treatments-xml/data/9E/4C/E2/9E4CE23AFFAFF126FF0366AFFC012C2F.xml

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<mods:title id="5ABDCFE46ACCA8C84E531B0454E6775D">On a collection of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the southwest coast of Florida, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F6391475DBD35A095B755E1D96F7CA9B">Calder, Dale R.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="165A532CFFAFF123FF0366AFFDB32960" blockId="99.[151,591,1773,1835]" box="[151,591,1773,1800]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<heading id="4D12E440FFAFF123FF0366AFFDB32960" bold="true" box="[151,591,1773,1800]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFAFF123FF0366AFFDB32960" ID-CoL="3JFQ6" authority="(Nutting, 1900)" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[151,591,1773,1800]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFAFF123FF0366AFFDB32960" bold="true" box="[151,591,1773,1800]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFAFF123FF0366AFFE77296F" bold="true" box="[151,395,1773,1800]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Halopteris alternata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAFF123FE0E66AFFDBB2960" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[410,583,1773,1799]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref144510" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Special Bulletin, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="5EFF00A7FFAFF123FF036753FEE5294C" box="[151,281,1809,1835]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="description">
<paragraph id="165A532CFFAFF123FF036753FEE5294C" blockId="99.[151,591,1773,1835]" box="[151,281,1809,1835]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<figureCitation id="8EDE4FA9FFAFF123FF036753FF0C294C" box="[151,240,1809,1835]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="105.[151,250,1685,1710]" captionTargetBox="[183,1402,172,1655]" captionTargetId="figure@105.[172,1415,166,1665]" captionTargetPageId="105" captionText="FIGURE 23. a, Halopteris alternata: part of a hydrocaulus with proximal end of a hydrocladium, Fort Myers Beach, ROMIZ B4400. Scale equals 0.1 mm. b, Halopteris alternata: part of a hydrocladium with two hydrothecae, Fort Myers Beach, ROMIZ B4400. Scale equals 0.1 mm. c, Halopteris alternata: part of hydrocaulus of an “Antennella form” with a developing hydrocladium, Fort Myers Beach, ROMIZ B4400. Scale equals 0.1 mm. d, Halopteris clarkei: part of hydrocaulus with proximal ends of two hydrocladia, Southwest Florida Shelf, ROMIZ B2097. Scale equals 0.1 mm. e, Halopteris clarkei: hydrocladial hydrotheca and nematothecae, Southwest Florida Shelf, ROMIZ B2097. Scale equals 0.1 mm. f, Halopteris clarkei: male gonotheca with a nematotheca, Southwest Florida Shelf, ROMIZ B2097. Scale equals 0.05 mm. g, Monostaechas quadridens: part of colony with a hydrotheca and nematothecae, Southwest Florida Shelf, ROMIZ B2100. Scale equals 0.1 mm. h, Ventromma halecioides: part of hydrocaulus with a hydrocladium, Sanibel Island, ROMIZ B4395. Scale equals 0.2 mm. i, Ventromma halecioides: part of hydrocaulus with proximal end of a hydrocladium, Sanibel Island, ROMIZ B4395. Scale equals 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3519097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3519097/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Figs. 23</figureCitation>
a–c
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5EFF00A7FFAFF123FF036717FDA5298F" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="165A532CFFAFF123FF036717FB892909" blockId="99.[151,1436,1877,2024]" box="[151,1141,1877,1902]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="36F57402FFAFF123FF036717FB892909" box="[151,1141,1877,1902]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFAFF123FF036717FDD62909" authority="Nutting, 1900: 62" authorityName="Nutting" authorityPageNumber="62" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,554,1877,1902]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFAFF123FF036717FE92290A" box="[151,366,1877,1901]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Plumularia alternata</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFAFF123FEE06717FDD62909" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[372,554,1877,1902]" page="62" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" year="1900">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAFF123FEE06717FDD62909" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[372,554,1877,1902]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref144510" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Special Bulletin, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900: 62</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2.— 
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFAFF123FD706717FC552909" author="Wallace, W. S." box="[740,937,1877,1902]" page="136" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" year="1909">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAFF123FD706717FC552909" author="Wallace, W. S." box="[740,937,1877,1902]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="136 - 138" refId="ref153718" refString="Wallace, W. S. (1909) A collection of hydroids made at the Tortugas, during May, June, and July, 1908. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book, 7, 136 - 138." type="journal article" year="1909">Wallace, 1909: 136</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.— 
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFAFF123FC536717FB8D2909" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[967,1137,1877,1902]" page="96" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" year="1943">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAFF123FC536717FB8D2909" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[967,1137,1877,1902]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="75 - 98" refId="ref133351" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1943) Distribution records of some hydroids in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, with description of new genera and new species. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, 22, 75 - 98." type="journal article" year="1943">Fraser, 1943: 96</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFAFF123FF036736FE4B29CC" blockId="99.[151,1436,1877,2024]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="36F57402FFAFF123FF036736FE4B29CC" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFAFF123FF036736FE8E29EB" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[151,370,1908,1932]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFAFF123FF036736FE8E29EB" box="[151,370,1908,1932]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Plumularia diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.— 
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFAFF123FE1B6736FDB929EB" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[399,581,1908,1932]" page="343" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" year="1944">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAFF123FE1B6736FDB929EB" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[399,581,1908,1932]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref133401" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">Fraser, 1944: 343</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.—(?) 
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFAFF123FDE96736FCD829EB" author="Joyce, E. A. Jr." box="[637,804,1907,1932]" page="72" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" year="1961">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAFF123FDE96736FCD829EB" author="Joyce, E. A. Jr." box="[637,804,1907,1932]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref137169" refString="Joyce, E. A. Jr. (1961) The Hydroida of the Seahorse Key area. M. S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 116 pp." type="book" year="1961">Joyce, 1961: 72</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 18, fig. 3.—(?) 
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFAFF123FC716731FB7529EB" author="Shier, C. F." box="[997,1161,1907,1932]" page="59" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" year="1965">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAFF123FC716731FB7529EB" author="Shier, C. F." box="[997,1161,1907,1932]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref149825" refString="Shier, C. F. (1965) A taxonomic and ecological study of shallow water hydroids of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. M. S. Thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 128 pp." type="book" year="1965">Shier, 1965: 59</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 32 [not 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFAFF123FA916736FE5129CC" authority="(Heller, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFAFF123FA916736FEEF29CC" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Plumularia diaphana</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAFF123FEB467D0FE5929CC" author="Heller, C." box="[288,421,1938,1963]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 88" refId="ref135488" refString="Heller, C. (1868) Die Zoophyten und Echinodermen des Adriatischen Meeres. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 18, 1 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11393" type="journal article" year="1868">Heller, 1868</bibRefCitation>
)
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].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFAFF123FF0367F3FCCE29AD" blockId="99.[151,1436,1877,2024]" box="[151,818,1969,1994]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="36F57402FFAFF123FF0367F3FCCE29AD" box="[151,818,1969,1994]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFAFF123FF0367F3FE2C29AE" ID-CoL="3JFQJ" authority="diaphana" box="[151,464,1969,1993]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="diaphana" subSpecies="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFAFF123FF0367F3FE2C29AE" box="[151,464,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Halopteris diaphana diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.— 
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFAFF123FE7967F0FD4C29AD" author="Vervoort, W." box="[493,688,1969,1994]" page="58" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" year="1968">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAFF123FE7967F0FD4C29AD" author="Vervoort, W." box="[493,688,1969,1994]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref153374" refString="Vervoort, W. (1968) Report on a collection of Hydroida from the Caribbean region, including an annotated checklist of Caribbean hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 92, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1968">Vervoort, 1968: 58</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 27a, b.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFAFF123FF036792FDA5298F" blockId="99.[151,1436,1877,2024]" box="[151,601,1999,2024]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="36F57402FFAFF123FF036792FDA5298F" box="[151,601,1999,2024]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFAFF123FF036792FE9B298F" ID-CoL="3JFQ6" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[151,359,2000,2024]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFAFF123FF036792FE9B298F" box="[151,359,2000,2024]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Halopteris alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.— 
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFAFF123FE11678DFDA8298F" author="Schuchert, P." box="[389,596,1999,2024]" page="42" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAFF123FE11678DFDA8298F" author="Schuchert, P." box="[389,596,1999,2024]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref149183" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert, 1997: 42</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5EFF00A7FFA8F124FF0360DBFB3D2E9C" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA8F124FF0360DBFB972ED4" blockId="100.[151,1437,152,2016]" box="[151,1131,152,179]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<materialsCitation id="A68D5971FFA8F124FF0360DBFB9A2ED4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2430643583" box="[151,1126,152,179]" country="Bahamas" location="Barracuda Rocks" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FF0360DBFECA2ED4" bold="true" box="[151,310,152,179]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<typeStatus id="C95EED8EFFA8F124FF0360DBFF2E2ED4" box="[151,210,153,179]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA8F124FEA860DBFE5B2ED4" box="[316,423,153,179]" name="Bahamas" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
: 
<location id="133A05F7FFA8F124FE2660DBFD8E2ED4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9E4CE23AFFAFF126FF0366AFFC012C2F:133A05F7FFA8F124FE2660DBFD8E2ED4" box="[434,626,153,179]" country="Bahamas" name="Barracuda Rocks" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Barracuda Rocks</location>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FD1460DBFCBF2ED4" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[640,835,153,179]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref144510" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Special Bulletin, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting 1900: 62</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FCFA60DBFBA72ED4" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[878,1115,153,179]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FCFA60DBFBA72ED4" box="[878,1115,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Plumularia alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA8F124FF5360FEFB3D2E9C" blockId="100.[151,1437,152,2016]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FF5360FEFE4D2EB0" bold="true" box="[199,433,188,215]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Material examined.</emphasis>
Fort Myers Beach, stranded intertidally on detached 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FB9F60FFFB422EB0" baseAuthorityName="Lamouroux" baseAuthorityYear="1816" box="[1035,1214,189,215]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Idiellana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pristis">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FB9F60FFFB422EB0" box="[1035,1214,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Idiellana pristis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="625B75ECFFA8F124FB5960FFFA642EB0" box="[1229,1432,189,215]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" value="2013-02-16">16 February 2013</date>
, three colony fragments, up to 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA8F124FE7360A3FDD42E9C" box="[487,552,225,251]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
high, without gonophores, coll. D. Calder, 
<collectionCode id="70F4CBE9FFA8F124FB9960A3FB9B2E9C" box="[1037,1127,225,251]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
B4400.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5EFF00A7FFA8F126FF536147FC012C2F" lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA8F124FF536147FA902C58" blockId="100.[151,1437,152,2016]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FF536147FEC72F78" bold="true" box="[199,315,261,287]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Remarks.</emphasis>
The nomenclature of the hydroid now known once again as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FC6F6147FA602F78" authority="(Nutting, 1900)" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1019,1436,261,287]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FC6F6147FB1F2F78" box="[1019,1251,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Halopteris alternata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FB676147FA682F78" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[1267,1428,261,287]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref144510" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Special Bulletin, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
was resolved by 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FEC0616BFDE52F24" author="Schuchert, P." box="[340,537,297,323]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref149183" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997)</bibRefCitation>
. For a time during the mid- and late 20 
<superScript id="E190FE64FFA8F124FC46616AFC232F51" attach="left" box="[978,991,296,310]" fontSize="6" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">th</superScript>
century, this hydroid was thought to be conspecific with the mostly European 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FDD0610CFC8B2F0F" authority="(Heller, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[580,887,333,360]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FDD0610CFD2D2F00" box="[580,721,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">H. diaphana</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FD4B610FFC932F0F" author="Heller, C." box="[735,879,333,360]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 88" refId="ref135488" refString="Heller, C. (1868) Die Zoophyten und Echinodermen des Adriatischen Meeres. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 18, 1 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11393" type="journal article" year="1868">Heller, 1868</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. As noted by Schuchert, and reiterated elsewhere (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FF0B6133FED32FEC" author="Calder, D. R." box="[159,303,369,395]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref127887" refString="Calder, D. R. (2013) Some shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the central east coast of Florida, USA. Zootaxa, 3648 (1), 1 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3648.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Calder 2013</bibRefCitation>
), morphological differences distinguishing 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FC836130FC5D2FEC" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[791,929,369,395]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FC836130FC5D2FEC" box="[791,929,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">H. alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from its congener include (1) the usual presence of an axillar nematotheca beneath hydrothecae on the hydrocaulus, (2) hydrocladia with homomerous rather than heteromerous segmentation, (3) athecate hydrocladial internodes with one rather than two or three nematothecae, (4) female gonothecae that are fusiform and essentially straight rather than cornucopia-shaped. Taxonomic confusion over the two species, both of which occur in the tropical western Atlantic, makes it difficult to untangle their distribution records. Of the two, however, 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FD396264FCCA2C58" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[685,822,549,575]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FD396264FCCA2C58" box="[685,822,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">H. alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is by far the more frequently encountered species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA8F124FF53620BFD5B2D70" blockId="100.[151,1437,152,2016]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FF53620BFE4C2C04" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[199,432,585,611]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FF53620BFE4C2C04" box="[199,432,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Halopteris alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread in shallow waters throughout the tropical western North Atlantic. It extends from the Caribbean coast of South America (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FD4F622FFC7F2CE0" author="Vervoort, W." box="[731,899,621,647]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref153374" refString="Vervoort, W. (1968) Report on a collection of Hydroida from the Caribbean region, including an annotated checklist of Caribbean hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 92, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1968">Vervoort 1968</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FC24622FFAF02CE0" authority="diaphana" box="[944,1292,621,647]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="diaphana" subSpecies="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FC24622FFAF02CE0" box="[944,1292,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Halopteris diaphana diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) northwards to shelf waters of South Carolina (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FD8D62D3FD0F2CCC" author="Wenner, E. L. &amp; Hinde, P. &amp; Knott, D. M. &amp; Van Dolah, R. F." box="[537,755,657,683]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 104" refId="ref154596" refString="Wenner, E. L., Hinde, P., Knott, D. M. &amp; Van Dolah, R. F. (1984) A temporal and spatial study of invertebrate communities associated with hard-bottom habitats in the South Atlantic Bight. United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 18, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1984">
Wenner 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FDED62D0FD562CCC" box="[633,682,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">et al</emphasis>
. 1984
</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FC8962D0FC562CCC" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[797,938,657,683]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FC8962D0FC562CCC" box="[797,938,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">H. diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and seawards to 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA8F124FBE162D3FB202CCC" box="[1141,1244,657,683]" name="Bermuda" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
(Calder 1997, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FF0362F4FEDF2CA8" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[151,291,693,719]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FF0362F4FEDF2CA8" box="[151,291,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">H. diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). A population on pelagic 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FDDD62F7FD3F2CA8" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[585,707,693,719]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FDDD62F7FD3F2CA8" box="[585,707,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
believed to be the same species is carried northwards by the Gulf Stream (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FF60629BFE762C94" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[244,394,729,755]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="339 - 387" refId="ref132794" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1912 b) Some hydroids of Beaufort, North Carolina. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 30, 339 - 387." type="journal article" year="1912">Fraser 1912b</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FE25629BFD612C94" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[433,669,729,755]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FE25629BFD612C94" box="[433,669,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Plumularia alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and into the central North Atlantic Ocean by the North Atlantic Drift (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FF0A62BFFE862D70" author="Timmermann, G." box="[158,378,765,791]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="288 - 335" refId="ref151766" refString="Timmermann, G. (1932) Biogeographische Untersuchungen uber die Lebensgemeinschaft des treibenden Golfkrautes. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 25, 288 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00446711" type="journal article" year="1932">Timmermann 1932</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FE3762BFFD6B2D70" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1833" box="[419,663,765,791]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="catharina">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FE3762BFFD6B2D70" box="[419,663,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Plumularia catharina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA8F124FF536363FB7A2BA4" blockId="100.[151,1437,152,2016]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
Approaching the northern geographic range of 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FD4D6360FC9F2D5C" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[729,867,801,827]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FD4D6360FC9F2D5C" box="[729,867,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">H. alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the southern limit of 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FBE56363FF152D07" authority="(Verrill, 1874 d)" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1874" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FBE56363FAC12D5C" box="[1137,1341,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Halopteris tenella</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FAD86363FF1D2D07" author="Verrill, A. E." pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="295 - 747" refId="ref152986" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1874 d) Report upon the invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound and the adjacent waters, with an account of the physical characters of the region. Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries for 1871 - 1872, 295 - 747. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 57652" type="journal article" year="1874">Verrill, 1874d</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, a species of the temperate zone in eastern North America. It is the most abundant plumularioid found in inshore waters, including estuaries, from southern New 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA8F124FC86632BFC932DE4" box="[786,879,873,899]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">England</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FCEB632BFBE62DE4" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[895,1050,873,899]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="325 - 386" refId="ref144547" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1901) The hydroids of the Woods Hole region. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 19, 325 - 386. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 30524" type="journal article" year="1901">Nutting 1901</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FBB3632BFB352DE4" author="Petersen, K. W." box="[1063,1225,873,899]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="8 - 20" refId="ref146213" refString="Petersen, K. W. (1964) The sessile Hydrozoa. In: Smith, R. I. (Ed.), Keys to marine invertebrates of the Woods Hole region, Systematics-Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Contribution Number 11, pp. 8 - 20." type="book chapter" year="1964">Petersen 1964</bibRefCitation>
; both as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FABB632BFEEF2DC0" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1874" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Schizotricha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FABB632BFEEF2DC0" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Schizotricha tenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to South Carolina (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FE6F63CFFD052DC0" author="Calder, D. R. &amp; Hester, B. S." box="[507,761,909,935]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref128327" refString="Calder, D. R. &amp; Hester, B. S. (1978) Phylum Cnidaria. In: Zingmark, R. G. (Ed.), An annotated checklist of the biota of the coastal zone of South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, pp. 87 - 93." type="book chapter" year="1978">Calder &amp; Hester 1978</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FC9263CFFC6F2DC0" author="Calder, D. R." box="[774,915,909,935]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="7 - 28" refId="ref127049" refString="Calder, D. R. (1983) Hydroida from estuaries of South Carolina, USA: families Sertulariidae and Plumulariidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 96, 7 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1351954" type="journal article" year="1983">Calder 1983</bibRefCitation>
; both as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FC6D63CFFB9D2DC0" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1017,1121,909,935]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Schizotricha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FC6D63CFFB9D2DC0" box="[1017,1121,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">S. tenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). While the two species are somewhat similar in morphology and could easily be confused, 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FCFB63F0FC222DAC" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[879,990,945,971]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Schizotricha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FCFB63F0FC222DAC" box="[879,990,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">H. tenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FBE263F0FAFD2DAC" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[1142,1281,945,971]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FBE263F0FAFD2DAC" box="[1142,1281,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">H. alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having (1) heteromerously rather than homomerously segmented hydrocauli, (2) hydrocladia that are branched rather than unbranched, and with two kinds of athecate hydrocladial internodes, long nematothecate ones and very short anematothecate ones, (3) female gonothecae that are cornucopia-shaped instead of fusiform or nearly so. Colonies of 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FF036400FEF92A3C" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[151,261,1089,1115]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Schizotricha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FF036400FEF92A3C" box="[151,261,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">H. tenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also attain a much larger size, reaching 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA8F124FD546403FCF82A3C" box="[704,772,1089,1115]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
high (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FCDE6403FC242A3C" author="Calder, D. R." box="[842,984,1089,1115]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref126907" refString="Calder, D. R. (1971) Hydroids and hydromedusae of southern Chesapeake Bay. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Special papers in Marine Science, 1, 125 pp." type="book" year="1971">Calder 1971</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FC7F6403FB7D2A3C" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[1003,1153,1089,1115]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref133401" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">Fraser (1944)</bibRefCitation>
believed that this species extended to the Caribbean region, having included 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FD436427FC642A18" author="Leloup, E." box="[727,920,1124,1151]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref139004" refString="Leloup, E. (1935 a) Hydraires calyptoblastiques des Indes Occidentales. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 2 me serie, 2, 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="1935">Leloup’s (1935a)</bibRefCitation>
reports of 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FB876427FB022A18" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[1043,1278,1125,1151]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FB876427FB022A18" box="[1043,1278,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Antennella diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA8F124FAD06427FA612A18" box="[1348,1437,1125,1151]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA8F124FF5264CBFEF02AC4" box="[198,268,1161,1187]" name="Aruba" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Aruba</collectingCountry>
in the synonymy of 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FE6E64C8FD952AC4" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[506,617,1161,1187]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Schizotricha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FE6E64C8FD952AC4" box="[506,617,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">H. tenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. That synonymy is not upheld here, and the southern limit of 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FAB964C8FA602AC4" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1325,1436,1161,1187]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Schizotricha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FAB964C8FA602AC4" box="[1325,1436,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">H. tenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is taken to be the southeastern 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA8F124FE6364EFFD732AA0" box="[503,655,1197,1223]" name="United States of America" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">United States</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FD0A64EFFCD32AA0" author="Calder, D. R." box="[670,815,1197,1223]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="7 - 28" refId="ref127049" refString="Calder, D. R. (1983) Hydroida from estuaries of South Carolina, USA: families Sertulariidae and Plumulariidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 96, 7 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1351954" type="journal article" year="1983">Calder 1983</bibRefCitation>
). It is known to occur as far north as the Damariscotta River estuary, 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA8F124FEAE6493FE7E2A8C" box="[314,386,1233,1259]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Maine</collectingRegion>
(personal unpublished observations). The only record of the species from the Gulf of 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA8F124FAD36493FA612A8C" box="[1351,1437,1233,1259]" name="Mexico" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Mexico</collectingCountry>
to date is a questionable one from Louisiana by 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FD2664B7FCB82B68" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[690,836,1269,1295]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref133401" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">Fraser (1944</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FCF964B7FBB12B68" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[877,1101,1269,1295]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Schizotricha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FCF964B7FBB12B68" box="[877,1101,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Schizotricha tenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Also of uncertain identity is the species identified as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FE3B655BFD5C2B54" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[431,672,1305,1331]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FE3B655BFD5C2B54" box="[431,672,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Plumularia diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Seahorse Key, on the Gulf coast of Florida, by 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FA96655BFA652B53" author="Joyce, E. A. Jr." box="[1282,1433,1305,1332]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref137169" refString="Joyce, E. A. Jr. (1961) The Hydroida of the Seahorse Key area. M. S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 116 pp." type="book" year="1961">Joyce (1961)</bibRefCitation>
. His illustration of the trophosome, and especially the hydrocladia (pl. 18, fig. 3) appears as much like 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FA9B657CFA822B30" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[1295,1406,1341,1367]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Schizotricha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FA9B657CFA822B30" box="[1295,1406,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">H. tenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FF036520FEDF2B1C" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[151,291,1377,1403]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FF036520FEDF2B1C" box="[151,291,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">H. diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FEDC6520FE2E2B1C" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[328,466,1377,1403]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FEDC6520FE2E2B1C" box="[328,466,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">H. alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Likewise uncertain is the identity of material included in 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FBF46520FB1A2B1C" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[1120,1254,1377,1403]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FBF46520FB1A2B1C" box="[1120,1254,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">P. diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FA846523FA602B1C" author="Shier, C. F." box="[1296,1436,1376,1403]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref149825" refString="Shier, C. F. (1965) A taxonomic and ecological study of shallow water hydroids of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. M. S. Thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 128 pp." type="book" year="1965">Shier (1965)</bibRefCitation>
from the Cape San Blas area of Florida. Hydrocauli were described as being heteromerously segmented, as in 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FA1565C4FF1F2BA4" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1874" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Schizotricha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tenella">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FA1565C4FF1F2BA4" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">H. tenella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FE8E65E8FE5A2BA4" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[282,422,1449,1475]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FE8E65E8FE5A2BA4" box="[282,422,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">H. diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The hydroids of both Joyce and Shier were unfortunately sterile.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA8F124FF53658FFB42286C" blockId="100.[151,1437,152,2016]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
One of the three colony fragments in material of 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FD63658CFC7D2B80" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[759,897,1485,1511]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FD63658CFC7D2B80" box="[759,897,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">H. alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined here (ROMIZ B4400) constituted an “ 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FF3065B3FEE1286C" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1877" box="[164,285,1521,1547]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FF3065B3FEE1286C" box="[164,285,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Antennella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
form” (
<figureCitation id="8EDE4FA9FFA8F124FEE265B3FE2A286C" box="[374,470,1521,1547]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="105.[151,250,1685,1710]" captionTargetBox="[183,1402,172,1655]" captionTargetId="figure@105.[172,1415,166,1665]" captionTargetPageId="105" captionText="FIGURE 23. a, Halopteris alternata: part of a hydrocaulus with proximal end of a hydrocladium, Fort Myers Beach, ROMIZ B4400. Scale equals 0.1 mm. b, Halopteris alternata: part of a hydrocladium with two hydrothecae, Fort Myers Beach, ROMIZ B4400. Scale equals 0.1 mm. c, Halopteris alternata: part of hydrocaulus of an “Antennella form” with a developing hydrocladium, Fort Myers Beach, ROMIZ B4400. Scale equals 0.1 mm. d, Halopteris clarkei: part of hydrocaulus with proximal ends of two hydrocladia, Southwest Florida Shelf, ROMIZ B2097. Scale equals 0.1 mm. e, Halopteris clarkei: hydrocladial hydrotheca and nematothecae, Southwest Florida Shelf, ROMIZ B2097. Scale equals 0.1 mm. f, Halopteris clarkei: male gonotheca with a nematotheca, Southwest Florida Shelf, ROMIZ B2097. Scale equals 0.05 mm. g, Monostaechas quadridens: part of colony with a hydrotheca and nematothecae, Southwest Florida Shelf, ROMIZ B2100. Scale equals 0.1 mm. h, Ventromma halecioides: part of hydrocaulus with a hydrocladium, Sanibel Island, ROMIZ B4395. Scale equals 0.2 mm. i, Ventromma halecioides: part of hydrocaulus with proximal end of a hydrocladium, Sanibel Island, ROMIZ B4395. Scale equals 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3519097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3519097/files/figure.png" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Fig. 23c</figureCitation>
), although a developing apophysis and hydrocladium was present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA8F124FF536657FAF92848" blockId="100.[151,1437,152,2016]" box="[199,1285,1557,1583]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FF536657FE752848" author="Schuchert, P." box="[199,393,1557,1583]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref149183" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert (1997)</bibRefCitation>
provided a fuller account of 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FD5A6654FCAB2848" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[718,855,1557,1583]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FD5A6654FCAB2848" box="[718,855,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">H. alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and compared it with related species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA8F124FF53667BFB1C28D8" blockId="100.[151,1437,152,2016]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FF53667BFD2C2834" bold="true" box="[199,720,1592,1619]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
Reported distribution. 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FE4C667AFD2C2834" bold="true" box="[472,720,1592,1619]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Gulf coast of Florida.</emphasis>
</emphasis>
Dry 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA8F124FC9C667BFC962834" box="[776,874,1593,1619]" name="Haiti" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Tortugas</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FCE3667BFBB62834" author="Wallace, W. S." box="[887,1098,1593,1619]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="136 - 138" refId="ref153718" refString="Wallace, W. S. (1909) A collection of hydroids made at the Tortugas, during May, June, and July, 1908. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book, 7, 136 - 138." type="journal article" year="1909">Wallace 1909: 136</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FBE7667BFA9C2834" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[1139,1376,1593,1619]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FBE7667BFA9C2834" box="[1139,1376,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Plumularia alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FAFA667BFEDE2810" author="Fraser, C. M." pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="75 - 98" refId="ref133351" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1943) Distribution records of some hydroids in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, with description of new genera and new species. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, 22, 75 - 98." type="journal article" year="1943">Fraser 1943: 96</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FEDE661FFDCA2810" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[330,566,1629,1655]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FEDE661FFDCA2810" box="[330,566,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Plumularia alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FDD0661FFCFE2810" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[580,770,1629,1655]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref133401" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">Fraser 1944: 343</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FCBE661FFBE52810" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[810,1049,1629,1655]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FCBE661FFBE52810" box="[810,1049,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Plumularia diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FBB3661FFB02281F" author="Schuchert, P." box="[1063,1278,1629,1656]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref149183" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert 1997: 43</bibRefCitation>
).—?Seahorse Key (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FF4766C3FE7C28FC" author="Joyce, E. A. Jr." box="[211,384,1665,1691]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref137169" refString="Joyce, E. A. Jr. (1961) The Hydroida of the Seahorse Key area. M. S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 116 pp." type="book" year="1961">Joyce 1961: 72</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FE3366C3FD6A28FC" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[423,662,1665,1691]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FE3366C3FD6A28FC" box="[423,662,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Plumularia diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—?Cape San Blas area (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FC2666C3FBA428FC" author="Shier, C. F." box="[946,1112,1664,1691]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref149825" refString="Shier, C. F. (1965) A taxonomic and ecological study of shallow water hydroids of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. M. S. Thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 128 pp." type="book" year="1965">Shier 1965: 59</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FB1566C3FA8C28FC" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[1153,1392,1665,1691]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FB1566C3FA8C28FC" box="[1153,1392,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Plumularia diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— Dry 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA8F124FF5D66E7FED228D8" box="[201,302,1701,1727]" name="Haiti" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Tortugas</collectingCountry>
, Loggerhead Key, tidal zone (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FDE866E7FCB028D8" author="Vervoort, W." box="[636,844,1700,1727]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref153374" refString="Vervoort, W. (1968) Report on a collection of Hydroida from the Caribbean region, including an annotated checklist of Caribbean hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 92, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1968">Vervoort 1968: 59</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FCE266E7FB2C28D8" authority="diaphana" box="[886,1232,1701,1727]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="diaphana" subSpecies="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FCE266E7FB2C28D8" box="[886,1232,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Halopteris diaphana diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA8F126FF53668AFC012C2F" blockId="100.[151,1437,152,2016]" lastBlockId="102.[151,1437,152,584]" lastPageId="102" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FF53668AFD8A2884" bold="true" box="[199,630,1736,1763]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Elsewhere in western North Atlantic.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA8F124FDEB668BFD162884" box="[639,746,1737,1763]" name="Bahamas" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
: Barracuda Rocks (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FC53668BFB712884" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[967,1165,1737,1763]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref144510" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Special Bulletin, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting 1900: 62</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FB2E668BFF512960" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FB2E668BFF512960" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Plumularia alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA8F124FF4366AFFEB9296F" box="[215,325,1773,1800]" name="Bermuda" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
: on floating 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FE4666AFFDB02960" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[466,588,1773,1799]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FE4666AFFDB02960" box="[466,588,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FDCF66AFFCBC2960" author="Congdon, E. D." box="[603,832,1773,1799]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="463 - 485" refId="ref129401" refString="Congdon, E. D. (1907) The hydroids of Bermuda. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 42, 463 - 485. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 20022242" type="journal article" year="1907">Congdon 1907: 484</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FCFF66AFFBA52960" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[875,1113,1773,1799]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FCFF66AFFBA52960" box="[875,1113,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Plumularia alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA8F124FB1066AFFB3D2960" box="[1156,1217,1773,1799]" name="United States of America" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA8F124FB5966AFFAC22960" box="[1229,1342,1773,1799]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
, Gulf of 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA8F124FF036753FF11294C" box="[151,237,1809,1835]" name="Mexico" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Mexico</collectingCountry>
off Marsh Island, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA8F124FE2D6753FDE1294C" box="[441,541,1809,1835]" degrees="27" direction="north" minutes="10" orientation="latitude" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" precision="925" value="27.166666">27°10’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA8F124FDBC6752FD72294C" box="[552,654,1808,1835]" degrees="91" direction="west" minutes="50" orientation="longitude" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" precision="925" value="-91.833336">91°50’W</geoCoordinate>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FD086753FC84294C" author="Stechow, E." box="[668,888,1809,1835]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="333 - 378" refId="ref150547" refString="Stechow, E. (1912) Hydroiden der Munchener Zoologischen Staatssammlung. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 32, 333 - 378." type="journal article" year="1912">Stechow 1912: 363</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FC346753FB71294C" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[928,1165,1809,1835]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FC346753FB71294C" box="[928,1165,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Plumularia alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA8F124FB2C6753FB05294B" box="[1208,1273,1809,1836]" name="Cuba" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Cuba</collectingCountry>
: W of 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA8F124FAD46753FA64294C" box="[1344,1432,1809,1835]" country="Cuba" name="La Habana" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Havana</collectingRegion>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA8F124FF036777FF062928" box="[151,250,1845,1871]" degrees="23" direction="north" minutes="14" orientation="latitude" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" precision="925" value="23.233334">23°14’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA8F124FE926777FE902928" box="[262,364,1845,1871]" degrees="84" direction="west" minutes="08" orientation="longitude" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" precision="925" value="-84.13333">84°08’W</geoCoordinate>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FEEF6777FDAB2928" author="Stechow, E." box="[379,599,1845,1871]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="333 - 378" refId="ref150547" refString="Stechow, E. (1912) Hydroiden der Munchener Zoologischen Staatssammlung. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 32, 333 - 378." type="journal article" year="1912">Stechow 1912: 363</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FD156777FC922928" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[641,878,1845,1871]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FD156777FC922928" box="[641,878,1845,1871]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Plumularia alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA8F124FC0D6777FC2A2928" box="[921,982,1845,1871]" name="United States of America" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA8F124FC756777FB702928" box="[993,1164,1845,1871]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
, Beaufort area, on floating 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FF50671BFEC22914" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[196,318,1881,1907]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FF50671BFEC22914" box="[196,318,1881,1907]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FEEE671BFE0F2914" authorityName="Oken, 1815-" authorityYear="1815" box="[378,499,1881,1907]" class="Anthozoa" family="Dendrophylliidae" genus="Turbinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FEEE671BFE0F2914" box="[378,499,1881,1907]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Turbinaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fraser 1912: 381, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FD6E671BFC162914" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[762,1002,1881,1907]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FD6E671BFC162914" box="[762,1002,1881,1907]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Plumularia alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—Sargasso Sea: east of 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA8F124FA87671BFA642914" box="[1299,1432,1881,1907]" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
, on floating seaweed (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FE1D673FFDD329F0" author="Broch, H." box="[393,559,1917,1943]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref125586" refString="Broch, H. (1913) Hydroida from the &quot; Michael Sars &quot; North Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition 1910. Report on the Scientific Results of the &quot; Michael Sars &quot; North Atlantic Deep-Sea Expedition 1910, Zoology, 3 (1), 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1913">Broch 1913: 4</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FDC8673FFCAC29F0" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1833" box="[604,848,1917,1943]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="catharina">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FDC8673FFCAC29F0" box="[604,848,1917,1943]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Plumularia catharina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA8F124FCEE673FFC1429FF" box="[890,1000,1917,1944]" name="Bermuda" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
: on floating 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FBE3673FFB0D29F0" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1143,1265,1917,1943]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FBE3673FFB0D29F0" box="[1143,1265,1917,1943]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FA94673FFF3829DC" author="Bennitt, R." pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="241 - 259" refId="ref124228" refString="Bennitt, R. (1922) Additions to the hydroid fauna of the Bermudas. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 57, 241 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 20025913" type="journal article" year="1922">Bennitt 1922: 255</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FF7867E3FE2029DC" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[236,476,1953,1979]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FF7867E3FE2029DC" box="[236,476,1953,1979]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Plumularia diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—Sargasso Sea, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FD5E67E3FCB829DC" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[714,836,1953,1979]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FD5E67E3FCB829DC" box="[714,836,1953,1979]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA8F124FCC667E2FC4929DC" box="[850,949,1952,1979]" degrees="34" direction="north" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" precision="925" value="34.416668">34°25’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA8F124FC5467E2FBDA29DC" box="[960,1062,1952,1979]" degrees="40" direction="west" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" precision="925" value="-40.083332">40°05’W</geoCoordinate>
+ 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA8F124FBD767E2FB5A29DC" box="[1091,1190,1952,1979]" degrees="31" direction="north" minutes="56" orientation="latitude" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" precision="925" value="31.933332">31°56’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA8F124FB2567E2FAE429DC" box="[1201,1304,1952,1979]" degrees="48" direction="west" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" precision="925" value="-48.416668">48°25’W</geoCoordinate>
+ 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA8F124FAA167E3FA6429DC" box="[1333,1432,1953,1979]" degrees="30" direction="north" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" precision="925" value="30.333334">30°20’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA8F124FF036786FF0229B8" box="[151,254,1988,2015]" degrees="53" direction="west" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" precision="925" value="-53.166668">53°10’W</geoCoordinate>
+ 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA8F124FE8D6787FE8029B8" box="[281,380,1989,2015]" degrees="27" direction="north" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" precision="925" value="27.333334">27°20’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA8F124FE126787FE1129B8" box="[390,493,1989,2015]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" precision="925" value="-61.166668">61°10’W</geoCoordinate>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA8F124FE6E6787FCF729B8" author="Timmermann, G." box="[506,779,1989,2015]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="288 - 335" refId="ref151766" refString="Timmermann, G. (1932) Biogeographische Untersuchungen uber die Lebensgemeinschaft des treibenden Golfkrautes. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 25, 288 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00446711" type="journal article" year="1932">Timmermann 1932: 298</bibRefCitation>
, 301, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA8F124FCFD6787FBA729B8" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1833" box="[873,1115,1989,2015]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="catharina">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA8F124FCFD6787FBA729B8" box="[873,1115,1989,2015]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Plumularia catharina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA8F124FB176787FA8F29B8" box="[1155,1395,1989,2016]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
: off 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FF0360DBFED52ED4" box="[151,297,153,179]" country="Dominican Republic" name="Monte Cristi" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Monte Cristi</collectingRegion>
, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FECD60DBFE2F2ED4" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[345,467,153,179]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FECD60DBFE2F2ED4" box="[345,467,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FE7660DBFD052ED4" author="Timmermann, G." box="[482,761,153,179]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="288 - 335" refId="ref151766" refString="Timmermann, G. (1932) Biogeographische Untersuchungen uber die Lebensgemeinschaft des treibenden Golfkrautes. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 25, 288 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00446711" type="journal article" year="1932">Timmermann 1932: 299</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FCB060DBFBE42ED4" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1833" box="[804,1048,153,179]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="catharina">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FCB060DBFBE42ED4" box="[804,1048,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Plumularia catharina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—North Atlantic Drift: 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FAA060DBFA6B2ED4" box="[1332,1431,153,179]" degrees="41" direction="north" minutes="00" orientation="latitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="925" value="41.0">41°00’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FF0360FFFF032EB0" box="[151,255,189,215]" degrees="34" direction="west" minutes="00" orientation="longitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="925" value="-34.0">34°00’W</geoCoordinate>
, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FEBB60FFFE552EB0" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[303,425,189,215]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FEBB60FFFE552EB0" box="[303,425,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FE2C60FFFD322EB0" author="Timmermann, G." box="[440,718,189,215]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="288 - 335" refId="ref151766" refString="Timmermann, G. (1932) Biogeographische Untersuchungen uber die Lebensgemeinschaft des treibenden Golfkrautes. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 25, 288 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00446711" type="journal article" year="1932">Timmermann 1932: 301</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FD6F60FFFC132EB0" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1833" box="[763,1007,189,215]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="catharina">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FD6F60FFFC132EB0" box="[763,1007,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Plumularia catharina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FB8E60FFFB9A2EBF" box="[1050,1126,189,216]" name="Aruba" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Aruba</collectingCountry>
: Boekoeti Reef, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FAB760FFFA982EB0" box="[1315,1380,189,215]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="0.2">0.2 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FAE060FFFEBF2E9C" author="Leloup, E." pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref139004" refString="Leloup, E. (1935 a) Hydraires calyptoblastiques des Indes Occidentales. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 2 me serie, 2, 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="1935">Leloup 1935a: 52</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FEFB60A3FDB02E9C" box="[367,588,225,251]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Antenella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FEFB60A3FDB02E9C" box="[367,588,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Antenella diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forme 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FD0A60A0FD1E2E9C" box="[670,738,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">typica</emphasis>
).—Sargasso Sea: 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FC2660A3FC0C2E9C" box="[946,1008,225,251]" degrees="29" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="55555" value="29.0">29°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FC6860A3FBC22E9C" box="[1020,1086,225,251]" degrees="44" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="55555" value="-44.0">44°W</geoCoordinate>
, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FBFA60A3FB142E9C" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1134,1256,225,251]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FBFA60A3FB142E9C" box="[1134,1256,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FB6360A3FF492F78" author="Leloup, E." pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref139004" refString="Leloup, E. (1935 a) Hydraires calyptoblastiques des Indes Occidentales. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 2 me serie, 2, 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="1935">Leloup 1935a: 52</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FF716147FE382F78" box="[229,452,261,287]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Antenella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FF716147FE382F78" box="[229,452,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Antenella diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forme 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FD8D6144FDA12F78" box="[537,605,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">typica</emphasis>
).—Atlantic Ocean: Gulf Stream, on pelagic 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FBF76147FB212F78" authority="Sargasso Sea" authorityName="Sargasso Sea" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1123,1245,261,287]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FBF76147FB212F78" box="[1123,1245,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ Sargasso Sea, on pelagic 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FE83616BFE6D2F24" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[279,401,297,323]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FE83616BFE6D2F24" box="[279,401,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Burkenroad, in 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FDCC616BFD042F24" author="Parr, A. E." box="[600,760,297,323]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 94" refId="ref145813" refString="Parr, A. E. (1939) Quantitative observations on the pelagic Sargassum vegetation of the western North Atlantic. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, 6 (7), 1 - 94." type="journal article" year="1939">Parr 1939: 24</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FCB3616BFBE12F24" authorityName="Johnston" authorityYear="1833" box="[807,1053,297,323]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="catharina">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FCB3616BFBE12F24" box="[807,1053,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Plumularia catharina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FBD1616BFAD52F24" box="[1093,1321,297,324]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Trinidad &amp; Tobago</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FAA2616BFA642F24" box="[1334,1432,297,323]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
, Maguaripe Bay (=Macqueripe Bay) (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FDAC610FFD102F00" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[568,748,333,359]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="75 - 98" refId="ref133351" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1943) Distribution records of some hydroids in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, with description of new genera and new species. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, 22, 75 - 98." type="journal article" year="1943">Fraser 1943: 96</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FC83610FFBF92F00" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[791,1029,333,359]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FC83610FFBF92F00" box="[791,1029,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Plumularia alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FBA3610FFB882F00" box="[1079,1140,333,359]" name="United States of America" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FBEB610FFB0C2F00" box="[1151,1264,333,359]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
, Grand Isle, on floating 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FF606133FE922FEC" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[244,366,369,395]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FF606133FE922FEC" box="[244,366,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FEE86133FDC12FEC" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[380,573,369,395]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref133401" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">Fraser 1944: 343</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FDF06133FCA82FEC" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[612,852,369,395]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FDF06133FCA82FEC" box="[612,852,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Plumularia diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FCEA6133FC362FEB" box="[894,970,369,396]" name="Aruba" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Aruba</collectingCountry>
: 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FC406133FBD92FEC" box="[980,1061,369,395]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2874752" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="mi" value="8.0">8 miles</quantity>
(
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FBA06133FB802FEB" box="[1076,1148,369,396]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="km" value="13.0">13 km</quantity>
) SW of San Nicolaas Bay (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FF0B61D7FE9D2FC8" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[159,353,405,431]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref133520" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1947 b) Hydroids of the 1939 Allan Hancock Caribbean Sea Expedition. Allan Hancock Atlantic Expedition, 4, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1947">Fraser 1947b: 13</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FE1961D7FD822FC8" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[397,638,405,431]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FE1961D7FD822FC8" box="[397,638,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Plumularia diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FD3261D7FC7A2FC8" box="[678,902,405,432]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Trinidad &amp; Tobago</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FC0461D7FC1A2FC8" box="[912,998,405,431]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Tobago</collectingCountry>
, Buccoo Bay, shore (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FB4161D7FA6B2FC8" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[1237,1431,405,431]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref133520" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1947 b) Hydroids of the 1939 Allan Hancock Caribbean Sea Expedition. Allan Hancock Atlantic Expedition, 4, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1947">Fraser 1947b: 13</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FF2061FBFE582FB4" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[180,420,441,467]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FF2061FBFE582FB4" box="[180,420,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Plumularia diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FE5B61FBFDF02FB4" box="[463,524,441,467]" name="United States of America" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FD8161FBFD952FB4" box="[533,617,441,467]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Florida</collectingRegion>
, Biscayne Bay (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FC8E61FBFC292FB4" author="Weiss, C. M." box="[794,981,440,467]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="153 - 172" refId="ref154419" refString="Weiss, C. M. (1948) The seasonal occurrence of sedentary marine organisms in Biscayne Bay, Florida. Ecology, 29, 153 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1932811" type="journal article" year="1948">Weiss 1948: 158</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FC6961FBFB102FB4" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[1021,1260,441,467]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FC6961FBFB102FB4" box="[1021,1260,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Plumularia diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FA8361FBFAA82FB4" box="[1303,1364,441,467]" name="United States of America" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FACA61FBFF2F2F90" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
, Grand Isle, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FE1E619FFDF82F90" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[394,516,477,503]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FE1E619FFDF82F90" box="[394,516,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FD80619FFD452F90" author="Behre, E. H." box="[532,697,476,503]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 66" refId="ref124188" refString="Behre, E. H. (1950) Annotated list of the fauna of the Grand Isle region 1928 - 1946. Occasional Papers of the Marine Laboratory, Louisiana State University, 6, 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1950">Behre 1950: 7</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FD72619FFC282F90" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[742,980,477,503]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="alternata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FD72619FFC282F90" box="[742,980,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Plumularia alternata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—Unstated location: on buoys (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FAD9619FFD862C7C" author="Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref155253" refString="Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1952) Marine fouling and its prevention. United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 388 pp." type="book" year="1952">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 1952: 188</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FD3D6243FC672C7C" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[681,923,513,539]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FD3D6243FC672C7C" box="[681,923,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Plumularia diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FC526243FBFF2C7C" box="[966,1027,513,539]" name="United States of America" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FB846243FB6E2C7C" box="[1040,1170,513,539]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FB346243FADC2C7C" box="[1184,1312,513,539]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
Sound, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FF036267FEED2C58" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[151,273,549,575]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FF036267FEED2C58" box="[151,273,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FEB46267FE192C58" author="Fincher, J. A." box="[288,485,548,575]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="91 - 92" refId="ref132167" refString="Fincher, J. A. (1955) Notes on the hydroids of the Mississippi Sound. Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science, 27, 91 - 92. [abstract]" type="journal article" year="1955">Fincher 1955: 92</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FD9B6267FCFC2C58" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[527,768,549,575]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FD9B6267FCFC2C58" box="[527,768,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Plumularia diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FCBE6267FC8A2C27" box="[810,886,549,576]" name="Aruba" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Aruba</collectingCountry>
: Boekoeti, northern sea side, on coral fragments, tidal zone (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FE86620BFD4C2C04" author="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H." box="[274,688,584,611]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref152243" refString="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H. (1965) Hydroids of the Caribbean: Sertulariidae, Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands: No. 84. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao, 22, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1965">Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen 1965: 49</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FD4C620BFBCF2C04" authority="diaphana" box="[728,1075,585,611]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="diaphana" subSpecies="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FD4C620BFBCF2C04" box="[728,1075,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Antennella diaphana diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FBC9620BFB402C03" box="[1117,1212,585,612]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
: Klein 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FA9E620BFA9A2C04" box="[1290,1382,585,611]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
, east coast landing, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FEC8622FFE2A2CE0" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[348,470,621,647]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FEC8622FFE2A2CE0" box="[348,470,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sponge, and stone, tidal zone (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FCA1622FFB282CE0" author="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H." box="[821,1236,620,647]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref152243" refString="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H. (1965) Hydroids of the Caribbean: Sertulariidae, Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands: No. 84. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao, 22, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1965">Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen 1965: 49</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FB69622FFEA02CCC" authority="diaphana" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="diaphana" subSpecies="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FB69622FFEA02CCC" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Antennella diaphana diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FE1262D3FE192CCB" box="[390,485,657,684]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
: Palu Lechi, on sponge, low tide (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FCC962D3FB062CCC" author="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H." box="[861,1274,656,683]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref152243" refString="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H. (1965) Hydroids of the Caribbean: Sertulariidae, Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands: No. 84. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao, 22, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1965">Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen 1965: 49</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FAB762D3FE882CA8" authority="diaphana" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="diaphana" subSpecies="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FAB762D3FE882CA8" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Antennella diaphana diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FE3562F7FD962CA8" box="[417,618,693,719]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">St. Kitts &amp; Nevis</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FDE262F7FD2A2CA8" box="[630,726,693,719]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">St. Kitts</collectingCountry>
, Frigate Bay, tidal zone (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FC6162F7FA642CA8" author="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H." box="[1013,1432,692,719]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref152243" refString="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H. (1965) Hydroids of the Caribbean: Sertulariidae, Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands: No. 84. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao, 22, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1965">Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen 1965: 49</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FF23629BFDE92C94" authority="diaphana" box="[183,533,729,755]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="diaphana" subSpecies="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FF23629BFDE92C94" box="[183,533,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Antennella diaphana diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FDAB629BFD252C94" box="[575,729,729,756]" name="Sint Martin" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Sint Maarten</collectingCountry>
: Simpson Lagoon, W shore of Little Key, on algae, tidal zone (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FF0A62BFFDBA2D70" author="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H." box="[158,582,764,791]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref152243" refString="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H. (1965) Hydroids of the Caribbean: Sertulariidae, Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands: No. 84. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao, 22, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1965">Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen 1965: 49</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FDE262BFFC2B2D70" authority="diaphana" box="[630,983,765,791]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="diaphana" subSpecies="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FDE262BFFC2B2D70" box="[630,983,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Antennella diaphana diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FC6B62BFFB5F2D70" box="[1023,1187,765,792]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
of the 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FB6F62BFFA652D70" box="[1275,1433,765,791]" name="United States of America" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">United States</collectingCountry>
: St. John, Turner Bay, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FE566363FDC72D5C" authorityName="Oken, 1815-" authorityYear="1815" box="[450,571,801,827]" class="Anthozoa" family="Dendrophylliidae" genus="Turbinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FE566363FDC72D5C" box="[450,571,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Turbinaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, tidal zone (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FD456363FB812D5C" author="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H." box="[721,1149,800,827]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref152243" refString="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H. (1965) Hydroids of the Caribbean: Sertulariidae, Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands: No. 84. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao, 22, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1965">Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen 1965: 49</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FB3A6363FEFD2D38" authority="diaphana" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Antennella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="diaphana" subSpecies="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FB3A6363FEFD2D38" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Antennella diaphana diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FEBF6307FE702D07" box="[299,396,837,864]" name="Jamaica" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FE0C6307FDFE2D38" box="[408,514,837,863]" country="Jamaica" name="Kingston" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Kingston</collectingRegion>
, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FDA06307FCDD2D38" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[564,801,837,863]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Halocordyle" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FDA06307FCDD2D38" box="[564,801,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halocordyle disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FCD76304FBF12D38" baseAuthorityName="Galea" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[835,1037,837,863]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FCD76304FBF12D38" box="[835,1037,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Pennaria disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FBB36307FB332D38" author="Vervoort, W." box="[1063,1231,837,863]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref153374" refString="Vervoort, W. (1968) Report on a collection of Hydroida from the Caribbean region, including an annotated checklist of Caribbean hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 92, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1968">Vervoort 1968</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FB686307FEA72DE4" authority="diaphana" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="diaphana" subSpecies="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FB686307FEA72DE4" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halopteris diaphana diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FE11632BFE072DE3" box="[389,507,873,900]" name="Colombia" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Colombia</collectingCountry>
: Puerto 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FDC6632BFD3F2DE4" box="[594,707,873,899]" name="Colombia" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Colombia</collectingCountry>
, jetty (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FC99632BFC4E2DE4" author="Vervoort, W." box="[781,946,873,899]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 124" refId="ref153374" refString="Vervoort, W. (1968) Report on a collection of Hydroida from the Caribbean region, including an annotated checklist of Caribbean hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 92, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1968">Vervoort 1968</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FC4D632BFACC2DE4" authority="diaphana" box="[985,1328,873,899]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="diaphana" subSpecies="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FC4D632BFACC2DE4" box="[985,1328,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halopteris diaphana diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FACF632BFA642DE4" box="[1371,1432,873,899]" name="United States of America" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FF0363CFFF272DC0" box="[151,219,909,935]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Texas</collectingRegion>
, West Flower Garden Bank, on floating 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FD0D63CFFCEF2DC0" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[665,787,909,935]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FD0D63CFFCEF2DC0" box="[665,787,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FCB563CFFBD82DC0" author="Defenbaugh, R. E." box="[801,1060,909,935]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="94 - 112" refId="ref130738" refString="Defenbaugh, R. E. (1974) Hydroids. In: Bright, T. J. &amp; Pequegnat, L. H. (Eds.), Biota of the West Flower Garden Bank. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, pp. 94 - 112." type="book chapter" year="1974">Defenbaugh 1974: 102</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FBD963CFFAC12DC0" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[1101,1341,909,935]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FBD963CFFAC12DC0" box="[1101,1341,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Plumularia diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—Gulf Stream, several stations between 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FD9F63F3FDA02DAC" box="[523,604,945,971]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Florida</collectingRegion>
and 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FD0663F3FCE92DAC" box="[658,789,945,971]" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FCD663F3FBF22DAC" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[834,1038,945,971]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FCD663F3FBF22DAC" box="[834,1038,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Sargassum natans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
I, 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FBB863F3FB202DAC" authorityName="Montagne" authorityYear="1837" box="[1068,1244,945,971]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="species" species="polyceratium">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FBB863F3FB202DAC" box="[1068,1244,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">S. polyceratium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FB7D63F3FEC72D88" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FB7D63F3FA642DAC" baseAuthorityName="Rackley" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[1257,1432,945,971]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="species" species="pteropleuron">S. pteropleuron</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FF036397FEC72D88" authorityName="Congdon" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,315,981,1007]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Haleciidae" genus="Halecium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bermudense">S. bermudense</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FED86397FDE42D88" author="Rackley, D. H." box="[332,536,981,1007]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref147591" refString="Rackley, D. H. (1974) Hydroids of the pelagic Sargassum community of the Gulf Stream and Sargasso Sea. M. A. Thesis, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, 94 pp." type="book" year="1974">Rackley 1974: 43</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FDD06397FCD32D88" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[580,815,981,1007]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FDD06397FCD32D88" box="[580,815,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halopteris diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FCCC6397FC322D97" box="[856,974,981,1008]" name="Colombia" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Colombia</collectingCountry>
: Santa Marta area (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FB3D6397FA852D88" author="Wedler, E." box="[1193,1401,980,1007]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="324 - 363" refId="ref153972" refString="Wedler, E. (1975) Okologische Untersuchungen an Hydroiden des Felslitorals von Santa Marta (Kolumbien). Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 27, 324 - 363. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01611700" type="journal article" year="1975">Wedler 1975: 340</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FF0363BBFE7C2A74" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[151,384,1017,1043]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FF0363BBFE7C2A74" box="[151,384,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halopteris diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FE1B63BBFD422A74" author="Bandel, K. &amp; Wedler, E." box="[399,702,1017,1043]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 129" refId="ref124037" refString="Bandel, K. &amp; Wedler, E. (1987) Hydroid, amphineuran and gastropod zonation in the littoral of the Caribbean Sea, Colombia. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 19, 1 - 129." type="journal article" year="1987">Bandel &amp; Wedler 1987: 38</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FD7D63BBFC2E2A74" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[745,978,1017,1043]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FD7D63BBFC2E2A74" box="[745,978,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halopteris diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FC6863BBFBA12A73" box="[1020,1117,1017,1044]" name="Jamaica" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
: south coast (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FB6763BBFF3F2A50" author="Mergner, H." pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="119 - 125" refId="ref142228" refString="Mergner, H. (1977) Hydroids as indicator species for ecological parameters in Caribbean and Red Sea coral reefs. Proceedings of the Third International Coral Reef Symposium, 1, 119 - 125." type="journal article" year="1977">Mergner 1977: 122</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FF79645FFE2A2A50" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[237,470,1053,1079]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FF79645FFE2A2A50" box="[237,470,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halopteris diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 1987: 187, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FD15645FFC962A50" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[641,874,1053,1079]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FD15645FFC962A50" box="[641,874,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halopteris diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FC01645FFC1E2A5F" box="[917,994,1053,1080]" name="Belize" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Belize</collectingCountry>
: Carrie Bow Cay (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FB24645FFA642A50" author="Spracklin, B. W." box="[1200,1432,1053,1079]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="239 - 251" refId="ref150207" refString="Spracklin, B. W. (1982) Hydroidea (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. In: Rutzler, K. &amp; Macintyre, I. G. (Eds.), The Atlantic barrier reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. I. Structure and communities. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 12, pp. 239 - 251." type="journal article" year="1982">Spracklin 1982: 246</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FF2D6403FE582A3C" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[185,420,1089,1115]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FF2D6403FE582A3C" box="[185,420,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halopteris diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FE5A6403FDB82A3B" box="[462,580,1089,1116]" name="Colombia" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Colombia</collectingCountry>
: Bahía de Cartagena (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FCD76403FB7C2A3C" author="Florez Gonzalez, L." box="[835,1152,1089,1115]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="112 - 140" refId="ref132251" refString="Florez Gonzalez, L. (1983) Inventario preliminar de la fauna hydroide de la Bahia de Cartagena y areas adyacentes. Boletin del Museo del Mar, Bogota, 11, 112 - 140." type="journal article" year="1983">Flórez González 1983: 123</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FB256403FEFD2A18" authority="diaphana" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subSpecies" species="diaphana" subSpecies="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FB256403FEFD2A18" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halopteris diaphana diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FEB86427FE952A18" box="[300,361,1125,1151]" name="United States of America" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FEEC6427FDDB2A18" box="[376,551,1125,1151]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
, middle continental shelf E of South Santee River, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FB116427FB102A18" box="[1157,1260,1125,1151]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="34.0" valueMax="36.0" valueMin="32.0">32–36 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FB696427FEFD2AC4" author="Wenner, E. L. &amp; Hinde, P. &amp; Knott, D. M. &amp; Van Dolah, R. F." pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 104" refId="ref154596" refString="Wenner, E. L., Hinde, P., Knott, D. M. &amp; Van Dolah, R. F. (1984) A temporal and spatial study of invertebrate communities associated with hard-bottom habitats in the South Atlantic Bight. United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 18, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1984">
Wenner 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FAF56424FA692A18" box="[1377,1429,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al</emphasis>
. 1984: 40
</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FEA664CBFDE32AC4" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[306,543,1161,1187]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FEA664CBFDE32AC4" box="[306,543,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halopteris diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—? 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FDC164CBFD6F2AC4" box="[597,659,1161,1187]" name="United States of America" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FD3564CBFD192AC4" box="[673,741,1161,1187]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Texas</collectingRegion>
, banks on the continental shelf (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FBF164CBFA8A2AC4" author="Rezak, R. &amp; Bright, T. J. &amp; McGrail, D. W." box="[1125,1398,1160,1187]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref148073" refString="Rezak, R., Bright, T. J. &amp; McGrail, D. W. (1985) Reefs and banks of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico: their geological, biological, and physical dynamics. John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, 259 pp." type="book" year="1985">
Rezak 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FB2364C8FB112AC4" box="[1207,1261,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al</emphasis>
. 1985: 224
</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FF0364EFFE792AA0" baseAuthorityName="Johnston" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[151,389,1197,1223]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="catharina">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FF0364EFFE792AA0" box="[151,389,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halopteris catharina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FE3A64EFFDE02AAF" box="[430,540,1197,1224]" name="Bermuda" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
: common inshore, and on pelagic 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FC3764EFFBE12AA0" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[931,1053,1197,1223]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FC3764EFFBE12AA0" box="[931,1053,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FBB964EFFB0B2AA0" author="Calder, D. R." box="[1069,1271,1197,1223]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="127 - 155" refId="ref127096" refString="Calder, D. R. (1986) Class Hydrozoa. In: Sterrer, W. (Ed.), Marine fauna and flora of Bermuda: a systematic guide to the identification of marine organisms. Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 127 - 155." type="book chapter" year="1986">Calder 1986: 139</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FAB064EFFEFD2A8C" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FAB064EFFEFD2A8C" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halopteris diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FEB86493FE952A8C" box="[300,361,1233,1259]" name="United States of America" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FEE06493FDE72A8C" box="[372,539,1233,1259]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
and 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FDC56493FD522A8C" box="[593,686,1233,1259]" name="Georgia" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Georgia</collectingCountry>
, inner continental shelf, on artificial reefs (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FB1E6493FA642A8C" author="Wendt, P. H. &amp; Knott, D. M. &amp; Van Dolah, R. F." box="[1162,1432,1233,1259]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1106 - 1122" refId="ref154548" refString="Wendt, P. H., Knott, D. M. &amp; Van Dolah, R. F. (1989) Community structure of the biota on five artificial reefs of different ages. Bulletin of Marine Science, 44, 1106 - 1122." type="journal article" year="1989">
Wendt 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FB4F6490FAEF2A8C" box="[1243,1299,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">et al.</emphasis>
1989: 1119
</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FF2264B7FE632B68" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[182,415,1269,1295]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FF2264B7FE632B68" box="[182,415,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halopteris diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FE5E64B7FDEB2B77" box="[458,535,1269,1296]" name="Belize" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Belize</collectingCountry>
: Twin Cays (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FD3C64B7FC812B68" author="Calder, D. R." box="[680,893,1269,1295]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="221 - 228" refId="ref127307" refString="Calder, D. R. (1991 b) Abundance and distribution of hydroids in a mangrove ecosystem at Twin Cays, Belize, Central America. Hydrobiologia, 216 / 217, 221 - 228. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00026466" type="journal article" year="1991">Calder 1991b: 223</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FC3364B7FB6C2B68" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[935,1168,1269,1295]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FC3364B7FB6C2B68" box="[935,1168,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halopteris diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FB2D64B7FAD32B77" box="[1209,1327,1269,1296]" name="Colombia" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Colombia</collectingCountry>
: Bahía de Chengue, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FEBE655BFE512B54" baseAuthorityName="Reyes &amp; Campos" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[298,429,1305,1331]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FEBE655BFE512B54" box="[298,429,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FE2F655BFD0B2B54" author="Reyes, R. &amp; Campos, N. H." box="[443,759,1305,1331]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="101 - 116" refId="ref148013" refString="Reyes, R. &amp; Campos, N. H. (1992) Macroinvertebrados colonizadores de raices de Rhizophora mangle en la Bahia de Chengue, Caribe Colombiano. Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta Betin, 21, 101 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.25268 / bimc. invemar. 1992.21.0.422" type="journal article" year="1992">Reyes &amp; Campos 1992: 108</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FCB4655BFBF42B54" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[800,1032,1305,1331]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FCB4655BFBF42B54" box="[800,1032,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halopteris diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FBA6655BFB5C2B53" box="[1074,1184,1305,1332]" name="Bermuda" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
: on pelagic 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FAB6655BFA602B54" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[1314,1436,1305,1331]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FAB6655BFA602B54" box="[1314,1436,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FF0B657FFE942B30" author="Calder, D. R." box="[159,360,1340,1367]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="537 - 546" refId="ref127498" refString="Calder, D. R. (1995) Hydroid assemblages on holopelagic Sargassum from the Sargasso Sea at Bermuda. Bulletin of Marine Science, 56, 537 - 546." type="journal article" year="1995">Calder 1995: 540</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FE00657FFD822B30" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[404,638,1341,1367]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FE00657FFD822B30" box="[404,638,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halopteris diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FD3D657FFD0A2B3F" box="[681,758,1341,1368]" name="Belize" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Belize</collectingCountry>
: Turin Cays (=Twin Cays) (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FBA6657FFAEC2B3F" author="Schuchert, P." box="[1074,1296,1341,1368]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref149183" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert 1997: 43</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FAAE657FFA652B3F" box="[1338,1433,1341,1368]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
: Klein 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FF756523FEC62B1C" box="[225,314,1377,1403]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FED96523FDCE2B1B" author="Schuchert, P." box="[333,562,1377,1404]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref149183" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert 1997: 43</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FDC86523FD412B1B" box="[604,701,1377,1404]" name="Jamaica" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FD586523FCCF2B1C" box="[716,819,1377,1403]" country="Jamaica" name="Kingston" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Kingston</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FCD26523FBD72B1B" author="Schuchert, P." box="[838,1067,1377,1404]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref149183" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert 1997: 43</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FBC06523FB362B1B" box="[1108,1226,1377,1404]" name="Colombia" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Colombia</collectingCountry>
: Puerto 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FABA6523FA602B1C" box="[1326,1436,1377,1403]" name="Colombia" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FF0B65C7FE822BC7" author="Schuchert, P." box="[159,382,1413,1440]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref149183" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert 1997: 43</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FE3C65C7FE082BC7" box="[424,500,1413,1440]" name="Aruba" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Aruba</collectingCountry>
: Boekoeti reef (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FD3E65C7FC762BC7" author="Schuchert, P." box="[682,906,1413,1440]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref149183" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert 1997: 43</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FC2065C7FBB22BF8" box="[948,1102,1413,1440]" name="Sint Martin" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Sint Maarten</collectingCountry>
: Simpson Lagoon (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FABE65C7FF022BA4" author="Schuchert, P." pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref149183" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert 1997: 43</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FEBD65EBFE0E2BA4" box="[297,498,1449,1475]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">St. Kitts &amp; Nevis</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FE6A65EBFDA22BA4" box="[510,606,1449,1475]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">St. Kitts</collectingCountry>
, Frigate Bay (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FC9465EBFC222BA3" author="Schuchert, P." box="[768,990,1449,1476]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref149183" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert 1997: 43</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FB9265EBFB552BA4" box="[1030,1193,1449,1476]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
of the 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FB6965EBFA652BA4" box="[1277,1433,1449,1475]" name="United States of America" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">United States</collectingCountry>
: St. John (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FF6B658FFE252B8F" author="Schuchert, P." box="[255,473,1485,1512]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref149183" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert 1997: 43</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FD90658FFD9F2B8F" box="[516,611,1485,1512]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
: Poeloe Lechi (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FC99658FFC1B2B8F" author="Schuchert, P." box="[781,999,1485,1512]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref149183" refString="Schuchert, P. (1997) Review of the family Halopterididae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 309, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">Schuchert 1997: 43</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FB85658FFB832B8F" box="[1041,1151,1485,1512]" name="Bermuda" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
: Whalebone Bay, on 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FAFD658FFE73286C" baseAuthorityName="Allman" baseAuthorityYear="1877" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Thyroscyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FAFD658FFE73286C" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Thyroscyphus marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FE0A65B0FD9B286C" baseAuthorityName="Galea" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[414,615,1521,1547]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pennariidae" genus="Pennaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="disticha">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FE0A65B0FD9B286C" box="[414,615,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Pennaria disticha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and pelagic 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FC9465B3FC86286C" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[768,890,1521,1547]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FC9465B3FC86286C" box="[768,890,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FC1D65B2FC1A286C" box="[905,998,1520,1547]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="0.75" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="0.0">0–1.5 m</quantity>
+ Castle Harbour, W of Castle Roads, on algae + Harrington Sound, Stream Passage Cave, on rock, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FCC76657FC832848" box="[851,895,1557,1583]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
+ Atlantic Ocean, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FBC16657FB722848" box="[1109,1166,1557,1583]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
SE of Castle Roads, on coral rubble and algae, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FE0D667BFE072834" box="[409,507,1593,1619]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.15" metricValueMax="7.3" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="71.5" valueMax="73.0" valueMin="70.0">70–73 m</quantity>
+ Flatts Inlet, on pelagic 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FC80667BFC722834" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[788,910,1593,1619]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FC80667BFC722834" box="[788,910,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ Atlantic Ocean, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FBC9667AFB562834" box="[1117,1194,1592,1619]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="km" value="2.5">2.5 km</quantity>
SSE of Castle Roads, on rhodoliths, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FEAB661FFE862810" box="[319,378,1629,1655]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</quantity>
(Calder 1997: 36, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA9F125FDE3661FFC9E2810" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[631,866,1629,1655]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA9F125FDE3661FFC9E2810" box="[631,866,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Halopteris diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FC18661FFC06281F" box="[908,1018,1629,1656]" name="Bermuda" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
: Challenger Bank + Argus (=Plantagenet) Bank (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FEBB66C3FDFD28FC" author="Calder, D. R." box="[303,513,1665,1691]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1125 - 1139" refId="ref127670" refString="Calder, D. R. (2000) Assemblages of hydroids (Cnidaria) from three seamounts near Bermuda in the western North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research, Part I, 47, 1125 - 1139. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0967 - 0637 (99) 00093 - X" type="journal article" year="2000">Calder 2000: 1133</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FDBF66C3FD7628FC" box="[555,650,1665,1691]" name="Panama" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Panama</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FD0166C3FD2028FC" box="[661,732,1665,1691]" country="Panama" name="Colon" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Colón</collectingRegion>
, Club Nautico, steel pilings, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FBB666C2FB5228FC" box="[1058,1198,1664,1691]" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="21" orientation="latitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="15" seconds="51" value="9.364167">09°21’51”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FB2E66C2FAB528FC" box="[1210,1353,1664,1691]" degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="15" seconds="39" value="-79.894165">79°53’39”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FAC166C3FA6028FC" box="[1365,1436,1665,1691]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="0.5" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.0">0–1 m</quantity>
+ Galeta, STRI Galeta Laboratory, dock, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FDFE66E7FD0A28D8" box="[618,758,1701,1727]" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="15" seconds="08" value="9.402222">09°24’08”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FC9666E6FC6D28D8" box="[770,913,1700,1727]" degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="51" orientation="longitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="15" seconds="39" value="-79.86083">79°51’39”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FC0A66E7FC1928D8" box="[926,997,1701,1727]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="1.0" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="0.0">0–2 m</quantity>
+ 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FB9066E7FB5228D8" box="[1028,1198,1701,1727]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area, Hospital Point, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FF03668BFEC42884" box="[151,312,1737,1763]" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" seconds="00.7" value="9.333528">09°20’00.7”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FED6668BFE1B2884" box="[322,487,1737,1763]" degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="13" orientation="longitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" seconds="06.8" value="-82.21856">82°13’06.8”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FE65668BFDCB2884" box="[497,567,1737,1763]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="1.0" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="0.0">0–2 m</quantity>
+ 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FDC7668BFD052884" box="[595,761,1737,1763]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area, Mangrove Inn, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FC73668AFB7B2884" box="[999,1159,1736,1763]" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="19" orientation="latitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" seconds="52.6" value="9.331278">09°19’52.6”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FB06668AFACA2884" box="[1170,1334,1736,1763]" degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" seconds="17.7" value="-82.25491">82°15’17.7”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FAD5668BFA7B2884" box="[1345,1415,1737,1763]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 m</quantity>
+ 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FF0366AFFEC22960" box="[151,318,1773,1799]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area, Boca del Drago, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FDA966AEFD222960" box="[573,734,1772,1799]" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" seconds="36.3" value="9.42675">09°25’36.3”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FD7C66AFFC702960" box="[744,908,1773,1799]" degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" seconds="30.1" value="-82.32503">82°19’30.1”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FC0366AFFC222960" box="[919,990,1773,1799]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 m</quantity>
+ 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FC6E66AFFB5D2960" box="[1018,1185,1773,1799]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area, Cayos Zapotilla, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FF036752FED7294C" box="[151,299,1808,1835]" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="15.564" orientation="latitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" value="9.2594">09°15.564’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FEA36752FE33294C" box="[311,463,1808,1835]" degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="02.750" orientation="longitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" value="-82.04583">82°02.750’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FE4E6753FDDD294C" box="[474,545,1809,1835]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="7.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="7.0">7–8 m</quantity>
+ 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FDAB6753FD1B294C" box="[575,743,1809,1835]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area, Crawl Cay, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FC246752FBB8294C" box="[944,1092,1808,1835]" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="15.261" orientation="latitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" value="9.25435">09°15.261’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FBC46753FB14294C" box="[1104,1256,1809,1835]" degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="07.787" orientation="longitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" value="-82.12978">82°07.787’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FB676753FAC6294C" box="[1267,1338,1809,1835]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 m</quantity>
+ 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FACC6753FF092928" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area, near Laguna Bocatorito, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FDC26777FD632928" box="[598,671,1845,1871]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 m</quantity>
+ 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FD2B6777FC962928" box="[703,874,1845,1871]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area, Swan’s Key, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FBD26777FB1B2928" box="[1094,1255,1845,1871]" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="27" orientation="latitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" seconds="12.2" value="9.453389">09°27’12.2”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FB676777FA642928" box="[1267,1432,1845,1871]" degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="18" orientation="longitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" seconds="01.8" value="-82.30051">82°18’01.8”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FF03671BFF1C2914" box="[151,224,1881,1907]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1–4 m</quantity>
+ 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FE94671BFE572914" box="[256,427,1881,1907]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area, Bastimentos, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FD18671BFCDC2914" box="[652,800,1881,1907]" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="20.898" orientation="latitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" value="9.3483">09°20.898’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FCB9671AFC382914" box="[813,964,1880,1907]" degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="09.959" orientation="longitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" value="-82.165985">82°09.959’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FC46671BFBE62914" box="[978,1050,1881,1907]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1–4 m</quantity>
+ 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FBAE671BFB192914" box="[1082,1253,1881,1907]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area, “Emelio’s Beach”, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FF63673FFE7729F0" box="[247,395,1917,1943]" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="22.027" orientation="latitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" value="9.367117">09°22.027’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FE02673FFDD129F0" box="[406,557,1917,1943]" degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="14.336" orientation="longitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" value="-82.23893">82°14.336’W</geoCoordinate>
+ 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA9F125FDDE673FFD0C29F0" box="[586,752,1917,1943]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area, Drago 2, mangrove, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA9F125FB83673FFBA229F0" box="[1047,1118,1917,1943]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA9F125FBFF673FFF3D29DB" author="Calder, D. R. &amp; Kirkendale, L." pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="476 - 491" refId="ref128387" refString="Calder, D. R. &amp; Kirkendale, L. (2005) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from shallow-water environments along the Caribbean Coast of Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science, 41, 476 - 491." type="journal article" year="2005">Calder &amp; Kirkendale 2005: 483</bibRefCitation>
).—French Lesser Antilles: 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA9F125FE6D67E3FD7F29DC" box="[505,643,1953,1979]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
, Basse-Terre, N of Malendure, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FC7067E2FB6F29DC" box="[996,1171,1952,1979]" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="10" orientation="latitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" seconds="25.00" value="16.17361">16°10’25.00”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FB0A67E2FAAD29DC" box="[1182,1361,1952,1979]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" seconds="58.00" value="-61.782776">61°46’58.00”W</geoCoordinate>
, rocky shore + Basse-Terre, Petite Anse, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FD8E6786FD3529B8" box="[538,713,1988,2015]" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" seconds="47.00" value="16.09639">16°05’47.00”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA9F125FD426787FC7529B8" box="[726,905,1989,2015]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" precision="1" seconds="17.00" value="-61.77139">61°46’17.00”W</geoCoordinate>
, rocky shore + Basse-Terre, Anse à la Barque, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFAAF126FF0360DAFEDF2ED4" box="[151,291,152,179]" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" precision="15" seconds="21" value="16.089167">16°05’21”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFAAF126FEA760DBFE3E2ED4" box="[307,450,153,179]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" precision="15" seconds="00" value="-61.766666">61°46’00”W</geoCoordinate>
, rocky shore, dock, pilings (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAAF126FC8160DBFC352ED3" author="Galea, H. R." box="[789,969,153,180]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref133730" refString="Galea, H. R. (2008) On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa, 1878 (1), 1 - 54. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1878.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Galea 2008: 41</bibRefCitation>
).—French Lesser Antilles: Les Saintes, Terre-de-Haut, Pompierre Bay, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFAAF126FE6F60FFFD7B2EBF" box="[507,647,189,216]" degrees="15" direction="north" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" precision="15" seconds="25" value="15.873611">15°52’25”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFAAF126FD0760FFFCDE2EBF" box="[659,802,189,216]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="34" orientation="longitude" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" precision="15" seconds="15" value="-61.57083">61°34’15”W</geoCoordinate>
, large rocks in seagrass meadows + Terre-de-Haut, Pain de Sucre, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFAAF126FE9260A0FE6D2E9A" box="[262,401,226,253]" degrees="15" direction="north" minutes="51" orientation="latitude" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" precision="15" seconds="45" value="15.8625">15°51’45”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFAAF126FE0960A0FDD02E9A" box="[413,556,226,253]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" precision="15" seconds="60" value="-61.6">61°35’60”W</geoCoordinate>
, rocky shore (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAAF126FD5D60A0FC8F2E9A" author="Galea, H. R." box="[713,883,226,253]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref133730" refString="Galea, H. R. (2008) On a collection of shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa, 1878 (1), 1 - 54. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1878.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Galea 2008: 41</bibRefCitation>
).—French Lesser Antilles: 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFAAF126FB3F60A0FAC92E9B" box="[1195,1333,226,252]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
, Grande- Terre, Pointe Plate, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFAAF126FEEF6145FDEC2F46" box="[379,528,263,289]" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="27.220" orientation="latitude" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" precision="1" value="16.453667">16°27.220’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFAAF126FD896145FD492F46" box="[541,693,263,289]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="32.128" orientation="longitude" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" precision="1" value="-61.535465">61°32.128’W</geoCoordinate>
+ Grande-Terre, L’Oeil, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFAAF126FC426145FB972F46" box="[982,1131,263,289]" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="26.782" orientation="latitude" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" precision="1" value="16.446367">16°26.782’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFAAF126FBEC6144FAEC2F46" box="[1144,1296,262,289]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="32.405" orientation="longitude" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" precision="1" value="-61.540085">61°32.405’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFAAF126FA8A6145FA7F2F45" box="[1310,1411,263,290]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" unit="m" value="14.5" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="12.0">12–17 m</quantity>
+ Grande-Terre, Passe à Colas, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFAAF126FE7E616EFD822F21" box="[490,638,300,326]" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="21.269" orientation="latitude" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" precision="1" value="16.354483">16°21.269’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFAAF126FD18616EFCD82F21" box="[652,804,300,326]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="34.193" orientation="longitude" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" precision="1" value="-61.569885">61°34.193’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFAAF126FCA66169FC6B2F20" box="[818,919,299,327]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" unit="m" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAAF126FC33616EFBB72F21" author="Galea, H. R." box="[935,1099,300,326]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref133783" refString="Galea, H. R. (2010) Additional shallow-water thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa, 2570 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2570.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Galea 2010: 3</bibRefCitation>
, 4).—French Lesser Antilles: Les Saintes, Terre-de-Haut, Pointe Morel, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFAAF126FDE86112FCEC2F0C" box="[636,784,336,363]" degrees="15" direction="north" minutes="53.050" orientation="latitude" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" precision="1" value="15.884167">15°53.050’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFAAF126FC8A6113FC4A2F0C" box="[798,950,337,363]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="34.410" orientation="longitude" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" precision="1" value="-61.5735">61°34.410´W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFAAF126FC506113FBE62F0C" box="[964,1050,337,363]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" unit="m" value="8.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="6.0">6–11 m</quantity>
+ Terre-de-Haut, Pointe à Cabrit, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFAAF126FF036137FED72FF7" box="[151,299,373,400]" degrees="15" direction="north" minutes="52.645" orientation="latitude" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" precision="1" value="15.877417">15°52.645’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFAAF126FEAE6137FE2E2FF7" box="[314,466,373,400]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="36.125" orientation="longitude" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" precision="1" value="-61.602085">61°36.125’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFAAF126FE746137FDBA2FF7" box="[480,582,373,400]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" unit="m" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAAF126FDC36134FD062FF7" author="Galea, H. R." box="[599,762,373,400]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref133783" refString="Galea, H. R. (2010) Additional shallow-water thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa, 2570 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2570.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Galea 2010: 5</bibRefCitation>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFAAF126FCB26137FC9B2FF7" box="[806,871,373,400]" name="Cuba" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Cuba</collectingCountry>
: Golfo de Batabanó, Cayo Campos (Castellanos- Iglesias 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFAAF126FF6761D9FED82FD3" box="[243,292,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al</emphasis>
. 2011: 16).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFAAF126FE2A61D8FE002FD2" box="[446,508,410,437]" name="United States of America" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">USA</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFAAF126FD9261D8FDA62FD3" box="[518,602,410,436]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Florida</collectingRegion>
, off West Palm Beach, 
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFAAF126FCC861D9FC562FD2" box="[860,938,411,437]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" unit="m" value="13.7">13.7 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAAF126FC2C61D8FB912FD2" author="Calder, D. R." box="[952,1133,410,437]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref127887" refString="Calder, D. R. (2013) Some shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the central east coast of Florida, USA. Zootaxa, 3648 (1), 1 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3648.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Calder 2013: 42</bibRefCitation>
).—French Lesser Antilles: 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFAAF126FF0361FDFEEF2FBE" box="[151,275,447,473]" name="Martinique" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Martinique</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAAF126FEB761FDFE2C2FBE" author="Galea, H. R." box="[291,464,446,473]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref133834" refString="Galea, H. R. (2013) New additions to the shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) of the French Lesser Antilles: Martinique. Zootaxa, 3686 (1), 1 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3686.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Galea 2013: 50</bibRefCitation>
).—Caribbean Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAAF126FD3A61FDFC742FBE" author="Wedler, E." box="[686,904,446,473]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" refId="ref154158" refString="Wedler, E. (2017 b) Hidroides del Mar Caribe con enfasis en la region de Santa Marta, Colombia. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras-INVEMAR. Serie de Publicaciones Generales del INVEMAR # 94, Santa Marta, Colombia, 200 pp." type="book" year="2017">Wedler 2017b: 155</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 190A, B, 191–193).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFAAF126FB5261FDFADF2FBD" box="[1222,1315,447,474]" name="Mexico" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Mexico</collectingCountry>
: Alacranes Reef, on shipwreck (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAAF126FE1E61A6FCD22F99" author="Mendoza-Becerril, M. A. &amp; Simoes, N. &amp; Genzano, G." box="[394,814,484,511]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="125 - 142" refId="ref142083" refString="Mendoza-Becerril, M. A., Simoes, N. &amp; Genzano, G. (2018 b) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Alacranes Reef, Gulf of Mexico, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science, 94, 125 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.5343 / bms. 2017.1072" type="journal article" year="2018">
Mendoza-Becerril 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFAAF126FDF761A7FD642F99" box="[611,664,484,510]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al</emphasis>
. 2018b: 130
</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFAAF126FCF461A6FBB12F99" baseAuthorityName="Heller" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[864,1101,484,510]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Halopterididae" genus="Halopteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFAAF126FCF461A6FBB12F99" box="[864,1101,484,510]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Halopteris diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFAAF126FBE361A6FB442F98" box="[1143,1208,484,511]" name="Cuba" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Cuba</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFAAF126FB5361A7FAE32F98" box="[1223,1311,485,511]" country="Cuba" name="La Habana" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Havana</collectingRegion>
, coral reef system west of the city (Castellanos 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFAAF126FDAC6248FD962C44" box="[568,618,521,547]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al</emphasis>
. 2018: Supplementary Table S2).— 
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFAAF126FC6B624BFB9C2C44" box="[1023,1120,521,547]" name="Panama" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Panama</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFAAF126FBFF624BFAEA2C44" box="[1131,1302,521,547]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area, Punta Caracol + Punta Hospital + near Bocatorito Bay (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFAAF126FD2B626CFC0D2C2F" author="Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Piraino, S. &amp; Pruski, S. &amp; Alpizar Gonzalez, M. &amp; Castellanos-Iglesias, S. &amp; Jeronimo-Aguilar, S. &amp; Lawley, J. W. &amp; Maggioni, D. &amp; Martell, L. &amp; Matsumoto, Y. &amp; Moncada, A. &amp; Nagale, P. &amp; Phongphattarawat, S. &amp; Sheridan, C. &amp; Soto Angel, J. J. &amp; Sukhoputova, A. &amp; Collin, R." box="[703,1009,558,584]" pageId="102" pageNumber="103" pagination="102 - 112" refId="ref142724" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Piraino, S., Pruski, S., Alpizar Gonzalez, M., Castellanos-Iglesias, S., Jeronimo-Aguilar, S., Lawley, J. W., Maggioni, D., Martell, L., Matsumoto, Y., Moncada, A., Nagale, P., Phongphattarawat, S., Sheridan, C., Soto Angel, J. J., Sukhoputova, A. &amp; Collin, R. (2018 b) An integrative identification guide to the Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Bocas del Toro, Panama. Neotropical Biodiversity, 4, 102 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 23766808.2018.1488656" type="journal article" year="2018">
Miglietta 
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFAAF126FCBB626DFC9C2C2F" box="[815,864,558,584]" italics="true" pageId="102" pageNumber="103">et al</emphasis>
. 2018b: 108
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>