3.6">3.6mm</quantity>
|
||
. Interorbital distance measured across the top of the head
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B27DFFF971339EE6AFA619941FA04" box="[264,350,1435,1461]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="4.3">4.3mm</quantity>
|
||
. The anterior corners of the eyes are
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B27DFFF971339EC6BFA619B44FA04" box="[777,859,1435,1461]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="6.2">6.2mm</quantity>
|
||
apart. The tympanum is round,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B27DFFF971339EBADFA619D3AFA04" box="[1231,1317,1435,1461]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8mm</quantity>
|
||
, placed
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B27DFFF971339EE3EFA3999B1FA6C" box="[348,430,1475,1501]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5mm</quantity>
|
||
from eye, and aligned vertically when viewed from the front. The tubercles of the hand are pale, large with faint skin ridges (fig 1). First finger is the shortest, with second and fourth toe slightly larger, the third being the longest. Length of third finger to include basal tubercle
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B27DFFF971339ED71F9C19A66F9E4" box="[531,633,1595,1621]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="7.25">7.25mm</quantity>
|
||
. The legs are relatively short, with a tibia length
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B27DFFF971339EBA6F9C19D36F9E4" box="[1220,1321,1595,1621]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.72" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="17.2">17.2mm</quantity>
|
||
. First toe is the shortest, with second and fifth toes slightly longer, roughly similar in length, third toe is nearly twice as long as second and fifth, with the fourth the longest. The length of the fourth toe (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135896BFFF971339ED22F9499A9CF97C" box="[576,643,1715,1741]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[264,368,1643,1667]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,557,1614]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,557,1614]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Probreviceps durirostris holotype BMNH 2005.1564." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172817/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), including the outer metatarsal tubercle
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B27DFFF971339EBEAF9499CF3F97C" box="[1160,1260,1715,1741]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.86" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="18.6">18.6mm</quantity>
|
||
. The subarticular tubercles of the toes are rounded, pale, with faint skin ridges. Inner metatarsal tubercle well developed, rounded, length
|
||
<quantity id="4C9B27DFFF971339ED98F8F99B50F8AC" box="[762,847,1795,1821]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="2.9">2.9mm</quantity>
|
||
, while outer is large but flattened. Skin rough with small distinct glands that tend to merge on the lower back and upper legs. They are small anteriorly, becoming bigger posteriorly. The only parts not covered with glands are the plantar surfaces of the hands and feet. The vent opens posteroventrally. The following are the body proportions: Maximum head width/SUL 0.35, snout/eye 1.39, eye/ SUL 0.09, eyetympanum distance/horizontal tympanum 0.89, tympanum/SUL 0.07, anterior corners of eyes/head width 0.44, snout tip to mouth/internostril distance 0.91, internostril/nostrileye 1.32, third finger/head width 0.52, tibia/head width 1.23, tibia/SUL 0.43, fourth toe/SUL 0.40, inner metatarsal tubercle/fourth toe 0.16.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1CDAB2FF94133AEE6AF9919BD0F933" box="[264,975,1643,1667]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172817/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" targetBox="[264,1323,557,1614]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF94133AEE6AF9919BD0F933" blockId="6.[264,975,1643,1667]" box="[264,975,1643,1667]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF94133AEE6AF9919995F932" bold="true" box="[264,394,1643,1667]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF94133AEEF3F9919A8BF933" box="[401,660,1643,1666]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="durirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF94133AEEF3F9919A8BF933" box="[401,660,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Probreviceps durirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype BMNH 2005.1564.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF94133AEE6AF94C9944F97E" blockId="6.[264,1321,1718,1904]" box="[264,347,1718,1743]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF94133AEE6AF94C9944F97E" box="[264,347,1718,1743]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Colour</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF94133BEE5AF9249940FE1F" blockId="6.[264,1321,1718,1904]" lastBlockId="7.[264,1323,284,550]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
|
||
In life: The back and sides have dark warts on a tan brown background. Five faint transverse pairs of darkgrey narrow bands are evenly spaced on the posterior dorsum, angled diagonally and posteriorly from the midline. Small whitetipped warts are irregularly present on dorsum and upper limb surfaces. The snout tip is pale bluegrey, with the side of the head dark grey to black from side of the snout to the arm insertion, running below the upper eyelid and the supratympanic fold. Pupil horizontal with a gold iris. The tympanum is dark grey to black. The upper surfaces of the limbs are dark grey (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135896BFFF95133BEE72FE6E994EFE1F" box="[272,337,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1398,1422]" captionTargetBox="[267,1319,609,1368]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[267,1319,609,1369]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Probreviceps durirostris in life." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172818/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Fig 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF95133BEE5AFE469C50FD97" blockId="7.[264,1323,284,550]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">In alcohol: The background dorsal colour is brown, with darker warts. Four pairs of darker transverse lines are just visible, from midway down the back to the legs. Glands are present on the belly. Back of ankle, and underside of forearm are white.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1CDAB2FF95133BEE6AFA8C9AFDFA3C" box="[264,738,1398,1422]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172818/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" targetBox="[267,1319,609,1368]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF95133BEE6AFA8C9AFDFA3C" blockId="7.[264,738,1398,1422]" box="[264,738,1398,1422]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF95133BEE6AFA8C9995FA3F" bold="true" box="[264,394,1398,1422]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF95133BEEF3FA8C9A8BFA3C" box="[401,660,1398,1421]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="durirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF95133BEEF3FA8C9A8BFA3C" box="[401,660,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">Probreviceps durirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF95133BEE6AFA3B99FAFA6B" blockId="7.[264,1322,1473,1899]" box="[264,485,1473,1498]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF95133BEE6AFA3B99FAFA6B" box="[264,485,1473,1498]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D83498FF95133BEE6AFA3B996CFA6B" box="[264,371,1473,1498]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
variation
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF95133BEE5AFA139C7BF8DA" blockId="7.[264,1322,1473,1899]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D83498FF95133BEE13FA1399FEF9B2" box="[369,481,1513,1539]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
are similar to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D83498FF95133BEDAAFA139B31F9B2" box="[712,814,1513,1539]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in proportions and colour. Males vary in SUL from 25.8 to 26.8, with the females larger at 34.3 to 43.1. The males have large tympani, 13 to 16% of SUL, but 4 to 7% in females. Ranges of body proportions for the 11
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D83498FF95133BEE6AF99B9967F9CA" box="[264,376,1633,1659]" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
include: Maximum head width/SUL 0.34–0.49, snout/eye 0.88–1.35, eye/SUL 0.08–0.13, eyetympanum distance/horizontal tympanum 0.20–0.31 (males), 1.11–1.86 (females), tympanum/SUL 0.13–0.16 (males), 0.04–0.07 (females), anterior corners of eyes/head width 0.39–0.47, snout tip to mouth/internostril distance 0.65–0.94, internostril/ nostril–eye 1.05–1.45, third finger/head width 0.36–0.73, tibia/head width 0.88–1.30,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF95133BEE6AF8D399BEF8F2" box="[264,417,1833,1859]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Probreviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
durirostristibia/SUL 0.39–0.46, fourth toe/SUL 0.37–0.46, inner metatarsal tubercle/fourth toe 0.10–0.17. Finger ridges vary from prominent to faint.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1CDAB2FF9A1334EE6AFC919CB8FC15" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172819/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" targetBox="[494,1095,329,844]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF9A1334EE6AFC919CB8FC15" blockId="8.[264,1323,875,932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF9A1334EE6AFC919990FC32" bold="true" box="[264,399,875,899]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Sternal elements of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF9A1334ED1FFC919B99FC33" box="[637,902,875,898]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="durirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF9A1334ED1FFC919B99FC33" box="[637,902,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Probreviceps durirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BMNH 2005.1573) in ventral view. Abbreviations, omo= omosternum, clav= clavicle, ecora= epicoracoid, stern= sternum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF1CDAB2FF9A1334EE6AFA7E9BFEFA2A" box="[264,993,1412,1436]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172820/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" targetBox="[491,1031,992,1411]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF9A1334EE6AFA7E9BFEFA2A" blockId="8.[264,993,1412,1436]" box="[264,993,1412,1436]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF9A1334EE6AFA7E9995FA2D" bold="true" box="[264,394,1412,1436]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Palate of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF9A1334EE94FA7E9AE5FA2A" box="[502,762,1412,1435]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="durirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF9A1334EE94FA7E9AE5FA2A" box="[502,762,1412,1435]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Probreviceps durirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BMNH 2005.1573).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF9A1334EE6AFA2899F9FA5D" blockId="8.[264,1324,1490,1796]" box="[264,486,1490,1516]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Advertisement call</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF9A1334EE5AFA009AE6F8B5" blockId="8.[264,1324,1490,1796]" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Males call actively during the day, with some residual calling at night. Calling takes place from within leaf litter or while the animals are concealed under logs or other forest debris. Choruses form rapidly after an individual starts calling. Males were recorded in the field at the MamiwaKisara Forest Reserve. The call is a slow series of clicks (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135896BFFF9A1334EBBAF9889D03F93D" box="[1240,1308,1650,1676]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[264,368,1122,1146]" captionTargetBox="[419,1171,329,1111]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[419,1172,329,1120]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Sonogram and waveform of the advertisement call of Probreviceps durirostris." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172821/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="53">Fig 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), produced at a rate of approximately 32/minute. Each click consists of a single highenergy pulse with a duration of 6 ms. No real harmonics are present, although significant energy is present at 1.2, 1.6, 2.6, 4.3 and 5.4 kHz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1CDAB2FF9B1335EE6AFB989CC4FBC8" box="[264,1243,1122,1146]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172821/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" targetBox="[419,1171,329,1111]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF9B1335EE6AFB989CC4FBC8" blockId="9.[264,1243,1122,1146]" box="[264,1243,1122,1146]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF9B1335EE6AFB989995FBCB" bold="true" box="[264,394,1122,1146]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Sonogram and waveform of the advertisement call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF9B1335ECADFB989CCCFBC8" box="[975,1235,1122,1145]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="durirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF9B1335ECADFB989CCCFBC8" box="[975,1235,1122,1145]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Probreviceps durirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF9B1335EE6AFB579A12FB77" blockId="9.[264,1325,1197,1903]" box="[264,525,1197,1222]" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF9B1335EE6AFB579A12FB77" box="[264,525,1197,1222]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Phylogenetic analyses</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF9B1336EE5AFB2F99E7FE4F" blockId="9.[264,1325,1197,1903]" lastBlockId="10.[264,1323,284,870]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Alignment of sixteen DNA sequences (concatenated 12S and 16S sequences) resulted in a matrix of 717 unambiguously aligned characters, of which 557 were constant and 160 variable; of these, 81 were informative under parsimony. Fourteen
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF9B1335EB29FADF9CFAFA8F" box="[1099,1253,1317,1342]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF9B1335EB29FADF9CFAFA8F" box="[1099,1253,1317,1342]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Probreviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were included in the analysis, one brevicipitine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF9B1335EC7AFAB79B98FAD7" box="[792,903,1357,1382]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Callulina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF9B1335EC7AFAB79B98FAD7" box="[792,903,1357,1382]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Callulina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the microhylid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF9B1335EBF2FAB79980FA3F" class="Amphibia" family="Microhylidae" genus="Hoplophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="uluguruensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF9B1335EBF2FAB79980FA3F" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Hoplophryne uluguruensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was used as an outgroup, based on its position outside of a brevicipitine clade in previous analyses (Loader et al. 2004). Maximum likelihood (heuristic search using 10 randomaddition sequence replicates and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F374CAAAFF9B1335EC67FA3F9B21FA6E" box="[773,830,1477,1503]" name="Tuvalu" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">TBR</collectingCountry>
|
||
swapping) and Bayesian analyses were carried out under a GTR I + G model as calculated by Modeltest 3.04 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF2F7CBFF9B1335EBFCFA1799A2F99E" author="Posada" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" refString="Posada, D. & Crandall, K. (1998) Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics, 14, 817 - 818." type="journal article" year="1998">Posada and Crandall, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Base frequencies were estimated as 0.3143, 0.2341, 0.2241, and 0.2275 for A, C, G and T respectively, substitution rates = 8.6657 26.7726 19.7332 3.2566 77.3197 with the proportion of invariant sites set at 0.4201 and a gamma distribution shape parameter 0.6367. The phylogeny recovered is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="135896BFFF9B1335ECA3F9779C05F916" box="[961,1050,1677,1703]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. a" captionStartId="11.[264,368,1690,1714]" captionTargetBox="[300,1287,320,1666]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[300,1287,319,1667]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. a) Maximum likelihood tree (LnL = 2137.55110). Values above branches show Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap proportions for parsimony. Bremer support values are shown below branches. b) Summary of the relationships in Probreviceps, with parsimony (MPT) and likelihood (ML) scores shown c) constraint tree with monophyletic ‘ macrodactylus’ subspecies complex. Topology tests shown below trees, top value = templeton test, bottom value = Shimadairo Hasegawa test. FR = Forest Reserve, NR = Nature Reserve." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172822/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">Fig. 6a</figureCitation>
|
||
. An exhaustive search option using parsimony yielded eight best trees (231 steps), identical to the phylogeny recovered in ML and Bayesian analyses, differing only in the resolution of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF9B1335EB8AF92799ABF8AF" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
P. m.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF9B1335EE6AF8FF99ABF8AF" box="[264,436,1797,1822]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrodactylus">macrodactylus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF9B1335ED61F8FF9AD6F8AF" box="[515,713,1797,1822]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="54">
|
||
P. m.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF9B1335ED30F8FF9AD6F8AF" box="[594,713,1797,1822]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loveridgei">loveridgei</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from Uluguru, Usambara and Udzungwa which collapse into a polytomy in the consensus tree. Support for clades was measured with P. durirostrisbootstrap proportions for 1000 pseudoreplicates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF2F7CBFF9B1335ECB3F8AF9CB8F8DE" author="Felsenstein" box="[977,1191,1877,1903]" pageId="9" pageNumber="59" refString="Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution, 39 (4), 783 - 791." type="journal article" year="1985">Felsenstein, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Bayesian posterior probability, and decay indices (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF2F7CBFF981336ED83FEE69B98FE87" author="Bremer" box="[737,903,284,310]" pageId="10" pageNumber="59" refString="Bremer, K. (1988) The limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction. Evolution, 42, 795 - 803." type="journal article" year="1988">Bremer, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In summary, the tree demonstrates that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF981336EE5EFEBE9A45FEEC" box="[316,602,324,349]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="durirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF981336EE5EFEBE9A45FEEC" box="[316,602,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">Probreviceps durirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is monophyletic, and is the sister species to
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF981336EB0EFEBE9991FE34" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF981336EB0EFEBE9D19FEEC" box="[1132,1286,324,349]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Probreviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
m. rungwensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF981336EEC2FE969AECFE34" box="[416,755,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF981336EEC2FE969A25FE34" box="[416,570,364,389]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Probreviceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
m. rungwensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is also shown to have two divergent lineages, which each correspond to distinct areas the Udzungwa and Southern Highlands. For further details of the analysis of species and intrageneric relationships in brevicipitines, see Loader et al. (2004).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF981336EE5AFDF69C67FCD7" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,870]" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">
|
||
One alternative tree arrangement was investigated to evaluate a previous taxonomic hypothesis based on morphology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF2F7CBFF981336EDC2FDCE9B24FDFF" author="Parker" box="[672,827,564,590]" pageId="10" pageNumber="60" refString="Parker, H. W. (1934) A monograph of the frogs of the family Microhylidae. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, i - viii, 1 - 208." type="book chapter" year="1934">Parker, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), i.e. the monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF981336EB38FDCE9D3CFDFC" box="[1114,1315,564,589]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrodactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF981336EB38FDCE9D3CFDFC" box="[1114,1315,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">P. macrodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Using parsimony, a Templeton test (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF2F7CBFF981336EDCDFDA69B66FDC7" author="Templeton" box="[687,889,604,630]" pageId="10" pageNumber="60" refString="Templeton, A. R. (1983) Phylogenetic inference from restriction endonuclease cleavage site maps with particular reference to the evolution of humans and the apes. Evolution, 37, 221 - 244." type="journal article" year="1983">Templeton, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) compared the optimal tree (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135896BFFF981336EBAFFDA69D0CFDC7" box="[1229,1299,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. a" captionStartId="11.[264,368,1690,1714]" captionTargetBox="[300,1287,320,1666]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[300,1287,319,1667]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. a) Maximum likelihood tree (LnL = 2137.55110). Values above branches show Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap proportions for parsimony. Bremer support values are shown below branches. b) Summary of the relationships in Probreviceps, with parsimony (MPT) and likelihood (ML) scores shown c) constraint tree with monophyletic ‘ macrodactylus’ subspecies complex. Topology tests shown below trees, top value = templeton test, bottom value = Shimadairo Hasegawa test. FR = Forest Reserve, NR = Nature Reserve." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172822/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
b) with constrained suboptimal topology (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135896BFFF981336EDBCFD7E9B37FD2F" box="[734,808,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. a" captionStartId="11.[264,368,1690,1714]" captionTargetBox="[300,1287,320,1666]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[300,1287,319,1667]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. a) Maximum likelihood tree (LnL = 2137.55110). Values above branches show Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap proportions for parsimony. Bremer support values are shown below branches. b) Summary of the relationships in Probreviceps, with parsimony (MPT) and likelihood (ML) scores shown c) constraint tree with monophyletic ‘ macrodactylus’ subspecies complex. Topology tests shown below trees, top value = templeton test, bottom value = Shimadairo Hasegawa test. FR = Forest Reserve, NR = Nature Reserve." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172822/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
c). Likelihood tests (ShimadairoHasegawa Test) were similarly applied to compare optimal and suboptimal trees (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135896BFFF981336EB34FD569C80FD77" box="[1110,1183,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. a" captionStartId="11.[264,368,1690,1714]" captionTargetBox="[300,1287,320,1666]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[300,1287,319,1667]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. a) Maximum likelihood tree (LnL = 2137.55110). Values above branches show Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap proportions for parsimony. Bremer support values are shown below branches. b) Summary of the relationships in Probreviceps, with parsimony (MPT) and likelihood (ML) scores shown c) constraint tree with monophyletic ‘ macrodactylus’ subspecies complex. Topology tests shown below trees, top value = templeton test, bottom value = Shimadairo Hasegawa test. FR = Forest Reserve, NR = Nature Reserve." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172822/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
c). The best suboptimal trees including a constrained monophyletic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF981336ECA9FD2E9C83FD5C" box="[971,1180,724,749]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrodactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF981336ECA9FD2E9C83FD5C" box="[971,1180,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">P. macrodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subspecies complex (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="135896BFFF981336EEDDFD069A11FCA7" box="[447,526,764,790]" captionStart="FIGURE 6. a" captionStartId="11.[264,368,1690,1714]" captionTargetBox="[300,1287,320,1666]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[300,1287,319,1667]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. a) Maximum likelihood tree (LnL = 2137.55110). Values above branches show Bayesian posterior probabilities and bootstrap proportions for parsimony. Bremer support values are shown below branches. b) Summary of the relationships in Probreviceps, with parsimony (MPT) and likelihood (ML) scores shown c) constraint tree with monophyletic ‘ macrodactylus’ subspecies complex. Topology tests shown below trees, top value = templeton test, bottom value = Shimadairo Hasegawa test. FR = Forest Reserve, NR = Nature Reserve." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172822/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
c), are a significantly worse fit to the data than the optimal arrangements. This result indicates, as shown by Loader
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF981336EB6FFCDE9C4AFC8C" box="[1037,1109,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004), that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF981336EA77FCDE99ABFCD4" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrodactylus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF981336EA77FCDE99ABFCD4" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">P. macrodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
requires reevaluation, the subject of a paper in preparation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF981336EE6AFC669AF6FBB7" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<table id="F963789AFF98ECC3EE6AFC669D34FBB7" box="[264,1323,924,1030]" gridcols="8" gridrows="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<tr id="35538878FF98ECC3EE6AFC669D34FC04" box="[264,1323,924,949]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<th id="7682E104FF98ECC3EE6AFC669AF6FC04" box="[264,745,924,949]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF981336EE6AFC66996DFC04" box="[264,370,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">Breeding</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35538878FF98ECC3EE6AFC3E9D34FC6F" box="[264,1323,964,990]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<th id="7682E104FF98ECC3EE6AFC3E9AF6FC6F" box="[264,745,964,990]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">No details of breeding are known,</th>
|
||
<td id="7682E104FF98ECC3ED9AFC3E9B02FC6F" box="[760,797,964,990]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">but</td>
|
||
<td id="7682E104FF98ECC3EC4EFC3E9BD4FC6F" box="[812,971,964,990]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">brevicipitines</td>
|
||
<td id="7682E104FF98ECC3ECB8FC3E9BE1FC6F" box="[986,1022,964,990]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">are</td>
|
||
<td id="7682E104FF98ECC3EB6EFC3E9C94FC6F" box="[1036,1163,964,990]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">considered</td>
|
||
<td id="7682E104FF98ECC3EBFBFC3E9CAFFC6F" box="[1177,1200,964,990]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">to</td>
|
||
<td id="7682E104FF98ECC3EBDCFC3E9CC5FC6F" box="[1214,1242,964,990]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">be</td>
|
||
<td id="7682E104FF98ECC3EB8AFC3E9D34FC6F" box="[1256,1323,964,990]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">direct</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35538878FF98ECC3EE6AFC169D34FBB7" box="[264,1323,1004,1030]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<th id="7682E104FF98ECC3EE6AFC169AF6FBB7" box="[264,745,1004,1030]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">developers (McDarmid and Altig, 1999).</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C379D9B1FF981336EE6AFBC69CEFFB17" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF981336EE6AFBC69988FBE4" blockId="10.[264,1323,1084,1190]" box="[264,407,1084,1109]" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF981336EE6AFBC69988FBE4" box="[264,407,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF981336EE5AFB9E9CEFFB17" blockId="10.[264,1323,1084,1190]" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">
|
||
This new species is presently only known from two forest reserves in the Ukaguru Mountains; MamiwaKisara Forest Reserve and the Ikwamba Forest Reserve (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135896BFFF981336EBC3FB769CFEFB17" box="[1185,1249,1164,1190]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[264,367,1092,1116]" captionTargetBox="[287,1312,329,1080]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[287,1312,329,1080]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Satellite image of the Ukaguru Mountains with forest reserves demarcated, images downloaded from: http: // worldwind. arc. nasa. gov /" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172823/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">Fig 7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C379D9B1FF981336EE6AFB26997BFADF" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF981336EE6AFB26999AFB44" blockId="10.[264,1320,1244,1390]" box="[264,389,1244,1269]" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF981336EE6AFB26999AFB44" box="[264,389,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF981336EE5AFAFE997BFADF" blockId="10.[264,1320,1244,1390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">
|
||
The name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF981336EED7FAFE9A2EFAAC" box="[437,561,1284,1309]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="durirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF981336EED7FAFE9A2EFAAC" box="[437,561,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">durirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is derived from the latin “dura” meaning hardened and “rostris” meaning nose. The name is used in reference to the distinctive hardened nose of the new species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C379D9B1FF981336EE6AFA5E9D39F8FF" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF981336EE6AFA5E9971FA0C" blockId="10.[264,1323,1444,1790]" box="[264,366,1444,1469]" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF981336EE6AFA5E9971FA0C" box="[264,366,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF981336EE5AFA369D1CF94F" blockId="10.[264,1323,1444,1790]" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">
|
||
The new species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF981336ED6CFA369AB2FA54" box="[526,685,1484,1509]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="durirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF981336ED6CFA369AB2FA54" box="[526,685,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">P. durirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF981336EC5BFA369C17FA54" box="[825,1032,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">P. m. rungwensis</emphasis>
|
||
in general body shape, including the enlarged snout. Their morphological similarity is mirrored in their close phylogenetic relationship as recovered in the optimal trees. It is unclear whether the pointed snout has any specific function, for example, the snout might be used to facilitate excavation of burrows.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF981336ED41F9969AA2F934" box="[547,701,1644,1669]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF981336ED41F9969AA2F934" box="[547,701,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">Probreviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are believed to primarily burrow using their shovel like hind limbs, being backward burrowers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF2F7CBFF981336EC2BF96E9C09F91F" author="Van" box="[841,1046,1684,1710]" pageId="10" pageNumber="60" refString="Van Dijk, D. E. (2001) Osteology of the ranoid burrowing African anurans Breviceps and Hemisus. African Zoology, 36, 137 - 141." type="journal article" year="2001">Van Dijk, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Investigation of the behavioural ecology of each
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF981336ED01F9469AE2F964" box="[611,765,1724,1749]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF981336ED01F9469AE2F964" box="[611,765,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">Probreviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (with and without pointed noses), and their associated habitats will need to be carried out to infer any functional associations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDC8A3AFF981336EE5AF8CE9D39F8FF" blockId="10.[312,1318,1844,1870]" box="[312,1318,1844,1870]" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">
|
||
The distribution of Tanzanian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C63F1B9FF981336EDF8F8CE9B2BF8FC" box="[666,820,1844,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Brevicipitidae" genus="Probreviceps" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="55" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9175628FF981336EDF8F8CE9B2BF8FC" box="[666,820,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">Probreviceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species and subspecies is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="135896BFFF981336EBB8F8CE9D3EF8FF" box="[1242,1313,1844,1870]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[264,368,1302,1326]" captionTargetBox="[393,1202,323,1287]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[393,1203,317,1288]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Distribution of Probreviceps in Tanzania. Areas in light shading are Eastern Arc Mountains, areas in darker shading are of volcanic origin. Symbols refer to species and subspecies: hexagon — P. m. macrodactylus, circle — P. m. loveridgei, star — P. m. r u n g w e n s i s, square — P. uluguruensis, solid circle — P. durirostris." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/172824/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="55">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |