treatments-xml/data/03/8B/87/038B87B384647A5CFF48F25BE146F99C.xml

<document id="D7889D1C22E96902B028A8EB4DFF881D" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.195488" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ccd2fd0d-1cf3-460e-9260-7dfdacbbd210" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="195488" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460227717883" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Stöhr, Sabine, Çinar, Melih Ertan &amp; Dagli, Ertan" docDate="2010" docId="038B87B384647A5CFF48F25BE146F99C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02483p057.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2483" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Amphiodia (Amphispina) obtecta Mortensen 1940" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="51" masterDocId="FFB2FFCB84667A5AFFDFF061E071FFF2" masterDocTitle="Brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the southern coast of Turkey (eastern Mediterranean): new records and revision of Amphiodia obtecta Mortensen, 1940" masterLastPageNumber="57" masterPageNumber="45" pageNumber="47" updateTime="1698238710957" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="42E4D8157C490F6CD9C5421BD2E53766">Brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the southern coast of Turkey (eastern Mediterranean): new records and revision of Amphiodia obtecta Mortensen, 1940</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B60FB8BAF42D00959865FDD0C6F5D362">Çinar, Melih Ertan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="7B19A3FEA1FBF377A4DA809F7C67CFBB">2010</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684647A58FF48F25BE28FFDA6" authority="Mortensen, 1940" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,766,570,596]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta" subGenus="Amphispina">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784647A58FF48F25BE28FFDA6" bold="true" box="[151,766,570,596]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784647A58FF48F25BE16CFDA6" bold="true" box="[151,285,570,596]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Amphiodia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B956EAB784647A58FEF2F25BE1B1FDA6" bold="true" box="[301,448,570,596]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Amphispina</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784647A58FE0EF25BE256FDA6" bold="true" box="[465,551,570,596]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">obtecta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484647A58FDF1F25BE28FFDA6" author="Mortensen" box="[558,766,570,596]" pageId="2" pageNumber="56" refString="Mortensen, T. (1940) Echinoderms from the Iranian Gulf. Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, and Echinoidea. Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran, Part 2, 55 - 112." type="book chapter" year="1940">Mortensen, 1940</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="13192A2084647A58FF48F23CE08BFD85" box="[151,250,605,631]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A – G" captionStartId="3.[151,256,1808,1832]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,197,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,197,1784]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. A – G, Amphiodia obtecta, SEM images. A, dorsal aspect; B, spiny marginal scales; C, distal radial spiny digits; D, ventral aspect; E, dorsal arm; F, ventral arm; G, tentacle scale. H, I, Ophiophragmus duplicatus Koehler, 1930, syntype, digital images. H, dorsal aspect, note the large marginal scales; I, ventral aspect. AS, adoral shield; DAP, dorsal arm plate; MS, marginal spines; OS, oral shield; RD, radial digit; RS, radial shield; TS, tentacle scale; VAP, ventral arm plate. Scale bars in millimetre." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195490/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Figure 2</figureCitation>
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<paragraph id="8B9D36A584647A58FF48F2C9E213FD4D" blockId="2.[151,771,680,735]" box="[151,610,680,703]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB32118B84647A58FF48F2C9E213FD4D" box="[151,610,680,703]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684647A58FF48F2C9E24FFD4D" authority="Mortensen, 1940:88" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityPageNumber="88" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,574,680,703]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784647A58FF48F2C9E111FD4D" box="[151,352,680,703]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Amphiodia obtecta</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A8310B484647A58FEB7F2C9E24FFD4D" author="Mortensen" box="[360,574,680,703]" page="88" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="1940">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484647A58FEB7F2C9E26EFD4D" author="Mortensen" box="[360,543,680,703]" pageId="2" pageNumber="56" refString="Mortensen, T. (1940) Echinoderms from the Iranian Gulf. Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, and Echinoidea. Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran, Part 2, 55 - 112." type="book chapter" year="1940">Mortensen, 1940</bibRefCitation>
:88
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-90
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB32118B84647A58FF48F2A9E372FD2D" box="[151,771,712,735]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684647A58FF48F2A9E2E8FD2D" authority="Liao, 2004: 159" authorityName="Liao" authorityPageNumber="159" authorityYear="2004" box="[151,665,712,735]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki" subGenus="Amphispina">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784647A58FF48F2A9E17DFD2D" box="[151,268,712,735]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Amphiodia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B956EAB784647A58FEC4F2A9E1EBFD2D" box="[283,410,712,735]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Amphispina</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784647A58FE75F2A9E199FD2D" box="[426,488,712,735]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">clarki</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A8310B484647A58FE30F2A9E2E8FD2D" author="Liao" box="[495,665,712,735]" page="159" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" year="2004">
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: 159
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–160, 425
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<emphasis id="B956EAB784647A58FF48F36CE1FFFCD5" bold="true" box="[151,398,781,807]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Material examined.</emphasis>
ESFM-ECH/2005-5, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FD4CF36CE37DFCD5" box="[659,780,781,807]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2005-10-09">10.9.2005</date>
, Iskenderun Bay, G5, 25 m, muddy sand, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FADDF36CE5E9FCD5" box="[1282,1432,781,807]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
; ESFM-ECH/2005-6, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FE4DF353E27BFCBE" box="[402,522,818,844]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2005-09-19">19.9.2005</date>
, Iskenderun Bay, D14, 25 m, muddy sand, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FBD7F353E4ECFCBE" box="[1032,1181,818,844]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
; ESFM-ECH/2009-1, Mersin Bay, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FEEFF339E1EBFC80" box="[304,410,856,882]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009-02-03">3.2.2009</date>
, Sta. 10, 72 m, muddy sand, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FD2AF339E3FAFC80" box="[757,907,856,882]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
; ESFM-ECH/2009-2, Mersin Bay, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FAF2F339E5E9FC80" box="[1325,1432,856,882]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009-02-03">3.2.2009</date>
, Sta. 17, 13 m, muddy sand, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FE34F31CE2F2FC65" box="[491,643,893,919]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
, ESFM-ECH/2009-3, Mersin Bay, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FBF2F31CE4E8FC65" box="[1069,1177,893,919]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009-02-04">4.2.2009</date>
, Sta. 34, 9 m, muddy sand, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FF02F3C3E1F2FC4E" box="[221,387,930,956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">80 specimens</specimenCount>
; ESFM-ECH/2009-4, Mersin Bay, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FCF6F3C3E3D2FC4E" box="[809,931,930,956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009-04-28">28.4.2009</date>
, Sta. 2, 20 m, muddy sand, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FB2DF3C3E5E9FC4E" box="[1266,1432,930,956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">12 specimens</specimenCount>
; ESFM-ECH/2009-5, Mersin Bay, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FDF1F3A9E2D9FC10" box="[558,680,968,994]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009-04-28">28.4.2009</date>
, Sta. 14, 47 m, muddy sand, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FBDBF3A9E4EBFC10" box="[1028,1178,968,994]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">7 specimens</specimenCount>
; ESFM-ECH/2009-6, Mersin Bay, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FEE3F38CE1CEFBF5" box="[316,447,1005,1031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009-04-30">30.4.2009</date>
, Sta. 17, 13 m, muddy sand, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FCEAF38CE394FBF5" box="[821,997,1005,1031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">11 specimens</specimenCount>
; ESFM-ECH/2009-7, Mersin Bay, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FF48F473E161FBDE" box="[151,272,1042,1068]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009-04-30">30.4.2009</date>
, Sta. 27, 38 m, muddy sand, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FDB3F473E370FBDE" box="[620,769,1042,1068]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
; ESFM-ECH/2009-8, Mersin Bay, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FB7AF473E56FFBDE" box="[1189,1310,1042,1068]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009-04-29">29.4.2009</date>
, Sta. 34, 9 m, muddy sand, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FEBAF459E260FBA0" box="[357,529,1080,1106]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">70 specimens</specimenCount>
; ESFM-ECH/2009-9, Mersin Bay, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FC1BF459E443FBA0" box="[964,1074,1080,1106]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009-08-03">3.8.2009</date>
, Sta. 2, 20 m, muddy sand, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FA52F459E168FB85" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
; ESFM-ECH/ 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FE14F43CE25DFB85" box="[459,556,1117,1143]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009" valueMax="2010">2009-10</date>
, Mersin Bay, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FD09F43CE332FB85" box="[726,835,1117,1143]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009-08-03">3.8.2009</date>
, Sta. 10, 72 m, muddy sand, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FB76F43CE546FB85" box="[1193,1335,1117,1143]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED33AE6084647A58FA9CF43CE5EDFB85" box="[1347,1436,1117,1143]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">ESFM-</collectionCode>
<collectionCode id="ED33AE6084647A58FF48F4E3E0A4FB6E" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12987" box="[151,213,1154,1180]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12987" name="Elmira College" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">ECH</collectionCode>
/ 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FF00F4E3E14CFB6E" box="[223,317,1154,1180]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009" valueMax="2011">2009-11</date>
, Mersin Bay, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FE3FF4E3E23BFB6E" box="[480,586,1154,1180]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009-08-04">4.8.2009</date>
, Sta. 17, 13 m, muddy sand, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FC40F4E3E442FB6E" box="[927,1075,1154,1180]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">5 specimens</specimenCount>
; ESFM-ECH/ 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FB00F4E3E54CFB6E" box="[1247,1341,1154,1180]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009" valueMax="2012">2009-12</date>
, Mersin Bay, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FF0CF4C9E14DFB30" box="[211,316,1192,1218]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009-08-05">5.8.2009</date>
, Sta. 27, 38 m, muddy sand, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FD50F4C9E352FB30" box="[655,803,1192,1218]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
; ESFM-ECH/ 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FC10F4C9E45DFB30" box="[975,1068,1192,1218]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009" valueMax="2013">2009-13</date>
, Mersin Bay, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FB11F4C9E546FB30" box="[1230,1335,1192,1218]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009-08-05">5.8.2009</date>
, Sta. 34, 9 m, muddy sand, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FEB2F4ACE26FFB15" box="[365,542,1229,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">100 specimens</specimenCount>
; ESFM-ECH/ 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FD16F4ACE356FB15" box="[713,807,1229,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009" valueMax="2014">2009-14</date>
, Mersin Bay, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FC18F4ACE43FFB15" box="[967,1102,1229,1255]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009-10-19">19.10.2009</date>
, Sta. 2, 20 m, muddy sand, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FA52F4ACE164FAFE" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">7 specimens</specimenCount>
; ESFM-ECH/ 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FE1DF493E251FAFE" box="[450,544,1266,1292]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009" valueMax="2015">2009-15</date>
, Mersin Bay, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FD1BF493E33DFAFE" box="[708,844,1266,1292]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009-10-19">19.10.2009</date>
, Sta. 14, 47 m, muddy sand, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FB7BF493E548FAFE" box="[1188,1337,1266,1292]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">5 specimens</specimenCount>
; 
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<collectionCode id="ED33AE6084647A58FF48F579E0A6FAC0" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12987" box="[151,215,1304,1330]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:12987" name="Elmira College" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">ECH</collectionCode>
/ 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FF3FF579E132FAC0" box="[224,323,1304,1330]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009" valueMax="2016">2009-16</date>
, Mersin Bay, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FE32F579E208FAC0" box="[493,633,1304,1330]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009-10-19">19.10.2009</date>
, Sta. 17, 13 m, muddy sand, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FC02F579E4F7FAC0" box="[989,1158,1304,1330]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">17 specimens</specimenCount>
; ESFM-ECH/ 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FAE7F579E5E9FAC0" box="[1336,1432,1304,1330]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009" valueMax="2017">2009-17</date>
, Mersin Bay, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FEF2F55CE1C5FAA5" box="[301,436,1341,1367]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="2009-10-19">19.10.2009</date>
, Sta. 34, 9 m, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FD84F55CE28CFAA5" box="[603,765,1341,1367]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">71 specimens</specimenCount>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584647A58FF19F503E44BF9C5" blockId="2.[151,1437,781,2002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784647A58FF19F503E196FA8E" bold="true" box="[198,487,1378,1404]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Comparative material.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684647A58FE2DF502E2A2FA8E" box="[498,723,1379,1404]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784647A58FE2DF502E2A2FA8E" box="[498,723,1379,1404]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Amphiodia obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="5499880784647A58FD00F503E338FA8E" box="[735,841,1378,1404]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED33AE6084647A58FC87F503E3E9FA8E" box="[856,920,1378,1404]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9snw-2bd2" name="Deptment of Biology, Zunyi Medical College" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">ZMC</collectionCode>
Oph 34, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FBCFF503E408FA8E" box="[1040,1145,1378,1404]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="1937-03-04">4.3.1937</date>
, Persian Gulf sta. 6, 12 miles NE of the NE-point of the isle of Kharg, 
<quantity id="4CDA9B4084647A58FD63F5E9E28BFA50" box="[700,762,1416,1442]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
, brown clay, Petersen grab, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FB9DF5E9E4A4FA50" box="[1090,1237,1416,1442]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED33AE6084647A58FB37F5E9E559FA50" box="[1256,1320,1416,1442]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9snw-2bd2" name="Deptment of Biology, Zunyi Medical College" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">ZMC</collectionCode>
Oph 227, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FF48F5CCE177FA35" box="[151,262,1453,1479]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="1937-03-04">4.3.1937</date>
, Persian Gulf, sta. 7, 6 miles NE by E of the NE-point of the isle of Kharg, 
<quantity id="4CDA9B4084647A58FB63F5CCE48EFA35" box="[1212,1279,1453,1479]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
, brown clay, Petersen grab, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FE96F5B3E19FFA1E" box="[329,494,1490,1516]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">15 specimens</specimenCount>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED33AE6084647A58FE24F5B3E24AFA1E" box="[507,571,1490,1516]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9snw-2bd2" name="Deptment of Biology, Zunyi Medical College" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">ZMC</collectionCode>
Oph 35, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FD73F5B3E354FA1E" box="[684,805,1490,1516]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="1937-11-03">11.3.1937</date>
, Persian Gulf, sta. 20, outer road off Bushire, 
<quantity id="4CDA9B4084647A58FA8FF5B3E5E6FA1E" box="[1360,1431,1490,1516]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="8.5">8.5 m</quantity>
, gray clay, Petersen grab, 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84647A58FE62F599E220F9E0" box="[445,593,1528,1554]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="generic">1 specimens</specimenCount>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED33AE6084647A58FD82F599E2ECF9E0" box="[605,669,1528,1554]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9snw-2bd2" name="Deptment of Biology, Zunyi Medical College" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">ZMC</collectionCode>
Oph 36 + 37, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FC98F599E3CEF9E0" box="[839,959,1528,1554]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="1937-03-18">18.3.1937</date>
, Persian Gulf sta. 29, about 
<quantity id="4CDA9B4084647A58FAD5F599E52EF9E0" box="[1290,1375,1528,1554]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.828032" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="mi" value="3.0">3 miles</quantity>
S by E of the outer light buoy, Bushire, 
<quantity id="4CDA9B4084647A58FDF3F67CE21AF9C5" box="[556,619,1565,1591]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
, gray clay, Petersen grab, 1 + 12 spms,.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C338652E84647A58FF19F622E545F955" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584647A58FF19F622E545F955" blockId="2.[151,1437,781,2002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684647A58FF19F622E20EF9AE" authority="Burfield, 1924" authorityName="Burfield" authorityYear="1924" box="[198,639,1602,1628]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="microplax">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784647A58FF19F622E1B7F9AE" box="[198,454,1603,1628]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Amphiodia microplax</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484647A58FE0FF623E20EF9AE" author="Burfield" box="[464,639,1602,1628]" pageId="2" pageNumber="55" refString="Burfield, S. (1924) A new species and a new variety of ophiuroid, with notes on a collection of Ophiuroidea from the Sudanese Red Sea. Annals and Magagazine of Natural History, 9, 144 - 154." type="journal article" year="1924">Burfield, 1924</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, NHM 1938.12.1.1, 1 
<typeStatus id="5499880784647A58FC4EF623E39EF9AE" box="[913,1007,1602,1628]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
, Sudanese Red Sea, Khor Dongola; NHM 1938.12.1.2, 1 
<typeStatus id="5499880784647A58FE40F609E270F970" box="[415,513,1640,1666]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
, Sudanese Red Sea, SE Shubuk. 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684647A58FC47F609E5ECF970" authority="Koehler, 1930" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1930" box="[920,1437,1640,1666]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Ophiophragmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="duplicatus">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784647A58FC47F609E497F973" box="[920,1254,1640,1665]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Ophiophragmus duplicatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484647A58FB31F609E5ECF970" author="Koehler" box="[1262,1437,1640,1666]" pageId="2" pageNumber="56" refString="Koehler, R. (1930) Ophiures recueillies par le Docteur Th. Mortensen dans les Mers d'Australie et dans l'Archipel Malais. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening, 89, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1930">Koehler, 1930</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(currently placed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684647A58FE5BF6ECE274F954" box="[388,517,1677,1702]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784647A58FE5BF6ECE274F954" box="[388,517,1677,1702]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Amphiodia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), ZMUC OPH-140, 
<date id="FF9C106584647A58FD27F6ECE301F955" box="[760,880,1677,1703]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" value="1922-02-27">27.2.1922</date>
, 
<typeStatus id="5499880784647A58FCA4F6ECE394F955" box="[891,997,1677,1703]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
, Amboina bay, sandy beach.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C338652E84647A5EFF19F6D3E5E0FBFB" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584647A58FF19F6D3E2E4F820" blockId="2.[151,1437,781,2002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784647A58FF19F6D3E12FF93E" bold="true" box="[198,350,1714,1740]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47">Description.</emphasis>
Several specimens lack the dorsal disk. The largest specimen with intact disk has a dd of 
<quantity id="4CDA9B4084647A58FA52F6D3E0B8F900" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
; the arms are about 15 times the dd long (at least 
<quantity id="4CDA9B4084647A58FCFBF6B9E30CF900" box="[804,893,1752,1778]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
). The dorsal disk is covered with small, thin, round to oval scales among which the primary plates are not distinguishable. In fully scaled individuals the scales at the dorsal margin are extended into fork-like thorns at their proximal edge. These scales are slightly erect, with the thorns pointing towards the disk centre, slightly elevated above the disk surface. The extent of these thorny scales varies between individuals, from an almost full circle around the disk to just a few scales. Some individuals lack scales in the interradii or even the centre of the disk and these usually also lack the marginal spines except at the radial shields.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5D662D84657A59FF48F771E1ACF855" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195490/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" targetBox="[151,1436,197,1784]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584657A59FF48F771E1ACF855" blockId="3.[151,1436,1808,1959]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784657A59FF48F771E16DF8DA" bold="true" box="[151,284,1808,1832]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
A–G, 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684657A59FEBBF771E242F8D5" box="[356,563,1808,1831]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784657A59FEBBF771E242F8D5" box="[356,563,1808,1831]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Amphiodia obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, SEM images. A, dorsal aspect; B, spiny marginal scales; C, distal radial spiny digits; D, ventral aspect; E, dorsal arm; F, ventral arm; G, tentacle scale. H, I, 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684657A59FC0BF751E5E9F8B5" authority="Koehler, 1930" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1930" box="[980,1432,1840,1863]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Ophiophragmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="duplicatus">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784657A59FC0BF751E486F8B5" box="[980,1271,1840,1863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="48">Ophiophragmus duplicatus</emphasis>
Koehler, 1930
</taxonomicName>
, syntype, digital images. H, dorsal aspect, note the large marginal scales; I, ventral aspect. AS, adoral shield; DAP, dorsal arm plate; MS, marginal spines; OS, oral shield; RD, radial digit; RS, radial shield; TS, tentacle scale; VAP, ventral arm plate. Scale bars in millimetre.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584627A5EFF19F0F9E5E1FE44" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Of the radial shields only narrow, bar-like strips are visible, contiguous, about half the disk radius long. Most of the radial shield surface is covered with scales, obscuring their triangular shape. Distal and proximal ends of the radial shields are narrow, their greatest width is just distal to their mid-length, where they are so wide that only a narrow strip of interradius is left between neighbouring radii. Distal to each radial shield a small scale is present, with at least three long diverging thorns, similar to the marginal disk scales, but here the thorns arise from the centre of the scales, not on the edge. In individuals with naked interradii, lacking the marginal spines, also the radial spines may be reduced to flat scales without any trace of a spine. The naked ventral disk bulges outwards and forms the actual edge of the disk, displacing the scaled dorsal part inwards.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584627A5EFF19F1A0E445FDD4" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">The dorsal arm plates are contiguous, wider than long, rounded, with convex distal and lateral edges and narrower proximal edge. There are three conical pointed arm spines, slightly longer than an arm joint, the middle spine slightly stronger than the others, all with minutely serrated edges.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584627A5EFF19F250E5E0FBFB" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">The ventral disk is completely naked and the gonads are visible through the skin. The oral papillae consist of the block-like, paired, infradental papillae at the apex of each jaw and two lateral papillae to each jaw edge. The proximal lateral papilla is flat, longer than wide and pointed. The distal lateral papilla is wider than long, with wider outer edge and narrower base, but in some specimens similar to middle papilla. The adoral shields are wing-like, with round lateral lobe, reaching around the oral shield and separating it from the arm. The oral shield is longer than wide, with obtuse rounded proximal angle and convex lateral edges, abruptly narrowing at about two thirds of its length, forming a distal lobe with straight edges. The madreporite is distinctly larger than the other oral shields and lacks a hydropore. The ventral arm plates are pentagonal, about as long as wide, with straight edges, more or less contiguous or slightly separated on different arms in the same individual. A single narrow, bar-like tentacle scale is present at each tentacle pore, along almost the entire distal edge of the ventral plate. Live animals appear to have a dark red disk, which is caused by the stomach being visible through the thin disk scalation. The arms are light brown to beige with a dark brown longitudinal band, which may be less distinct on some arms and in different individuals. In alcohol the colours fade to a creamy beige.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C338652E84627A5EFF19F475E460F955" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584627A5EFF19F475E288FA1F" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFF19F475E252FBDC" bold="true" box="[198,547,1044,1070]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
Comparative 
<typeStatus id="5499880784627A5EFEACF475E1D8FBDC" box="[371,425,1044,1070]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484627A5EFDF4F475E28EFBDC" author="Mortensen" box="[555,767,1044,1070]" pageId="4" pageNumber="56" refString="Mortensen, T. (1940) Echinoderms from the Iranian Gulf. Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, and Echinoidea. Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran, Part 2, 55 - 112." type="book chapter" year="1940">Mortensen (1940)</bibRefCitation>
listed 20 samples of 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684627A5EFC21F474E407FBDC" box="[1022,1142,1044,1070]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFC21F474E461FBDC" box="[1022,1040,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFBFFF474E407FBDC" box="[1056,1142,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 19 localities in the Persian Gulf, with a total of 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84627A5EFDDDF45BE2C0FBA6" box="[514,689,1082,1108]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="generic">74 specimens</specimenCount>
. Most of these have lost the dorsal disk (Schiøtte, personal communication), a property common in amphiurids with naked ventral disk (Stöhr, personal observation). We requested a loan of specimens with attached dorsal disk and received five samples, with 
<specimenCount id="9D24FD2C84627A5EFB10F4E5E507FB6C" box="[1231,1398,1156,1182]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="generic">31 specimens</specimenCount>
, of which six had intact dorsal disks. They ranged in size between 1.5 and 
<quantity id="4CDA9B4084627A5EFC35F4C8E45EFB31" box="[1002,1071,1193,1219]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
dd. In the dried sample (
<collectionCode id="ED33AE6084627A5EFA85F4C8E5EDFB31" box="[1370,1436,1193,1219]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9snw-2bd2" name="Deptment of Biology, Zunyi Medical College" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">ZMC</collectionCode>
Oph 227), three specimens had intact disks and large distal radial spines with multiple points. The two smallest specimens (
<quantity id="4CDA9B4084627A5EFE54F495E196FAFC" box="[395,487,1268,1294]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7 mm</quantity>
dd) were fully scaled dorsally and had thorny marginal scales in addition to the radial processes. Their ventral interradii were naked only on the proximal part. The other two and three more specimens with intact disks from ethanol samples lacked marginal thorns. The size of the distal radial processes varied between specimens and was largest in the dried individuals. The dorsal and ventral arm plates also showed some variation between individuals in the width:length relationships and from contiguous to separate. In these and other characters the 
<typeStatus id="5499880784627A5EFD7AF5CFE37AFA3A" box="[677,779,1454,1480]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
were indistinguishable from the Turkish specimens and we conclude that our material belongs to 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684627A5EFDA4F5B2E283FA1E" box="[635,754,1491,1517]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFDA4F5B2E2FCFA1E" box="[635,653,1491,1516]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFD43F5B2E283FA1E" box="[668,754,1491,1516]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584627A5EFF19F599E460F955" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2038]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
The 
<typeStatus id="5499880784627A5EFF24F599E113F9E0" box="[251,354,1528,1554]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684627A5EFE58F599E26CF9E3" box="[391,541,1528,1554]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="microplax">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFE58F599E1E8F9E3" box="[391,409,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFE78F599E26CF9E3" box="[423,541,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">microplax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are in worse condition than those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684627A5EFC13F599E433F9E3" box="[972,1090,1528,1553]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFC13F599E433F9E3" box="[972,1090,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">A. obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, most arm spines are lost, the second sample (1938.12.1.2) appears to have been dry at some point in its history and then rehydrated with poor result. That specimen appears to lack the radial processes and any other disk spines. Its ventral disk is covered with fine scales. The other 
<typeStatus id="5499880784627A5EFDE3F609E2E6F970" box="[572,663,1640,1666]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684627A5EFD60F609E327F973" box="[703,854,1640,1666]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="microplax">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFD60F609E2A0F973" box="[703,721,1640,1665]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFD3FF609E327F973" box="[736,854,1640,1665]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">microplax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possesses the radial processes and has a likewise scaled ventral disk. Other characters fall within the variability of 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684627A5EFC4CF6ECE478F954" box="[915,1033,1677,1703]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFC4CF6ECE3D4F954" box="[915,933,1677,1702]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFC6CF6ECE478F954" box="[947,1033,1677,1702]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C338652E84627A5FFF19F6D3E53DFA73" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584627A5FFF19F6D3E318FF0E" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,2038]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFF19F6D3E14EF93E" bold="true" box="[198,319,1714,1740]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484627A5EFE91F6D3E256F93E" author="Mortensen" box="[334,551,1714,1740]" pageId="4" pageNumber="56" refString="Mortensen, T. (1940) Echinoderms from the Iranian Gulf. Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, and Echinoidea. Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran, Part 2, 55 - 112." type="book chapter" year="1940">Mortensen (1940)</bibRefCitation>
remarked that 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684627A5EFD32F6D3E383F939" box="[749,1010,1714,1739]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="microplax">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFD32F6D3E383F939" box="[749,1010,1714,1739]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">Amphiodia microplax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is hardly distinguishable from 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684627A5EFA5CF6D3E09FF903" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFA5CF6D3E5E4F939" box="[1411,1429,1714,1739]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFF48F6B9E09FF903" box="[151,238,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, when the dorsal disk is lacking. The main difference between both species is supposed to be that 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684627A5EFA5CF6B9E17CF8E4" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="microplax">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFA5CF6B9E5E4F903" box="[1411,1429,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFF48F69CE17CF8E4" box="[151,269,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">microplax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has spiny extensions on the marginal dorsal scales all around the disk, whereas 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684627A5EFB65F69CE540F8E4" box="[1210,1329,1788,1814]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFB65F69CE4BDF8E4" box="[1210,1228,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFB04F69CE540F8E4" box="[1243,1329,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has only the two spinose scales distal to the radial shields (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484627A5EFD07F743E3D4F8CE" author="Mortensen" box="[728,933,1826,1852]" pageId="4" pageNumber="56" refString="Mortensen, T. (1940) Echinoderms from the Iranian Gulf. Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, and Echinoidea. Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran, Part 2, 55 - 112." type="book chapter" year="1940">Mortensen, 1940</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484627A5EFC66F743E553F8CE" author="Cherbonnier" box="[953,1314,1826,1852]" pageId="4" pageNumber="55" refString="Cherbonnier, G. &amp; Guille, A. (1978) Echinodermes: Ophiuroides, Faune de Madagascar, Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 272 p." type="book" year="1978">Cherbonnier and Guille (1978)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that both species may be conspecific, but did not actually revise them. Later, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484627A5EFBFAF726E55DF893" author="Liao" box="[1061,1324,1863,1889]" pageId="4" pageNumber="56" refString="Liao, Y. &amp; Clark, A. M. (1995) The echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing and New York, 614 p." type="book" year="1995">Liao and Clark (1995)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484627A5EFAB9F726E094F874" author="Liao" pageId="4" pageNumber="56" refString="Liao, Y. (2004) Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea. Fauna Sinica 40, Science Press, Beijing, 505 p." type="book" year="2004">Liao (2004)</bibRefCitation>
still apparently treated both as separate species, since they did not mention 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684627A5EFBB6F70DE491F877" box="[1129,1248,1900,1926]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFBB6F70DE40AF877" box="[1129,1147,1900,1925]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFB55F70DE491F877" box="[1162,1248,1900,1925]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
when reporting 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684627A5EFF48F7F0E15CF858" box="[151,301,1937,1963]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="microplax">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFF48F7F0E0D8F858" box="[151,169,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFF68F7F0E15CF858" box="[183,301,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">microplax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from South 
<collectingCountry id="F335763584627A5EFE61F7F0E279F859" box="[446,520,1937,1963]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">China</collectingCountry>
. The condition of the ventral disk (scaled in 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684627A5EFBD2F7F0E4D2F858" box="[1037,1187,1937,1963]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="microplax">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFBD2F7F0E46EF858" box="[1037,1055,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFBF2F7F0E4D2F858" box="[1069,1187,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">microplax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, naked in 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684627A5EFAC3F7F0E5E3F858" box="[1308,1426,1937,1963]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFAC3F7F0E55FF858" box="[1308,1326,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFAE3F7F0E5E3F858" box="[1340,1426,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) has hardly been mentioned by these authors. Re-examination of the 
<typeStatus id="5499880784627A5EFC1DF7D6E384F823" box="[962,1013,1975,2001]" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">type</typeStatus>
material of 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684627A5EFB58F7D6E571F822" box="[1159,1280,1975,2001]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="4" pageNumber="49" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFB58F7D6E4E8F822" box="[1159,1177,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784627A5EFB76F7D6E571F822" box="[1193,1280,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="49">obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has revealed that two specimens have obvious spines along their disk edge, but taking into account that most specimens have lost the dorsal disk, the true frequency of this character in the population cannot be assessed. Nevertheless, it can no longer be maintained that the absence of marginal spines is a distinguishing character. Instead, the scalation of the ventral disk appears to be crucial.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584637A5FFF19F166E113FCF5" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
The subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFEA5F169E277FED3" box="[378,518,264,289]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphispina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphilepidida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFEA5F169E277FED3" box="[378,518,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Amphispina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by spiny marginal disk scales and currently includes five species: 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFF24F14CE252FEB4" authority="Nielsen, 1932" authorityName="Nielsen" authorityYear="1932" box="[251,547,300,326]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphispina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphilepidida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="digitata">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFF24F14CE17CFEB4" box="[251,269,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFEC3F14CE106FEB4" box="[284,375,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">digitata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFEA0F14DE252FEB4" author="Nielsen" box="[383,547,300,326]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" refString="Nielsen, E. (1932) Ophiurans from the Gulf of Panama, California, and the Strait of Georgia. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 91, 241 - 346." type="journal article" year="1932">Nielsen, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="5499880784637A5FFDEDF14DE217FEB4" box="[562,614,300,326]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
species), 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFD03F14CE38DFEB4" authority="Lyman, 1860" authorityName="Lyman" authorityYear="1860" box="[732,1020,300,326]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphispina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphilepidida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="urtica">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFD03F14CE29FFEB4" box="[732,750,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFD22F14CE333FEB4" box="[765,834,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">urtica</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFC8CF14DE382FEB4" author="Lyman" box="[851,1011,300,326]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" refString="Lyman, T. (1860) Descriptions of new Ophiuridae, belonging to the Smithsonian Institution and to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 1859 - 61, 7, 252 - 262." type="journal article" year="1860">Lyman, 1860</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFBD6F14CE4E8FEB4" box="[1033,1177,300,326]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="duplicata">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFBD6F14CE46AFEB4" box="[1033,1051,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFBF5F14CE4E8FEB4" box="[1066,1177,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">duplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFB78F14CE530FEB4" box="[1191,1345,300,326]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="microplax">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFB78F14CE4C8FEB4" box="[1191,1209,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFB17F14CE530FEB4" box="[1224,1345,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">microplax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and A. 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFF48F133E091FE99" box="[151,224,338,363]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFF48F133E091FE99" box="[151,224,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">clarki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFF2FF133E1AAFE99" box="[240,475,338,363]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFF2FF133E1AAFE99" box="[240,475,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Amphiodia obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has never been included in 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFCE5F133E3A7FE99" box="[826,982,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFCE5F133E3A1FE99" box="[826,976,338,363]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphispina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphilepidida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Amphispina</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
probably because it was assumed to possess only the radial processes, which this study shows to be a variable character. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFB51F116E56DFE63" author="Liao" box="[1166,1308,375,401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" refString="Liao, Y. (2004) Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea. Fauna Sinica 40, Science Press, Beijing, 505 p." type="book" year="2004">Liao (2004)</bibRefCitation>
erected 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFA5DF119E0AAFE44" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFA5DF119E5E5FE63" box="[1410,1428,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFF48F1FCE0AAFE44" box="[151,219,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">clarki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for specimens that differ from 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFD9AF1FCE2AAFE44" box="[581,731,413,439]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="microplax">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFD9AF1FCE226FE44" box="[581,599,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFDBAF1FCE2AAFE44" box="[613,731,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">microplax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only in naked ventral interradii and digits distal to the radial shields. The fact that the distal radial spiny processes are actually separate structures (= digits) from the radial shields may have eluded previous researchers, since no SEM studies have been performed before. The fact that distal digits are present in 
<typeStatus id="5499880784637A5FFE22F26CE241FDD5" box="[509,560,525,551]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">type</typeStatus>
material of both 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFD26F26CE3E1FDD4" box="[761,912,525,551]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="microplax">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFD26F26CE37AFDD4" box="[761,779,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFCC5F26CE3E1FDD4" box="[794,912,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">microplax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFC17F26CE44FFDD4" box="[968,1086,525,551]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFC17F26CE3ABFDD4" box="[968,986,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFC37F26CE44FFDD4" box="[1000,1086,525,550]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which differ in that the latter has a naked disk, strongly suggests that 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFD56F253E285FDB9" box="[649,756,562,588]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="clarki">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFD56F253E2EAFDB9" box="[649,667,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFD73F253E285FDB9" box="[684,756,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">clarki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is in fact conspecific with 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFB9AF253E4B4FDB9" box="[1093,1221,562,588]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFB9AF253E426FDB9" box="[1093,1111,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFBB7F253E4B4FDB9" box="[1128,1221,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, since there is no character distinguishing them. It is well known that some amphiurid species with usually naked ventral disks show great variability from partially to fully scaled [e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFC87F21CE538FD65" authority="O.F. Muller, 1776" authorityName="O.F. Muller" authorityYear="1776" box="[856,1353,637,663]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="filiformis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFC87F21CE43DFD64" box="[856,1100,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Amphiura filiformis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFB81F21CE54EFD65" author="Muller" box="[1118,1343,637,663]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" refString="Muller, O. F. (1776) Zoologiae Danicae prodromus, seu animalium Daniae et Norvegiae indigenarum: characteres, nomina, et synonyma imprimis popularium. Copenhagen, 274 p." type="book" year="1776">
<collectingCountry id="F335763584637A5FFB81F21CE406FD65" box="[1118,1143,637,663]" name="Iceland" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">O</collectingCountry>
.F. Müller, 1776
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, Boos, unpublished results]. Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility that 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFC32F2C3E4F6FD49" box="[1005,1159,674,700]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="microplax">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFC32F2C3E38EFD49" box="[1005,1023,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFBD0F2C3E4F6FD49" box="[1039,1159,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">microplax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFB1DF2C3E54DFD49" box="[1218,1340,674,700]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFB1DF2C3E4A5FD49" box="[1218,1236,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFB3BF2C3E54DFD49" box="[1252,1340,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be conspecific, but we propose to maintain these species until more information, preferably including molecular data, is available.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584637A5FFF19F373E1C3FBA5" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
Clark (in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFEE3F373E243FCDE" author="Clark" box="[316,562,786,812]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Rowe, F. W. (1971) Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-west Pacific Echinoderms. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 238 p." type="book" year="1971">Clark &amp; Rowe 1971</bibRefCitation>
) suggested that 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFD28F373E52EFCDE" authority="Koehler, 1930" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1930" box="[759,1375,786,812]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="duplicata" subGenus="Amphispina">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFD28F373E309FCD9" box="[759,888,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Amphiodia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFC54F373E466FCD9" box="[907,1047,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Amphispina</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFBF4F373E4EBFCD9" box="[1067,1178,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">duplicata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFB74F373E526FCDE" author="Koehler" box="[1195,1367,786,812]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" refString="Koehler, R. (1930) Ophiures recueillies par le Docteur Th. Mortensen dans les Mers d'Australie et dans l'Archipel Malais. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening, 89, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1930">Koehler, 1930</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
may also be conspecific with 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFE0CF359E204FCA3" box="[467,629,823,849]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="microplax">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFE0CF359E194FCA3" box="[467,485,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFE28F359E204FCA3" box="[503,629,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">microplax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, because the supposedly single difference between them is that 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFF48F33CE1E0FC84" box="[151,401,861,886]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="duplicata">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFF48F33CE1E0FC84" box="[151,401,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Amphiodia duplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has bifurcated marginal spines, while those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFC1BF33CE42CFC84" box="[964,1117,861,887]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="microplax">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFC1BF33CE3A7FC84" box="[964,982,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFC39F33CE42CFC84" box="[998,1117,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">microplax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are supposed to be singlepointed. 
<collectingCountry id="F335763584637A5FFEDAF3E3E156FC6E" box="[261,295,898,924]" name="American Samoa" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">As</collectingCountry>
we now know, this character does not hold true. However, the ventral disk in 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFADCF3E3E257FC33" authority="(Koehler 1930) (Ophiophragmus)" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1930" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1930" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="duplicata">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFADCF3E3E564FC69" box="[1283,1301,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFAF8F3E3E5ECFC69" box="[1319,1437,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">duplicata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFF40F3C6E132FC33" author="Koehler" box="[159,323,935,961]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" refString="Koehler, R. (1930) Ophiures recueillies par le Docteur Th. Mortensen dans les Mers d'Australie et dans l'Archipel Malais. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening, 89, 1 - 295." type="journal article" year="1930">Koehler 1930</bibRefCitation>
) (
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFE82F3C9E26AFC33" box="[349,539,936,961]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Ophiophragmus</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="5499880784637A5FFDF2F3C6E2E2FC33" box="[557,659,935,961]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
is fully scaled and at 
<quantity id="4CDA9B4084637A5FFC47F3C6E3AAFC33" box="[920,987,935,961]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
disk diameter they are larger than the other nominal species. Also, the spiny scales at the disk edge are much larger than the overall disk scalation and very obvious in this species, the dorsal arm plates are wider and shorter, the oral shield is narrower and the ventral arm plates have a notch in their distal edge. Thus we find that 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFBDDF479E4EBFBC3" box="[1026,1178,1047,1073]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="duplicata">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFBDDF479E465FBC3" box="[1026,1044,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFBF9F479E4EBFBC3" box="[1062,1178,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">duplicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a distinct species, separate from all others.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584637A5FFF19F403E365FB1E" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
Another species with spiny radial processes is 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFD2BF403E4DEFB8E" authority="H.L. Clark, 1911" authorityName="H.L. Clark" authorityYear="1911" box="[756,1199,1122,1148]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="digitula">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFD2BF403E3ABFB89" box="[756,986,1122,1147]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Amphiodia digitula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFC3CF403E4DEFB8E" author="Clark" box="[995,1199,1122,1148]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" refString="Clark, H. L. (1911) North Pacific Ophiurans in the collection of the United States National Museum. Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Bulletin, 75, 1 - 302." type="journal article" year="1911">H.L. Clark, 1911</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, currently placed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFF48F4E9E161FB53" box="[151,272,1160,1185]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFF48F4E9E161FB53" box="[151,272,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Amphiura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFE9FF4E6E1AFFB53" author="Clark" box="[320,478,1159,1185]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" refString="Clark, A. M. (1970) Notes on the family Amphiuridae (Ophiuroidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology, 19, 1 - 81." type="journal article" year="1970">Clark (1970)</bibRefCitation>
on the grounds of its oral papillae. At 
<quantity id="4CDA9B4084637A5FFC61F4E6E474FB53" box="[958,1029,1159,1185]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
disk diameter it is a much larger species, with fully scaled ventral disk and four arm spines. Curiously, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFBDBF4CCE4D2FB35" author="Clark" box="[1028,1187,1197,1223]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" refString="Clark, H. L. (1911) North Pacific Ophiurans in the collection of the United States National Museum. Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Bulletin, 75, 1 - 302." type="journal article" year="1911">Clark (1911)</bibRefCitation>
describes the radial processes as part of the distal end of the genital plates.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584637A5FFF19F496E53DFA73" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
Spiny radial digits are known also from 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFD0FF499E5E6FAE3" authority="H.L. Clark, 1915" authorityName="H.L. Clark" authorityYear="1915" box="[720,1431,1271,1297]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphioplus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="cyrtacanthus" subGenus="Amphioplus">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFD0FF499E32DFAE3" box="[720,860,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Amphioplus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFCABF499E471FAE3" box="[884,1024,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Amphioplus</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFBC6F499E4C0FAE3" box="[1049,1201,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">cyrtacanthus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFB60F496E5E6FAE3" author="Clark" box="[1215,1431,1271,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" refString="Clark, H. L. (1915) Catalogue of recent Ophiurans. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 25 (4), 163 - 376." type="journal article" year="1915">H.L. Clark, 1915</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFF48F57CE445FAC5" authority="Koehler, 1922 (Liao &amp; Clark, 1995)" authorityName="Koehler, 1922 (Liao &amp; Clark" authorityYear="1995" box="[151,1076,1309,1335]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphioplus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lucidus" subGenus="Amphioplus">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFF48F57CE141FAC4" box="[151,304,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Amphioplus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFE9BF57CE1ACFAC4" box="[324,477,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Amphioplus</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFE2DF57CE23EFAC4" box="[498,591,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">lucidus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFD86F57CE363FAC5" author="Koehler" box="[601,786,1309,1335]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" refString="Koehler, R. (1922) Ophiurans of the Philippine Seas and adjacent waters. Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Bulletin, 100 (5), 1 - 486." type="journal article" year="1922">Koehler, 1922</bibRefCitation>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFCFCF57CE45BFAC5" author="Liao" box="[803,1066,1309,1335]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" refString="Liao, Y. &amp; Clark, A. M. (1995) The echinoderms of Southern China. Science Press, Beijing and New York, 614 p." type="book" year="1995">Liao &amp; Clark, 1995</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFB93F57CE18BFAAE" authority="H.L. Clark, 1911" authorityName="H.L. Clark" authorityYear="1911" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphioplus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ancistrotus" subGenus="Amphioplus">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFB93F57CE494FAC4" box="[1100,1253,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Amphioplus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFB26F57CE5E3FAC4" box="[1273,1426,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Amphioplus</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFF48F523E169FAA9" box="[151,280,1346,1371]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">ancistrotus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFEF6F523E183FAAE" author="Clark" box="[297,498,1346,1372]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" refString="Clark, H. L. (1911) North Pacific Ophiurans in the collection of the United States National Museum. Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum Bulletin, 75, 1 - 302." type="journal article" year="1911">H.L. Clark, 1911</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFDD5F523E2BAFAAE" author="Dyakonov" box="[522,715,1346,1372]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" refString="Dyakonov, A. (1954) Ophiuroids of the USSR Seas. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow and Leningrad, 123 p." type="book" year="1954">Dyakonov 1954</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFD08F523E320FAAE" author="Liao" box="[727,849,1346,1372]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" refString="Liao, Y. (2004) Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea. Fauna Sinica 40, Science Press, Beijing, 505 p." type="book" year="2004">Liao 2004</bibRefCitation>
) and possibly other species. None of these appear to have spiny disk scales though and they all show the typical 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFCAFF509E38DFA73" box="[880,1020,1384,1409]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphioplus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFCAFF509E38DFA73" box="[880,1020,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Amphioplus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
formula of the oral papillae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C338652E84637A5CFF19F5EDE146F99C" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584637A5FFF19F5EDE54BF825" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFF19F5EDE116FA54" bold="true" box="[198,359,1420,1446]" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFEB1F5ECE23DFA54" box="[366,588,1421,1446]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFEB1F5ECE23DFA54" box="[366,588,1421,1446]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Amphiodia obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the first member of its genus found in the Mediterranean Sea. It is an Indo-Pacific species that is not known from the Atlantic Ocean and probably originated from Red Sea populations. It may have migrated through the Suez Canal, but most likely it was transported as a larval stage in the ballast water of ships or perhaps as part of the fouling community on ship bottoms. The presence of large international harbours located in Mersin and Iskenderun Bays, where this species was found, might support this hypothesis. The invasive species 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFD1BF629E4F1F993" authority="Swainson, 1821" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1821" box="[708,1152,1607,1633]" class="Gastropoda" family="Strombidae" genus="Strombus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="persicus">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFD1BF629E3D3F993" box="[708,930,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Strombus persicus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFC6CF626E409F993" author="Swainson" box="[947,1144,1607,1633]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" refString="Swainson, W. (1821) Zoological Illustrations, or original figures and descriptions of new, rare, or interesting animals. London, Series 1 (Vol. 1 - 3), 19 - 83." type="book chapter" year="1821">Swainson, 1821</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFB63F629E1DEF975" authority="(Vahl) C. Agardh, 1817" authorityName="(Vahl) C. Agardh" authorityYear="1817" class="Bryopsidophyceae" family="Caulerpaceae" genus="Caulerpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Bryopsidales" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="taxifolia">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFB63F629E5EDF993" box="[1212,1436,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Caulerpa taxifolia</emphasis>
(Vahl) 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFF36F60CE1DEF975" author="Agardh" box="[233,431,1645,1671]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" refString="Agardh, C. A. (1817) Synopsis algarum Scandinaviae, adjecta dispositione universali algarum. Ex officina Berlingiana, Lundae [Lund], [i] - xl + [1] - 135 p." type="book chapter" year="1817">C. Agardh, 1817</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
were known to have been introduced to the southern coast of 
<collectingCountry id="F335763584637A5FFB4CF60CE496F975" box="[1171,1255,1645,1671]" name="Turkey" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Turkey</collectingCountry>
from the Indo- Pacific area by ballast water of ships (Çinar et al., 2005; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFCE7F6F3E47EF95E" author="Cevik" box="[824,1039,1682,1708]" pageId="5" pageNumber="55" refString="Cevik, C., Yokes, M. B., Cavas, L., Erkol, L. I., Dereci, O. B. &amp; Verlaque, M. (2007) First report of Caulerpa taxifolia (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) on the Levantine coast (Turkey, eastern Mediterranean). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 74, 549 - 556." type="journal article" year="2007">Cevik et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
). It has not yet been found in the southern Levantine countries, such as 
<collectingCountry id="F335763584637A5FFD89F6D6E2E6F923" box="[598,663,1719,1745]" name="Israel" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Israel</collectingCountry>
or 
<collectingCountry id="F335763584637A5FFD61F6D6E359F923" box="[702,808,1719,1745]" name="Lebanon" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
, although ophiuroids have been collected regularly in Lebanese waters in recent years (Stöhr, Zibrowius &amp; Bitar, unpublished results). An interrupted distribution may support the hypothesis of human- mediated transport via ships that travelled from the Red Sea directly to 
<collectingCountry id="F335763584637A5FFF48F746E09EF8B3" box="[151,239,1831,1857]" name="Turkey" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Turkey</collectingCountry>
and unloaded their ballast water there. However, these collecting efforts were somewhat biased towards a coral dwelling fauna and 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFD9AF72CE2B1F894" box="[581,704,1869,1895]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFD9AF72CE226F894" box="[581,599,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFDB7F72CE2B1F894" box="[616,704,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have been overlooked. The species may also have been confused with other amphiurids by other workers and thus not been identified. 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684637A5FFB8FF713E545F879" box="[1104,1332,1906,1931]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="5" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784637A5FFB8FF713E545F879" box="[1104,1332,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Amphiodia obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has also been reported from 
<collectingCountry id="F335763584637A5FFE5FF7F6E199F843" box="[384,488,1943,1969]" name="Thailand" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">Thailand</collectingCountry>
by Bussarawit and Hansen (in: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484637A5FFCBCF7F6E4A5F843" author="Putchakarn" box="[867,1236,1943,1969]" pageId="5" pageNumber="56" refString="Putchakarn, S. &amp; Sonchaeng, P. (2004) Echinoderm fauna of Thailand: History and inventory reviews. Science Asia, 30, 417 - 428." type="journal article" year="2004">Putchakarn &amp; Sonchaeng 2004</bibRefCitation>
), which suggests a continuous distribution from the Red Sea to 
<collectingCountry id="F335763584637A5FFD6CF7DCE28DF825" box="[691,764,1981,2007]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="50">China</collectingCountry>
, now extended to the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584607A5CFF19F0F6E241FED0" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1646]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFF19F0F6E15EFF43" bold="true" box="[198,303,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Ecology.</emphasis>
A total of 402 individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684607A5CFD52F0F9E375FF43" box="[653,772,152,177]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFD52F0F9E375FF43" box="[653,772,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">A. obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected in Iskenderun (stations G5 and D14) and Mersin Bays. The majority of specimens (398 individuals) were found in seasonal samples taken from Mersin Bay in 2009 and four individuals from Iskenderun Bay in 
<date id="FF9C106584607A5CFC89F083E46FFF0E" box="[854,1054,226,252]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" value="2005-09">September 2005</date>
. The species occurred at depths ranging from 
<quantity id="4CDA9B4084607A5CFEE7F169E1D9FED0" box="[312,424,264,290]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" metricValueMax="4.7" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="28.0" valueMax="47.0" valueMin="9.0">9 to 47 m</quantity>
in the area.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584607A5CFF19F151E461FCE4" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1646]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
The density and biomass of 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684607A5CFDD3F151E2F0FEBB" box="[524,641,304,329]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFDD3F151E2F0FEBB" box="[524,641,304,329]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">A. obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Mersin Bay ranged from 10 (stations17 and 
<quantity id="4CDA9B4084607A5CFB78F151E493FEB8" box="[1191,1250,304,330]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="in" value="10.0">10 in</quantity>
) to 420 ind.m -2 (station 34, in summer), and from 0.004 (station 
<quantity id="4CDA9B4084607A5CFD3DF139E36EFE80" box="[738,799,344,370]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.556" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="in" value="14.0">14 in</quantity>
fall) to 36 gm -2 (station 34, in summer), respectively (
<figureCitation id="13192A2084607A5CFF40F11CE174FE65" box="[159,261,381,407]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,256,1961,1985]" captionTargetBox="[213,1372,200,1928]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[209,1378,197,1936]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Seasonal variation of density and biomass of Amphiodia obtecta in Mersin Bay, southern Turkey, eastern Mediterranean Sea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195491/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Figure 3</figureCitation>
). No individual was found at station 43 (
<quantity id="4CDA9B4084607A5CFD35F11CE35AFE65" box="[746,811,381,407]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="21.0">21 m</quantity>
). Station 34, which is shallow (
<quantity id="4CDA9B4084607A5CFB41F11CE4BDFE65" box="[1182,1228,381,407]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="9.0">9 m</quantity>
depth) and under the influence of the Seyhan River [salinity range: 34.5 psu (spring) to 38.8 psu (winter)], supports dense populations of 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684607A5CFE9AF1A8E1CAFE10" box="[325,443,457,482]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFE9AF1A8E1CAFE10" box="[325,443,457,482]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">A. obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13192A2084607A5CFE15F1A9E25EFE10" box="[458,559,456,482]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,256,1961,1985]" captionTargetBox="[213,1372,200,1928]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[209,1378,197,1936]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Seasonal variation of density and biomass of Amphiodia obtecta in Mersin Bay, southern Turkey, eastern Mediterranean Sea." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/195491/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Figure 3</figureCitation>
). Its density did not change seasonally (ANOVA test, p&gt;0.05) at station 35, ranging from 280 ind.m - 
<quantity id="4CDA9B4084607A5CFE17F18CE183FDF9" box="[456,498,493,523]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
spring to 420 ind.m - 
<quantity id="4CDA9B4084607A5CFD28F18CE350FDF9" box="[759,801,493,523]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
summer. The biomass of this species significantly changed seasonally (p&lt;0.05) and attained its maximum level (36 gm -2) in summer and its minimum level (9.3 gm -2) in fall. In fall and winter, juvenile specimens dominated the population. The mouth of Seyhan River seems to provide suitable environments for alien species. Çinar (2006; 2009) and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484607A5CFB4FF207E5ECFD72" author="Dagli" box="[1168,1437,614,640]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" refString="Dagli, E. &amp; Cinar, M. E. (2009) Species of the subgenera Aquilaspio and Prionospio (Polychaeta: Spionidae: Prionospio) from the southern coast of Turkey (Levantine Sea, eastern Mediterranean), with description of a new species and two new reports for the Mediterranean fauna. Zootaxa, 2275, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="2009">Dagli &amp; Çinar (2009)</bibRefCitation>
reported relatively dense populations of eight alien polychaete species [
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684607A5CFC03F2EDE557FD54" authority="Fauvel, 1911" authorityName="Fauvel" authorityYear="1911" box="[988,1318,652,678]" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="persica">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFC03F2EDE4F5FD57" box="[988,1156,652,677]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Nereis persica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484607A5CFB53F2EDE557FD54" author="Fauvel" box="[1164,1318,652,678]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" refString="Fauvel, P. (1911) Annelides Polychetes du Golfe Persique recueillies par M. M. Bogoyawlewsky. Archives de zoologie experimentale et generale 5, 353 - 439." type="journal article" year="1911">Fauvel, 1911</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684607A5CFAEDF2EDE1BCFD39" authority="Gravier, 1904" authorityName="Gravier" authorityYear="1904" class="Polychaeta" family="Goniadidae" genus="Glycinde" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bonhourei">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFAEDF2EDE164FD38" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Glycinde bonhourei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484607A5CFEC1F2D0E1BCFD39" author="Gravier" box="[286,461,689,715]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" refString="Gravier, C. (1904) Sur les Annelides Polychetes de la Mer Rouge, (Nephthydiens, Glyceriens). Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Ser. 1, 10, 472 - 476." type="journal article" year="1904">Gravier, 1904</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684607A5CFE04F2D0E3A7FD39" authority="Hartman, 1951" authorityName="Hartman" authorityYear="1951" box="[475,982,689,715]" class="Polychaeta" family="Onuphidae" genus="Onuphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Eunicida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="eremite" subSpecies="oculata">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFE04F2D0E37EFD38" box="[475,783,689,714]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Onuphis eremite oculata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484607A5CFCC7F2D0E3A7FD39" author="Hartman" box="[792,982,689,715]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" refString="Hartman, O. (1951) The littoral marine annelids of the Gulf of Mexico. Publications of the Institute of Marine Science, Port Aransas, Texas, 2, 7 - 124." type="journal article" year="1951">Hartman, 1951</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684607A5CFC3CF2D0E149FD02" authority="Hutchings &amp; Murray, 1984" authorityName="Hutchings &amp; Murray" authorityYear="1984" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellidae" genus="Laonome" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="triangularis">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFC3CF2D0E485FD38" box="[995,1268,689,714]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Laonome triangularis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484607A5CFB23F2D0E149FD02" author="Hutchings" pageId="6" pageNumber="56" refString="Hutchings, P. &amp; Murray, A. (1984) Taxonomy of polychaetes from the Hawkesbury River and the southern estuaries of New South Wales, Australia. Records of the Australian Museum, 3, 1 - 118." type="journal article" year="1984">Hutchings &amp; Murray, 1984</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684607A5CFE9CF2B6E293FD02" authority="Haswell, 1883" authorityName="Haswell" authorityYear="1883" box="[323,738,726,752]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Hydroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFE9CF2B6E26CFD02" box="[323,541,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Hydroides elegans</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484607A5CFDF4F2B7E2A8FD02" author="Haswell" box="[555,729,726,752]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" refString="Haswell, W. A. (1883) On some new Australian tubicolous annelids. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 7, 63 - 638." type="journal article" year="1883">Haswell, 1883</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684607A5CFD32F2B6E404FD02" authority="Treadwell, 1929" authorityName="Treadwell" authorityYear="1929" box="[749,1141,726,752]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Hydroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="operculatus">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFD32F2B6E3EBFD02" box="[749,922,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">H. operculatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484607A5CFC76F2B7E41DFD02" author="Treadwell" box="[937,1132,726,752]" pageId="6" pageNumber="56" refString="Treadwell, A. L. (1929) New species of polychaetous annelids in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History from Porto Rico, Florida, Lower California, and British Somaliland. American Museum Novitates, 392, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1929">Treadwell, 1929</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684607A5CFB5FF2B6E1B0FCE4" authority="Fauvel, 1929" authorityName="Fauvel" authorityYear="1929" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Prionospio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="krusadensis" subGenus="Aquilaspio">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFB5FF2B6E572FD02" box="[1152,1283,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Prionospio</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFACCF2B6E5E3FD02" box="[1299,1426,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">Aquilaspio</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFF48F29DE153FCE7" box="[151,290,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">krusadensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484607A5CFEF7F29DE1B0FCE4" author="Fauvel" box="[296,449,764,790]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" refString="Fauvel, P. (1929) Polychetes nouvelles du Gulf of Mannar (Inde). Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 54: 180 - 186." type="journal article" year="1929">Fauvel, 1929</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684607A5CFE25F29DE3F1FCE4" authority="Augener, 1918" authorityName="Augener" authorityYear="1918" box="[506,896,764,790]" class="Polychaeta" family="Spionidae" genus="Prionospio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spionida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="sexoculata" subGenus="Aquilaspio">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFE25F29DE278FCE7" box="[506,521,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">P</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFDFEF29DE242FCE7" box="[545,563,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">A</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFD93F29DE2B8FCE7" box="[588,713,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">sexoculata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484607A5CFD0FF29DE3F1FCE4" author="Augener" box="[720,896,764,790]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" refString="Augener, H. (1918) Polychaeta. In: Michaelsen, W. (Ed.) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna West-Afrikas, 2, L. Friederichsen &amp; Co., Hamburg, pp. 67 - 625." type="journal article" year="1918">Augener, 1918</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
] in the area.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584607A5CFF19F340E2FEFB85" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1646]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
The main environmental factors affecting the density of 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684607A5CFC88F340E3BCFCC8" box="[855,973,801,826]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFC88F340E3BCFCC8" box="[855,973,801,826]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">A. obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the area were temperature (ρ r=-0.58) and silica (ρ r=0.52) in winter; depth (ρ r=-0.77) and temperature (ρ r=0.61) in spring; depth (ρ r=-0.76), total nitrogen (ρ r=0.76) and Chlorophyll a (ρ r=0.81) in summer; depth (ρ r=-0.81) and total phosphorus (ρ r=0.81) in fall. 
<collectingCountry id="F335763584607A5CFF11F3FBE09EFC46" box="[206,239,922,948]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">As</collectingCountry>
overall seasonal data are concerned, the density of 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684607A5CFC8AF3FBE3BCFC41" box="[853,973,922,947]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFC8AF3FBE3BCFC41" box="[853,973,922,947]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">A. obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was negatively affected by depth (ρ r=- 0.59) and positively affected by total phosphorus (ρ r=0.51), Chlorophyll a (ρ r=0.41), silt percentage in sediment (ρ r=0.33) and silica (ρ r=0.31). It is well known that the Red Sea migrants prefer shallow water benthic habitats and occasionally inhabit deeper waters (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB34B5484607A5CFCEEF473E473FBDE" author="Ergev" box="[817,1026,1042,1068]" pageId="6" pageNumber="55" refString="Ergev, M. B., Cinar, M. E., Mutlu, E. &amp; Ergen, Z. (2003) Ecological features of the lessepsian migrant Leonnates persicus (Polychaeta: Nereididae) from the Levant coast of Turkey. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 83, 1225 - 1226." type="journal article" year="2003">
Ergev 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFC5EF472E3C4FBDE" box="[897,949,1043,1068]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">et al</emphasis>
. 2003
</bibRefCitation>
; Çinar 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFB87F472E4FDFBDE" box="[1112,1164,1043,1068]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">et al</emphasis>
. 2005; Çinar 2006). In the disturbed environments, it was found that silica and nitrogen concentration were positively affecting the density of alien species (Çinar 
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFDDEF43FE245FB85" box="[513,564,1118,1143]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">et al</emphasis>
. 2006).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584607A5CFF19F4E3E26EFA94" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1646]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
The biomass of 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684607A5CFE5AF4E2E18CFB6E" box="[389,509,1155,1180]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFE5AF4E2E18CFB6E" box="[389,509,1155,1180]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">A. obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was mainly affected by temperature (ρ r=-0.51) and total phosphorus (ρ r=0.52) in winter; depth (ρ r=-0.52) and silt percentage in sediment (ρ r=0.43) in spring; depth (ρ r=-0.64), silica (ρ r=0.76) and silt percentage in sediment (ρ r=0.76) in summer; depth (ρ r=-0.82), total phosphorus (ρ r=0.82), total nitrogen (ρ r=0.70) and silica (ρ r=0.59) in fall. 
<collectingCountry id="F335763584607A5CFD2DF49AE363FAE7" box="[754,786,1275,1301]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">As</collectingCountry>
overall seasonal data are concerned, the biomass of 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684607A5CFA5CF49DE160FACF" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="microplax">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFA5CF49DE160FACF" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">A. microplax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was negatively affected by depth (ρ r=-0.53) and positively affected by silica (ρ r=0.43) and silt percentage in sediment (ρr=0.43).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9D36A584607A5CFF19F515E146F99C" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1646]" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">
The density of 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684607A5CFEA3F515E184FA7F" box="[380,501,1396,1421]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFEA3F515E184FA7F" box="[380,501,1396,1421]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">A. obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was positively correlated with that of Polychaeta (r=0.23) Crustacea (r=0.50), Mollusca (r=0.32) and Nemertini (r=0.04), but negatively correlated with that of other Echinodermata (r=- 0.24) and Sipuncula (r=-0.15). The biomass of 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684607A5CFD1AF5DEE32CFA2A" box="[709,861,1471,1496]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="microplax">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFD1AF5DEE32CFA2A" box="[709,861,1471,1496]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">A. microplax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was positively correlated with that of Nemertini (r=0.26), Polychaeta (r=0.20), Crustacea (r=0.34), Mollusca (r=0.21), but negatively correlated with that of Sipuncula (r=-0.16) and other Echinodermata (r=-0.05). It seems that this species and other benthic groups benefit from inputs via the Seyhan River and no obvious competition was determined between 
<taxonomicName id="4C224D2684607A5CFB2CF64EE51BF9BA" box="[1267,1386,1583,1608]" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Amphiuridae" genus="Amphiodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ophiurida" pageId="6" pageNumber="51" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="obtecta">
<emphasis id="B956EAB784607A5CFB2CF64EE51BF9BA" box="[1267,1386,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="51">A. obtecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>