129 lines
26 KiB
XML
129 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="385794C15B1ABDF64F5A1E2AF09927C6" ID-CLB-Dataset="24303" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3612996" ID-ZooBank="B137F19A-2C50-476C-8F13-4F049253B361" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1579507121529" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hepp, Fábio & Pombal, José P." docDate="2020" docId="D435E640FFA1FF9DBE8BFB15FE3FFE8D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4725.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4725 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Physalaemus gracilis" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="81" masterDocId="280C9E38FFF1FFCCBE1CFFABFFF0FF92" masterDocTitle="Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="81" updateTime="1698778037983" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="7A714B85973BDACD6934AA70694E4585" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BFCA624EF3ACD26EB55B9AD46AECC264">
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<mods:title id="B0CF6920BE48F6EC9D2905E8DF77B727">Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="B9F445FE6D8BBED2A9E32B47746AD059" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="C2C6FEB2F59A04C74BFC18D739298385">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A49A2E2F71C7A397C5C7422D7CEC95CB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="61DAF99C9A541E08F266CD36F475F73B">Hepp, Fábio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="6869095B0955CC193ED9CBA12F0424D1" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="5A9B82A604DDD98E308354BD0972F8FE">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F3B13E815FD53BF0418077B11D62110B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="9DE8832C0641A855B09B4A4F21DEB3E0">Pombal, José P.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="39755551F4BF7BA91FE1ECE8D1F074D8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="CD9D48E680BE6BC814AEA9D9FC51D4DF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="B88C31AF0F5AF5D80F43ACA777D1D14A">
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<mods:date id="8A55A3FF7A947D9043E63924F7716783">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="E778647E2066D82D9BF6FFAB94BFDA78" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="858F8B91932496DB1A9D3485F1DFA8E0">2020-01-20</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="C8760232BE27BF528129F9F9692D523B" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="92BED9C3973C53E940FBD2A241F0520F">4725</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="BD5BAE8665387C2452943703CF22D28D" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="8BA2ACF0876A61343E79157F349CBE2B">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="766177AEDCFF6494FE38C87E5B822898">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="2D26BCD830F00D3410B5ABADE284C44E">106</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="9162641C5B09B545425F41E3B228446A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="B718F0949B9B8AE1C0E1A2B78D878905" type="CLB-Dataset">24303</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="620F6370504063D3F390D0E2CF6FBDF1" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4725.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E7BD9BCA68B6F1310E5D01A4C5607430" type="GBIF-Dataset">67d90a4f-f853-4561-ae9a-c0f596d948ca</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="235C82CF6EE752EB7973012A9836776A" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="84646EA012FADAFA016B3165980E4726" type="Zenodo-Dep">3612996</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D435E640FFA1FF9DBE8BFB15FE3FFE8D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5583654" ID-GBIF-Taxon="161762912" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5583654" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D435E640FFA1FF9DBE8BFB15FE3FFE8D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D435E640FFA1FF9DBE8BFB15FE3FFE8D" lastPageId="81" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFA1FF9CBE8BFB15FB7EFAD6" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFA1FF9CBE8BFB15FD8AFB4A" blockId="80.[151,634,1214,1241]" box="[151,634,1214,1241]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<heading id="076BE03AFFA1FF9CBE8BFB15FD8AFB4A" bold="true" box="[151,634,1214,1241]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="9B9C2CD5FFA1FF9CBE8BFB15FD8AFB4A" authority="(Boulenger, 1883)" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[151,634,1214,1241]" class="Amphibia" family="Leiuperidae" genus="Physalaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA1FF9CBE8BFB15FD8AFB4A" bold="true" box="[151,634,1214,1241]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA1FF9CBE8BFB15FE68FB4B" bold="true" box="[151,408,1214,1241]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Physalaemus gracilis</emphasis>
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(Boulenger, 1883)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFA1FF9CBE8BFAACFB7EFAD6" blockId="80.[151,1437,1286,2033]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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We found a single call
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<typeStatus id="8327E9F4FFA1FF9CBF8DFAACFE31FAB3" box="[401,449,1287,1313]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">type</typeStatus>
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for the species, referred to as call A. The call is composed of a single harmonic note, with general downward FM, but with an up-downward FM segment in the first sixth of the call.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="148604DDFFA1FF9DBEDBFAE6FE3FFE8D" lastPageId="81" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="description">
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<paragraph id="5C235756FFA1FF9DBEDBFAE6FE3FFE8D" blockId="80.[151,1437,1286,2033]" lastBlockId="81.[151,1436,153,287]" lastPageId="81" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA1FF9CBEDBFAE6FDD9FAFA" bold="true" box="[199,553,1357,1385]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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Call A (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBF3FFAE6FE86FAFA" box="[291,374,1357,1384]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 50</figureCitation>
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A–T and 52A).
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</emphasis>
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We examined 40 recordings, a total of 158 minutes, with
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA1FF9CBADCFAE4FB2AFAFA" box="[1216,1242,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">ca</emphasis>
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. 2480 calls from
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<specimenCount id="4A9A9CDFFFA1FF9CBE8BFAD9FEFEFA1E" box="[151,270,1394,1420]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="male">106 males</specimenCount>
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. Only some of these calls were measured (see
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<tableCitation id="111E62EDFFA1FF9CBD01FAD9FC83FA1E" box="[797,883,1394,1420]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[150,243,524,551]" captionTargetBox="[163,1977,638,1641]" captionText="TABLE 2. Descriptive statistics of 11 measurements of the calls typeA of 45 Physalaemus species. Species ordered according to the topology in Lourenço et al. (2015; see text and Table 1). Values are given as mean ± standard deviation (minimum – maximum) mode [number of measurements taken / number of calls]. Single asterisks indicate cells with the same values of other call. Double asterisks indicate features present only in part of the analyzed calls (see descriptions in text for details)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" tableUuid="08E307DEFFE0FFDDBE8AFDA7F865FDFD">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). Call duration varies from 0.451 to
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<geoCoordinate id="39A83191FFA1FF9CBB0DFADAFA95FA1F" box="[1297,1381,1393,1421]" degrees="0.565" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" precision="55" value="-0.565">0.565 s</geoCoordinate>
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. The envelope of the call is variable (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBFE3FA3DFD97FA22" box="[511,615,1429,1456]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 50A</figureCitation>
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, C–G, M–P). In most calls, rise and fall are similar in duration and shape (exponential) and the sustain is long. Some sustains are regular (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBD61FA11FB8AFA46" box="[893,1146,1465,1493]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 50A, G, M, N, O</figureCitation>
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) and others are irregular, with short and shallow valleys, mainly at the beginning of the segment (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBDA0FA75FBACFA6B" box="[956,1116,1501,1529]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 50D, F, P</figureCitation>
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). In several calls, the sustain has a convex shape and the limits between the call rise, sustain, and call fall are not clear. Usually, the envelope is divided into two parts with different amplitude levels (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBD1AF98DFC9FF9D2" box="[774,879,1573,1600]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 50C</figureCitation>
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). The amplitude peak is usually at the end of the first seven tenths of the call duration. The envelope varies from elliptic or rectangular (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBA7FF9E1FA64F9F6" box="[1123,1428,1609,1637]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 50A, D, F, G, M, N, O</figureCitation>
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) to triangular (pointed left;
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBFA2F9C5FDAEF91B" box="[446,606,1645,1673]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 50C, E, P</figureCitation>
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). Due to the asymmetry of some triangular envelopes, the shape resembles an arrow. More than 50 % of the call energy is concentrated in 32 % of the call duration around the amplitude peak. There is no PAM in the call. The call has a harmonic series (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBD54F91DFC42F942" box="[840,946,1717,1744]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 52A</figureCitation>
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). The fundamental frequency is
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA1FF9CBB3CF91CFAB2F942" box="[1312,1346,1719,1744]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">ca.</emphasis>
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510 Hz and approximately the first seven harmonics are emphasized. The wave periods are regular and harmonics are clear throughout the call. Subharmonics (f
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<subScript id="C0185513FFA1FF9CBC2AF8BBFDCEF88C" attach="left" box="[566,574,1808,1822]" fontSize="6" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">0</subScript>
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1/2 and f
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<subScript id="C0185513FFA1FF9CBCB8F8BBFD5CF88C" attach="right" box="[676,684,1808,1822]" fontSize="6" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">0</subScript>
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1/3) are common at the beginning and middle of the call (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBB27F955FF1EF8AF" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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Fig.
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<date id="28227196FFA1FF9CBB6CF956FA68F88A" box="[1392,1432,1789,1816]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" value="1950-01">50I</date>
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, L, Q, R
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</figureCitation>
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). The dominant frequency varies from
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<emphasis id="6EE88B44FFA1FF9CBCBCF888FD4AF8AE" box="[672,698,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">ca</emphasis>
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.
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<date id="28227196FFA1FF9CBCD4F889FCAAF8AE" box="[712,858,1826,1853]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" value="2110" valueMax="2760">2110 to 2760</date>
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Hz (
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBD8CF889FC07F8AE" box="[912,1015,1825,1852]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 50B</figureCitation>
|
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). The dominant harmonic varies from the first to the seventh (except the second), but it is usually the fourth, fifth, or sixth (
|
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBA71F8EDFB27F8F2" box="[1133,1239,1861,1888]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 52A</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is a clear shift in relative energy between the bands; the dominant frequency gets higher toward the end of the call, starting at the first harmonic, moving to the third, fourth, fifth and sixth, and ending at the sixth or seventh; thenceforth, the dominant frequency decreases in some calls, moving to the fourth harmonic (
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||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBDF6F819FBA0F85E" box="[1002,1104,1969,1996]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="83.[151,250,1300,1325]" captionTargetBox="[204,1381,189,1265]" captionTargetId="figure@83.[200,1387,181,1274]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 52. Multiplicity relationship between “instantaneous” dominant frequency and w of calls A of four Physalaemus species. Each graph shows a single call A of P. gracilis (A), P. lisei (B), P. evangelistai (C), P. barrioi (D), P. jordanensis (E). Grid corresponds to the harmonic values (right y-axis). Red squares are the values of “instantaneous” dominant frequency; blue circles are the values of the reciprocal of w; green triangles are the factor values of the ratio “instantaneous” dominant frequency / w reciprocal per delta time. Delta time corresponds to the duration of one period of the measured acoustic oscillation. Note that factors around integer values suggest harmonic relationship between the frequency calculated (w reciprocal) and the dominant frequency." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613100" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613100/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 52A</figureCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBA46F81AFB7CF85E" box="[1114,1164,1969,1996]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">50B</figureCitation>
|
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). Most of the call energy is between 950 and 3050 Hz (four to five harmonics). The call has a general downward FM (
|
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA1FF9CBABAF87DFAFCF862" box="[1190,1292,2005,2032]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 50B</figureCitation>
|
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, H–L, Q–T). Additionally, calls have an up-downward FM in the first sixth of the call duration, leading to slightly arc-shaped bands in this part of the call, and a short downward FM at the end (
|
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBD6AFF16FC2BFF45" box="[886,987,188,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 50B</figureCitation>
|
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, H–L, Q–T). The general downward FM and the initial up-downward FM result in S-shaped harmonics when considering the entire call. Some calls have a slight PFM (
|
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<figureCitation id="C4A74BD3FFA0FF9DBF38FEAEFE33FE8D" box="[292,451,260,287]" captionStart="FIGURE 50" captionStartId="81.[151,250,972,997]" captionTargetBox="[157,1429,316,942]" captionTargetId="figure@81.[151,1435,309,946]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="FIGURE 50. Call A of Physalaemus gracilis. Oscillograms (A, C–G, and M–P) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, and Q–T). A typical call A (A–B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–T). Note the presence of subharmonics at the beginning or middle of the call (I, L, Q, and R). Horizontal scale bars have 0.5 s (C–L) and 0.2 s (M–T); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 42.3 (B); 84.6 (K, L, and T); 74.6 (J); 55.2 (I and R); 69.0 (H and S); 61.4 (Q)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3613096" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3613096/files/figure.png" pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Fig. 50H, I, L</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |