544 lines
72 KiB
XML
544 lines
72 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2535-0730-1-15" ID-Pensoft-UUID="9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599" ID-ZooBank="42D6D571379D4EB0BC8DB3134A4E0912" ModsDocID="2535-0730-8-1-15" checkinTime="1707483718867" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Arteaga, Alejandro, Pyron, R. Alexander, Batista, Abel, Vieira, Jose, Meneses Pelayo, Elson, Smith, Eric N., Barrio Amoros, Cesar L., Koch, Claudia, Agne, Stefanie, Valencia, Jorge H., Bustamante, Lucas & Harris, Kyle J." docDate="2024" docId="FF4665A639F05CFB93354EAB607B67BA" docLanguage="en" docName="EvolutSyst 8(1): 15-64" docOrigin="Evolutionary Systematics 8 (1)" docPubDate="2024-02-08" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527" docTitle="Bothriechis nigroadspersus" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599" masterDocTitle="Systematic revision of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper Bothriechis schlegelii (Serpentes, Viperidae), with the description of five new species and revalidation of three" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="15" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1707484022520" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="08D5DFD836215A8E4EED28C66073D3AD" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="6632EBA1C99561394A6105FFCE9F16C3">
|
||
<mods:title id="5BBF08699A209114F53D8130DA9384F7">Systematic revision of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper Bothriechis schlegelii (Serpentes, Viperidae), with the description of five new species and revalidation of three</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="746D88FB9CB8E2A0DCDEC3C463A9833B" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="548A941F1C8CC22B04E87A6168A0B6C1">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="CC1F98B1A15A637A38031F3484BD9615">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="A13134515F0C2D78CC1172CCE80D6873">Arteaga, Alejandro</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="200DB658A7E1F8A876F3FDC938471FB0" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0014-3728</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="6FCD33FDE4D7B8538565B4DF3619EA5D">Khamai Foundation, Quito, Ecuador & Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="61D015D5AA376BAFC194C00DF8D1B4ED" type="email">af.arteaga.navarro@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="F2D122159857E1719B6CF4F710B81207" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="FCD14A42DB05ED8CB0C5CBC6E6952B51">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="A90AEE3D44312E1AA7E675083D196D5B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="098DD9CC30C561976B163E5BCF3D9A77">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="E25FFD0DA0B79DFF3821A2FBA4D4D1A4" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2524-1794</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="1215C3872DCD6D7CA30A3C68DCC4DFDA">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA & Division of Amphibians & Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="3A5AF8B2D6B1F29A9F5E46BF5AC1E35E" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="40D95C31E627BB4DDFD39388FC75E1EB">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="01716315989CD728602F9507B86873D7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="12B526EB84601AA0B99BA3554F190F81">Batista, Abel</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="CE152E67333A3633F5E3BBCD051ED1AE" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8053-3373</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="E53F8EE8CE2D6DC8F24BC29A333ED8A0">Universidad Autonoma de Chiriqui (UNACHI), Instituto Interdisciplinario de Investigacion e Innovacion, David, Panama & Fundacion Los Naturalistas, Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama & Sistema Nacional de Investigacion (SNI), SENACYT, Clayton Panama, Panama</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="AE85E131369549B306EFBD7257C5691A" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="FA60A70E6A00901B93DC95B9BAAB1D8B">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="B4640AC7985E32C0495FAFABA42A5111">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="CA295489E675A2537D270B459BF2D12F">Vieira, Jose</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="D3120D3C70B025DFA248B309250EA237">Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador & ExSitu, Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="BBEF8959C4B069FE0638F3CFF1284BE5" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="49D081C6B23F78D54943384A93CDB4A8">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="9FAE73C9068FB106A52B69ED54C20B83">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="129CBC917EDC1F21F8E26854DEB0A198">Meneses Pelayo, Elson</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="80AEC7E701D4D247BC8A7F6B2D96DDC2">Grupo de Estudios en Anfibios y Reptiles de Santander, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="0EDA350EF97061F77539C3E14EDDA5C3" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="AA6887E2791DE042FC2BE4B73AFAB1FB">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="EAC2D7B1B64AE0DEF1574FE84EED41AD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="F8B7F06C3BD312D8FD977F82B2148F33">Smith, Eric N.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="F08886262ADA27D61CD6E3B2432534C1">Grupo de Estudios en Biodiversidad, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="CC446E00CDF4692804F6258F7D3E6B81" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="44544AF4BDD1681FE2626DAA2458B03A">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="3C3EC026D8BDAC710F79F0B96E9EE1C2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="41F7059E589C2087204B43D8CE655EE7">Barrio Amoros, Cesar L.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="5E52AFA865424115984FE13276D102A4">Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="F564942D9B4FC254E416D51B335D1EBB" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="BDE6FCBE21E572ABBD17C2EA30CCBE08">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="E6F1BF3813EB9FBFF218500EE450893A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="5B9C6A2633AE281FAADD8B3953D3A1B1">Koch, Claudia</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="B4576D571A0CB106A20E14A4A0BAA7B6" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7115-2816</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="CE120A3B548B2CF37C93A3B1DC99EA4E">CRWild, Bahia Ballena, Uvita, Costa Rica</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="2F7BE3112FF8FD0D59BF057CDD95705B" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="5CF132F43F767C88F419D726FE8623D0">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="FBF7143D0A19B2962E9E0DDE750CE91A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="2F35BDE4AB793C82B6BDD5F32E1FD61F">Agne, Stefanie</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="E4694BCF9DD13F107773717DEFDB0D5E">Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum Koenig, Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="E5BF79245699533EF6478667D58FFB19" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="6085AF26D8B7EFF45706BADC1948D399">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="3B29EE31E1A7C759AF86966D845D3AE9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="04EF61C5E13FEBB988CD5D6FCEC7EFA6">Valencia, Jorge H.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="81E0E3CA7DF25551E7610366AB382BB4">Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany & Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecologia, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="D5CE4E7F01B48F5DF8A360753C402EFE" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="197D3FB0ADDDE8378F708D3834F81194">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="B534DB219EAD7D7EEE7CA778F5FB8BC0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="346A2D69995DE271FB0F49908DB2DBEF">Bustamante, Lucas</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="66390B84D9D0EC0ED722AD8FA129538C">Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador & Red de Biogeografia y Ecologia Espacial (BioGeo 2), Universidad Regional Amazonica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="86C6AEEFB75563990E03CC58E8FD5D1B" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="DDE4D918C20AFD95F2F7C84F1C1AFF39">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="B789FC58CCD9F8658D959A61D855F959">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="DAD9C3E8321E330773B4476A57149854">Harris, Kyle J.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="ACF5576C835A61AE3D3CDB4382A24A26">Savia Fund, Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="FCC1E20ABEA54331D233060C4ECAC97D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="0D47383316AB5F84AFC57F6D0DE672DC" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="D483F2855466E4BC653B42E5D97BF690">
|
||
<mods:title id="8CA8F777DBF1AD57F6014F6C0C0A23A9">Evolutionary Systematics</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="A63538B0681757BB824ED3EC37B5F9AC">
|
||
<mods:date id="E1675C3BA27B9C3493F59968FBD687D8">2024</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="D5DC24FED886BBD8B17F0ACF99B96201" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="7779B1212F74F81B659271CE2F059C75">2024-02-08</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="37E61045E41F800BBD46DF200A8A517A" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="3C3246C9557E255F5BEDBC34A685AC3A">8</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="BE6E8E71D2D978EEA761332C71945640" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="1B5288246935A3253BFC7173B5D4EDDB">1</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="3C441DB135876A9FCBAC48919C02DD03" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="064805B613905FEFC7D9D7E97E85819B">15</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="36B6371ADB901339BA0BB97F7EB71923">64</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="9EC01CD0C3268D3EFB87A30194E94B40">
|
||
<mods:url id="FF1F05B3E00402DE90508BB021E17FA8">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="DD761FC03D5CDF48463D2EDE5ED96554">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="8D3B49036F1DCE56DD243218E73D320F" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="4E4523F0107365C3E9304D44FDAA2ABB" type="Pensoft-Pub">2535-0730-1-15</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D33A2808251B694754F9923E1BF5F5EA" type="ZooBank">42D6D571379D4EB0BC8DB3134A4E0912</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="BA85DAFBE77A6AC1E4E858B4D43A139E" type="Pensoft-UUID">9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="FF4665A639F05CFB93354EAB607B67BA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FF4665A639F05CFB93354EAB607B67BA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF4665A639F05CFB93354EAB607B67BA" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<subSubSection id="F37104D7ACA6E41CF54751B3AC9C2FC8" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="C63C57037B18D92499F2AE0B13A48678" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C3B49E22F379A87C737B42C25CF367B4" LSID="FF4665A6-39F0-5CFB-9335-4EAB607B67BA" authority="(Steindachner, 1870)" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nigroadspersus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">Bothriechis nigroadspersus (Steindachner, 1870)</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7E90D7B621108A4C0E59992D5684B513" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="B36CCC9F18356DA0B2DF5C0EFC0E774D" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<figureCitation id="788B8965DA7D50CFC96A72272B781981" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Adult female holotype of Bothriechis nigroadspersus NMW 18811 in a. Dorsal and b. Ventral view. Photos by Alice Schumacher." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981690" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="6B44BF5A8FB452927427B5F621DFCC13" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs of some specimens of Bothriechis nigroadspersus in life. a. Adult female from a private collection in Costa Rica; b. MHCH 3269 adult from Guabito, Bocas del Toro province, Panama; c. Subadult from Parque Nacional Gandoca Manzanillo, Limon province, Costa Rica; d. Adult from a private collection in Costa Rica; e, f. Juveniles from Parque Nacional Gandoca Manzanillo, Limon province, Costa Rica; g. MHCH 3268 adult female from Porton, Chiriqui province, Panama; h. MHCH 3266 adult female from Chucanti Reserve, Darien province, Panama; i. Subadult from Parque Nacional Gandoca Manzanillo, Limon province, Costa Rica; j. Adult female from a private collection in Costa Rica; k. FP 001 from Cerro Gaital, Cocle province, Panama; l. MHCH 3267 juvenile male from Chucanti Reserve, Darien province, Panama. Photos by Jose Vieira." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981691" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">, 5</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="21185A34B8B88B4BAA92834C33F8AD3C" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Hemipenial architecture of Bothriechis nigroadspersus in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views. a. UTA R- 32143 from Limon province, Costa Rica; b. UTA R- 12957 from Aldea Vista Hermosa, Izabal department, Guatemala. Photos by Eric N. Smith." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981694" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">, 8</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="39E10BFD5B5985EDB0E51D5D94633AF9" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="6BF83E3C4817262A0AC9F2072F762521" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="66AF2FD6B55EC8A216171263C120B800" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1824" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothrops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothrops nigroadspersus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">Bothrops nigroadspersus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Steindachner, 1870: 348. Holotype NMW 18811 (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="50E96A6F412DA3A4B3BAEAE5CAAF1AB6" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Adult female holotype of Bothriechis nigroadspersus NMW 18811 in a. Dorsal and b. Ventral view. Photos by Alice Schumacher." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981690" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">4</figureCitation>
|
||
), an adult female from Central America.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9869AF40CF8643E9A2C186C258EDAA23" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3914C1C58A4228EEBF63D87883B28F0D" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Teleuraspis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Teleuraspis nigroadspersus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">Teleuraspis nigroadspersus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Garman, 1884: 108.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BE23EADB3E5A1F838E497AECBE51BFD1" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="referred specimens">
|
||
<paragraph id="15C8E5A98B56D871A4DD9A12F6DC19BE" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Referred specimens.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4290DE2ACE189D60036D80559FDBAD08" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
All labeled
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E47515CE2465E03D4B90D2092FBD2E5E" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nigroadspersus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8782A4114652F1FF40B562258904911" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Suppl. material 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6411E7CD5C9E9F16F15B21B2BF5CCC9D" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="proposed standard english names">
|
||
<paragraph id="BA9CDEB65527F4BEDA1B5FC65AB89BE8" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Proposed standard English names.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="27CD0507F7E3190688DAB8381EDD1DA6" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Central American Eyelash-Pitviper</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AF3027EA0B99CD24808511AEB8C677BC" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="spanish names">
|
||
<paragraph id="0722AE420A27D1E89261FD95598D3FBE" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Spanish names.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF3C3A49F4A2D2B0ECEF82932292A51F" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0882AF3997FB22D623A8DF2C8687B95D" originalValue="Bocaracá">Bocaraca</normalizedToken>
|
||
, toboba de
|
||
<normalizedToken id="26B8B036B54F594498EB45D497DE3B5B" originalValue="pestañas">pestanas</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="537E485DDEFA51EDA6401FC6C1E71A62" originalValue="víbora">vibora</normalizedToken>
|
||
de
|
||
<normalizedToken id="93008A927789E50B5DD3476CCF01ECBF" originalValue="pestañas">pestanas</normalizedToken>
|
||
, oropel (yellow morph).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A494B80CB14EC5E1C7687EA94F504DB5" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="03CFF5AC182E1C5CF7E071707CD02AA2" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2759E369DB471C88A4815433BAF882E2" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="65D85E3076B7457547645DE9B36D5133" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nigroadspersus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="162582E647F2F0EC2A7462DAA8161012" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is diagnosed based on the following combination of characters: (1) two raised and spinelike supraciliary scales; (2) anterior dorsal head scales keeled; (3) gular scales much smaller than chinshields; (4) 7-24 interoculolabials; (5) 2-6 canthals which may be nearly flat or with raised triangular projections; (6) loreal not in contact with preocular; (7) yellow morph present and common in some areas; (8) dorsal bands absent; (9) opposing kidney shaped dorsal marks present in the majority of individuals; (10) black speckles on dorsal scales usually absent; (11) black speckling on ventral surfaces usually absent or brown and faint; (12) ventral surfaces entirely white in some individuals; (13) iris pale straw yellow to golden with black reticulations or spots; (14) 21-25 dorsal scale rows at mid-body; (15) 153-169 ventrals in males, 148-167 in females; (16) maximum total length in males 626 mm, in females 916 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="97106D3836D71EA4055B573C123C2BF6" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="comparisons">
|
||
<paragraph id="8DDDEF4C5A37B67B9E8F9694F1622BCD" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Comparisons.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="00BC1738BDEAFDB46BF8143EB5E6A00F" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="256551CAFE51B78BAE7AEDC797D9DDF5" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nigroadspersus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7959601CC91FC818A4D7F8A48ECE3269" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is compared to other species of the genus previously subsumed under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="40FF4BA4942735019FB41A354A56DAF0" lsidName="B. schlegelii" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="BF73E0734A0C4DC418E9499CDE3614C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="F95810C4DEA06D89B417B2882CB4251A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">sensu lato</emphasis>
|
||
(differences summarized in Table
|
||
<tableCitation id="3FE5ABE33B829C3B3FD60922215B8E4F" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Differences in coloration, scale counts, hemipenial architecture, size, and median lethal dose (LD 50), between members of the Bothriechis schlegelii species complex. The range of each continuous variable is from our own sample (Suppl. material 1), Kuch and Freire (1995), and Solorzano et al. (1998)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4C8B465DA02061B16CBCD59564B9E214" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="4C8B465DA02061B16CBCD59564B9E214">2</tableCitation>
|
||
). It differs from all of them by having a higher number of ventral scales in both males and females (although there is overlap with some species), two raised and spinelike supraciliary scales (vs low and granular or broad and triangular in the other species), and by lacking dorsal bands. Instead, most individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F16986FC189461A6AE6F7F0AD4074BC0" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A26CD183F6129F4E139482ECBA7B91DA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have either opposing kidney shaped reddish dorsal marks o are of the golden morph (=oropel) (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="C3A1841150C65F4D72C123FD88BC12B1" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs of some specimens of Bothriechis nigroadspersus in life. a. Adult female from a private collection in Costa Rica; b. MHCH 3269 adult from Guabito, Bocas del Toro province, Panama; c. Subadult from Parque Nacional Gandoca Manzanillo, Limon province, Costa Rica; d. Adult from a private collection in Costa Rica; e, f. Juveniles from Parque Nacional Gandoca Manzanillo, Limon province, Costa Rica; g. MHCH 3268 adult female from Porton, Chiriqui province, Panama; h. MHCH 3266 adult female from Chucanti Reserve, Darien province, Panama; i. Subadult from Parque Nacional Gandoca Manzanillo, Limon province, Costa Rica; j. Adult female from a private collection in Costa Rica; k. FP 001 from Cerro Gaital, Cocle province, Panama; l. MHCH 3267 juvenile male from Chucanti Reserve, Darien province, Panama. Photos by Jose Vieira." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981691" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">5</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8D35B3BBA66449D805BBE72B7263268D" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nigroadspersus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA659EB19704566DA74F912572080684" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14D989B7336A1D0B41FD38BB82114CC4" lsidName="B. supraciliaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="96A1FF57AE00DC6A3534A6B1ADE4FDD5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. supraciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a higher number of ventral scales, no broad blotches or dorsal bands, and a different pattern on the dorsal aspect of the snout.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81A34E123765D87E23346CE747B7E54A" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nigroadspersus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BB9E8FE5D7E7337BDAA9CFFF8EB94E15" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7F0886B23033AB8F53F23566395B95DB" lsidName="B. torvus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="torvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8857397F9F69ADF16602AEA862E8FD99" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. torvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having opposing kidney-shape dorsal marks, a higher number of ventrals, loreal not in contact with preocular, and comparatively smaller spines on the hemipenial body (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="A085DE8C31980E3C8EB5844821484AF1" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Hemipenial architecture of Bothriechis nigroadspersus in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views. a. UTA R- 32143 from Limon province, Costa Rica; b. UTA R- 12957 from Aldea Vista Hermosa, Izabal department, Guatemala. Photos by Eric N. Smith." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981694" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F66AE2A30A8D7344E3650C2E7DF37226" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981694" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
|
||
<paragraph id="EA6DA6D32F3EE0AF102E7A66FCF29407" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="3AC9F61698DC3D11B917B38D513642DE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Hemipenial architecture of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8DB4445D6CD04344C5E84B889EC73FC3" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nigroadspersus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="30DFE6D360F90192EBC426354B58E836" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views.
|
||
<emphasis id="6C5EE09599973799C31B563ED06FA350" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">a.</emphasis>
|
||
UTA R-32143 from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CD8CB6659152048A64D44653A2126D60" originalValue="Limón">Limon</normalizedToken>
|
||
province, Costa Rica;
|
||
<emphasis id="42B30242EC68C29BAECED5DCE8F9CAEB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">b.</emphasis>
|
||
UTA R-12957 from Aldea Vista Hermosa, Izabal department, Guatemala. Photos by Eric N. Smith.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="23493AEF3B599EFC099E97F4C9261550" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="28C875A3DE32F351B0F372D15B8B237D" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Description of holotype.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D27BB6A44615971431F6006071F3FB40" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
An adult female, SVL 532 mm, tail length 96 mm (18.1% SVL); head length 34.4 mm (6.5% SVL) from tip of snout to angle of jaw; head width 28.5 mm (82.9% head length) taken at broadest point; rostral broader than high; nasal not entirely divided, but fused with first supralabial; loreal about 1/2 size of pit, in contact with nasal, canthals, 1 suprafoveal, 2 prefoveals, prelacunal, and supralacunal; prefoveals 4; subfoveals 3/3; postfoveals 0; prelacunal fused with second supralabial; sublacunals 1/1; supralacunal elongated and in contact with orbit; preoculars 1/1 (2/2 if supralacunal is considered a preocular); suboculars 1; postoculars 2; loreal pit large, directed anteriorly, located slightly below line drawn from center of eye to naris; supralabials 9 (including lacunolabial); infralabials 12, first pair meet posteriorly; mental broader than long; 1 pair of chin shields; 5 pairs of gulars between chin shields and preventrals; preventrals 3; anterior internasals 3; canthals 3/3; 2/2 moderately triangular but low supraciliary scales; supraoculars kidney-shaped, 2.2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6F1CEC64143E0B78EFBFD4B8BDBDA249" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than wide; intersupraoculars 5; anterior dorsal head scales keeled; posterior head scales keeled; dorsal scale rows at mid-body 23; ventrals 160; cloacal plate entire; 55 undivided subcaudals; tail prehensile.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FFC1AFD3B205D1CDE2DADED55BE46DD2" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="hemipenial morphology">
|
||
<paragraph id="6AFAACF849A4D7DBA7494F6DBF0E332A" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Hemipenial morphology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7BC401A4B09F18E8B1C71C851B58A6D7" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
(n = 2, Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="BE78FB8125BC0F8A2E3BDD842885226D" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Hemipenial architecture of Bothriechis nigroadspersus in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views. a. UTA R- 32143 from Limon province, Costa Rica; b. UTA R- 12957 from Aldea Vista Hermosa, Izabal department, Guatemala. Photos by Eric N. Smith." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981694" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">8</figureCitation>
|
||
) Everted and inflated, the organ is deeply bilobed, unicalyculate and slightly capitate; hemipenial lobes thick and cylindrical; in sulcate and asulcate views, lobe crotch ornamented with scattered spinules; sulcus spermaticus centrolineal, bifurcate and with walls weakly defined, bifurcation occurs below bilobation point and proximal to the base of the hemipenial body; sulcus spermaticus branch runs to lobe tips; distal one third of each hemipenal lobe ornamented with calyces with spinulate edges. In sulcate view, hemipenial body surface nude, but with a pair of enlarged and strongly calcified lateral spines (basal hooks), one on each side; each hemipenial lobe ornamented with 1-3 mesial spines and 5-7 lateral spines, all about a third of the size of the basal hooks; the spines in each lobe are replaced distally by calyces with spinulate edges. In lateral view, hemipenial body nude with the exception of two basal spines; lobes also largely nude but with 5-6 smaller spines that are replaced distally by calyces. In asulcate view, the hemipenial body is nude with the exception of the pair of large lateral spines and also a pair of smaller mesial spines; hemipenial lobes largely nude but ornamented with smaller spines that decrease in size towards the lobe crotch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4D2D1D1E087F04AD63F6444B4798A8C9" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph id="FCCE0EA630CA24B787DA1D2C9671F4C0" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2EF64307DC04579129930FA1D05104F4" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3C9244558D569ACA29D016E864712AC" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nigroadspersus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BF9AC972139687F2E0E7FB370A36EDEE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an arboreal snake that inhabits evergreen lowland/foothill forests, plantations, and rural gardens. In Panama (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3A72B7A1BE766A5DD965A86331BA31CF" author="Sorrell, GG" journalOrPublisher="MSc thesis, Auburn University" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B103" refString="Sorrell, GG, 2007. Natural history and conservation of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper (Bothriechis schlegelii) in Western Panama. MSc thesis, Auburn University" title="Natural history and conservation of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper (Bothriechis schlegelii) in Western Panama." year="2007">Sorrell 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="346767DB127E20CAFB7F38C357BB3467" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-06-284" author="Sorrell, GG" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="105 - 109" refId="B104" refString="Sorrell, GG, 2009. Diel movement and predation activity patterns of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper, Bothriechis schlegelii. Copeia 2009: 105 - 109, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-06-284" title="Diel movement and predation activity patterns of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper, Bothriechis schlegelii." url="https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-06-284" volume="2009" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Costa Rica (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="78F8C74F4350572A5811066A23F6C5FE" author="Solorzano, A" journalOrPublisher="Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B100" refString="Solorzano, A, 2004. Serpientes de Costa Rica. Distribucion, taxonomia e historia natural. Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose" title="Serpientes de Costa Rica. Distribucion, taxonomia e historia natural." year="2004">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B318946E691B99FDF350DCA304C8B130" originalValue="Solórzano">Solorzano</normalizedToken>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) these vipers were found to be mostly active at night or at dusk and on the base of tree or on low shrubby vegetation, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0261226AEB401A2737BAB972EB7828B7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501739545" author="Leenders, T" journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Press, Ithaca" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B54" refString="Leenders, T, 2019. Reptiles of Costa Rica: a field guide. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501739545" title="Reptiles of Costa Rica: a field guide." url="https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501739545" year="2019">Leenders (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Witold Lapinski (pers. comm. to AA) reports that they have been found in the canopy at heights of 32-35 m in Costa Rica.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D31A6430D2114C9C99F8470C26980A62" author="Sorrell, GG" journalOrPublisher="MSc thesis, Auburn University" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B103" refString="Sorrell, GG, 2007. Natural history and conservation of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper (Bothriechis schlegelii) in Western Panama. MSc thesis, Auburn University" title="Natural history and conservation of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper (Bothriechis schlegelii) in Western Panama." year="2007">Sorrell (2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="985C463D24C1AF7BAE21C321DDC7F186" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-06-284" author="Sorrell, GG" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="105 - 109" refId="B104" refString="Sorrell, GG, 2009. Diel movement and predation activity patterns of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper, Bothriechis schlegelii. Copeia 2009: 105 - 109, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-06-284" title="Diel movement and predation activity patterns of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper, Bothriechis schlegelii." url="https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-06-284" volume="2009" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) observed that some snakes reside in the same perch for up to 14 days, 70.2% of individuals relocated each night, and only 6.4% remained at the same daytime perch site for more than two days. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3652C859DA9C2FD2E394D99F7173D1D9" author="Rand, AS" editor="Gentry, AH" journalOrPublisher="Yale University Press, New Haven" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="386 - 409" refId="B88" refString="Rand, AS, Myers, CW, 1990. The herpetofauna of Barro Colorado Island, Panama: an ecological summary. In: Gentry, AH, Ed., Four Neotropical fainforests. Yale University Press, New Haven: 386 - 409" title="The herpetofauna of Barro Colorado Island, Panama: an ecological summary." volumeTitle="Four Neotropical fainforests." year="1990">Rand and Myers (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39A66D391E34033747076CCE2AA768D5" author="Seifert, RP" editor="Janzen, DH" journalOrPublisher="University of Chicago Press, Chicago" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="384 - 385" refId="B97" refString="Seifert, RP, 1983. Bothrops schlegelii (oropel [gold morph], bocaraca, eyelash viper, palm viper). In: Janzen, DH, Ed., Costa Rican natural history. University of Chicago Press, Chicago: 384 - 385" title="Bothrops schlegelii (oropel [gold morph], bocaraca, eyelash viper, palm viper)." volumeTitle="Costa Rican natural history." year="1983">Seifert (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="20791358110D35F2FD198308465E9282" author="Savage, JM" journalOrPublisher="The University of Chicago Press, Chicago" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B95" refString="Savage, JM, 2002. The amphibians and reptiles of Costa Rica, a herpetofauna between two continents, between two seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago" title="The amphibians and reptiles of Costa Rica, a herpetofauna between two continents, between two seas." year="2002">Savage (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and our own observations,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A5FEB5576C12DECD47B3FF8C1868669" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EB0481EB89009194CC7FC3A2B9B6FDB8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is primarily nocturnal. During the day, most individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7306A4DEAFE233EAAD5B0694AD31B79A" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CC411EE15E0F8732A3B0C0A94AC2DF62" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remain in hunting posture on or close to their night perches, but others hide inside bromeliads, or occasionally remain active and move at ground level or on vegetation.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CBFFF4F614811FA71D85C1D20D80FF1F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-06-284" author="Sorrell, GG" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="105 - 109" refId="B104" refString="Sorrell, GG, 2009. Diel movement and predation activity patterns of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper, Bothriechis schlegelii. Copeia 2009: 105 - 109, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-06-284" title="Diel movement and predation activity patterns of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper, Bothriechis schlegelii." url="https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-06-284" volume="2009" year="2009">Sorrell (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that members of this species are primarily ambush predators, but they also forage actively in search for food. In a study by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E87E0143BC9FFAB663D30F14F6DB447B" author="Antonio, FB" journalOrPublisher="Herpetologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="231 - 233" refId="B4" refString="Antonio, FB, 1980. Mating behavior and reproduction of the eyelash viper (Bothriechis schlegelii) in captivity. Herpetologica 36: 231 - 233" title="Mating behavior and reproduction of the eyelash viper (Bothriechis schlegelii) in captivity." volume="36" year="1980">Antonio (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, captive juveniles fed mostly on frogs and attracted them by means of moving their bright yellow tails as a lure.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F81F91F464D8D726635C28BC41B7EFA4" author="Campbell, JA" journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Press, Ithaca" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B20" refString="Campbell, JA, Lamar, WW, 2004. The venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere. Cornell University Press, Ithaca" title="The venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere." year="2004">Campbell and Lamar (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="145CEEFB445EED4EB6D879DB960B1F20" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-06-284" author="Sorrell, GG" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="105 - 109" refId="B104" refString="Sorrell, GG, 2009. Diel movement and predation activity patterns of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper, Bothriechis schlegelii. Copeia 2009: 105 - 109, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-06-284" title="Diel movement and predation activity patterns of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper, Bothriechis schlegelii." url="https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-06-284" volume="2009" year="2009">Sorrell (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BEB4772F2C0101639B2EF2F19C574453" author="Barrio-Amoros, C" journalOrPublisher="Mesoamerican Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="117 - 119" refId="B8" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C, 2015. Bothriechis schlegelii. Predation and color pattern. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2: 117 - 119" title="Bothriechis schlegelii. Predation and color pattern." volume="2" year="2015">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1BC38C740ACDACD63FC0E28F871CD5C1" originalValue="Barrio-Amorós">Barrio-Amoros</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="40153D21C7A8ACD92D7297D666FEFB0A" author="Morgan, R" journalOrPublisher="Mesoamerican Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="345 - 347" refId="B64" refString="Morgan, R, Barrio-Amoros, CL, 2015. Bothriechis schlegelii: diet. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2: 345 - 347" title="Bothriechis schlegelii: diet." volume="2" year="2015">
|
||
Morgan and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4322E73D55E9D27B8E303ADE6B141461" originalValue="Barrio-Amorós">Barrio-Amoros</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BBBBECCEAEC7B2B5861E504101720FD6" author="Entiauspe-Neto, OM" journalOrPublisher="Diversity and Distributions" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B34" refString="Entiauspe-Neto, OM, Chavarria Chaves, GG, Martins Silva, RH, 2021. Bothriechis schlegelii (Eyelash Viper): diet and mortality. Herpetological Review 52: 657." title="Bothriechis schlegelii (Eyelash Viper): diet and mortality. Herpetological Review 52: 657." year="2021">Entiauspe-Neto et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provide details on the dietary preference of adults encountered in the wild. These authors found that this age category also feeds on frogs (primarily treefrogs and rainfrogs), but also on lizards (anoles, whiptails, and geckos), birds (including hummingbirds), and mammals (bats, mice, and mouse opossums). We report on additional specimens found feeding on bats: CH 5651 from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="69579BFBAF9ABB5CE26A60828713136C" originalValue="Coclé">Cocle</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Panama is preserved with an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AE7301E019D6EDCC8DA4C0AD0F2BEAE" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Artibeus jamaicensis" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="8BACA4F1DEAAF64265A739585B37192D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Artibeus jamaicensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its mouth. An uncollected specimen photographed by Philipp Hoenle in Chiapas, Mexico was feeding on an unidentified bat, as well as it was another uncollected individual found by
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E2B608E5A4D0E5D3054816AD0B8DFC3A" originalValue="Barrio-Amorós">Barrio-Amoros</normalizedToken>
|
||
near Arenal, Costa Rica, on the ground on a dirt road feeding on a bat, with only one wing out of its mouth.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5C41EC644030443259055E155139ED70" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2388794" author="Gerhardt, RP" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="349 - 352" refId="B40" refString="Gerhardt, RP, Harris, PM, Vasquez, MA, 1993. Food habits of nesting great black hawks in Tikal National Park, Guatemala. Biotropica 25: 349 - 352, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2388794" title="Food habits of nesting great black hawks in Tikal National Park, Guatemala." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2388794" volume="25" year="1993">Gerhardt et al. (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7FA9733C2F1C887AEA5ABE4D86ADDCBA" author="Laurencio, D" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B53" refString="Laurencio, D, 2005. Bothriechis schlegelii (Eyelash Palm Pit-viper, Bocaraca). Attempted predation. Herpetological Review 36: 188." title="Bothriechis schlegelii (Eyelash Palm Pit-viper, Bocaraca). Attempted predation. Herpetological Review 36: 188." year="2005">Laurencio (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CBBD9DF62022E3670C50A7AB6E325999" author="Chavarria, M" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B24" refString="Chavarria, M, Barrio-Amoros, C, 2014. Clelia clelia. Predation. Mesoamerican Herpetology 1: 286." title="Clelia clelia. Predation. Mesoamerican Herpetology 1: 286." year="2014">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CE109410F31CD1C84678BC69B1EE6487" originalValue="Chavarría">Chavarria</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4A03073F84B9FB1E26705E6A412607E9" originalValue="Barrio-Amorós">Barrio-Amoros</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2014)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provide accounts of predation on this viper by hawks (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7A38932E90B995DF45C0E419B2D87A23" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1788" class="Aves" family="Accipitridae" genus="Buteogallus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Buteogallus urubitinga" order="Accipitriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="urubitinga">
|
||
<emphasis id="AB68008A45B42194AEA83C4155376228" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Buteogallus urubitinga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AF4DB2F3217D2F1EBA8C9C508D428411" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Herpetotheres" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetotheres cachinnans" order="Falconiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cachinnans">
|
||
<emphasis id="61E3EBB1EEA97468E442CD227967C045" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Herpetotheres cachinnans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and snakes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9615F83C0F3606804D638B4B313BD4E2" baseAuthorityName="Daudin" baseAuthorityYear="1803" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Clelia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clelia clelia" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clelia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4BF4C3AC307D0E7AEDA3905A6E7AD1A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Clelia clelia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DF3605964030570AEE632A9251BF8B57" author="Solorzano, A" journalOrPublisher="Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B100" refString="Solorzano, A, 2004. Serpientes de Costa Rica. Distribucion, taxonomia e historia natural. Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose" title="Serpientes de Costa Rica. Distribucion, taxonomia e historia natural." year="2004">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B6427C6C49ADD56303BEA07FDCB58878" originalValue="Solórzano">Solorzano</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggests that in Costa Rica, breeding in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="41F211F0129DF7DD7578E63E24C48680" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nigroadspersus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5E467E9155310FFF21E92CF8254D4666" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
coincides with the rainy season.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D9F6C194D16324A548CE1D5918FD3ADB" author="Blody, DA" journalOrPublisher="Herpetological Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="45 - 46" refId="B13" refString="Blody, DA, 1983. Notes on the reproductive biology of the Eyelash Viper Bothrops schlegelii in captivity. Herpetological Review 14: 45 - 46" title="Notes on the reproductive biology of the Eyelash Viper Bothrops schlegelii in captivity." volume="14" year="1983">Blody (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed that females become sexually mature at an age of less than three years and can produce more than one litter per year.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="64D9F7F9B5CAB86490BBCB52DF6E9881" author="Antonio, FB" journalOrPublisher="Herpetologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="231 - 233" refId="B4" refString="Antonio, FB, 1980. Mating behavior and reproduction of the eyelash viper (Bothriechis schlegelii) in captivity. Herpetologica 36: 231 - 233" title="Mating behavior and reproduction of the eyelash viper (Bothriechis schlegelii) in captivity." volume="36" year="1980">Antonio (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the courtship and copulatory behavior of captive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="45F56FA59B6518B71B7540E888EA5690" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6DF709626653259AC8E7CB7257E0A2B4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Honduras and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9CA11B7DB28F2D021EB1271A9C4A7937" author="Gomez, A" journalOrPublisher="Mesoamerican Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="581 - 584" refId="B41" refString="Gomez, A, Chacon, D, Rodriguez, S, Corrales, G, 2015. Reproduction and sperm storage in a captive female Bothriechis schlegelii (Serpentes: Viperidae) in Costa Rica. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2: 581 - 584" title="Reproduction and sperm storage in a captive female Bothriechis schlegelii (Serpentes: Viperidae) in Costa Rica." volume="2" year="2015">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6C1DD2377FF5265F690F8D6C7F7684EB" originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recorded a case of a female from Costa Rica that produced a litter after presumably storing sperm for no less than ~35 months (slightly under three years). A specimen from Lago Yojoa, Honduras, kept at Centro El Ocotal, produced a litter of four eggs and one live young after being kept in a terrarium without a male for 18 years (Alejandro Velasquez pers. comm. to AB).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87D249E4FCA74E05D3B0A114EF7CCFD3" author="Antonio, FB" journalOrPublisher="Herpetologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="231 - 233" refId="B4" refString="Antonio, FB, 1980. Mating behavior and reproduction of the eyelash viper (Bothriechis schlegelii) in captivity. Herpetologica 36: 231 - 233" title="Mating behavior and reproduction of the eyelash viper (Bothriechis schlegelii) in captivity." volume="36" year="1980">Antonio (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE9F864000D805E29CEFB20D4455AC86" author="Blody, DA" journalOrPublisher="Herpetological Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="45 - 46" refId="B13" refString="Blody, DA, 1983. Notes on the reproductive biology of the Eyelash Viper Bothrops schlegelii in captivity. Herpetological Review 14: 45 - 46" title="Notes on the reproductive biology of the Eyelash Viper Bothrops schlegelii in captivity." volume="14" year="1983">Blody (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0391F227B0ACE2EB2B785E9E04A802D5" author="Gomez, A" journalOrPublisher="Mesoamerican Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="581 - 584" refId="B41" refString="Gomez, A, Chacon, D, Rodriguez, S, Corrales, G, 2015. Reproduction and sperm storage in a captive female Bothriechis schlegelii (Serpentes: Viperidae) in Costa Rica. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2: 581 - 584" title="Reproduction and sperm storage in a captive female Bothriechis schlegelii (Serpentes: Viperidae) in Costa Rica." volume="2" year="2015">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BFD2A8816D28687C2391B91B379E11A8" originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. (2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="77A262FF4A50ECCF0B281A0112E00BAA" author="Murphy, JB" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="199 - 214" refId="B65" refString="Murphy, JB, Mitchell, LA, 1984. Miscellaneous notes on the reproductive biology of reptiles. Thirteen varieties of the genus Bothrops (Serpentes, Crotalidae). Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 78: 199 - 214" title="Miscellaneous notes on the reproductive biology of reptiles. Thirteen varieties of the genus Bothrops (Serpentes, Crotalidae)." volume="78" year="1984">Murphy and Mitchell (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report a gestation period of 150-166 days (~5 months) and litters of 6-23 neonates that measure 16-22.5 cm in total length at birth.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D778B8C5D9C51A54ED843DA5FAC7161F" author="Campbell, JA" journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Press, Ithaca" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B20" refString="Campbell, JA, Lamar, WW, 2004. The venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere. Cornell University Press, Ithaca" title="The venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere." year="2004">Campbell and Lamar (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report that captive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AA71052F2B37A565A98BC3362802C571" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4CFA7F942FE0B8DEC534A36142A9C906" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have lived up to 20 years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="431F9A1D2BC95E1EE3AA91DDBB5792A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="venom">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B942BF860D7AA02009C304DF1F104AF" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Venom.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8F150E7E66871F4FFD677FB3086CB5F9" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
In a series of 477 snakebite cases in Costa Rica in 1979, 18.9% were caused by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="50E631816FCE51FAEBF56BD88DB3091F" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nigroadspersus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="60FDDE6734C26F93A2A4942809E90A6F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5076FECA865E08FC61B8F23C44E8AD2A" author="Bolanos, RA" journalOrPublisher="Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B16" refString="Bolanos, RA, 1984. Serpientes, venenos, y ofidismo en Centroamerica. Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose" title="Serpientes, venenos, y ofidismo en Centroamerica." year="1984">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0A5CD6EAC416511ADB94E667358E09A7" originalValue="Bolaños">Bolanos</normalizedToken>
|
||
1984
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="25166118373D24D4C8117D1E8A357773" author="Mekbel, ST" journalOrPublisher="Acta Medica Costarricense" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="111 - 118" refId="B62" refString="Mekbel, ST, Cespedes, R, 1963. Las lesiones renales en el ofidismo. Acta Medica Costarricense 6: 111 - 118" title="Las lesiones renales en el ofidismo." volume="6" year="1963">
|
||
Mekbel and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F1C927E5F1393257838A8EF68384BB1A" originalValue="Céspedes">Cespedes</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1963)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report that four of a series of 27 autopsied snakebite cases in San
|
||
<normalizedToken id="2462E4A1510BB2D993C940DA48492B3B" originalValue="José">Jose</normalizedToken>
|
||
were caused by this species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="393611A7F2E96B24DA0FE02893BF247E" author="Savage, JM" journalOrPublisher="The University of Chicago Press, Chicago" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B95" refString="Savage, JM, 2002. The amphibians and reptiles of Costa Rica, a herpetofauna between two continents, between two seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago" title="The amphibians and reptiles of Costa Rica, a herpetofauna between two continents, between two seas." year="2002">Savage (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed that between 90 and 100 bites by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2BEB17C54FF8BC2EE9353CED0DD7316C" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="14DD6E536B1258CB34EF3B7B76B82ABB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are reported in Costa Rica in a typical year, with 3-6 resulting in deaths according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD83FEFF46480CEC58080E0EC8302436" author="Seifert, RP" editor="Janzen, DH" journalOrPublisher="University of Chicago Press, Chicago" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="384 - 385" refId="B97" refString="Seifert, RP, 1983. Bothrops schlegelii (oropel [gold morph], bocaraca, eyelash viper, palm viper). In: Janzen, DH, Ed., Costa Rican natural history. University of Chicago Press, Chicago: 384 - 385" title="Bothrops schlegelii (oropel [gold morph], bocaraca, eyelash viper, palm viper)." volumeTitle="Costa Rican natural history." year="1983">Seifert (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. An average bite results in the injection of ~0.5 cc of venom. The venom is hemotoxic and strongly myonecrotic when compared to other Central American vipers (Gutiérrez and Chaves 1980). In humans, it causes intense localized pain, progressive hemorrhagic edema, and, in some cases, hemorrhagic blisters or hives, ecchymoses, and necrosis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0DDB751FC4CB5CEFAA8658F6B0822DA4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1021/pr8000139" author="Lomonte, B" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Proteome Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="2445 - 2457" refId="B56" refString="Lomonte, B, Escolano, J, Fernández, J, Sanz, L, Angulo, Y, Gutiérrez, JM, Calvete, JJ, 2008. Snake venomics and antivenomics of the arboreal Neotropical pitvipers Bothriechis lateralis and Bothriechis schlegelii. Journal of Proteome Research 7: 2445 - 2457, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/pr8000139" title="Snake venomics and antivenomics of the arboreal Neotropical pitvipers Bothriechis lateralis and Bothriechis schlegelii." url="https://doi.org/10.1021/pr8000139" volume="7" year="2008">Lomonte et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="18F2E26E91587A5122AC334FD77B0009" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2016.10.006" author="Pla, D" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Proteomics" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="1 - 12" refId="B81" refString="Pla, D, Sanz, L, Sasa, M, Acevedo, ME, Dwyer, Q, Durban, J, Perez, A, Rodriguez, Y, Lomonte, B, Calvete, JJ, 2017. Proteomic analysis of venom variability and ontogeny across the arboreal palm-pitvipers (genus Bothriechis). Journal of Proteomics 152: 1 - 12, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2016.10.006" title="Proteomic analysis of venom variability and ontogeny across the arboreal palm-pitvipers (genus Bothriechis)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2016.10.006" volume="152" year="2017">Pla et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B323D3A58F5F3BC893325483C82A5D1D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370216660214" author="Prezotto-Neto, JP" journalOrPublisher="Experimental Biology and Medicine" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="2075 - 2085" refId="B86" refString="Prezotto-Neto, JP, Kimura, LF, Alves, AF, Gutierrez, JM, Otero, R, Suarez, AM, Santoro, ML, Barbaro, KC, 2016. Biochemical and biological characterization of Bothriechis schlegelii snake venoms from Colombia and Costa Rica. Experimental Biology and Medicine 241: 2075 - 2085, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370216660214" title="Biochemical and biological characterization of Bothriechis schlegelii snake venoms from Colombia and Costa Rica." url="https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370216660214" volume="241" year="2016">Prezotto-Neto et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied the composition of the venom of specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2E0CE123837A512ED42134CF014EF7C0" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F063FF1007B43918B58D9F4005E14E21" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Costa Rica and found that its properties differ drastically from specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EA93467C5BE8776BA8AB6E206E294837" baseAuthorityName="Posada Arango" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis torvus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BB19B1F7C09F002C0A004812C821D8C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis torvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Vegachi, Antioquia. When compared to the latter, the venom of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="79D1470D66068A250F1B3C43707D2A15" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="38337AAE6E16596EDDD127202E3068B3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found to be more edematous, hemorrhagic, and lethal. LD50 estimated as 1.7-5.6 mg/kg in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C57A47CBE9A5803FDBD91FB7E020B804" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3FBEE534078B5BA944382D7CCE3A4BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs 9.24 mg/kg in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE937199974C6A7052E3D69FA7492655" lsidName="B. torvus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="torvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A323BC2140B81A8934CD0AFDE5D7092" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. torvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4CD868319A8F04BA047AE16432BA5496" DOI="https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1972.21.360" author="Bolanos, R" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="60 - 63" refId="B15" refString="Bolanos, R, 1972. Toxicity of Costa Rican snake venoms for the white mouse. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 21: 60 - 63, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1972.21.360" title="Toxicity of Costa Rican snake venoms for the white mouse." url="https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1972.21.360" volume="21" year="1972">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="410B670DE3874194B3AFC302CB588BB5" originalValue="Bolaños">Bolanos</normalizedToken>
|
||
1972
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Gutiérrez and Chaves 1980;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FA74271F92034DA762EB1636577E9A0B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1021/pr8000139" author="Lomonte, B" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Proteome Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="2445 - 2457" refId="B56" refString="Lomonte, B, Escolano, J, Fernández, J, Sanz, L, Angulo, Y, Gutiérrez, JM, Calvete, JJ, 2008. Snake venomics and antivenomics of the arboreal Neotropical pitvipers Bothriechis lateralis and Bothriechis schlegelii. Journal of Proteome Research 7: 2445 - 2457, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/pr8000139" title="Snake venomics and antivenomics of the arboreal Neotropical pitvipers Bothriechis lateralis and Bothriechis schlegelii." url="https://doi.org/10.1021/pr8000139" volume="7" year="2008">Lomonte et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FF79B30BEC8F491A67E19DCD95E1E6D6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.01.005" author="Lomonte, B" journalOrPublisher="Toxicon" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="592 - 599" refId="B57" refString="Lomonte, B, Tsai, WC, Bonilla, F, Solorzano, A, Solano, G, Angulo, Y, Gutierrez, JM, Calvete, JJ, 2012. Snake venomics and toxicological profiling of the arboreal pitviper Bothriechis supraciliaris from Costa Rica. Toxicon 59: 592 - 599, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.01.005" title="Snake venomics and toxicological profiling of the arboreal pitviper Bothriechis supraciliaris from Costa Rica." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.01.005" volume="59" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CDAE039EC169FF5BCDEE4E5FA5F1B549" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370216660214" author="Prezotto-Neto, JP" journalOrPublisher="Experimental Biology and Medicine" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="2075 - 2085" refId="B86" refString="Prezotto-Neto, JP, Kimura, LF, Alves, AF, Gutierrez, JM, Otero, R, Suarez, AM, Santoro, ML, Barbaro, KC, 2016. Biochemical and biological characterization of Bothriechis schlegelii snake venoms from Colombia and Costa Rica. Experimental Biology and Medicine 241: 2075 - 2085, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370216660214" title="Biochemical and biological characterization of Bothriechis schlegelii snake venoms from Colombia and Costa Rica." url="https://doi.org/10.1177/1535370216660214" volume="241" year="2016">Prezotto-Neto et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="03E7E0C6B5CE1D83AED1B23461C992B3" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="28CE6FA6CA2D7A7A197F89521F8A4CE7" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="10610138FA8D8FA3853FF2BAFF11D053" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B61CE133832E5AD369B16314BDB66820" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nigroadspersus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="7D5D47B6DA4020E0452959FB8298C307" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from at least 335 localities (listed in Suppl. material 3) throughout much of the Mesoamerican biome, from the isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico to extreme northwestern Colombia (Cerro Tacarcuna) along the Panamanian border. The species occurs over an estimated 352,139 km2 area and has been recorded at elevations 0-1,434 m above sea level (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="32F90995C09FD40AA9E8CCCA555C023E" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Approximately 1.0% of the predicted area of distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B268421D0EF9E4F592845B2C2F4DB1F3" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0AB62F529842F1E1A8B6D1ED86C3FC27" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
overlaps with that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F4C9396C9E7426B93D7A93C9DA6BB9A9" lsidName="B. supraciliaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="5434ABBBF0621172A09A5AD6DFF57BF0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. supraciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although sympatry has not been reported, we bring attention to a photographic record of an individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72EA272F5DB2D422D74D9399F7130EA1" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="941F37620B33120785143D4D04C7E351" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the vicinity of San Pedro, Puntarenas province, just 4 km away from a record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5490B98A518EE32A0C22984728DF5DC" lsidName="B. supraciliaris" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="supraciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="87C76E2EBC4303045FC326703FDFF28E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. supraciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Photo by Ethyn Maki on iNaturalist; Suppl. material 3). An estimated 1.0% of the predicted area of distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5FC6259660490F0B5F43B9E19012F255" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3E05B6932B9414DC0005603B22BCD12E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
overlaps with that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26A510AFA0002C5C60011FF685BA0406" lsidName="B. torvus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="torvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B5FE262F8731603A83E225BD7E6ADDBB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. torvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and we found evidence of sympatry between the two species in Cordillera de
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B5C678946881BEB0230F56970D2B8380" originalValue="Pirré">Pirre</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F333BD68F08C0E00F10038E2AAA29C3C" originalValue="Darién">Darien</normalizedToken>
|
||
province, Panama. MHCH 1664 is a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6C92D7D77CDED6C7B416D46B7A7233F6" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="06E6BB61E5C18A2CF9E69C559D352A93" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and MVUP 1384 is a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09A07D51CB3E764D25A6D8CC64EDED43" lsidName="B. torvus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="torvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90BF6BE4DA14C54A9C0BF1EB3D5827AE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. torvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; both from the same mountain range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B61E886B37BDAFE42395202CCCB2F96B" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="BB4B7780200403B76602E7FB4B92A329" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9A51C7C5296188C4876DB75D195AA029" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The specific epithet
|
||
<emphasis id="15907FAC4E41995BC922B4045831D81C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
comes from the Latin words
|
||
<emphasis id="9EECF536889D8F2BB5F7D4C06576FC57" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
(meaning
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7265CD88D68BAAA9CF7EBE5BEEBC7C3F" originalValue="“black”">"black"</normalizedToken>
|
||
) and
|
||
<emphasis id="BD80A2C9A674BF01F4CA6BB06576440F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">adspersus</emphasis>
|
||
(meaning
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B093E5BEC644DEE91D6AFCE86A009502" originalValue="“sprinkled”">"sprinkled"</normalizedToken>
|
||
). It refers to the minute black specks scattered throughout the dorsum of the holotype (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="4DD0ACAD011E9BE94D61BE7533F8906D" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Adult female holotype of Bothriechis nigroadspersus NMW 18811 in a. Dorsal and b. Ventral view. Photos by Alice Schumacher." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981690" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="50D023539A81FC59560E203E1BD0B3AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph id="8429B7B1B3776758EAB4FE890BDEF5F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0C96286746FD62C6400DB6F09C44F990" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
We consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="459DD960D7CD00D7A109AFA700CD656D" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nigroadspersus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="11482769F600F7302064D9661AA9CF94" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be included in the Least Concern category following IUCN Red List criteria (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC132194C0A155223FC809A0058D9D87" author="Hurtado-Gomez, JP" journalOrPublisher="BSc thesis, Universidad de Antioquia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B48" refString="IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition.IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland and Cambridge, 32 pp." year="2009">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) because the species is widely distributed (but see Discussion), present in dozens of protected areas, tolerates moderate habitat degradation, and is presumably not declining fast enough to qualify in a threatened category. In a rainforest locality in Panama, the occurrence rates of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02DF9DD441016A7BA5E585A85DD3D014" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="896A061FF757623171BCD6CEE7947745" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have increased by a factor of ten in the period from 2006 to 2012 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="027B93B1D2ECC1C68FF51BA1B86AC74E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay5733" author="Zipkin, EF" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" pagination="814 - 816" refId="B111" refString="Zipkin, EF, DiRenzo, GD, Ray, JM, Rossman, S, Lips, KR, 2020. Tropical snake diversity collapses after widespread amphibian loss. Science 367: 814 - 816, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay5733" title="Tropical snake diversity collapses after widespread amphibian loss." url="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay5733" volume="367" year="2020">Zipkin et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In another locality in Panama, the species was found to be extremely common in forest islands within a matrix of pastures (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B971290CAC8489228A303DF5D387595" author="Sorrell, GG" journalOrPublisher="MSc thesis, Auburn University" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B103" refString="Sorrell, GG, 2007. Natural history and conservation of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper (Bothriechis schlegelii) in Western Panama. MSc thesis, Auburn University" title="Natural history and conservation of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper (Bothriechis schlegelii) in Western Panama." year="2007">Sorrell 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, it is unsure whether such "forest islands" will sustain the species without the presence of a dense population nearby that may act as a source of individuals that can immigrate to the fragmented habitat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF35B02EFA9E1DCDB0C587BDCAEFDAA2" author="Sorrell, GG" journalOrPublisher="MSc thesis, Auburn University" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B103" refString="Sorrell, GG, 2007. Natural history and conservation of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper (Bothriechis schlegelii) in Western Panama. MSc thesis, Auburn University" title="Natural history and conservation of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper (Bothriechis schlegelii) in Western Panama." year="2007">Sorrell 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |