215 lines
26 KiB
XML
215 lines
26 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="21CEDF5621539DCA29343519CD880EF8">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="425585C908DEF1196CE88F5DBF1FAF38">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F1E1F4544D264026DB5A40FBB64CDF62">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="73DED4CAD0856578D8B9AB9E3FBB1959">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="9AC619343121D20F5852D1338594F4AD">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FFE2202B084916000FC8F3EC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6725347" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196220896" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6725347" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FFE2202B084916000FC8F3EC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FFE2202B084916000FC8F3EC" lastPageNumber="353" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE2202B084916000DFAFD5D" box="[1406,1485,604,646]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE2202B084916000DFAFD5D" blockId="76.[1402,2385,604,724]" box="[1406,1485,604,646]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE2202B084916000DFAFD5D" box="[1406,1485,604,646]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FFE2202B084916000DFAFD5D" box="[1406,1485,604,646]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="64.[116,146,3216,3241]" captionTargetBox="[13,2749,15,3648]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="On following pages: 149. Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsyivanicus); 150. Long-tailed Vole (Microtus longicaudus); 151. Creeping Vole (Microtus oregoni); 152. Major's Pine Vole (Microtus majori); 153. Common Pine Vole (Microtus subterraneus); 154. Caucasian Pine Vole (Microtus daghestanicus); 155. Alpine Pine Vole (Microtus multiplex); 156. Liechtenstein’s Pine Vole (Microtus liechtensteini); 157. Tatra Pine Vole (Microtus tatricus): 158. Mediterranean Pine Vole (Microtus duodecimcostatus); 159. Lusitanian Pine Vole (Microtus lusitanicus); 160. Pyrenean Pine Vole (Microtus gerbil); 161. Savi's Pine Vole (Microtus savii): 162. Calabria Pine Vole (Microtus brachycercus); 163. Sicilian Pine Vole (Microtus nebrodensis); 164. Thomas's Pine Vole (Microtus thomasi); 165. Balkan Pine Vole (Microtus felteni); 166. Schelkovnikov's Pine Vole (Microtus schelkovnikovi): 167. Harting's Vole (Microtus hartingi); 168. Levant Vole (Microtus guentheri); 169. Dogramaci’s Vole (Microtus dogramacii); 170. Cyrenaica Vole (Microtus mustersi); 171. Social Vole (Microtus socialis): 172. Anatolian Vole (Microtus anatolicus): 173. Iranian Vole (Microtus iran); 174. Kopet Dag Pine Vole (Microtus paradoxus); 175. Common Vole (Microtus arvalis); 176. Altai Vole (Microtus obscurus); 177. East European Vole (Microtus mystacinus); 178. Kerman Vole (Microtus kermanensis); 179. Transcaspian Vole (Microtus transcaspicus); 180. Tian Shan Vole (Microtus ilaeus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708419" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708419/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">180.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE2202B08EA16000F2BFD5D" box="[1501,1820,604,646]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE2202B08EA16000F2BFD5D" blockId="76.[1402,2385,604,724]" box="[1501,1820,604,646]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE2202B08EA16000F2BFD5D" box="[1501,1820,604,646]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
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||
<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE2202B08EA16000F2BFD5D" ID-CoL="7VV7T" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1912" box="[1501,1820,604,646]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ilaeus">Tian Shan Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE2202B0A6616000047FD5D" box="[1873,2160,604,646]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE2202B0A6616000047FD5D" blockId="76.[1402,2385,604,724]" box="[1873,2160,604,646]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE2202B0A6616000047FD5D" box="[1873,2160,604,646]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B0A6616000047FD5D" ID-CoL="7VV7T" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1912" box="[1873,2160,604,646]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ilaeus">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE2202B0A6616000047FD5D" box="[1873,2160,604,646]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Microtus ilaeus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE2202B084C16C40F2EFD0F" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE2202B084C16C40166FD76" blockId="76.[1402,2385,604,724]" box="[1403,2385,664,685]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE2202B084C16C40166FD76" box="[1403,2385,664,685]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE2202B084C16C40DF1FD76" bold="true" box="[1403,1478,664,685]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE2202B08F816C40EE0FD76" ID-CoL="7VV7T" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1912" box="[1487,1751,664,685]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ilaeus">Campagnol du Kazakhstan</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE2202B0BDB16C40F70FD76" bold="true" box="[1772,1863,664,685]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE2202B0A7B16C4002FFD76" ID-CoL="7VV7T" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1912" box="[1868,2072,664,685]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ilaeus">Tienschan-Feldmaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE2202B051916C400BEFD76" bold="true" box="[2094,2185,664,685]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE2202B05B916C40166FD76" ID-CoL="7VV7T" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1912" box="[2190,2385,664,685]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ilaeus">Topillo de Tian Shan</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE2202B084D16E30F2EFD0F" blockId="76.[1402,2385,604,724]" box="[1402,1817,703,724]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE2202B084D16E30F2EFD0F" box="[1402,1817,703,724]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE2202B084D16E30E46FD0F" bold="true" box="[1402,1649,703,724]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE2202B0B4C16E30F2EFD0F" ID-CoL="7VV7T" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1912" box="[1659,1817,703,724]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ilaeus">Kazakhstan ole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE2202B0AEA175B0214FC41" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE2202B0AEA175B0214FC41" blockId="76.[2013,2607,775,1197]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE2202B0AEA175B004EFCFF" bold="true" box="[2013,2169,775,804]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B05BD175B0210FCFF" ID-CoL="7VV7T" authority="Thomas, 1912" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1912" box="[2186,2599,775,804]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ilaeus">Microtus ilaeus Thomas, 1912</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FFE2202B0AE817760214FC41" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814324" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
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“Djarkent, Semiretschensk [= Semirechyia], E. Russian Turkestan [= E
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FFE2202B04F7170A002AFC41" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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]. ‘On the banks of the River Ussek.’”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE2202B0AE817F9012DFB76" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE2202B0AE817F9012DFB76" blockId="76.[2013,2607,775,1197]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B0AE817F90093FC19" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1912" box="[2015,2212,933,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ilaeus">Microtus ilaeus</taxonomicName>
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is in subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B04BB17F901CBFC19" box="[2444,2556,933,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microtus</taxonomicName>
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. In the past, it was synonymized with #ranscaspicus or
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B05A417AF00DCFBCB" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1779" box="[2195,2283,1011,1040]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">arvalis</taxonomicName>
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. It was also reported under the name kirgisorum, a junior synonym.
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B0507101E00C2FB84" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1912" box="[2096,2293,1090,1119]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ilaeus">Microtus ilaeus</taxonomicName>
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is sister species to all other species in subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B045A103901EAFB5D" box="[2413,2525,1125,1158]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microtus</taxonomicName>
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. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE2202B084E10EF0238FAA9" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFFE2202B084E10EF0238FAA9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760701" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760701" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760701/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" startId="76.[1401,1555,1203,1236]" targetBox="[1398,1990,777,1191]" targetPageId="76">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE2202B084E10EF0F3EFB0F" blockId="76.[1396,2608,1203,3127]" box="[1401,1801,1203,1236]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE2202B084E10EF0F3EFB0F" bold="true" box="[1401,1801,1203,1236]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE2202B084D10B80E45FAF8" blockId="76.[1396,2608,1203,3127]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B084D10B80E45FAF8" authority="Thomas, 1912" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ilaeus" subSpecies="ilaeus">M.i.ilaeusThomas,1912—EUzbekistan,SKazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan,andNWChina(Xinjiang).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE2202B084D11760238FAA9" blockId="76.[1396,2608,1203,3127]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
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M. i. igromovi M. N.
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B0BA411760EDDFA90" authority="Orlov" authorityName="Orlov" box="[1683,1770,1322,1355]" pageId="76" pageNumber="352" rank="variety" status="var. nov." variety="meyer">Meyer</taxonomicName>
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et al., 1996 — lower reaches of Syr Darya River in S Kazakhstan (Kyzylorda Region) and Amu Darya River in NW Uzbekistan (Karakalpakstan).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE2202B084F11240EAEF8F8" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE2202B084F11240EAEF8F8" blockId="76.[1396,2608,1203,3127]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE2202B084F11240E42FA42" bold="true" box="[1400,1653,1400,1433]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 109-144 mm, tail 35-50 mm; weight 46-64 g (
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B04E111240D80FA1A" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ilaeus" subSpecies="ilaeus">ssp. ilaeus</taxonomicName>
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); head—body 115-150 mm, tail 36-56 mm; weight 36-59 mm (
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B040B11FC01D8FA1A" box="[2364,2543,1440,1473]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="igromovi">ssp. igromovi</taxonomicName>
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). Of the two subspecies, igromouvi is, on average, larger, and males are larger than females; mean weights of three-month-old females and males are 25-6 g and 32-2 g, respectively. The Tian Shan Vole is a large member of subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B0582124A0112F9EC" box="[2229,2341,1558,1591]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microtus</taxonomicName>
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, with tail ¢.35% of head-body length. There are six (exceptionally five) plantar tubercles, and females have four pairs of nipples. Pelage is dark brown, rarely washed buff; flanks are lighter; and belly is gray. Tail is indistinctly bicolored. Skull is essentially as in the Transcaspian Vole (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B08FA12E80E9BF90E" authorityName="Satunin" authorityYear="1905" box="[1485,1708,1716,1749]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="transcaspicus">M. transcaspicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), with well constricted interorbital region and low sagittal crest. Teeth are as in the Transcaspian Vole, except that M? occasionally has an additional postero-lingual loop.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE2202B084F13760F3AF75D" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE2202B084F13760F3AF75D" blockId="76.[1396,2608,1203,3127]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE2202B084F13760DD0F890" bold="true" box="[1400,1511,1834,1867]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Humid meadows in river valleys and along irrigation ditches, clearings in riparian forests, reed (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B0BAE130A0F39F8A8" box="[1689,1806,1878,1907]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) beds, thickets of willows (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B05B6130A00F3F8A8" box="[2177,2244,1878,1907]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Salix</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B05E5130A0155F8A8" box="[2258,2402,1878,1907]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and tamarisk (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B08B313250DC4F841" box="[1412,1523,1913,1946]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Tamarix</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B0B3313250EF2F841" box="[1540,1733,1913,1946]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Tamaricaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) at lower elevations and juniper (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B059C1325011FF841" box="[2219,2344,1913,1946]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Juniperus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Juniperus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B040D132501CFF841" box="[2362,2552,1913,1946]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cupressaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in subalpine pastures from lowlands on eastern side of the former Aral Sea at elevations of ¢.60 m up to 3200 m (mostly at 900-2000 m). Dependency of the Tian Shan Vole on proximity to water is particularly pronounced around the Aral Sea where it is exclusively tied to damp habitats along ditches and lakes that are densely overgrown with rushes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B08DC1C620EB7F784" box="[1515,1664,2110,2143]" class="Liliopsida" family="Juncaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Juncaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), sedges (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B0A381C620F8FF784" box="[1807,1976,2110,2143]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and cattails (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B05B91C62011CF784" box="[2190,2347,2110,2143]" class="Liliopsida" family="Typhaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Typhaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). It also occurs in irrigated fields and orchards.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE2202B08401CD10230F6A8" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE2202B08401CD10230F6A8" blockId="76.[1396,2608,1203,3127]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE2202B08401CD10E40F775" bold="true" box="[1399,1655,2189,2222]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Spring diet of the Tian Shan Vole consists of green leaves and stems, bulbs, and seeds, with low proportions of insects and mushrooms. Seeds and fruits (e.g. berries and rose hips) are more important in autumn; bark andjuniper berries are eaten in winter. In Karakalpakstan, 25 plant species were identified in diets, including semiaquatic species, leaves and stems of reeds, cattails, rushes, and sedges. Underground plant parts are significant proportions in diets, and seeds are eaten to a lesser degree.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE2202B08411D250E77F5D4" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE2202B08411D250E77F5D4" blockId="76.[1396,2608,1203,3127]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE2202B08411D250DCAF641" bold="true" box="[1398,1533,2425,2458]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Tian Shan Voles breed year-round in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE2202B057A1D25012DF641" authority="Valley" authorityName="Valley" box="[2125,2330,2425,2458]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Fergana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Fergana Valley</taxonomicName>
|
||
but seasonally elsewhere (i.e. April-June in mountains and April-November in Karakalpakstan). Litters have 1-10 young, and means vary seasonally between 3-6 and 4-3. Captive litters average 2-9 young.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE2202B08431E4B0016F527" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE2202B08431E4B0016F527" blockId="76.[1396,2608,1203,3127]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE2202B08431E4B0E69F5E3" bold="true" box="[1396,1630,2583,2616]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Daily activity is crepuscular. Tian Shan Voles excavate burrow systems, with up to 20 exits, 3-5 cm in diameter, exceptionally 8 cm. Tunnels are narrower and 2.2-5 cm in diameter; they are 5-11 cm underground, rarely up to 60 cm. Burrows usually contain 2-3 chambers, 7-16 cm in diameter. Nest chamberis lined with dry grass. Winter nests are constructed under snow; they are larger and consist of solid outer layer and inner layer of soft plant material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE2202B08421F5B017EF4A8" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE2202B08421F5B017EF4A8" blockId="76.[1396,2608,1203,3127]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE2202B08421F5B0062F4FF" bold="true" box="[1397,2133,2823,2852]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Tian Shan Voles live in family groups that frequently merge into small colonies. Same burrows are used for years. Galleries of different colonies usually persist isolated from each other.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE2202B08411F250155F433" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE2202B08411F250155F433" blockId="76.[1396,2608,1203,3127]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE2202B08411F250EE2F441" bold="true" box="[1398,1749,2937,2970]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Recently, population decline of the Tian Shan Vole was reported near the Aral Sea as a result of increase desertification and shrinking of riparian forests and reed beds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE2202B08411FA40FC8F3EC" pageId="76" pageNumber="353" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE2202B08411FA40FC8F3EC" blockId="76.[1396,2608,1203,3127]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE2202B08411FA40E38F3CA" bold="true" box="[1398,1551,3064,3089]" pageId="76" pageNumber="353">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Ayzin (1979), Davydov (1964), Golenishchev (2016a), Gromov & Erbajeva (1995), Meyeretal. (1996), Mahmoudi et al. (2017), Shenbrot & Krasnov (2005).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |