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<document id="B1962174B78F6E8E3688D83918D7A8F4" ID-CLB-Dataset="25128" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4689.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a63613b4-e611-42e8-89cd-2d3aae126759" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3519047" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1572008146457" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Calder, Dale R." docDate="2019" docId="9E4CE23AFFA7F12DFF03632BFCF72F78" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4689.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4689 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Monotheca margaretta Nutting 1900" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="109" masterDocId="62759A42FFCCF140FF946042FFFC2E67" masterDocTitle="On a collection of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the southwest coast of Florida, USA" masterLastPageNumber="141" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="108" updateTime="1698761183927" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="DC056091B2AECE0B47D71C6267130EF8">On a collection of hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the southwest coast of Florida, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="97BE3A8FEEBAD3B55FC0BAC484ECDF95">Calder, Dale R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="5BE260B35FCA840FB9F13CD78A7A12A0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="431F669125F0A7800D0DF2F94A1B49BB">
<mods:date id="73D40D015EECE43208B58D32838D40E8">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="55B91AA8C5D1EF6846B7DA00C18AFF3A">2019-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="7641ACEACAE78B6C9B685460E604F76A">4689</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="8C9E9FDF83038F2008A72D4BD10A2BBB" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4689.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="9E4CE23AFFA7F12DFF03632BFCF72F78" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159843421" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9E4CE23AFFA7F12DFF03632BFCF72F78" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E4CE23AFFA7F12DFF03632BFCF72F78" lastPageId="109" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<subSubSection id="5EFF00A7FFA7F12BFF03632BFDA22DE4" box="[151,606,873,900]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA7F12BFF03632BFDA22DE4" blockId="107.[151,606,873,935]" box="[151,606,873,900]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<heading id="4D12E440FFA7F12BFF03632BFDA22DE4" bold="true" box="[151,606,873,900]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFF03632BFDA22DE4" ID-CoL="8LF4B" authority="Nutting, 1900" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,606,873,900]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFF03632BFDA22DE4" bold="true" box="[151,606,873,900]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFF03632BFE512DE4" bold="true" box="[151,429,873,900]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Monotheca margaretta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFE20632BFDA22DE4" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[436,606,873,899]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref144510" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Special Bulletin, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5EFF00A7FFA7F12BFF0363CFFF0F2DC0" box="[151,243,909,935]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" type="description">
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA7F12BFF0363CFFF0F2DC0" blockId="107.[151,606,873,935]" box="[151,243,909,935]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<figureCitation id="8EDE4FA9FFA7F12BFF0363CFFF0F2DC0" box="[151,243,909,935]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="110.[151,250,1200,1225]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,174,1169]" captionTargetId="figure@110.[151,1435,174,1181]" captionTargetPageId="110" captionText="FIGURE 24. a, Monotheca margaretta: part of a hydrocaulus with a hydrocladium and hydrotheca, Florida Keys, Bahia Honda Channel, ROMIZ B4397. Scale equals 0.05 mm. b, Nemertesia nigra: part of hydrocaulus and proximal ends of hydrocladia, Southwest Florida Shelf, ROMIZ B2138. Scale equals 0.1 mm. c, Nemertesia nigra: part of a hydrocladium with a hydrotheca and nematothecae, Southwest Florida Shelf, ROMIZ B2138. Scale equals 0.05 mm. d, Nemertesia simplex: apophysis of hydrocaulus and proximal end of a hydrocladium, Southwest Florida Shelf, ROMIZ B2113. Scale equals 0.1 mm. e, Nemertesia simplex: part of a hydrocladium with a hydrotheca and nematothecae, Southwest Florida Shelf, ROMIZ B2113. Scale equals 0.1 mm. f, Plumularia floridana: part of a hydrocaulus with proximal end of a hydrocladium and two hydrothecae, Fort Myers Beach, ROMIZ B4399. Scale equals 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3519099" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3519099/files/figure.png" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Fig. 24a</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5EFF00A7FFA7F12BFF036393FC082A6F" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA7F12BFF036393FC322D8E" blockId="107.[151,1012,977,1032]" box="[151,974,977,1002]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="36F57402FFA7F12BFF036393FC322D8E" box="[151,974,977,1002]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFF036393FDC02D8E" ID-CoL="8LF4B" authority="Nutting, 1900: 72" authorityName="Nutting" authorityPageNumber="72" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,572,977,1002]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFF036393FE832D8E" box="[151,383,977,1001]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Monotheca margaretta</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFA7F12BFE126393FDC02D8E" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[390,572,977,1002]" page="72" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" year="1900">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFE126393FDC02D8E" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[390,572,977,1002]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref144510" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Special Bulletin, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900: 72</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 11, figs. 13.—
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFA7F12BFD6A6393FC362D8E" author="Wallace, W. S." box="[766,970,977,1002]" page="137" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" year="1909">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFD6A6393FC362D8E" author="Wallace, W. S." box="[766,970,977,1002]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="136 - 138" refId="ref153718" refString="Wallace, W. S. (1909) A collection of hydroids made at the Tortugas, during May, June, and July, 1908. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book, 7, 136 - 138." type="journal article" year="1909">Wallace, 1909: 137</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA7F12BFF0363B2FC082A6F" blockId="107.[151,1012,977,1032]" box="[151,1012,1007,1032]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="36F57402FFA7F12BFF0363B2FC082A6F" box="[151,1012,1007,1032]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFF0363B2FE7D2A6F" ID-CoL="4KJKF" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[151,385,1008,1032]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFF0363B2FE7D2A6F" box="[151,385,1008,1032]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.—
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFA7F12BFE3463B2FDBF2A6F" author="Joyce, E. A. Jr." box="[416,579,1007,1032]" page="70" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" year="1961">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFE3463B2FDBF2A6F" author="Joyce, E. A. Jr." box="[416,579,1007,1032]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refId="ref137169" refString="Joyce, E. A. Jr. (1961) The Hydroida of the Seahorse Key area. M. S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 116 pp." type="book" year="1961">Joyce, 1961: 70</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 18, figs. 1, 2.—
<treatmentCitation id="9744753DFFA7F12BFC9E63ADFC552A6F" author="Shier, C. F." box="[778,937,1007,1032]" page="64" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" year="1965">
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFC9E63ADFC552A6F" author="Shier, C. F." box="[778,937,1007,1032]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refId="ref149825" refString="Shier, C. F. (1965) A taxonomic and ecological study of shallow water hydroids of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. M. S. Thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 128 pp." type="book" year="1965">Shier, 1965: 64</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 35.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5EFF00A7FFA7F12BFF036474FB2D2A87" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA7F12BFF036474FBD62A37" blockId="107.[151,1437,1077,2041]" box="[151,1066,1077,1105]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<materialsCitation id="A68D5971FFA7F12BFF036474FBDA2A37" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2430643697" box="[151,1062,1077,1105]" country="Bahamas" location="Little" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cat Island" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFF036474FECA2A37" bold="true" box="[151,310,1077,1104]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<typeStatus id="C95EED8EFFA7F12BFF036474FF2E2A37" box="[151,210,1078,1104]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Type</typeStatus>
locality.
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA7F12BFEA86474FE5B2A37" box="[316,423,1078,1104]" name="Bahamas" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
: near
<location id="133A05F7FFA7F12BFE7D6474FDDA2A37" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9E4CE23AFFA7F12DFF03632BFCF72F78:133A05F7FFA7F12BFE7D6474FDDA2A37" box="[489,550,1078,1104]" country="Bahamas" name="Little" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" stateProvince="Cat Island">Little</location>
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA7F12BFDB96474FD5E2A37" box="[557,674,1078,1104]" country="Bahamas" name="Cat Island" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Cat Island</collectingRegion>
, shallow water (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFCCC6474FBE12A37" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[856,1053,1078,1104]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref144510" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Special Bulletin, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting 1900: 72</bibRefCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA7F12BFF53641BFB2D2A87" blockId="107.[151,1437,1077,2041]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFF53641BFE482A13" bold="true" box="[199,436,1113,1140]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Material examined.</emphasis>
Florida Keys, Bahia Honda Channel,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA7F12BFCE66418FBFA2A13" box="[882,1030,1114,1140]" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="39.489" orientation="latitude" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" precision="1" value="24.65815">24°39.489N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA7F12BFB806418FB512A13" box="[1044,1197,1114,1140]" degrees="81" direction="west" minutes="17.198" orientation="longitude" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" precision="1" value="-81.28664">81°17.198W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA7F12BFB2F6418FB172A12" box="[1211,1259,1114,1141]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="6.0">6 m</quantity>
,
<date id="625B75ECFFA7F12BFB6E6418FA642A13" box="[1274,1432,1114,1141]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" value="2008-06-16">16 June 2008</date>
, on
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFF2F643DFE572AFF" baseAuthorityName="Versluys" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[187,427,1150,1176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Lytocarpia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tridentata">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFF2F643DFE572AFF" box="[187,427,1150,1176]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Lytocarpia tridentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, one colony,
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA7F12BFDD1643CFD7B2AFE" box="[581,647,1150,1177]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
high, without gonophores,
<collectionCode id="70F4CBE9FFA7F12BFC2B643CFBE52AFF" box="[959,1049,1150,1176]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
B4397.—
<materialsCitation id="A68D5971FFA7F12BFB19643CFB312A87" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2430643557" collectingDate="2018-04-03" collectionCode="ROMIZ" collectorName="D. Calder" latitude="26.449165" location="Sanibel Island" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="-82.01833" municipality="Lighthouse Point" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" specimenCode="B4398" specimenCount="1">
<location id="133A05F7FFA7F12BFB19643CFACE2AFF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9E4CE23AFFA7F12DFF03632BFCF72F78:133A05F7FFA7F12BFB19643CFACE2AFF" box="[1165,1330,1150,1176]" latitude="26.449165" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="-82.01833" municipality="Lighthouse Point" name="Sanibel Island" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Sanibel Island</location>
, beach at
<collectingMunicipality id="F63EC956FFA7F12BFF0364E0FEA12ADB" box="[151,349,1186,1212]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Lighthouse Point</collectingMunicipality>
,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA7F12BFEFF64E3FE0B2ADB" box="[363,503,1185,1212]" degrees="26" direction="north" minutes="26" orientation="latitude" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" precision="15" seconds="57" value="26.449165">26°2657”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA7F12BFD9164E0FD682ADB" box="[517,660,1186,1212]" degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="01" orientation="longitude" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" precision="15" seconds="06" value="-82.01833">82°0106”W</geoCoordinate>
, on detached
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFCA264E0FC5F2ADB" baseAuthorityName="Kaehler &amp; Hughes" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[822,931,1186,1212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Hydrocharitaceae" genus="Thalassia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alismatales" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFCA264E0FC5F2ADB" box="[822,931,1186,1212]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Thalassia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in water along shore, 24°C, 35‰,
<date id="625B75ECFFA7F12BFAA964E0FF2E2A87" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" value="2018-04-03">
<collectingDate id="721F8C04FFA7F12BFAA964E0FF2E2A87" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" value="2018-04-03">03 April 2018</collectingDate>
</date>
, fragments of one colony,
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA7F12BFE6E6484FDC72A86" box="[506,571,1222,1249]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
high, without gonothecae, coll.
<collectorName id="BB1036FAFFA7F12BFC306485FBEE2A87" box="[932,1042,1222,1249]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">D. Calder</collectorName>
,
<collectionCode id="70F4CBE9FFA7F12BFB896484FB8B2A87" box="[1053,1143,1222,1248]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">ROMIZ</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="4643FB57FFA7F12BFBEB6484FB312A87" box="[1151,1229,1222,1248]" collectionCode="ROMIZ" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">B4398</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5EFF00A7FFA7F12DFF5364A8FCF72F78" lastPageId="109" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA7F12BFF5364A8FC8E2842" blockId="107.[151,1437,1077,2041]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFF5364A8FEC82B63" bold="true" box="[199,308,1258,1284]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Remarks</emphasis>
. The genus
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFE5764A8FD142B63" authority="Nutting, 1900" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[451,744,1258,1284]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFE5764A8FDBD2B63" box="[451,577,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Monotheca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFDDE64A8FD142B63" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[586,744,1258,1284]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref144510" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Special Bulletin, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has been regarded as congeneric with
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFB3D64A8FF332B4F" authority="Lamarck, 1816" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFB3D64A8FAD52B63" box="[1193,1321,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Plumularia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFAA664A8FF332B4F" author="Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refId="ref138014" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Tome 2. Verdiere, Paris, 568 pp." type="book" year="1816">
Lamarck,
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in some works, and as valid in others (Calder 1997: 10). While the genus as presently constituted may be polyphyletic, so too is
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFEFE6570FCFF2B2B" authority="(Moura et al. 2008: 98)" authorityPageNumber="98" baseAuthorityName="Moura et al." baseAuthorityPageNumber="98" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[362,771,1330,1357]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFEFE6570FE162B2B" box="[362,490,1330,1356]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Plumularia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFE6E6570FD062B2B" author="Moura, C. J. &amp; Harris, D. J. &amp; Cunha, M. R. &amp; Rogers, A. D." box="[506,762,1330,1357]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="93 - 108" refId="ref143804" refString="Moura, C. J., Harris, D. J., Cunha, M. R. &amp; Rogers, A. D. (2008) DNA barcoding reveals cryptic diversity in marine hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from coastal and deep-sea environments. Zoologica Scripta, 37, 93 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2007.00312. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
Moura
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFDDB6571FD7E2B2B" box="[591,642,1330,1356]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">et al</emphasis>
. 2008: 98
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Herein, certain constituent species sometimes assigned to
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFF036514FEE92B17" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,277,1366,1392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFF036514FEE92B17" box="[151,277,1366,1392]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Monotheca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are considered sufficiently unique morphologically to be recognized as generically discrete. Molecular studies provide evidence in support of that conclusion. Phylograms such as those of
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFBF66538FABA2BF3" author="Leclere, L. &amp; Schuchert, P. &amp; Manuel, M." box="[1122,1350,1402,1429]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="371 - 394" refId="ref138844" refString="Leclere, L., Schuchert, P. &amp; Manuel, M. (2007) Phylogeny of the Plumularioidea (Hydrozoa, Leptothecata): evolution of colonial organization and life cycle. Zoologica Scripta, 36, 371 - 394. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2007.00283. x" type="journal article" year="2007">
Leclère
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFB2B6539FB0F2BF3" box="[1215,1267,1402,1428]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">et al</emphasis>
. (2007
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFAC06538FA6C2BF3" author="Leclere, L. &amp; Schuchert, P. &amp; Cruaud, C. &amp; Couloux, A. &amp; Manuel, M." box="[1364,1424,1402,1428]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="509 - 526" refId="ref138771" refString="Leclere, L., Schuchert, P., Cruaud, C., Couloux, A. &amp; Manuel, M. (2009) Molecular phylogenetics of Thecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) reveals long-term maintenance of life history traits despite high frequency of recent character changes. Systematic Biology, 58, 509 - 526. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syp 044" type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFF0365DDFE862BDF" author="Moura, C. J. &amp; Harris, D. J. &amp; Cunha, M. R. &amp; Rogers, A. D." box="[151,378,1438,1465]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="93 - 108" refId="ref143804" refString="Moura, C. J., Harris, D. J., Cunha, M. R. &amp; Rogers, A. D. (2008) DNA barcoding reveals cryptic diversity in marine hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from coastal and deep-sea environments. Zoologica Scripta, 37, 93 - 108. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2007.00312. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
Moura
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFF7E65DDFEE12BDF" box="[234,285,1438,1464]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">et al</emphasis>
. (2008)
</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFE2C65DDFD4F2BDE" author="Maronna, M. M. &amp; Miranda, T. P. &amp; Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Barbeitos, M. S. &amp; Marques, A. C." box="[440,691,1438,1465]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="18075" refId="ref140330" refString="Maronna, M. M., Miranda, T. P., Pena Cantero, A. L., Barbeitos, M. S. &amp; Marques, A. C. (2016) Towards a phylogenetic classification of Leptothecata (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Scientific Reports, 6, 18075. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 18075" type="journal article" year="2016">
Maronna
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFDB265DDFDA42BDF" box="[550,600,1438,1464]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">et al</emphasis>
. (2016)
</bibRefCitation>
reveal that
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFCAF65DCFB1A2BDF" authority="Nutting, 1900" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[827,1254,1438,1464]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFCAF65DCFBC12BDF" box="[827,1085,1438,1464]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Monotheca margaretta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFBD265DCFB1A2BDF" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[1094,1254,1438,1464]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref144510" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Special Bulletin, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<typeStatus id="C95EED8EFFA7F12BFB6765DDFADF2BDE" box="[1267,1315,1439,1465]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFF036580FEE92BBB" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,277,1474,1500]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFF036580FEE92BBB" box="[151,277,1474,1500]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Monotheca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is clearly divergent genetically from
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFD296580FBA22BBB" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[701,1118,1473,1500]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="setacea">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFD296580FC6B2BBB" box="[701,919,1474,1500]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Plumularia setacea</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFC316580FBAA2BBB" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[933,1110,1473,1500]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refId="ref139947" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 823 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<typeStatus id="C95EED8EFFA7F12BFBFE6581FB662BBA" box="[1130,1178,1475,1501]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">type</typeStatus>
species of
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFA826580FA6A2BBB" box="[1302,1430,1474,1500]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFA826580FA6A2BBB" box="[1302,1430,1474,1500]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Plumularia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. While a re-definition and revision of the genus appear necessary, its validity is upheld here. The present species is therefore retained in this work under the binomen
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFD5E6649FC972843" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[714,875,1547,1572]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFD5E6649FC972843" box="[714,875,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">M. margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA7F12BFF53666CFBF2299F" blockId="107.[151,1437,1077,2041]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFF53666CFE34282F" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[199,456,1582,1608]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFF53666CFE34282F" box="[199,456,1582,1608]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Monotheca margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is predominantly a hydroid of near-surface waters, and a species of tropical and warmtemperate waters. From collection records listed below, it is especially frequent in beds of the seagrass
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFABB6610FA60280B" baseAuthorityName="Kaehler &amp; Hughes" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[1327,1436,1618,1644]" class="Liliopsida" family="Hydrocharitaceae" genus="Thalassia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alismatales" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFABB6610FA60280B" box="[1327,1436,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Thalassia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and on algae including detached
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFD876634FD7028F7" authorityName="Oken, 1815-" authorityYear="1815" box="[531,652,1654,1680]" class="Anthozoa" family="Dendrophylliidae" genus="Turbinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFD876634FD7028F7" box="[531,652,1654,1680]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Turbinaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It is also a constituent of the hydroid assemblage found on pelagic
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFF0366D9FEED28D2" baseAuthorityName="Leloup" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[151,273,1691,1717]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFF0366D9FEED28D2" box="[151,273,1691,1717]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the open North Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA7F12BFBB966D8FB7A28D3" box="[1069,1158,1690,1716]" name="Mexico" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Mexico</collectingCountry>
. Dispersal of the species has likely been facilitated by rafting on such substrates. While best known from shallow depths, the hydroid has also been found on bottoms as deep as
<specimenCount id="00E398A5FFA7F12BFD8166A0FDA8289A" box="[533,596,1762,1789]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" type="generic">
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA7F12BFD8166A0FDAC289A" box="[533,592,1762,1789]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="73.0">73 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Other than its transport to relatively high latitudes on pelagic
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFA9266A1FA7C289A" baseAuthorityName="Leloup" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[1286,1408,1763,1789]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFA9266A1FA7C289A" box="[1286,1408,1763,1789]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current, the known geographic range of
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA7F12BFC616745FB6B2947" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[1013,1175,1799,1824]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFC616745FB6B2947" box="[1013,1175,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">M. margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the western Atlantic extends from South Carolina (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFE7C6768FD3C2923" author="Wenner, E. L. &amp; Hinde, P. &amp; Knott, D. M. &amp; Van Dolah, R. F." box="[488,704,1834,1861]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 104" refId="ref154596" refString="Wenner, E. L., Hinde, P., Knott, D. M. &amp; Van Dolah, R. F. (1984) A temporal and spatial study of invertebrate communities associated with hard-bottom habitats in the South Atlantic Bight. United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 18, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1984">
Wenner
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFDDC6769FD852923" box="[584,633,1834,1860]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">et al</emphasis>
. 1984
</bibRefCitation>
) and
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA7F12BFD6B6768FC9A2923" box="[767,870,1834,1860]" name="Bermuda" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
(Calder 1997) to the southern Caribbean Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFAFB6768FE26290F" author="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H." pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref152243" refString="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H. (1965) Hydroids of the Caribbean: Sertulariidae, Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands: No. 84. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao, 22, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1965">Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen 1965</bibRefCitation>
), and southwards to
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA7F12BFD5A670CFCEE290F" box="[718,786,1870,1896]" name="Brazil" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFCB1670CFBF3290E" author="Oliveira, O. M. P. &amp; Miranda, T. P. &amp; Araujo, E. M. &amp; Ayon, P. &amp; Cedeno-Posso, C. M. &amp; Cepeda-Mercado, A. A. &amp; Cordova, P. &amp; Cunha, A. F. &amp; Genzano, G. N. &amp; Haddad, M. A. &amp; Mianzan, H. W. &amp; Migotto, A. E. &amp; Miranda, L. S. &amp; Morandini, A. C. &amp; Nagata, R. M. &amp; Nascimento, K. B. &amp; Nogueira Jr., M. &amp; Palma, S. &amp; Quinones, J. &amp; Rodriguez, C. S. &amp; Scarabino, F. &amp; Schiariti, A. &amp; Stampar, S. N. &amp; Tronolone, V. B. &amp; Marques, A. C." box="[805,1039,1870,1897]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref144877" refString="Oliveira, O. M. P., Miranda, T. P., Araujo, E. M., Ayon, P., Cedeno-Posso, C. M., Cepeda-Mercado, A. A., Cordova, P., Cunha, A. F., Genzano, G. N., Haddad, M. A., Mianzan, H. W., Migotto, A. E., Miranda, L. S., Morandini, A. C., Nagata, R. M., Nascimento, K. B., Nogueira Jr., M., Palma, S., Quinones, J., Rodriguez, C. S., Scarabino, F., Schiariti, A., Stampar, S. N., Tronolone, V. B. &amp; Marques, A. C. (2016) Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters. Zootaxa, 4194 (1), 1 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4194.1.1" type="journal article" year="2016">
Oliveira
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFC19670DFC3D290F" box="[909,961,1870,1896]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">et al</emphasis>
. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
). The species is amphi-Atlantic in distribution, having been reported from locations on the eastern side of the ocean including the Azores, the Canary Islands, the Strait of
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA7F12BFE1E67D4FE0D29D7" box="[394,497,1942,1968]" name="Gibraltar" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Gibraltar</collectingCountry>
, the Mediterranean Sea,
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA7F12BFC8467D4FC9729D7" box="[784,875,1942,1968]" name="Senegal" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Senegal</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA7F12BFC3F67D4FC0829D7" box="[939,1012,1942,1968]" name="Ghana" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Ghana</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFB9167D4FAEC29D7" author="Ansin Agis, J. &amp; Ramil, F. &amp; Vervoort, W." box="[1029,1296,1942,1969]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 268" refId="ref123664" refString="Ansin Agis, J., Ramil, F. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2001) Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopterididae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 333, 1 - 268." type="journal article" year="2001">
Ansín Agís
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFB0467D5FB3829D7" box="[1168,1220,1942,1968]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">et al</emphasis>
. 2001
</bibRefCitation>
). While this hydroid was collected in shelf waters off South Carolina by
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFCA267F9FBE229B3" author="Wenner, E. L. &amp; Hinde, P. &amp; Knott, D. M. &amp; Van Dolah, R. F." box="[822,1054,1978,2005]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="1 - 104" refId="ref154596" refString="Wenner, E. L., Hinde, P., Knott, D. M. &amp; Van Dolah, R. F. (1984) A temporal and spatial study of invertebrate communities associated with hard-bottom habitats in the South Atlantic Bight. United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 18, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1984">
Wenner
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA7F12BFC0767F9FC3829B3" box="[915,964,1978,2004]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">et al</emphasis>
. (1984)
</bibRefCitation>
, it was never found in estuaries of the state during eight years of field work (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFDF9679CFC94299F" author="Calder, D. R. &amp; Hester, B. S." box="[621,872,2014,2041]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="87 - 93" refId="ref128327" refString="Calder, D. R. &amp; Hester, B. S. (1978) Phylum Cnidaria. In: Zingmark, R. G. (Ed.), An annotated checklist of the biota of the coastal zone of South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, pp. 87 - 93." type="book chapter" year="1978">Calder &amp; Hester 1978</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA7F12BFCE0679CFBFD299F" author="Calder, D. R." box="[884,1025,2014,2040]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="7 - 28" refId="ref127049" refString="Calder, D. R. (1983) Hydroida from estuaries of South Carolina, USA: families Sertulariidae and Plumulariidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 96, 7 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1351954" type="journal article" year="1983">Calder 1983</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA0F12CFF5360DBFC532F78" blockId="108.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
Detailed taxonomic accounts of
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFDAE60D8FD222ED4" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[570,734,154,179]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFDAE60D8FD222ED4" box="[570,734,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">M. margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include those of Calder (1997) and
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFBEB60DBFA642ED4" author="Ansin Agis, J. &amp; Ramil, F. &amp; Vervoort, W." box="[1151,1432,153,179]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 268" refId="ref123664" refString="Ansin Agis, J., Ramil, F. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2001) Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopterididae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 333, 1 - 268." type="journal article" year="2001">
Ansín Agís
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFA9360D8FABE2ED4" box="[1287,1346,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">et al.</emphasis>
(2001)
</bibRefCitation>
. Gonophores of this species are thought to be fixed sporosacs, although those of a closely related species from Europe,
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFF4C60A0FDE62E9C" authority="(Johnston, 1847)" baseAuthorityName="Johnston" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[216,538,225,251]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="obliqua">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFF4C60A0FEA82E9C" box="[216,340,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">M. obliqua</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFEF760A3FDEF2E9C" author="Johnston, G." box="[355,531,225,251]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refId="ref137034" refString="Johnston, G. (1847) A history of the British zoophytes. 2 nd Edition. John Van Voorst, London, 488 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 19627" type="book" year="1847">Johnston, 1847</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, are liberated as very short-lived medusoids (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFB8F60A3FAD92E9C" author="Motz-Kossowska, S." box="[1051,1317,225,251]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="114 - 118" refId="ref143600" refString="Motz-Kossowska, S. (1907) Sur les gonophores de Plumularia obliqua Saunders et Sertularia operculata L. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, Notes et Revue, serie 4, 7, 114 - 118." type="journal article" year="1907">Motz-Kossowska 1907</bibRefCitation>
). The
<typeStatus id="C95EED8EFFA0F12CFAF860A3FA602E9C" box="[1388,1436,225,251]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">type</typeStatus>
of gonophore produced by
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFE526144FD942F78" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[454,616,262,287]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFE526144FD942F78" box="[454,616,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">M. margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
thus needs to be determined.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA0F12CFF53616BFEDF2FEC" blockId="108.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFF53616BFD282F24" bold="true" box="[199,724,296,323]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
Reported distribution.
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFE4E616AFD282F24" bold="true" box="[474,724,296,323]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Gulf coast of Florida.</emphasis>
</emphasis>
Dry
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFC99616BFC932F24" box="[781,879,297,323]" name="Haiti" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Tortugas</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFCE9616BFBB22F23" author="Wallace, W. S." box="[893,1102,297,324]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="136 - 138" refId="ref153718" refString="Wallace, W. S. (1909) A collection of hydroids made at the Tortugas, during May, June, and July, 1908. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book, 7, 136 - 138." type="journal article" year="1909">Wallace 1909: 137</bibRefCitation>
).—Seahorse Key, on
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFAD3616BFF442F00" baseAuthorityName="Kaehler &amp; Hughes" baseAuthorityYear="1992" class="Liliopsida" family="Hydrocharitaceae" genus="Thalassia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alismatales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFAD3616BFF442F00" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Thalassia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFF52610FFE8F2F00" author="Joyce, E. A. Jr." box="[198,371,333,359]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refId="ref137169" refString="Joyce, E. A. Jr. (1961) The Hydroida of the Seahorse Key area. M. S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 116 pp." type="book" year="1961">Joyce 1961: 70</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFE0F610FFD612F00" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[411,669,333,359]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFE0F610FFD612F00" box="[411,669,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—Cape San Blas area, on
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFC45610FFBC22F00" baseAuthorityName="Kaehler &amp; Hughes" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[977,1086,333,359]" class="Liliopsida" family="Hydrocharitaceae" genus="Thalassia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alismatales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFC45610FFBC22F00" box="[977,1086,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Thalassia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFBD8610FFB0F2F00" author="Shier, C. F." box="[1100,1267,332,359]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refId="ref149825" refString="Shier, C. F. (1965) A taxonomic and ecological study of shallow water hydroids of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. M. S. Thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 128 pp." type="book" year="1965">Shier 1965: 64</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFA89610FFEEF2FEC" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFA89610FFEEF2FEC" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="165A532CFFA0F12DFF5361D6FCF72F78" blockId="108.[151,1437,153,2016]" lastBlockId="109.[151,1436,152,287]" lastPageId="109" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFF5361D6FD852FC8" bold="true" box="[199,633,404,431]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Elsewhere in western North Atlantic.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFD1661D7FD112FC8" box="[642,749,405,431]" name="Bahamas" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
: near Little
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA0F12CFCEC61D7FC132FC8" box="[888,1007,405,431]" country="Bahamas" name="Cat Island" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Cat Island</collectingRegion>
, shallow water (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFB3F61D7FA8E2FC8" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[1195,1394,405,431]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref144510" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum Special Bulletin, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting 1900: 72</bibRefCitation>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFF0361FBFF2F2FB4" box="[151,211,441,467]" name="United States of America" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">USA</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA0F12CFF4861FBFE7A2FB4" box="[220,390,441,467]" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
, off Bogue Bank, on floating
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFD5C61FBFBDC2FB3" authority="(Fraser 1912 b: 381)" authorityPageNumber="381" baseAuthorityName="Fraser" baseAuthorityPageNumber="381" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[712,1056,441,468]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFD5C61FBFCBE2FB4" box="[712,834,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sargassum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFCDB61FBFBE42FB3" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[847,1048,441,468]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="339 - 387" refId="ref132794" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1912 b) Some hydroids of Beaufort, North Carolina. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 30, 339 - 387." type="journal article" year="1912">Fraser 1912b: 381</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFBD661FBFB4C2FB3" box="[1090,1200,441,468]" name="Bermuda" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
: Challenger Bank, on
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFF03619FFE6B2F90" authorityName="Fewkes" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,407,477,503]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Campanulariidae" genus="Campanularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFF03619FFE6B2F90" box="[151,407,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Campanularia insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFE22619FFD282F90" baseAuthorityName="Allman" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[438,724,477,503]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Thyroscyphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="marginatus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFE22619FFD282F90" box="[438,724,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Thyroscyphus marginatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFD7E619EFCDD2F90" box="[746,801,476,503]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="55.0">55 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFCBA619FFBFF2F9F" author="Stechow, E." box="[814,1027,477,504]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="333 - 378" refId="ref150547" refString="Stechow, E. (1912) Hydroiden der Munchener Zoologischen Staatssammlung. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 32, 333 - 378." type="journal article" year="1912">Stechow 1912: 361</bibRefCitation>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFBBA619FFB602F9F" box="[1070,1180,477,504]" name="Bermuda" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
: on floating
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFAB6619FFE8E2C7C" authority="(Bennitt 1922: 254)" authorityPageNumber="254" baseAuthorityName="Bennitt" baseAuthorityPageNumber="254" baseAuthorityYear="1922" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFAB6619FFA602F90" box="[1314,1436,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sargassum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFF0B6243FE962C7C" author="Bennitt, R." box="[159,362,512,539]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="241 - 259" refId="ref124228" refString="Bennitt, R. (1922) Additions to the hydroid fauna of the Bermudas. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 57, 241 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 20025913" type="journal article" year="1922">Bennitt 1922: 254</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFE006242FE0E2C7C" box="[404,498,512,539]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
: Boca Washikemba, on stranded algae + Lagoen, north coast, on stranded
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFAB66243FA602C7C" baseAuthorityName="Bennitt" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[1314,1436,513,539]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFAB66243FA602C7C" box="[1314,1436,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFF0B6267FE942C58" author="Leloup, E." box="[159,360,548,575]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref139004" refString="Leloup, E. (1935 a) Hydraires calyptoblastiques des Indes Occidentales. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 2 me serie, 2, 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="1935">Leloup 1935a: 54</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFE066267FD682C58" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[402,660,549,575]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFE066267FD682C58" box="[402,660,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFD2A6267FCDE2C58" box="[702,802,549,575]" name="Curaçao" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
: Boca Grandi, on drifting
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFBD26267FB3C2C58" baseAuthorityName="Bennitt" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[1094,1216,549,575]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFBD26267FB3C2C58" box="[1094,1216,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFB5A6267FA6B2C58" author="Leloup, E." box="[1230,1431,548,575]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref139004" refString="Leloup, E. (1935 a) Hydraires calyptoblastiques des Indes Occidentales. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 2 me serie, 2, 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="1935">Leloup 1935a: 54</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFF21620BFE442C04" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[181,440,585,611]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFF21620BFE442C04" box="[181,440,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFE76620BFDD22C03" box="[482,558,585,612]" name="Aruba" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Aruba</collectingCountry>
: Boca Prins, on stranded
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFCDD620BFC3F2C04" baseAuthorityName="Bennitt" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[841,963,585,611]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFCDD620BFC3F2C04" box="[841,963,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFC45620BFB662C04" author="Leloup, E." box="[977,1178,584,611]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 73" refId="ref139004" refString="Leloup, E. (1935 a) Hydraires calyptoblastiques des Indes Occidentales. Memoires du Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 2 me serie, 2, 1 - 73." type="journal article" year="1935">Leloup 1935a: 54</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFB50620BFF372CE0" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFB50620BFF372CE0" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—Atlantic Ocean: Gulf Stream, on pelagic
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFD29622FFCCB2CE0" authority="Sargasso Sea" authorityName="Sargasso Sea" baseAuthorityName="Bennitt" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[701,823,621,647]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFD29622FFCCB2CE0" box="[701,823,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ Sargasso Sea, on pelagic
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFBF8622FFEC42CCC" authority="(Burkenroad, in Parr 1939: 23)" authorityPageNumber="23" baseAuthorityName="Burkenroad, in Parr" baseAuthorityPageNumber="23" baseAuthorityYear="1939" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFBF8622FFB1A2CE0" box="[1132,1254,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sargassum</emphasis>
(Burkenroad, in
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFF0362D3FED32CCC" author="Parr, A. E." box="[151,303,657,683]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 94" refId="ref145813" refString="Parr, A. E. (1939) Quantitative observations on the pelagic Sargassum vegetation of the western North Atlantic. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection, 6 (7), 1 - 94." type="journal article" year="1939">Parr 1939: 23</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.—Sargasso Sea: on
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFDB662D3FD602CCC" baseAuthorityName="Burkenroad, in Parr" baseAuthorityYear="1939" box="[546,668,657,683]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFDB662D3FD602CCC" box="[546,668,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFD3F62D2FCF12CCC" box="[683,781,656,683]" degrees="34" direction="north" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="925" value="34.416668">34°25N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFC8E62D2FC7C2CCC" box="[794,896,656,683]" degrees="40" direction="west" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="925" value="-40.083332">40°05W</geoCoordinate>
+
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFC0B62D2FBFE2CCC" box="[927,1026,656,683]" degrees="30" direction="north" minutes="50" orientation="latitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="925" value="30.833334">30°50N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFB9A62D2FB892CCC" box="[1038,1141,656,683]" degrees="54" direction="west" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="925" value="-54.583332">54°35W</geoCoordinate>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFB1762D3FA642CCC" author="Timmermann, G." box="[1155,1432,657,683]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="288 - 335" refId="ref151766" refString="Timmermann, G. (1932) Biogeographische Untersuchungen uber die Lebensgemeinschaft des treibenden Golfkrautes. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 25, 288 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00446711" type="journal article" year="1932">Timmermann 1932: 298</bibRefCitation>
, 300).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFF7D62F7FE202CA8" box="[233,476,693,720]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA0F12CFE7262F7FD842CA8" box="[486,632,693,719]" country="Dominican Republic" name="Monte Cristi" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Monte Cristi</collectingRegion>
, on
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFD3C62F7FBB32CA8" authority="(Timmermann 1932: 299)" authorityPageNumber="299" baseAuthorityName="Timmermann" baseAuthorityPageNumber="299" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[680,1103,693,719]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFD3C62F7FCDE2CA8" box="[680,802,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sargassum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFCA562F7FBBA2CA8" author="Timmermann, G." box="[817,1094,693,719]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="288 - 335" refId="ref151766" refString="Timmermann, G. (1932) Biogeographische Untersuchungen uber die Lebensgemeinschaft des treibenden Golfkrautes. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 25, 288 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00446711" type="journal article" year="1932">Timmermann 1932: 299</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFBE562F7FB512CA8" box="[1137,1197,693,719]" name="United States of America" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">USA</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA0F12CFB2C62F7FAA12CA8" box="[1208,1373,693,719]" country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
, Gulf Stream off Marthas Vineyard,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFE66629AFDA82C94" box="[498,596,728,755]" degrees="39" direction="north" minutes="58" orientation="latitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="925" value="39.966667">39°58N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFDF4629BFD3B2C94" box="[608,711,729,755]" degrees="70" direction="west" minutes="06" orientation="longitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="925" value="-70.1">70°06W</geoCoordinate>
, on floating
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFCC6629BFC302C94" baseAuthorityName="Timmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[850,972,729,755]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFCC6629BFC302C94" box="[850,972,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFC4E629BFB602C94" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[986,1180,729,755]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refId="ref133401" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">Fraser 1944: 349</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFB51629BFF372D70" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFB51629BFF372D70" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFF6062BFFE7C2D70" box="[244,384,765,791]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
, northeast coast,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFDD462BEFD302D70" box="[576,716,764,791]" degrees="18" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="15" seconds="35" value="18.393055">18°2335”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFD4C62BEFC9B2D70" box="[728,871,764,791]" degrees="65" direction="west" minutes="37" orientation="longitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="15" seconds="10" value="-65.619446">65°3710”W</geoCoordinate>
, 10 ftm (
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFC5962BFFBF42D70" box="[973,1032,765,791]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="18.0">18 m</quantity>
) +
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFBBA62BFFB452D70" box="[1070,1209,765,791]" degrees="18" direction="north" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="15" seconds="30" value="18.408333">18°2430”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFB5162BEFAA82D70" box="[1221,1364,764,791]" degrees="65" direction="west" minutes="38" orientation="longitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="15" seconds="30" value="-65.64166">65°3830”W</geoCoordinate>
, 9 ftm (
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFF346363FF262D5C" box="[160,218,801,827]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="16.0">16 m</quantity>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFF646363FE4D2D5C" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[240,433,801,827]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refId="ref133401" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">Fraser 1944: 349</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFE4E6363FD202D5C" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[474,732,801,827]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFE4E6363FD202D5C" box="[474,732,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFC906363FC6C2D5C" box="[772,912,801,827]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
: off
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA0F12CFC556363FBE62D5C" box="[961,1050,801,827]" country="Puerto Rico" name="Culebra" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Culebra</collectingRegion>
Island,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFBE66363FB012D5C" box="[1138,1277,801,827]" degrees="18" direction="north" minutes="19" orientation="latitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="15" seconds="10" value="18.319445">18°1910”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFA9C6362FA6B2D5C" box="[1288,1431,800,827]" degrees="65" direction="west" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="15" seconds="40" value="-65.327774">65°1940”W</geoCoordinate>
, 10 ftm (
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFF676307FED32D38" box="[243,303,837,863]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="18.0">18 m</quantity>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFED26307FDF72D38" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[326,523,837,863]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refId="ref133401" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp." type="book" year="1944">Fraser 1944: 349</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFDA26307FCC62D38" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[566,826,837,863]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFDA26307FCC62D38" box="[566,826,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFCF06307FC262D07" box="[868,986,837,864]" name="Colombia" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Colombia</collectingCountry>
:
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFC716307FBC42D38" box="[997,1080,837,863]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 miles</quantity>
(
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFBDD6307FB792D07" box="[1097,1157,837,864]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
) off Bahía Honda, 9 ftm (
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFF34632BFF272DE4" box="[160,219,873,899]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="16.0">16 m</quantity>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFF67632BFE4A2DE4" author="Fraser, C. M." box="[243,438,873,899]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref133520" refString="Fraser, C. M. (1947 b) Hydroids of the 1939 Allan Hancock Caribbean Sea Expedition. Allan Hancock Atlantic Expedition, 4, 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1947">Fraser 1947b: 14</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFE76632BFD1A2DE4" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[482,742,873,899]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFE76632BFD1A2DE4" box="[482,742,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—Unstated location: on buoys (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFBC9632BFE792DC0" author="Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refId="ref155253" refString="Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1952) Marine fouling and its prevention. United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 388 pp." type="book" year="1952">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 1952: 188</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFE2463CFFD4F2DC0" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[432,691,909,935]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFE2463CFFD4F2DC0" box="[432,691,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFD4A63CFFCE72DC0" box="[734,795,909,935]" name="United States of America" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">USA</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA0F12CFCB263CFFC862DC0" box="[806,890,909,935]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Florida</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA0F12CFC1163CFFC2A2DC0" box="[901,982,909,935]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Florida</collectingRegion>
Current off Miami (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFB2F63CFFA852DC0" author="Adams, J. A." box="[1211,1401,909,935]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="55 - 82" refId="ref122426" refString="Adams, J. A. (1960) Contribution to the biology and postlarval development of the Sargassum fish, Histrio histrio (Linnaeus), with a discussion of the Sargassum complex. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 10, 55 - 82." type="journal article" year="1960">Adams 1960: 81</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFF0363F3FE682DAC" box="[151,404,945,971]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaritta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFF0363F3FE682DAC" box="[151,404,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Monotheca margaritta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sic)).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFE6C63F3FDB82DAB" box="[504,580,945,972]" name="Aruba" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Aruba</collectingCountry>
: North of Punta Braboe (=Punta Brabo), on
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFBA063F3FB5D2DAC" baseAuthorityName="Kaehler &amp; Hughes" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[1076,1185,945,971]" class="Liliopsida" family="Hydrocharitaceae" genus="Thalassia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alismatales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFBA063F3FB5D2DAC" box="[1076,1185,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Thalassia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFB2463F3FEAC2D88" author="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H." pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref152243" refString="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H. (1965) Hydroids of the Caribbean: Sertulariidae, Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands: No. 84. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao, 22, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1965">Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen 1965: 69</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFEEC6397FD852D88" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[376,633,981,1007]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFEEC6397FD852D88" box="[376,633,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFD376397FCFE2D97" box="[675,770,981,1008]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
: Oranjepan (=Oranje Pan), on stranded
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFB2C6397FACE2D88" baseAuthorityName="Timmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[1208,1330,981,1007]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFB2C6397FACE2D88" box="[1208,1330,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFAAB6397FE232A74" author="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H." pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref152243" refString="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H. (1965) Hydroids of the Caribbean: Sertulariidae, Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands: No. 84. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao, 22, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1965">Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen 1965: 69</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFD9D63BBFCF72A74" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[521,779,1017,1043]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFD9D63BBFCF72A74" box="[521,779,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFCA063BBFC532A73" box="[820,943,1017,1044]" name="Venezuela" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
: Islote Aves, northern lagoon, on algae, near low water (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFE80645FFD4E2A50" author="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H." box="[276,690,1052,1079]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref152243" refString="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H. (1965) Hydroids of the Caribbean: Sertulariidae, Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands: No. 84. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao, 22, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1965">Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen 1965: 69</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFD48645FFC222A50" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[732,990,1053,1079]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFD48645FFC222A50" box="[732,990,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFB9C645FFB922A5F" box="[1032,1134,1053,1080]" name="Antigua and Barbuda" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Barbuda</collectingCountry>
: Martello Tower Beach, on algae (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFF756403FD832A3C" author="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H." box="[225,639,1088,1115]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref152243" refString="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H. (1965) Hydroids of the Caribbean: Sertulariidae, Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands: No. 84. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao, 22, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1965">Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen 1965: 69</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFD3E6403FC512A3C" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[682,941,1089,1115]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFD3E6403FC512A3C" box="[682,941,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFC4E6403FB632A3C" box="[986,1183,1089,1115]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">St. Kitts &amp; Nevis</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFB3D6403FAF42A3C" box="[1193,1288,1089,1115]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">St. Kitts</collectingCountry>
, Frigate Bay, on algae, tidal zone (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFE106427FCD92A18" author="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H." box="[388,805,1124,1151]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref152243" refString="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H. (1965) Hydroids of the Caribbean: Sertulariidae, Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands: No. 84. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao, 22, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1965">Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen 1965: 69</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFCC56427FBA92A18" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[849,1109,1125,1151]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFCC56427FBA92A18" box="[849,1109,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFBEB6427FAE42A18" box="[1151,1304,1125,1152]" name="Sint Martin" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sint Maarten</collectingCountry>
: Great Bay, on algae, ca.
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFEB864CBFEA42AC4" box="[300,344,1161,1187]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFEF364CBFCFA2AC4" author="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H." box="[359,774,1160,1187]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref152243" refString="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H. (1965) Hydroids of the Caribbean: Sertulariidae, Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands: No. 84. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao, 22, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1965">Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen 1965: 69</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFCA664CBFBC92AC4" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[818,1077,1161,1187]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFCA664CBFBC92AC4" box="[818,1077,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFBCA64CBFB032AC4" box="[1118,1279,1161,1188]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
of the
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFAC464CBFF222AA0" name="United States of America" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">United States</collectingCountry>
: St. John, Turner Bay, on
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFD9C64EFFD7D2AA0" authorityName="Oken, 1815-" authorityYear="1815" box="[520,641,1197,1223]" class="Anthozoa" family="Dendrophylliidae" genus="Turbinaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFD9C64EFFD7D2AA0" box="[520,641,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Turbinaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, tidal zone (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFC9B64EFFB4D2AA0" author="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H." box="[783,1201,1196,1223]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref152243" refString="Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen, G. C. H. (1965) Hydroids of the Caribbean: Sertulariidae, Plumulariidae and Aglaopheniidae. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands: No. 84. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao, 22, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1965">Van Gemerden-Hoogeveen 1965: 69</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFB4A64EFFF1B2A8C" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFB4A64EFFF1B2A8C" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFE866493FEB32A8C" box="[274,335,1233,1259]" name="United States of America" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">USA</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA0F12CFECE6493FE622A8C" box="[346,414,1233,1259]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Texas</collectingRegion>
, West Flower Garden Bank, on floating
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFCF76493FC212A8C" baseAuthorityName="Timmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[867,989,1233,1259]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFCF76493FC212A8C" box="[867,989,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sargassum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFC786493FB0E2A8C" author="Defenbaugh, R. E." box="[1004,1266,1233,1259]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="94 - 112" refId="ref130738" refString="Defenbaugh, R. E. (1974) Hydroids. In: Bright, T. J. &amp; Pequegnat, L. H. (Eds.), Biota of the West Flower Garden Bank. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, pp. 94 - 112." type="book chapter" year="1974">Defenbaugh 1974: 102</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFA896493FEEF2B68" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFA896493FEEF2B68" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—Gulf Stream, several stations between
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA0F12CFD7D64B7FCC62B68" box="[745,826,1269,1295]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Florida</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA0F12CFCFB64B7FC0D2B68" box="[879,1009,1269,1295]" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
, on
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFB8964B7FACD2B68" authorityName="Montagne" authorityYear="1837" box="[1053,1329,1269,1295]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="species" species="polyceratium">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFB8964B7FACD2B68" box="[1053,1329,1269,1295]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sargassum polyceratium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFAAA64B7FE882B54" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFAAA64B7FF0C2B54" baseAuthorityName="Rackley" baseAuthorityYear="1974" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="species" species="pteropleuron">S. pteropleuron</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFF6E655BFE882B54" baseAuthorityName="Timmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[250,372,1305,1331]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="genus">Sargassum</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
sp., and
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFE42655BFD912B54" box="[470,621,1305,1331]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="species" species="ramifolium">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFE42655BFD912B54" box="[470,621,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">S. ramifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFDEF655BFCBE2B54" author="Rackley, D. H." box="[635,834,1304,1331]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refId="ref147591" refString="Rackley, D. H. (1974) Hydroids of the pelagic Sargassum community of the Gulf Stream and Sargasso Sea. M. A. Thesis, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, 94 pp." type="book" year="1974">Rackley 1974: 45</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFCFF655BFB912B54" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[875,1133,1305,1331]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFCFF655BFB912B54" box="[875,1133,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFB02655BFAF02B53" box="[1174,1292,1305,1332]" name="Colombia" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Colombia</collectingCountry>
: Santa Marta area (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFF40657FFE5D2B30" author="Wedler, E." box="[212,417,1340,1367]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="324 - 363" refId="ref153972" refString="Wedler, E. (1975) Okologische Untersuchungen an Hydroiden des Felslitorals von Santa Marta (Kolumbien). Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 27, 324 - 363. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 01611700" type="journal article" year="1975">Wedler 1975: 340</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFE5F657FFD382B30" box="[459,708,1341,1367]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margareta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFE5F657FFD382B30" box="[459,708,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Monotheca margareta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFD47657FFBFF2B30" author="Bandel, K. &amp; Wedler, E." box="[723,1027,1341,1367]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 129" refId="ref124037" refString="Bandel, K. &amp; Wedler, E. (1987) Hydroid, amphineuran and gastropod zonation in the littoral of the Caribbean Sea, Colombia. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 19, 1 - 129." type="journal article" year="1987">Bandel &amp; Wedler 1987: 42</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFBB8657FFF372B1C" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta" subGenus="Plumularia">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFBB8657FFB562B30" box="[1068,1194,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Monotheca</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFB2F657FFAC72B30" box="[1211,1339,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFADF657CFF372B1C" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFF626523FEBF2B1B" box="[246,323,1377,1404]" name="Belize" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Belize</collectingCountry>
: Carrie Bow Cay (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFD996523FD0F2B1C" author="Spracklin, B. W." box="[525,755,1377,1403]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="239 - 251" refId="ref150207" refString="Spracklin, B. W. (1982) Hydroidea (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. In: Rutzler, K. &amp; Macintyre, I. G. (Eds.), The Atlantic barrier reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. I. Structure and communities. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 12, pp. 239 - 251." type="journal article" year="1982">Spracklin 1982: 246</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFC8E6523FBE72B1C" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[794,1051,1377,1403]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFC8E6523FBE72B1C" box="[794,1051,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFBD16523FB472B1B" box="[1093,1211,1377,1404]" name="Colombia" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Colombia</collectingCountry>
: Bahía de Cartagena (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFF0B65C7FE2E2BF8" author="Florez Gonzalez, L." box="[159,466,1413,1439]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="112 - 140" refId="ref132251" refString="Florez Gonzalez, L. (1983) Inventario preliminar de la fauna hydroide de la Bahia de Cartagena y areas adyacentes. Boletin del Museo del Mar, Bogota, 11, 112 - 140." type="journal article" year="1983">Flórez González 1983: 121</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFE6865C7FD022BF8" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[508,766,1413,1439]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFE6865C7FD022BF8" box="[508,766,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFCBD65C7FC9A2BF8" box="[809,870,1413,1439]" name="United States of America" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">USA</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA0F12CFCE565C7FBE02BF8" box="[881,1052,1413,1439]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
, middle continental shelf (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFAD065C7FEC72BA4" author="Wenner, E. L. &amp; Hinde, P. &amp; Knott, D. M. &amp; Van Dolah, R. F." pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 104" refId="ref154596" refString="Wenner, E. L., Hinde, P., Knott, D. M. &amp; Van Dolah, R. F. (1984) A temporal and spatial study of invertebrate communities associated with hard-bottom habitats in the South Atlantic Bight. United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 18, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1984">
Wenner
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFF0365E8FF342BA4" box="[151,200,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">et al</emphasis>
. 1984: 21
</bibRefCitation>
, 40, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFE1B65EBFD6E2BA4" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[399,658,1449,1475]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFE1B65EBFD6E2BA4" box="[399,658,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFD2965EBFD062BA4" box="[701,762,1449,1475]" name="United States of America" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">USA</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFC9165EBFC9E2BA4" box="[773,866,1449,1475]" name="Georgia" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Georgia</collectingCountry>
, inner continental shelf (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFBE165EBFA862BA4" author="Wenner, E. L. &amp; Hinde, P. &amp; Knott, D. M. &amp; Van Dolah, R. F." box="[1141,1402,1449,1475]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 104" refId="ref154596" refString="Wenner, E. L., Hinde, P., Knott, D. M. &amp; Van Dolah, R. F. (1984) A temporal and spatial study of invertebrate communities associated with hard-bottom habitats in the South Atlantic Bight. United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Technical Report NMFS, 18, 1 - 104." type="journal article" year="1984">
Wenner
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFB4165E8FAFA2BA4" box="[1237,1286,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">et al</emphasis>
. 1984: 40
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFF03658FFE652B80" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[151,409,1485,1511]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFF03658FFE652B80" box="[151,409,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFE50658FFDED2B8F" box="[452,529,1485,1512]" name="Belize" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Belize</collectingCountry>
: Twin Cays (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFD34658FFC8F2B8F" author="Calder, D. R." box="[672,883,1485,1512]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="221 - 228" refId="ref127307" refString="Calder, D. R. (1991 b) Abundance and distribution of hydroids in a mangrove ecosystem at Twin Cays, Belize, Central America. Hydrobiologia, 216 / 217, 221 - 228. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00026466" type="journal article" year="1991">Calder 1991b: 223</bibRefCitation>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFC09658FFC152B8F" box="[925,1001,1485,1512]" name="Belize" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Belize</collectingCountry>
: South Water Cut, South Water Cay, on
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFF0365B3FD9F286B" authority="(Kaehler &amp; Hughes 1992: 331)" authorityPageNumber="331" baseAuthorityName="Kaehler &amp; Hughes" baseAuthorityPageNumber="331" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[151,611,1521,1548]" class="Liliopsida" family="Hydrocharitaceae" genus="Thalassia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alismatales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFF0365B3FEF8286C" box="[151,260,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Thalassia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFE8665B3FDA6286B" author="Kaehler, S. &amp; Hughes, R. G." box="[274,602,1521,1548]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="329 - 336" refId="ref137203" refString="Kaehler, S. &amp; Hughes, R. G. (1992) The distributions and growth patterns of three epiphytic hydroids on the Caribbean seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Bulletin of Marine Science, 51, 329 - 336." type="journal article" year="1992">Kaehler &amp; Hughes 1992: 331</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFD1165B3FD07286B" box="[645,763,1521,1548]" name="Colombia" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Colombia</collectingCountry>
: Bahía de Chengue, on
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFB9565B3FB78286C" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[1025,1156,1521,1547]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rhizophoraceae" genus="Rhizophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFB9565B3FB78286C" box="[1025,1156,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Rhizophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFB0565B3FF3F2848" author="Reyes, R. &amp; Campos, N. H." pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="101 - 116" refId="ref148013" refString="Reyes, R. &amp; Campos, N. H. (1992) Macroinvertebrados colonizadores de raices de Rhizophora mangle en la Bahia de Chengue, Caribe Colombiano. Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta Betin, 21, 101 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.25268 / bimc. invemar. 1992.21.0.422" type="journal article" year="1992">Reyes &amp; Campos 1992: 108</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFF7F6657FE102848" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[235,492,1557,1583]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFF7F6657FE102848" box="[235,492,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFD816657FD7F2857" box="[533,643,1557,1584]" name="Bermuda" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
: on pelagic
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFC906657FC2B2848" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[772,983,1557,1583]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="species" species="fluitans">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFC906657FC2B2848" box="[772,983,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sargassum fluitans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFB9F6657FAB42848" authority="(Calder 1995: 540)" authorityPageNumber="540" baseAuthorityName="Calder" baseAuthorityPageNumber="540" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[1035,1352,1556,1583]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFB9F6657FB8D2848" box="[1035,1137,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">S. natans</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFBE96657FABC2848" author="Calder, D. R." box="[1149,1344,1556,1583]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="537 - 546" refId="ref127498" refString="Calder, D. R. (1995) Hydroid assemblages on holopelagic Sargassum from the Sargasso Sea at Bermuda. Bulletin of Marine Science, 56, 537 - 546." type="journal article" year="1995">Calder 1995: 540</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFAFD6656FF262834" name="Bermuda" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
: Natural Arches Beach, on stranded
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFDE1667BFBC02834" authority="+ Castle Harbour, W" authorityName="Castle Harbour, W" box="[629,1084,1593,1619]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="species" species="fluitans">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFDE1667BFCB62834" box="[629,842,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sargassum fluitans</emphasis>
+ Castle Harbour, W
</taxonomicName>
of Castle Roads, on
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFABC667BFA692834" baseAuthorityName="Kaehler &amp; Hughes" baseAuthorityYear="1992" box="[1320,1429,1593,1619]" class="Liliopsida" family="Hydrocharitaceae" genus="Thalassia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alismatales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFABC667BFA692834" box="[1320,1429,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Thalassia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFF03661FFF212810" box="[151,221,1629,1655]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">23 m</quantity>
+ Whalebone Bay, on stranded
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFDAA661FFCB02810" authority="+ St." authorityName="St." box="[574,844,1629,1655]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="species" species="fluitans">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFDAA661FFCEE2810" box="[574,786,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sargassum fluitans</emphasis>
+ St.
</taxonomicName>
Catherines Beach, on stranded
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFB26661FFA7A2810" box="[1202,1414,1629,1655]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="species" species="fluitans">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFB26661FFA7A2810" box="[1202,1414,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sargassum fluitans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ Atlantic Ocean,
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFED866C3FE7928FC" box="[332,389,1665,1691]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
off Castle Roads, on rubble,
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFD5C66C3FCFC28FC" box="[712,768,1665,1691]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="73.0">73 m</quantity>
+ Burchalls Cove, on stranded
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFBF266C3FAC628FC" box="[1126,1338,1665,1691]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fucales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Phaeophyta" rank="species" species="fluitans">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFBF266C3FAC628FC" box="[1126,1338,1665,1691]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Sargassum fluitans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ Atlantic Ocean,
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFE9B66E7FEB428D8" box="[271,328,1701,1727]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
off Natural Arches Beach, on rhodolith,
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFC8466E7FCB528D8" box="[784,841,1701,1727]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="70.0">70 m</quantity>
(Calder 1997: 11).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFBA066E7FB5828A7" box="[1076,1188,1701,1728]" name="Bermuda" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
: Argus (=Plantagenet) Bank + Challenger Bank (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFE2D668BFD772883" author="Calder, D. R." box="[441,651,1737,1764]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1125 - 1139" refId="ref127670" refString="Calder, D. R. (2000) Assemblages of hydroids (Cnidaria) from three seamounts near Bermuda in the western North Atlantic. Deep-Sea Research, Part I, 47, 1125 - 1139. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0967 - 0637 (99) 00093 - X" type="journal article" year="2000">Calder 2000: 1133</bibRefCitation>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFD21668BFD092883" box="[693,757,1737,1764]" name="Cuba" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Cuba</collectingCountry>
: Ciudad de
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA0F12CFCE3668BFBA02884" box="[887,1116,1737,1763]" country="Cuba" name="La Habana" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">La Habana province</collectingRegion>
, Playa Mégano,
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFA80668AFAAF2884" box="[1300,1363,1736,1763]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFAF5668BFEF7296F" author="Ortiz, N." pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="63 - 66" refId="ref145152" refString="Ortiz, N. (2001 a) Nuevos registros de hidrozoos (Coelenterata) para las aguas Cubanas. Revista de Investigaciones Marinas, 22 (1), 63 - 66." type="journal article" year="2001">Ortiz 2001a: 64</bibRefCitation>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFEA066AFFE6F296F" box="[308,403,1773,1800]" name="Panama" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Panama</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA0F12CFE3466AFFDB32960" box="[416,591,1773,1799]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area, Boca del Drago,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFCF466AEFBFD2960" box="[864,1025,1772,1799]" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="1" seconds="36.3" value="9.42675">09°2536.3”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFB9B66AFFB4F2960" box="[1039,1203,1773,1799]" degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="1" seconds="30.1" value="-82.32503">82°1930.1”W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFB5666AFFAF42960" box="[1218,1288,1773,1799]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1-3 m</quantity>
+
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA0F12CFABF66AFFF37294C" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area, Cayos Zapotilla,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFE456752FD99294C" box="[465,613,1808,1835]" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="15.564" orientation="latitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="1" value="9.2594">09°15.564N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFDE56752FCF5294C" box="[625,777,1808,1835]" degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="02.750" orientation="longitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="1" value="-82.04583">82°02.750W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFC816753FCA4294C" box="[789,856,1809,1835]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="7.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="7.0">7-8 m</quantity>
+
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA0F12CFCE26753FBE3294C" box="[886,1055,1809,1835]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area, Swans Key,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFB636753FA64294C" box="[1271,1432,1809,1835]" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="27" orientation="latitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="1" seconds="12.2" value="9.453389">09°2712.2”N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFF036777FEC02928" box="[151,316,1845,1871]" degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="18" orientation="longitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="1" seconds="01.8" value="-82.30051">82°1801.8”W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFEDC6777FE772928" box="[328,395,1845,1871]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1-4 m</quantity>
+
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA0F12CFE3F6777FDA92928" box="[427,597,1845,1871]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area, Bastimentos (front),
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFC126777FBE62928" box="[902,1050,1845,1871]" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="20.898" orientation="latitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="1" value="9.3483">09°20.898N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFBB26776FB422928" box="[1062,1214,1844,1871]" degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="09.959" orientation="longitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="1" value="-82.165985">82°09.959W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFB5F6777FAF22928" box="[1227,1294,1845,1871]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1-4 m</quantity>
+
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA0F12CFABA6777FF372914" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area, Bastimentos (north),
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFD98671BFD5C2914" box="[524,672,1881,1907]" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="20.898" orientation="latitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="1" value="9.3483">09°20.898N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFD3B671AFCBB2914" box="[687,839,1880,1907]" degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="09.959" orientation="longitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="1" value="-82.165985">82°09.959W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFCC2671BFC612914" box="[854,925,1881,1907]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="1.0">1-4 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFC3B671BFADF2913" author="Calder, D. R. &amp; Kirkendale, L." box="[943,1315,1880,1908]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="476 - 491" refId="ref128387" refString="Calder, D. R. &amp; Kirkendale, L. (2005) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from shallow-water environments along the Caribbean Coast of Panama. Caribbean Journal of Science, 41, 476 - 491." type="journal article" year="2005">Calder &amp; Kirkendale 2005: 482</bibRefCitation>
).—French Lesser Antilles:
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFEDA673FFE2429F0" box="[334,472,1917,1943]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Guadeloupe</collectingCountry>
, Grande-Terre, Les Arches,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFC80673EFC5429F0" box="[788,936,1916,1943]" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="27.529" orientation="latitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="1" value="16.458817">16°27.529N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFC20673FFBB029F0" box="[948,1100,1917,1943]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="32.021" orientation="longitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="1" value="-61.533684">61°32.021W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFBCC673FFB6E29F0" box="[1112,1170,1917,1943]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="17.0">17 m</quantity>
+ Grande-Terre, Pointe dAntigues,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFEB667E2FE4A29DC" box="[290,438,1952,1979]" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="26.251" orientation="latitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="1" value="16.437517">16°26.251N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFE5667E2FDA629DC" box="[450,602,1952,1979]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="32.523" orientation="longitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="1" value="-61.54205">61°32.523W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="D11DFEC9FFA0F12CFDF267E2FD3729DC" box="[614,715,1952,1979]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">1015 m</quantity>
, on an alga + Grande-Terre, harbor of Port-Louis,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFA9767E3FA6429DC" box="[1283,1432,1953,1979]" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="24.720" orientation="latitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="1" value="16.412">16°24.720N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="73D135EBFFA0F12CFF036787FED329B8" box="[151,303,1989,2015]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="31.910" orientation="longitude" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" precision="1" value="-61.531834">61°31.910W</geoCoordinate>
, on red algae (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA0F12CFE4E6787FD7029B8" author="Galea, H. R." box="[474,652,1989,2015]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref133783" refString="Galea, H. R. (2010) Additional shallow-water thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa, 2570 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2570.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Galea 2010: 29</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA0F12CFD2E6787FC4329B8" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[698,959,1989,2015]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA0F12CFD2E6787FC4329B8" box="[698,959,1989,2015]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA0F12CFC7E6787FBD72987" box="[1002,1067,1989,2016]" name="Cuba" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Cuba</collectingCountry>
: Golfo de Batabanó, Cayo Real, Cayería San Felipe (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA1F12DFEE860DBFCF92ED4" author="Castellanos-Iglesias, S. &amp; Varela, C. &amp; Ortiz Toucet, M. &amp; Orozco, M. V." box="[380,773,152,179]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="9 - 29" refId="ref128858" refString="Castellanos-Iglesias, S., Varela, C., Ortiz Toucet, M. &amp; Orozco, M. V. (2011) Los hidrozoos (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) de la Cayeria sur del Golfo de Batabano, Cuba. Revista Ciencias Marinas y Costeras, 3, 9 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.15359 / revmar. 3.1" type="journal article" year="2011">
Castellanos-Iglesias
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA1F12DFDF160D8FD6A2ED4" box="[613,662,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">et al</emphasis>
. 2011: 25
</bibRefCitation>
).—French Lesser Antilles:
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA1F12DFBAA60DBFB462ED4" box="[1086,1210,153,179]" name="Martinique" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Martinique</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA1F12DFB5D60DBFA852ED4" author="Galea, H. R." box="[1225,1401,152,179]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref133834" refString="Galea, H. R. (2013) New additions to the shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) of the French Lesser Antilles: Martinique. Zootaxa, 3686 (1), 1 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3686.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Galea 2013: 50</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA1F12DFF0360FFFE662EB0" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[151,410,189,215]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA1F12DFF0360FFFE662EB0" box="[151,410,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).—Caribbean Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA1F12DFDEC60FFFCAF2EB0" author="Wedler, E." box="[632,851,189,215]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refId="ref154158" refString="Wedler, E. (2017 b) Hidroides del Mar Caribe con enfasis en la region de Santa Marta, Colombia. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras-INVEMAR. Serie de Publicaciones Generales del INVEMAR # 94, Santa Marta, Colombia, 200 pp." type="book" year="2017">Wedler 2017b: 163</bibRefCitation>
, figs. 206A, B, 207A, B, 208).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA1F12DFB5C60FFFADF2EBF" box="[1224,1315,189,216]" name="Mexico" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Mexico</collectingCountry>
: Alacranes Reef, on algae, soft coral (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA1F12DFE2360A3FCBE2E9C" author="Mendoza-Becerril, M. A. &amp; Simoes, N. &amp; Genzano, G." box="[439,834,225,251]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="125 - 142" refId="ref142083" refString="Mendoza-Becerril, M. A., Simoes, N. &amp; Genzano, G. (2018 b) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Alacranes Reef, Gulf of Mexico, Mexico. Bulletin of Marine Science, 94, 125 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.5343 / bms. 2017.1072" type="journal article" year="2018">
Mendoza-Becerril
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA1F12DFD1E60A0FD462E9C" box="[650,698,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">et al</emphasis>
. 2018b: 131
</bibRefCitation>
).—
<collectingCountry id="6EF213BCFFA1F12DFCF860A3FC312E9C" box="[876,973,225,251]" name="Panama" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Panama</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="D4219DCEFFA1F12DFC4260A3FB802E9C" box="[982,1148,225,251]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
area, near Bocatorito Bay (
<bibRefCitation id="72742EDDFFA1F12DFF0B6147FE322F78" author="Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Piraino, S. &amp; Pruski, S. &amp; Alpizar Gonzalez, M. &amp; Castellanos-Iglesias, S. &amp; Jeronimo-Aguilar, S. &amp; Lawley, J. W. &amp; Maggioni, D. &amp; Martell, L. &amp; Matsumoto, Y. &amp; Moncada, A. &amp; Nagale, P. &amp; Phongphattarawat, S. &amp; Sheridan, C. &amp; Soto Angel, J. J. &amp; Sukhoputova, A. &amp; Collin, R." box="[159,462,261,287]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="102 - 112" refId="ref142724" refString="Miglietta, M. P., Piraino, S., Pruski, S., Alpizar Gonzalez, M., Castellanos-Iglesias, S., Jeronimo-Aguilar, S., Lawley, J. W., Maggioni, D., Martell, L., Matsumoto, Y., Moncada, A., Nagale, P., Phongphattarawat, S., Sheridan, C., Soto Angel, J. J., Sukhoputova, A. &amp; Collin, R. (2018 b) An integrative identification guide to the Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Bocas del Toro, Panama. Neotropical Biodiversity, 4, 102 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 23766808.2018.1488656" type="journal article" year="2018">
Miglietta
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA1F12DFE9A6144FEC32F78" box="[270,319,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">et al</emphasis>
. 2018b: 108
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="D1E528AFFFA1F12DFE6C6147FD072F78" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[504,763,261,287]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="24918F3EFFA1F12DFE6C6147FD072F78" box="[504,763,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Plumularia margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>