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<document id="09A8BAFD9972E6B8C707ED2A95526F1B" ID-CLB-Dataset="80832" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6707142" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ab66b2b7-9544-4411-bf61-5bc3651d7bca" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-04-6" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6707142" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1656002532852" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier &amp; Thomas E. Lacher, Jr" docDate="2017" docId="03F06D13FFE7202D088F1DEC0937F92B" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_7_Cricetidae_0204.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Microtus paradoxus" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="351" masterDocId="FFC9156BFFAE20670D37145C0837FFDB" masterDocTitle="Cricetidae" masterLastPageNumber="535" masterPageNumber="204" pageNumber="350" updateTime="1718799336328" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:title id="B244C77CF47B0B572133AB143B65721A">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9857A78D228A2F6EB5E5CE00478742E0">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="33E34FA24016028E924306D25F36E25E">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A585A96ED7765317C64A3DFEB187F317">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:publisher id="D8CC859C6B0E12F487E851901812C35B">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:title id="CE779121FD0E336E227A4840825F2C1F">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<mods:classification id="F311A88E1C439A6F0D28ADA31E71AA3E">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FFE7202D088F1DEC0937F92B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6725319" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196220876" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6725319" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FFE7202D088F1DEC0937F92B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FFE7202D088F1DEC0937F92B" lastPageId="74" lastPageNumber="351" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE7202E088F1DEC0E3FF639" box="[1464,1544,2480,2530]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE7202E088F1DEC0E3FF639" blockId="73.[1460,2450,2480,2610]" box="[1464,1544,2480,2530]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE7202E088F1DEC0E3FF639" box="[1464,1544,2480,2530]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<figureCitation id="1362C080FFE7202E088F1DEC0E3FF639" box="[1464,1544,2480,2530]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="64.[116,146,3216,3241]" captionTargetBox="[13,2749,15,3648]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="On following pages: 149. Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsyivanicus); 150. Long-tailed Vole (Microtus longicaudus); 151. Creeping Vole (Microtus oregoni); 152. Major's Pine Vole (Microtus majori); 153. Common Pine Vole (Microtus subterraneus); 154. Caucasian Pine Vole (Microtus daghestanicus); 155. Alpine Pine Vole (Microtus multiplex); 156. Liechtenstein’s Pine Vole (Microtus liechtensteini); 157. Tatra Pine Vole (Microtus tatricus): 158. Mediterranean Pine Vole (Microtus duodecimcostatus); 159. Lusitanian Pine Vole (Microtus lusitanicus); 160. Pyrenean Pine Vole (Microtus gerbil); 161. Savi's Pine Vole (Microtus savii): 162. Calabria Pine Vole (Microtus brachycercus); 163. Sicilian Pine Vole (Microtus nebrodensis); 164. Thomas's Pine Vole (Microtus thomasi); 165. Balkan Pine Vole (Microtus felteni); 166. Schelkovnikov's Pine Vole (Microtus schelkovnikovi): 167. Harting's Vole (Microtus hartingi); 168. Levant Vole (Microtus guentheri); 169. Dogramaci’s Vole (Microtus dogramacii); 170. Cyrenaica Vole (Microtus mustersi); 171. Social Vole (Microtus socialis): 172. Anatolian Vole (Microtus anatolicus): 173. Iranian Vole (Microtus iran); 174. Kopet Dag Pine Vole (Microtus paradoxus); 175. Common Vole (Microtus arvalis); 176. Altai Vole (Microtus obscurus); 177. East European Vole (Microtus mystacinus); 178. Kerman Vole (Microtus kermanensis); 179. Transcaspian Vole (Microtus transcaspicus); 180. Tian Shan Vole (Microtus ilaeus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708419" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708419/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">174.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE7202E0B2E1DEC0FFEF639" box="[1561,1993,2480,2530]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE7202E0B2E1DEC0FFEF639" blockId="73.[1460,2450,2480,2610]" box="[1561,1993,2480,2530]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE7202E0B2E1DEC0FFEF639" box="[1561,1993,2480,2530]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE7202E0B2E1DEC0FFEF639" ID-CoL="7VV7X" baseAuthorityName="Ognev &amp; Heptner" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[1561,1993,2480,2530]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxus">Kopet Dag Pine Vole</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE7202E0ACA1DEC0142F639" box="[2045,2421,2480,2530]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE7202E0ACA1DEC0142F639" blockId="73.[1460,2450,2480,2610]" box="[2045,2421,2480,2530]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE7202E0ACA1DEC0142F639" box="[2045,2421,2480,2530]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE7202E0ACA1DEC0142F639" ID-CoL="7VV7X" baseAuthorityName="Ognev &amp; Heptner" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[2045,2421,2480,2530]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxus">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE7202E0ACA1DEC0142F639" box="[2045,2421,2480,2530]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Microtus paradoxus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE7202E08821DA80F05F5EA" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE7202E08821DA801A5F5D2" blockId="73.[1460,2450,2480,2610]" box="[1461,2450,2548,2569]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE7202E08821DA801A5F5D2" box="[1461,2450,2548,2569]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE7202E08821DA80E36F5D2" bold="true" box="[1461,1537,2548,2569]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE7202E0B3D1DA80EE8F5D2" ID-CoL="7VV7X" baseAuthorityName="Ognev &amp; Heptner" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[1546,1759,2548,2569]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxus">Campagnol paradoxal</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE7202E0BC31DA80F78F5D2" bold="true" box="[1780,1871,2548,2569]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE7202E0A621DA80079F5D2" ID-CoL="7VV7X" baseAuthorityName="Ognev &amp; Heptner" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[1877,2126,2548,2569]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxus">Turkmenistan-Wihlmaus</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE7202E05541DA80089F5D2" bold="true" box="[2147,2238,2548,2569]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE7202E05F41DA801A5F5D2" ID-CoL="7VV7X" baseAuthorityName="Ognev &amp; Heptner" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[2243,2450,2548,2569]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxus">Topillo de Kopet Dag</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE7202E08821E400F05F5EA" blockId="73.[1460,2450,2480,2610]" box="[1461,1842,2588,2609]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE7202E08821E400F05F5EA" box="[1461,1842,2588,2609]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE7202E08821E400E9BF5EA" bold="true" box="[1461,1708,2588,2609]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE7202E0B811E400F05F5EA" ID-CoL="7VV7X" baseAuthorityName="Ognev &amp; Heptner" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[1718,1842,2588,2609]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxus">Paradox Vole</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE7202E052F1E020256F515" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE7202E052F1E020256F515" blockId="73.[2072,2667,2654,3081]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE7202E052F1E020083F5A4" bold="true" box="[2072,2228,2654,2687]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE7202E05F91E0200D8F57C" authorityName="Ognev &amp; Heptner" authorityYear="1928" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Chilotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxus">Chilotus paradoxus Ognev &amp; Heptner, 1928</taxonomicName>
,
<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FFE7202E043F1ED20256F515" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814317" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
Chuli, near Ashkhabad, Kopet Dag Mountains, SW
<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FFE7202E04A11EF1026AF515" box="[2454,2653,2733,2766]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE7202E052D1E880221F43A" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE7202E052D1E880221F43A" blockId="73.[2072,2667,2654,3081]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE7202E052D1E88012DF52E" baseAuthorityName="Ognev &amp; Heptner" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[2074,2330,2772,2805]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paradoxus">Microtus paradoxus</taxonomicName>
is in subgenus Sumeriomys and
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE7202E05AA1EA700C3F4C7" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[2205,2292,2811,2844]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="socialis">socialis</taxonomicName>
species group. In the past, it was synonymized with
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE7202E04BA1F7F01D3F49F" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[2445,2532,2851,2884]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="socialis">socialis</taxonomicName>
or rani. Karyotype (2n = 62) is same as in socials; however, the two species differ in morphology and cytochrome-b sequences. Hybrids between them are fertile. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE7202E052E1FB40FCDF383" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" type="distribution">
<caption id="DF268C8DFFE7202E052E1FB40FCDF383" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760689" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760689/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" startId="73.[2073,2246,3048,3081]" targetBox="[1458,2050,2665,3079]" targetPageId="73">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE7202E052E1FB40FCDF383" blockId="73.[2072,2667,2654,3081]" lastBlockId="73.[1461,2666,3096,3475]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE7202E052E1FB400FEF3D2" bold="true" box="[2073,2249,3048,3081]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Distribution.</emphasis>
Endemic to the Kopet Dag in SW Turkmenistan and adjacent Iran; it may also occur in SE Turkmenistan, but recorded specimen could be misslabeled.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE7202D088218020B61FEBE" lastPageId="74" lastPageNumber="351" pageId="73" pageNumber="350" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE7202D088218020B61FEBE" blockId="73.[1461,2666,3096,3475]" lastBlockId="74.[116,1326,285,1782]" lastPageId="74" lastPageNumber="351" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE7202E088218020E84F3A4" bold="true" box="[1461,1715,3166,3199]" pageId="73" pageNumber="350">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 91-116 mm (males) and 87-122 mm (females), tail 22-30 mm (males) and 21-30 mm (females); weight 30-46 g (males) and 35-62-5 g (females). The Kopet Dag Pine Vole is large and social, with tail ¢.25% of head-body length. There are five plantar pads, exceptionally six. Females have two pairs of pectoral and two pairs of inguinal nipples (eight nipples in total). Fur is soft, buffy gray on back and light gray on belly. Skull is heavily built, with widely expanded zygomatic arches, wide interorbital region, squarish braincase, and swollen bullae. Alveolar process on lateral side of mandibular ramus is faint. Dental formulaisI 1/1, C0/0,P 0/0, M 3/3 (x2) = 16. Incisors are orthodont. M' and M? have prominent postero-lingual loop; M? has four inner and 3—4 outer salient angles.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE4202D0D42153008F1FDD8" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE4202D0D42153008F1FDD8" blockId="74.[116,1326,285,1782]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE4202D0D42153008D3FE56" bold="true" box="[117,228,364,397]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">Habitat.</emphasis>
Steppes, often in places shaded by bushes and tree canopies, at elevations of 1000-2500 m. In arid lower elevations of 300-1000 m, the Kopet Dag Pine Vole is restricted to moist places in valleys and slopes;it is also found in orchards and alfalfa fields.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE4202D0D4216550920FD13" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE4202D0D4216550920FD13" blockId="74.[116,1326,285,1782]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE4202D0D421655094AFDF1" bold="true" box="[117,381,521,554]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
The Kopet Dag Pine Vole feeds on green plants, seeds, and fruits. Fourty-five plant species from 15 different families have been found in its diet. Majority of diet is made up of cereal plants and grains, daisy plants (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE4202D0ECB16040CACFDA2" box="[1020,1179,600,633]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
), legumes (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE4202D0DB416DF093CFD7B" box="[131,267,643,672]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
), and mustards (
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE4202D0CC916DF0A82FD7B" box="[510,693,643,672]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Brassicaceae</taxonomicName>
). Food is stored, and caches can contain up to 2.3-5 kg.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE4202D0D4116920C5FFBF1" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE4202D0D4116920C5FFBF1" blockId="74.[116,1326,285,1782]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE4202D0D41169208CBFD34" bold="true" box="[118,252,718,751]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">Breeding.</emphasis>
Breeding of Kopet Dag Pine Voles starts in February-March, peaks in May, and declines afterward. Females can bestill pregnant in late October. Lowest weight of a pregnant female is 25 g. Ovulation is induced. Gestation lasts 21-22 days. Numbers of embryos are 3-10/female, but three-quarters of females have 5-7 embryos (mean 5-8). In captivity, litters have 1-7 young (mean 4-2). On average, females have litters every 43-6 days. Postpartum estrus is possible, but females normally copulate when lactation ends. Young females can breed in May. Litters of primiparous females are, on average, larger than those of multiparous females. Young are born nude, blind, and deaf. Hair starts emerging at 5
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE4202D0F1E10550A6FFBF1" box="[553,600,1033,1066]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
old, and eyes open at 13-14 days old.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE4202D0D42106D0908FAE4" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" type="activity">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE4202D0D42106D0908FAE4" blockId="74.[116,1326,285,1782]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE4202D0D42106D0957FB89" bold="true" box="[117,352,1073,1106]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Kopet Dag Pine Voles are active year-round. They are crepuscular in late spring and summer, but daily activity has been observed in winter and early spring (March). Most activity is restricted to burrows, and individuals make only short appearance (3-5 minutes) aboveground. In winter, they are active under snow. Entrances are 3—4 cm in diameter. Tunnels start branching at depths of 20-25 cm and descend to 60-70 cm. The Kopet Dag Pine Vole is reportedly neophobic and slow to explore new environments.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE4202D0D4011180A9CF9DF" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE4202D0D4011180A9CF9DF" blockId="74.[116,1326,285,1782]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE4202D0D4011180B0EFABE" bold="true" box="[119,825,1348,1381]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Kopet Dag Pine Voleslive in small family groups. Their burrow systems have 9-30 entrances, cover 6-12 m? and are spaced 5-30 m (mean 10-5 m). Ranges of family groups merge into colonies that spread over 100-300 m*. Kopet Dag Pine Voles are more aggressive in intraspecific encounters than other social congeners.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE4202D0D4F12560CA9F9A1" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE4202D0D4F12560CA9F9A1" blockId="74.[116,1326,285,1782]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE4202D0D4F125609ECF9F0" bold="true" box="[120,475,1546,1579]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Overall distribution of the Kopet Dag Pine Vole is ¢.50,000,000 km?. Poor habitat management and increased aridity has reduced populations and caused local extinctions.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE4202D0D4F12D40937F92B" pageId="74" pageNumber="351" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE4202D0D4F12D40937F92B" blockId="74.[116,1326,285,1782]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE4202D0D4F12D40920F97A" bold="true" box="[120,279,1672,1697]" pageId="74" pageNumber="351">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Gromov &amp; Erbajeva (1995), Krystufek, Zorenko &amp; Buzan (2012), Marinina (2005d), Shenbrot &amp; Krasnov (2005), Zima et al. (2013), Zorenko (2013), Zorenko &amp; Golenishchev (2016b), Zykov &amp; Zagorodnyuk (1988).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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