204 lines
24 KiB
XML
204 lines
24 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="69AC740B7E4284D5465F2C8B85298756">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="309F29BE60A1336B74F19102866CD78A">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9ECAC730C24DC2E109EACEC63D9A5BD4">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8987BF43D1419F89BDF38C93CD944416">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="2D65B6ACD2C2766130C1242E85DAB606">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FFAC20650D4C1D4F0EA2F929" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6706430" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196221538" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6706430" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FFAC20650D4C1D4F0EA2F929" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FFAC20650D4C1D4F0EA2F929" lastPageNumber="281" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC20650D4C1D4F08ACF69A" blockId="2.[122,1199,2323,2447]" box="[123,155,2323,2369]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFAC20650D4C1D4F08ACF69A" box="[123,155,2323,2369]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FFAC20650D4C1D4F08ACF69A" box="[123,155,2323,2369]" captionStart="Plate 10: Cricetidae" captionStartId="2.[121,151,3210,3235]" captionTargetBox="[13,2742,14,3646]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Roborovski’s Desert Hamster (Phodopus roborouskii), 2. Campbell's Desert Hamster (Phodopus campbelli), 3. Striped Desert Hamster (Phodopus sungorus), 4. Golden Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), 5. Ciscaucasian Hamster (Mesocricetus radder), 6. Brandt's Hamster (Mesocricetus brandii), 7. Romanian Hamster (Mesocricetus newtoni), 8. Gray Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus migratorius), 9. Long-tailed Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus longicaudatus), 10. Striped Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus barabensis), 11. Sokolov’s Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus sokolouvi), 12. Ladakh Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus alticola), 13. Tibetan Dwarf Hamster (Cricetulus kamensis), 14. Gansu Hamster (Cansumys canus), 15. Greater Long-tailed Hamster (Tscherskia triton), 16. Mongolian Hamster (Allocricetulus curtatus), 17. Eversmann’s Hamster (Allocricetulus eversmanni), 18. Common Hamster (Cricetus cricetus), 19. Long-clawed Mole Vole (Prometheomys schaposchnikowi), 20. Round-tailed Muskrat (Neofiber alleni), 21. Common Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), 22. Western Heather Vole (Phenacomys intermedius), 23. Eastern Heather Vole (Phenacomys ungava), 24. White-footed Vole (Arborimus albipes), 25. Red Tree Vole (Arborvmus longicaudus), 26. Sonoma Tree Vole (Arborimus pomo), 27. Northern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys borealis), 28. Southern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys cooperi), 29. Wood Lemming (Myopus schisticolor), 30. Amur Brown Lemming (Lemmus amurensis), 31. Norway Brown Lemming (Lemmus lemmus), 32. Siberian Brown Lemming (Lemmus sibiricus), 33. Nearctic Brown Lemming (Lemmus trimucronatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708369/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">2.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFAC20650D9B1D4F0ADFF69A" box="[172,744,2323,2369]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC20650D9B1D4F0ADFF69A" blockId="2.[122,1199,2323,2447]" box="[172,744,2323,2369]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFAC20650D9B1D4F0ADFF69A" box="[172,744,2323,2369]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFAC20650D9B1D4F0ADFF69A" ID-CoL="4GK8X" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[172,744,2323,2369]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phodopus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="campbelli">Campbell's Desert Hamster</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFAC20650E2D1D4F0CBBF69A" box="[794,1164,2323,2369]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC20650E2D1D4F0CBBF69A" blockId="2.[122,1199,2323,2447]" box="[794,1164,2323,2369]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFAC20650E2D1D4F0CBBF69A" box="[794,1164,2323,2369]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFAC20650E2D1D4F0CBBF69A" ID-CoL="4GK8X" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[794,1164,2323,2369]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phodopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="campbelli">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFAC20650E2D1D4F0CBBF69A" box="[794,1164,2323,2369]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Phodopus campbelli</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFAC20650D4D1D0F0B29F654" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC20650D4D1D0F0C98F6B3" blockId="2.[122,1199,2323,2447]" box="[122,1199,2387,2408]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
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||
<heading id="D0AE6B69FFAC20650D4D1D0F0C98F6B3" box="[122,1199,2387,2408]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFAC20650D4D1D0F08F1F6B3" bold="true" box="[122,198,2387,2408]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFAC20650DF81D0F099FF6B3" ID-CoL="4GK8X" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[207,424,2387,2408]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phodopus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="campbelli">Hamster de Campbell</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFAC20650C8A1D0F0A2FF6B3" bold="true" box="[445,536,2387,2408]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFAC20650F161D0F0B2EF6B3" ID-CoL="4GK8X" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[545,793,2387,2408]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phodopus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="campbelli">Campbell-Zwerghamster</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFAC20650E1B1D0F0BB0F6B3" bold="true" box="[812,903,2387,2408]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFAC20650EA51D0F0C98F6B3" ID-CoL="4GK8X" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[914,1199,2387,2408]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phodopus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="campbelli">Hamster enano de Campbell</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC20650D4D1D260B29F654" blockId="2.[122,1199,2323,2447]" box="[122,798,2426,2447]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFAC20650D4D1D260B29F654" box="[122,798,2426,2447]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFAC20650D4D1D260947F654" bold="true" box="[122,368,2426,2447]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFAC20650C4D1D260A74F654" ID-CoL="4GK8X" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[378,579,2426,2447]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phodopus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="campbelli">Campbell's Hamster</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFAC20650F661D260B29F654" ID-CoL="4GK8X" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[593,798,2426,2447]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phodopus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="campbelli">Dzungarian Hamster</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFAC20650FEA1D9E0C37F5F6" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC20650FEA1D9E0C37F5F6" blockId="2.[732,1325,2498,2920]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFAC20650FEA1D9E0B4FF604" bold="true" box="[733,888,2498,2527]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFAC20650EA31D9E0B15F5DD" authority="Thomas" authorityYear="1905" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Cricetulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="campbelli">Cricetulus campbelli Thomas, 1905</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FFAC20650E0B1DB10C37F5F6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814913" country="Mongolia" latitude="46.666668" location="Mongolia" longLatPrecision="38135" longitude="114.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" specimenCount="1">
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“Shaborte, N.E.
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FFAC206509041DB10C8EF5DD" box="[1075,1209,2541,2566]" name="Mongolia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
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(about
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<geoCoordinate id="EE6DBAC2FFAC20650FEA1E500B53F5F6" box="[733,868,2572,2605]" degrees="46" direction="north" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" precision="925" value="46.666668">46°40’ N</geoCoordinate>
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.,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE6DBAC2FFAC20650E4B1E500BECF5F6" box="[892,987,2572,2605]" degrees="114" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" precision="55555" value="114.0">114° E</geoCoordinate>
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.).”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFAC20650FE91E6F0C74F46D" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC20650FE91E6F0C74F46D" blockId="2.[732,1325,2498,2920]" lastBlockId="2.[122,1323,2925,3116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
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In the past,
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFAC20650EA51E6F0C1AF58F" box="[914,1069,2611,2644]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Cricetulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="campbelli">P. campbelli</taxonomicName>
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was synonymized with
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFAC20650E101E070BF7F5A7" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1773" box="[807,960,2651,2684]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phodopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sungorus">P. sungorus</taxonomicName>
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, but the two species differ in chromosomal morphology. Analysis of mtDNA demonstrated that
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFAC206509A31EF20D1AF510" box="[1172,1325,2734,2763]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Cricetulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="campbelli">P. campbelli</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFAC20650E171E850B8EF529" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1773" box="[800,953,2777,2802]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phodopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sungorus">P. sungorus</taxonomicName>
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are sister species. Within
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFAC20650FEA1EA40B40F4C2" box="[733,887,2808,2841]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Cricetulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="campbelli">P. campbelli</taxonomicName>
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, there are three distinct mtD-NA lineages: western (Russian Altai and Tuva, and north-western Mongolia), eastern (central Mongolia and Chinese Inner Mongolia [= Nei Mongol]), and north-east ern (Russian southern Zabaykalsky Krai). Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFAC20650D4D1F9C023EFE54" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFFAC20650D4D1F9C023EFE54" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760161" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760161" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760161/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" startId="2.[122,276,3008,3037]" targetBox="[118,709,2503,2917]" targetPageId="2">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC20650D4D1F9C0A3EF406" blockId="2.[122,1323,2925,3116]" box="[122,521,3008,3037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
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||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFAC20650D4D1F9C0A3EF406" bold="true" box="[122,521,3008,3037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC20650D4D1FBF0975F3F7" blockId="2.[122,1323,2925,3116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFAC20650D4D1FBF0975F3F7" authority="Thomas, 1905" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1905" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phodopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="campbelli" subSpecies="campbelli">P.c.campbelliThomas,1905—C&EMongoliaandChina(WNingxia,InnerMongolia,andNHebei).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC2065084215740FD7FEBC" blockId="2.[1394,2601,296,1778]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFAC2065084215740F2AFE9A" authority="Hollister, 1912" authorityName="Hollister" authorityYear="1912" box="[1397,1821,296,321]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phodopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="campbelli" subSpecies="crepidatus">P. c. crepidatus Hollister, 1912</taxonomicName>
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— SE Siberia (Altai Mts, Tuva, S Buryatia, and S Zabaykalsky Krai in Russia) and NW Mongolia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC20650844152E023EFE54" blockId="2.[1394,2601,296,1778]" box="[1395,2569,370,399]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">A not yet formally described form based on genetic data is present in SW Mongolia.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFAC2065084315CA006DFD2A" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC2065084315CA006DFD2A" blockId="2.[1394,2601,296,1778]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFAC2065084315CA0E45FE6C" bold="true" box="[1396,1650,406,439]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body 79-103 mm, tail 7-14 mm, ear 11-15 mm, hindfoot 10-13 mm; weight 23-28 g. Campbell's Desert
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFAC2065053515E1004DFE05" box="[2050,2170,445,478]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hamster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hamster</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar in appearance to the Striped Desert
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFAC20650B7915B80EF0FDDE" box="[1614,1735,484,517]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hamster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hamster</taxonomicName>
|
||
(PF.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFAC20650A3315B80F4AFDDE" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1773" box="[1796,1917,484,517]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phodopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sungorus">sungorus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but it has smaller ears, a narrow dorsal stripe, and gray underfur. Summer fur is gray-buff to grayish wood-brown on head and upperparts, with well-defined black mid-dorsal stripe running from head between eyes to base of tail; ears are black with white edges;lips, cheeks,tail, and legs are creamy white; throat and underparts are creamy buff. In some populations, pelage is slightly lighter in winter than summer, with light beige upperparts and pure white underparts. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 and FN = 51.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFAC2065084316A00F7AFCB3" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC2065084316A00F7AFCB3" blockId="2.[1394,2601,296,1778]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFAC2065084316A00DD4FCC2" bold="true" box="[1396,1507,764,793]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Dry steppes, semi-deserts, and along river valleys up into mountains to elevations of ¢.3500 m. In some areas, Campbell’s Desert
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFAC20650559174300D0FC9B" box="[2158,2279,799,832]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hamster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hamster</taxonomicName>
|
||
also occurs in human settlements, particularly in winter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFAC2065084317320031FC05" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC2065084317320031FC05" blockId="2.[1394,2601,296,1778]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFAC2065084317320E4AFC54" bold="true" box="[1396,1661,878,911]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Campbell's Desert
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFAC20650AAE17320025FC54" box="[1945,2066,878,911]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hamster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hamster</taxonomicName>
|
||
mainly eats seeds, but in some areas, green plant parts and insects are important. Food is stored in a special storage chamber in a burrow or in separate storage burrows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFAC2065084317B80E70FB11" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC2065084317B80E70FB11" blockId="2.[1394,2601,296,1778]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFAC2065084317B80DCDFBDE" bold="true" box="[1396,1530,996,1029]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding system is polygamous, and one female can copulate with up to four males, although usually only one that lives in a burrow with her. Males help rear young. During the breeding season, which lasts from mid-April to early October, females can produce 3-4 litters. Mean litter sizes in different parts of the distribution are 6-8-2 young. Gestation is c.18 days. Captive females become sexually mature at 48-60 days old.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFAC20650845108D0E9AFAC2" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC20650845108D0E9AFAC2" blockId="2.[1394,2601,296,1778]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFAC20650845108D0E6BFB29" bold="true" box="[1394,1628,1233,1266]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Campbell's Desert
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFAC20650A5A108D0FD1FB29" box="[1901,2022,1233,1266]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hamster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hamster</taxonomicName>
|
||
is mainly nocturnal. Activity starts at dusk and lasts for c.6 hours.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFAC20650844114301BEF98F" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC20650844114301BEF98F" blockId="2.[1394,2601,296,1778]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFAC206508441143000CFA9B" bold="true" box="[1395,2107,1311,1344]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
On average, male Campbell’s Desert Hamsters move 370 m/night, and females move 130 m/ night; maximum nightly movement for males was 1-5 km. Home ranges of males are significantly larger than those of females and widely overlap; female home ranges do not overlap. Burrows have 2-6 entrances and one nest chamber 20-40 cm deep. Under natural conditions, scent marking is performed with excretions from mid-ventral glands of males and vaginal secretions or urine of females. Male-male behavioral interactions are usually strongly aggressive; male-female or female—female interactions are more amicable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFAC2065084312060180F978" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC2065084312060180F978" blockId="2.[1394,2601,296,1778]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFAC2065084312060EF9F9A0" bold="true" box="[1396,1742,1626,1659]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Campbell’s Desert Hamsteris listed as vulnerable in The Red Data Book ofBuryatia Republic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFAC2065084312EE0EA2F929" pageId="2" pageNumber="281" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFAC2065084312EE0EA2F929" blockId="2.[1394,2601,296,1778]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFAC2065084312EE0E3AF910" bold="true" box="[1396,1549,1714,1739]" pageId="2" pageNumber="281">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Borisova (2013), Feoktistova (2008), Neumann et al. (2006), Ross (1995), Sokolov & Orlov (1980), Zhang Yongzu et al. (1997).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |