127 lines
24 KiB
XML
127 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="68E0C3B17055A172905DE1345FAD3D38" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFDB2FB31" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus olfersii" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="76" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="76" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="534C19B1E9D687077BCC40B686902DF0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BE2ECA1477811AB780A10506C616E625">
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<mods:title id="EA4C45FF16B76CFE807A268335EC8C0D">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="6DE0A3343C1F2CDEC362EC37E07A90AF" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="DB726E3896D167400BADAE02E7D883A7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="AC4CF264F10AEC73FC7EC98C059EBF0D">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="A0EF765691731BF9A304C27B833FE5DF" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="F3472256774A7A9046B4F4BFA2CC0B23">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B45F72227DC47D957B9BDC5D5A05F174">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="CBA956603532546B9207DA564FFD892C">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1D1C7827520ABD9B7B9E0851D728D23E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="72FC937B2B0F3EB7B703A763E7C45814">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="B902951E3FA39F9B49BDB54917AD2815">
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<mods:date id="858379405D9DE57803B0EEBB22774B84">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="92B1EFDB3525931CB0BFEC50F6D5EF63" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="6D7457885F41434B0BCF863114ACF603">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="B81FCA6B3DEDDB71E718D6A963212B46" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="84314B1C9767BFC35295056B01F63B78">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="BEAC8E1E22B0D4A99BE24F504500D4BA" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="C3F21CB916D2F39D6FFAC27257B79945">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="F2CEA541D4CF917D2BE8803E8838077B">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="EF23DAADDFDE2F09FBF90E3C1C78DCBC">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A999F9465B909B79F9150DE72495FCC3" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1A463EC046CCCF69B0CB21E111A7A5B9" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D5B3E11F3D0C07EE3774C450CD56C6CF" type="GBIF-Dataset">67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1E97A887BF4050315FE6F33AD760215D" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFDB2FB31" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583640" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762929" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583640" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFDB2FB31" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFDB2FB31" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFAE6FE3D" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFCD3FE8D" blockId="75.[151,803,261,288]" box="[151,803,261,288]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFCD3FE8D" bold="true" box="[151,803,261,288]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFCD3FE8D" authority="(Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856)" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein & Martens" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[151,803,261,288]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olfersii">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFCD3FE8D" bold="true" box="[151,803,261,288]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BE8BFEAEFE63FEB2" bold="true" box="[151,403,261,288]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Physalaemus olfersii</emphasis>
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(Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFBAFF87BE8BFEE6FAE6FE3D" blockId="75.[151,1437,333,1187]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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We found a single call
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<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFBAFF87BFBCFEE6FE20FEF5" box="[416,464,333,359]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">type</typeStatus>
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for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note with a very long duration and a slight PAM (no silence intervals between pulses). It has an irregular and strong PFM throughout the call. The bands have no general FM or have only a slight FM, which is usually upward.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFBAFF87BEDBFE13FDB2FB31" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFBAFF87BEDBFE13FDB2FB31" blockId="75.[151,1437,333,1187]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BEDBFE13FDC3FE41" bold="true" box="[199,563,440,467]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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Call A (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BF3AFE13FE8BFE41" box="[294,379,440,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
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A–D and 42C).
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</emphasis>
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We examined 13 recordings, a total of 35 minutes, with 332 calls from
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<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFBAFF87BB9CFE12FF2CFE65" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="male">31 males</specimenCount>
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. Only some of these calls were measured (see
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<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFBAFF87BCF6FE76FCB0FE65" box="[746,832,477,503]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Call duration varies from 3.530 to
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<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFBAFF87BAC1FE76FAC1FE65" box="[1245,1329,477,503]" degrees="4.837" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" precision="55" value="-4.837">4.837 s</geoCoordinate>
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. Call rise and fall are very short and similar to each other in duration. The limit between the call rise and sustain is not clear in calls with triangular envelope (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BC12FD8EFD87FDAD" box="[526,631,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44A</figureCitation>
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). There is a long sustain. This segment is usually regular and almost flat (slightly decreasing towards end of the segment –
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BCD1FDE2FCC3FDF1" box="[717,819,585,611]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44C</figureCitation>
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), but some calls have very inclined sustains, where the beginning of the segment has low amplitude and gradually increases towards its end (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BA5BFDC6FB5FFD15" box="[1095,1199,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44A</figureCitation>
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). The amplitude peak is at around the end of the first tenth or at the very end of the call duration. The envelope of the call varies from rectangular (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BF38FD1EFE78FD5D" box="[292,392,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44C</figureCitation>
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) to triangular (pointed left;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BCA0FD1EFCD3FD5D" box="[700,803,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44A</figureCitation>
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). More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 46 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. The call can have a slight PAM (silence intervals are absent between peaks). The rate of the PAM is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BC2AFD55FDA7FC85" box="[566,599,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">ca.</emphasis>
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11 Hz, forming
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BD10FD55FCDDFC85" box="[780,813,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">ca.</emphasis>
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50 cycles throughout the call. The cycle rise and fall are similar and the amplitude peak is at the middle of the cycle duration. The call has a harmonic series (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BAE4FC8AFAAFFCA9" box="[1272,1375,801,827]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 42C</figureCitation>
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). The fundamental frequency is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BFA2FCEDFE10FCCD" box="[446,480,838,863]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">ca.</emphasis>
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150 Hz. The first seven harmonics have very low energy or are absent in the audiospectrogram. There are
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BF82FCC1FE30FC11" box="[414,448,874,899]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">ca.</emphasis>
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12 adjacent emphasized harmonics. The wave periods are usually regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. However, some calls have deterministic chaos regimes in several parts, mainly at their outset (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BEF7FC1AFEA4FC59" box="[235,340,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44B</figureCitation>
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). The dominant frequency varies from
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFBAFF87BD0FFC19FCDDFC59" box="[787,813,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">ca</emphasis>
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.
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<date id="28227196FFBAFF87BD21FC1BFC24FC59" box="[829,980,944,971]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" value="1570" valueMax="1870">1570 to 1870</date>
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Hz (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BA12FC1AFB87FC59" box="[1038,1143,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44B</figureCitation>
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). The dominant harmonic varies from the ninth to the 19
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<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFBAFF87BFF6FC7FFE07FC70" attach="none" box="[490,503,980,994]" fontSize="6" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">th</superScript>
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, but it is usually between the ninth and 12
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<superScript id="ABE9FA1EFFBAFF87BDCCFC7FFC2DFC70" attach="left" box="[976,989,980,994]" fontSize="6" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">th</superScript>
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(
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BDF5FC7EFBA1FC7D" box="[1001,1105,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="73.[151,250,1616,1641]" captionTargetBox="[211,1371,189,1579]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[205,1382,181,1591]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURE 42. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of eight Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. orophilus (A), P. lateristriga (B), P. olfersii (C), P. riograndensis (D), P. biligonigerus (E), P. marmoratus (F), P. santafecinus (G), P. carrizorum (H). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency. Factors multiple of ½ of the fundamental frequency correspond to subharmonics (see call B of P. ephippifer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613080/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 42C</figureCitation>
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). There is no clear shift in the relative energy between the bands throughout the call. Most of the call energy is between
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<date id="28227196FFBAFF87BA80FC52FAB5FB81" box="[1180,1349,1016,1043]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" value="1100" valueMax="2150">1100 and 2150</date>
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Hz (12 harmonics). Calls have no general FM (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BC4DFBB6FD49FBA5" box="[593,697,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44D</figureCitation>
|
||
), or have only a slight general FM, usually upward (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BAE3FBB6FA95FBA5" box="[1279,1381,1053,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44B</figureCitation>
|
||
), but sometimes downward. There is usually a short downward FM at the end of the call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BA4CFBEAFB48FBC9" box="[1104,1208,1089,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, there is a strong PFM throughout the call, which is usually independent, but it is directly proportional and synchronic to PAM when it is present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFBAFF87BFB0FB22FDC5FB31" box="[428,565,1161,1187]" captionStart="FIGURE 44" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1617,1642]" captionTargetBox="[159,1430,882,1587]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,876,1592]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 44. Call A of Physalaemus olfersii. Oscillograms (A and C) and audiospectrograms (B and D). A typical call (A–B). A variant call with a different envelope and spectral features (C–D). Note the deterministic chaos at the beginning of the call (B). Note the higher noise level in the call and the irregular PFM (D). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 25.4 (B and D)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613084/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 44B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |