147 lines
27 KiB
XML
147 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document id="8945C179340051090D65D7869C5DF9E9" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFCFFFF3BE8BFF32FD7BFE8D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus centralis Bokermann 1962" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="63" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="9929E244F3A860B0AEFC79936382C80E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="16DF37002EB4BEAB9F86392E0266FC77">
|
||
<mods:title id="091A8CB161ACED97C2F0E013F7D00814">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="60398C7043790927454E2C3183886662" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="E8E2B609B15C38BB475A1F85B2B5A97A">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="942EB10A8A5115D26286808CE1973B6A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="14C8898DB9AF78EB5FAAE3B7C73D8FB6">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="A1930667043F11B9207F729D66F355ED" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="67B6A675A62E29D8C95EC9CE32869CAB">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="D721FB287384F34FAE06B28F3F88BA73">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="7DEF06A3F80ECE97615B31D6B1434031">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="9837FBEF06DB05FF8D5C624F60082F65">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="D321402444C39686E5CDD35455F12C34" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="036FD39A7C9AC0A69D47B300F05E69E3">
|
||
<mods:title id="B8B95A68F6FD459441ADDDE354BA9E83">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="A807D3CAA2DA67EDCA3E0AF36E4B60C3">
|
||
<mods:date id="E1A0B048972800EDEEC7AEC7DA19F13C">2020</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="A71F5E9F597C3D88949CDD27FD3F96AC" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="803A97CD604EE1113B656494012362E1">2020-01-20</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="DDC4AAC87B383D56D8F19B4898646C61" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="33C8C8B8267D6A408083D9CE3E904708">4725</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="F4DEDAC95293A96E87646B381BDCCC22" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="420FBAD4D3964C5C959CCF91D57410BC">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="73E0C0907FCBE606372789155A30BF3D" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="DA627503FF9A0B1F0F09513E2AA6E776">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="335CE64B74B96642C3057EC9B2FABEBC">106</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="5EF3861C695E6FC013F69A280BE5B7C2">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="CC5DB57AEBA9AAEA5BF99A19DFC1D039" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="F182208054BFE4F8D8EA064A3FABF082" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="E1A2D551FE1F93FCBEE74A40EC00BFD8" type="GBIF-Dataset">67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="C05B917A13451E690BE0D6FCF2B65DDC" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5FA51959C098862E7A5C4E018D70085F" type="Zenodo-Dep">3612996</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D0A68D633C39AC6DBEFCD4B3D841D2C5" type="ZooBank">B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="D435E640FFCFFFF3BE8BFF32FD7BFE8D" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762952" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFCFFFF3BE8BFF32FD7BFE8D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFCFFFF3BE8BFF32FD7BFE8D" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFCFFFF2BE8BFF32FC00FED1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCFFFF2BE8BFF32FD7CFF21" blockId="62.[151,652,153,180]" box="[151,652,153,180]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<heading id="076BE03AFFCFFFF2BE8BFF32FD7CFF21" bold="true" box="[151,652,153,180]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFCFFFF2BE8BFF32FD7CFF21" authority="Bokermann, 1962" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1962" box="[151,652,153,180]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BE8BFF32FD7CFF21" bold="true" box="[151,652,153,180]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BE8BFF32FE56FF26" bold="true" box="[151,422,153,180]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Physalaemus centralis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="380D2AA7FFCFFFF2BFB2FF31FD7CFF21" author="Bokermann, W. C. A." box="[430,652,153,180]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="213 - 219" refId="ref72422" refString="Bokermann, W. C. A. (1962) Sobre uma pequena colecao de anfibios do Brasil Central, com de descricao de una especie nova de Physalaemus (Amphibia, Salientia). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 22, 213 - 219." type="journal article" year="1962">Bokermann, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCFFFF2BE8BFF49FC00FED1" blockId="62.[151,1436,225,324]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
We found a single call
|
||
<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFCFFFF2BF8BFF49FE37FF6E" box="[407,455,226,252]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
|
||
for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of single harmonic note with a very low fundamental frequency. Frequency modulations are subtle (20 Hz), still the call has a general downward FM, with an up-downward FM segment in the first third of the call duration.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="08E307DEFFCFFFF2BE8BFB37FE3CFAD6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" startId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" targetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" targetPageId="62">
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCFFFF2BE8BFB37FE3CFAD6" blockId="62.[151,1437,1180,1349]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BE8BFB37FED0FB27" bold="true" box="[151,288,1180,1205]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 31.</emphasis>
|
||
Call A of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFCFFFF2BF96FB37FD80FB26" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1962" box="[394,624,1180,1204]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BF96FB37FD80FB26" box="[394,624,1180,1204]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Physalaemus centralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C). Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="148604DDFFCFFFF3BEDBFAD9FD7BFE8D" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="5C235756FFCFFFF3BEDBFAD9FD7BFE8D" blockId="62.[151,1437,1394,2034]" lastBlockId="63.[151,1437,153,287]" lastPageId="63" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BEDBFAD9FDD5FA1F" bold="true" box="[199,549,1394,1421]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Call A (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BF3CFAD9FE82FA1F" box="[288,370,1394,1421]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
|
||
A–E and 24H).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
We examined 16 recordings, a total of 36 minutes, with
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BABDFAD8FB4BFA1E" box="[1185,1211,1395,1420]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">ca</emphasis>
|
||
. 1880 calls from
|
||
<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFCFFFF2BB9CFAD9FF2CFA23" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="male">25 males</specimenCount>
|
||
. Only some of these calls were measured (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFCFFFF2BCF0FA3CFCB2FA23" box="[748,834,1431,1457]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Call duration varies from 0.404 to
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFCFFFF2BAFCFA3DFAC4FA23" box="[1248,1332,1430,1457]" degrees="0.550" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" precision="55" value="-0.55">0.550 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. The call rise is much longer than call fall. Call rise has a short gradual increase followed by a long exponential part (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BB73FA10FF3AFA6B" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 31C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In some calls the rise remains with very low amplitude until the limit with the sustain, where the amplitude increases abruptly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BF6EF9A8FE2AF98F" box="[370,474,1539,1565]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 31A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The sustain is regular, slightly decreasing towards the end of the call. The call fall is proportionally short and with logarithmic shape. The amplitude peak is at around the middle of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BFF7F9E0FDA0F9F7" box="[491,592,1611,1637]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 31C</figureCitation>
|
||
) to almost rectangular (in calls in which the rise is not gradual;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BB3BF9E0FA7FF9F7" box="[1319,1423,1611,1637]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 31A</figureCitation>
|
||
). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 25 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BCC8F938FCCCF93F" box="[724,828,1683,1709]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613044/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 24H</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, due to the low fundamental frequency (see below), the wave peaks are shown as pulses in audiospectrograms at broad filter bandwidth (
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BA88F91CFB33F942" box="[1172,1219,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
above 100 Hz;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BB6CF91CFF38F967" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 31E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The bands are observed in audiospectrograms at narrow filter bandwidth (
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BA16F970FBC9F966" box="[1034,1081,1755,1780]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
below 90 Hz;
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BAC5F970FAAFF967" box="[1241,1375,1755,1781]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 31B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fundamental frequency is
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BFA2F954FE10F88A" box="[446,480,1791,1816]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
90 Hz. This band and the next harmonic are generally absent in audiospectrograms. There are
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BF14F888FED9F8AE" box="[264,297,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
20 emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are regular and harmonics clear throughout the call. The dominant frequency varies from
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCFFFF2BC12F8ECFDD8F8F2" box="[526,552,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">ca</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<date id="28227196FFCFFFF2BC24F8ECFD20F8F3" box="[568,720,1862,1889]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" value="1410" valueMax="1500">1410 to 1500</date>
|
||
Hz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BD16F8ECFC82F8F3" box="[778,882,1863,1889]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 31B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dominant harmonic varies from the fourth to the 21
|
||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFCFFFF2BEE7F8C1FEF6F8EA" attach="none" box="[251,262,1898,1912]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">st</superScript>
|
||
, but it is usually between the 15
|
||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFCFFFF2BC69F8C2FD72F8E5" attach="left" box="[629,642,1897,1911]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">th</superScript>
|
||
and 18
|
||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFCFFFF2BCC9F8C2FD12F8E5" attach="none" box="[725,738,1897,1911]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">th</superScript>
|
||
. There is a clear shift in the relative energy among bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the fourth, fifth or sixth harmonic and ending at the 15
|
||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFCFFFF2BEEAF81AFEF3F82D" attach="none" box="[246,259,1969,1983]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">th</superScript>
|
||
, 19
|
||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFCFFFF2BF30F81AFEC9F82D" attach="none" box="[300,313,1969,1983]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">th</superScript>
|
||
, 20
|
||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFCFFFF2BF7EF81AFE9FF82D" attach="none" box="[354,367,1969,1983]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">th</superScript>
|
||
, or 21
|
||
<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFCFFFF2BFAAF819FE31F852" attach="left" box="[438,449,1970,1984]" fontSize="6" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">st</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BFD1F818FDC3F85F" box="[461,563,1971,1997]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1645,1670]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,189,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@56.[193,1394,181,1620]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 24. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. henselii (A), P. albonotatus (B), P. cuqui (C), P. atim (D), P. albifrons (E), P. erikae (F), P. kroyeri (G), P. centralis (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. The heterogeneity of the factors in P. henselii (A) suggests sidebands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613044/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Fig. 24H</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCFFFF2BC22F818FD63F85F" box="[574,659,1971,1997]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">31B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Most of the call energy is between 600 and 1650 Hz (eight to twelve harmonics). Frequency modulations are subtle and better perceptible in audiospectrograms with wide filter band- widths (
|
||
<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFCEFFF3BEEFFF31FEE4FF21" box="[243,276,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">e.g</emphasis>
|
||
.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BF36FF32FE7FFF21" box="[298,399,153,179]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 31E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The call has a general downward FM. Additionally, the calls have an up-downward FM in the first third of the call duration, yielding arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFCEFFF3BED3FF4AFEA8FF69" box="[207,344,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURE 31" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1180,1205]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,353,1145]" captionTargetId="figure@62.[151,1436,345,1154]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 31. Call A of Physalaemus centralis. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and E). A single typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope (C).Audiospectrograms with apparent bands at a narrow filter (B) and bands not visible at wide filter (D; see filter values below). Sequence with three calls (E); note the frequency modulations (see text). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C and D) and 0.5 s (E); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz (D) and 0.5 kHz (E). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 34.5 (B and E); 135 (D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613058" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613058/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 31B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. There is no PFM.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |