206 lines
25 KiB
XML
206 lines
25 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="612F7062617055424073686F135C520C">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8B7361C9D8B873CA2D6D90E7FC3C3D02">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7ACF03DBED260A97C010277DA2A6CA80">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8E672EB57E3D9CAB0DD158C66F1EDC39">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="733D2E3B9CEB7EFF16D4C3D6EF8EDD34">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FFEE20270D481549091DF58C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6711618" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196220923" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6711618" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FFEE20270D481549091DF58C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FFEE20270D481549091DF58C" lastPageNumber="341" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270D48154908F8FE98" blockId="64.[122,1112,277,406]" box="[127,207,277,323]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEE20270D48154908F8FE98" box="[127,207,277,323]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FFEE20270D48154908F8FE98" box="[127,207,277,323]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="64.[116,146,3216,3241]" captionTargetBox="[13,2749,15,3648]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="On following pages: 149. Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsyivanicus); 150. Long-tailed Vole (Microtus longicaudus); 151. Creeping Vole (Microtus oregoni); 152. Major's Pine Vole (Microtus majori); 153. Common Pine Vole (Microtus subterraneus); 154. Caucasian Pine Vole (Microtus daghestanicus); 155. Alpine Pine Vole (Microtus multiplex); 156. Liechtenstein’s Pine Vole (Microtus liechtensteini); 157. Tatra Pine Vole (Microtus tatricus): 158. Mediterranean Pine Vole (Microtus duodecimcostatus); 159. Lusitanian Pine Vole (Microtus lusitanicus); 160. Pyrenean Pine Vole (Microtus gerbil); 161. Savi's Pine Vole (Microtus savii): 162. Calabria Pine Vole (Microtus brachycercus); 163. Sicilian Pine Vole (Microtus nebrodensis); 164. Thomas's Pine Vole (Microtus thomasi); 165. Balkan Pine Vole (Microtus felteni); 166. Schelkovnikov's Pine Vole (Microtus schelkovnikovi): 167. Harting's Vole (Microtus hartingi); 168. Levant Vole (Microtus guentheri); 169. Dogramaci’s Vole (Microtus dogramacii); 170. Cyrenaica Vole (Microtus mustersi); 171. Social Vole (Microtus socialis): 172. Anatolian Vole (Microtus anatolicus): 173. Iranian Vole (Microtus iran); 174. Kopet Dag Pine Vole (Microtus paradoxus); 175. Common Vole (Microtus arvalis); 176. Altai Vole (Microtus obscurus); 177. East European Vole (Microtus mystacinus); 178. Kerman Vole (Microtus kermanensis); 179. Transcaspian Vole (Microtus transcaspicus); 180. Tian Shan Vole (Microtus ilaeus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708419" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708419/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">147.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEE20270DE815490A0FFE98" box="[223,568,277,323]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270DE815490A0FFE98" blockId="64.[122,1112,277,406]" box="[223,568,277,323]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEE20270DE815490A0FFE98" box="[223,568,277,323]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEE20270DE815490A0FFE98" ID-CoL="7VV8B" baseAuthorityName="Bachman" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[223,568,277,323]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="townsendii">Townsend’s Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEE20270FB715490BDDFE98" box="[640,1002,277,323]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270FB715490BDDFE98" blockId="64.[122,1112,277,406]" box="[640,1002,277,323]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEE20270FB715490BDDFE98" box="[640,1002,277,323]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEE20270FB715490BDDFE98" ID-CoL="7VV8B" baseAuthorityName="Bachman" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[640,1002,277,323]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="townsendii">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEE20270FB715490BDDFE98" box="[640,1002,277,323]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">Microtus townsendii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEE20270D4B15090AB9FE4A" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270D4B15090C60FEB1" blockId="64.[122,1112,277,406]" box="[124,1111,341,362]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEE20270D4B15090C60FEB1" box="[124,1111,341,362]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEE20270D4B150908F0FEB1" bold="true" box="[124,199,341,362]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEE20270DE7150909FCFEB1" ID-CoL="7VV8B" baseAuthorityName="Bachman" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[208,459,341,362]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="townsendii">Campagnol de Townsend</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEE20270CD715090A0DFEB1" bold="true" box="[480,570,341,362]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEE20270F7715090B2EFEB1" ID-CoL="7VV8B" baseAuthorityName="Bachman" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[576,793,341,362]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="townsendii">Townsend-WihIimaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEE20270E1A15090BBEFEB1" bold="true" box="[813,905,341,362]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEE20270EB915090C60FEB1" ID-CoL="7VV8B" baseAuthorityName="Bachman" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[910,1111,341,362]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="townsendii">Topillo de Townsend</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270D4C15200AB9FE4A" blockId="64.[122,1112,277,406]" box="[123,654,380,401]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFEE20270D4C15200AB9FE4A" box="[123,654,380,401]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEE20270D4C15200945FE4A" bold="true" box="[123,370,380,401]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEE20270C4F15200AB9FE4A" ID-CoL="7VV8B" baseAuthorityName="Bachman" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[376,654,380,401]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="townsendii">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEE20270C4F15200A02FE4A" ID-CoL="7VV8B" baseAuthorityName="Bachman" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[376,565,380,401]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="townsendii">Triangle Island Vole</vernacularName>
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(
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFEE20270F7315200ABFFE4A" ID-CoL="7VV8B" baseAuthorityName="Bachman" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[580,648,380,401]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="townsendii">cowani</vernacularName>
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)
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEE20270FE915990CB3FD15" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270FE915990B13FD7D" blockId="64.[733,1327,453,875]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEE20270FE915990B4DFE39" bold="true" box="[734,890,453,482]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEE20270EBA15990B14FDD2" authority="Bachman, 1839" authorityName="Bachman" authorityYear="1839" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Arvicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="townsendii">Arvicola townsendii Bachman, 1839</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FFEE20270E0D15B40B13FD7D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814326" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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“Columbia River.” Restricted by V. Bailey in 1900 to “Lower Columbia River, near mouth of Willamette, on or near Wappatoo (or Sauvie) Island,”
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<collectingRegion id="499D12E7FFEE2027098E16020D10FDA4" box="[1209,1319,606,639]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">Oregon</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FFEE20270FE816D50B17FD7D" box="[735,800,649,678]" name="United States of America" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270FE816F10CB3FD15" blockId="64.[733,1327,453,875]" box="[735,1156,685,718]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">Six subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEE20270FE9168808DDFB8D" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFFEE20270FE9168808DDFB8D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760631" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760631" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760631/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" startId="64.[734,888,724,757]" targetBox="[119,710,458,871]" targetPageId="64">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270FE916880C59FD2E" blockId="64.[733,1327,453,875]" box="[734,1134,724,757]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEE20270FE916880C59FD2E" bold="true" box="[734,1134,724,757]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270FE817490C77FCB0" blockId="64.[733,1327,453,875]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEE20270FE817490C77FCB0" authority="Bachman, 1839" authorityName="Bachman" authorityYear="1839" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="townsendii" subSpecies="townsendu">M.t.townsenduBachman,1839—fromSWBritishColumbia,Canada,StoHumboldtBay,NWCalifornia,USA.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270D4C17250C2FFC49" blockId="64.[116,1325,889,2647]" box="[123,1048,889,914]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEE20270D4C17250C2FFC49" authority="Guiguet, 1955" authorityName="Guiguet" authorityYear="1955" box="[123,1048,889,914]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="townsendii" subSpecies="cowani">M.t.cowaniGuiguet,1955—TriangleI,BritishColumbia,Canada.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270D4C17C10C9DFC61" blockId="64.[116,1325,889,2647]" box="[123,1194,925,954]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEE20270D4C17C10C9DFC61" authority=": Hall, 1936" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1936" box="[123,1194,925,954]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="townsendii" subSpecies="cumming">M.t.cumming:Hall,1936—TexadaandBowenIs,BritishColumbia,Canada.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270D4C17940D1DFC3A" blockId="64.[116,1325,889,2647]" box="[123,1322,968,993]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEE20270D4C17940D1DFC3A" authority="R. M. Anderson & Rand, 1943" authorityName="Anderson & Rand" authorityYear="1943" box="[123,1322,968,993]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="townsendii" subSpecies="laingi">M.t.laingiR.M.Anderson&Rand,1943—NVancouverI,BritishColumbia,Canada.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270D4C17BB0C51FBD3" blockId="64.[116,1325,889,2647]" box="[123,1126,999,1032]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEE20270D4C17BB0C51FBD3" authority="Dalquest, 1940" authorityName="Dalquest" authorityYear="1940" box="[123,1126,999,1032]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="townsendii" subSpecies="pugeti">M.t.pugetiDalquest,1940—SanJuanandCypressIs,Washington,USA.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270D4C104B08DDFB8D" blockId="64.[116,1325,889,2647]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEE20270D4C104B0A20FBEB" authority="Rhoads, 1894" authorityName="Rhoads" authorityYear="1894" box="[123,535,1047,1072]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="townsendii" subSpecies="tetramerus">M. t. tetramerus Rhoads, 1894</taxonomicName>
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— S Vancouver I and nearby islands, British Columbia, Canada.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEE20270D4E103E0AE1FA3A" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270D4E103E0AE1FA3A" blockId="64.[116,1325,889,2647]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEE20270D4E103E0941FBA4" bold="true" box="[121,374,1122,1151]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 121-160 mm, tail 48-75 mm, ear 15-17 mm, hindfoot 20-26 mm; weight 47-83 g. Males are significantly heavier than females. Townsend’s Vole is relatively large and dark; ears extend beyond fur. It is morphologically variable across its distribution along the west coast of North America. Dorsum is dark brown, with intermixed black-tipped guard hairs. Venter is gray to grayish brown or smoky, and tail is black or brown and slightly bicolored. Adult males have large hip glands. Head-body is 2:2-2-4 times longer than tail. Skull is long and angular and can become heavily ridged in older individuals. Incisive foramina are elongate, narrow, and posteriorly constricted. M? has four closed triangles. Diploid number is 2n = 50, and karyotype is entirely acrocentric.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEE20270D4F11B409E7F916" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270D4F11B409E7F916" blockId="64.[116,1325,889,2647]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEE20270D4F11B408D0F9D2" bold="true" box="[120,231,1512,1545]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Mesic habitats with high grass cover from sea level to elevations of ¢.1830 m, such as moist fields and meadows, but occasionally salt marshes along the coast, willow thickets along streams, or wet forests, and even alpine meadows (Vancouver Island). Townsend's Voles nest on or aboveground in wetter habitats, potentially allowing them to inhabit seasonally inundated meadows; they are good swimmers. They nest underground in drier habitats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEE20270D401288095FF8B1" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270D401288095FF8B1" blockId="64.[116,1325,889,2647]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEE20270D401288094BF92E" bold="true" box="[119,380,1748,1781]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Diet of Townsend's Vole contain green vegetation, including many species of grasses and sedges. Rushes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEE20270FA112A00B28F8C6" box="[662,799,1788,1821]" class="Liliopsida" family="Juncaceae" genus="Juncus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Juncus sp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEE20270E1D12A00BF4F8C6" box="[810,963,1788,1821]" class="Liliopsida" family="Juncaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Juncaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), horsetail (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEE2027095A12A00D13F8C6" box="[1133,1316,1788,1821]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Equisetaceae" genus="Equisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Equisetales" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Equisetum sp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEE20270D40137B0903F89F" box="[119,308,1831,1860]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Equisetaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Equisetales" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Equisetaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), alfalfa (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEE20270C8E137B0A02F89F" box="[441,565,1831,1860]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Medicago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Medicago</taxonomicName>
|
||
sativa), and clover (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEE20270E63137B0C35F89F" box="[852,1026,1831,1860]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trifolium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Trifolium sp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
), both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEE2027095C137B0CD9F89F" box="[1131,1262,1831,1860]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are commonly eaten.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEE20270D40132E0A41F83A" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270D40132E0A41F83A" blockId="64.[116,1325,889,2647]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEE20270D40132E08CAF848" bold="true" box="[119,253,1906,1939]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding season of Townsend's Vole varies with density and stage of multiannual population cycles. Gestation lasts 21-24 days;litters average 4 young (range 1-9). Young are weaned at 15-17 days old.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEE20270D4213B409A1F7F4" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270D4213B409A1F7F4" blockId="64.[116,1325,889,2647]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEE20270D4213B4095EF7D2" bold="true" box="[117,361,2024,2057]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Townsend’s Voles are terrestrial and active night and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFEE2027098313B40CD4F7D2" box="[1204,1251,2024,2057]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
and throughout the year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEE20270D411C6B0B96F661" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270D411C6B0B96F661" blockId="64.[116,1325,889,2647]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEE20270D411C6B0B78F783" bold="true" box="[118,847,2103,2136]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Townsend's Vole have been the subject of extensive research on population dynamics, including a series of manipulative experiments to understand population eruptions. Survival, dispersal, and other aspects of demography have been studied. Larger males had higher survival rates, and survival was inversely correlated with density and growth rates of populations. In contrast, smaller females had higher survival, and their survival was less related to density and population increases. Following population highs (densities up to 800 ind/ha have been recorded), adults and subadults disperse during spring declines, followed by subadult and juvenile dispersal that can last into autumn. Home range averaged 900 m® for males and 500 m?for females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEE20270D411D990CB8F639" box="[118,1167,2501,2530]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270D411D990CB8F639" blockId="64.[116,1325,889,2647]" box="[118,1167,2501,2530]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEE20270D411D9909E5F639" bold="true" box="[118,466,2501,2530]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFEE20270D411DAD091DF58C" pageId="64" pageNumber="341" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFEE20270D411DAD091DF58C" blockId="64.[116,1325,889,2647]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFEE20270D411DAD0938F5D1" bold="true" box="[118,271,2545,2570]" pageId="64" pageNumber="341">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bailey (1900), Boonstra & Krebs (1979), Boonstra et al. (1987), Bradley, Ammerman et al. (2014), Cornely & Verts (1988), Krebs et al. (1976), Hall (1981), Maser et al. (1981), Musser & Carleton (2005), Verts & Carraway (1988).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |