217 lines
28 KiB
XML
217 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="DB378B88A73A1D2E716027A21A2F2D0C" ID-CLB-Dataset="80832" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6707142" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ab66b2b7-9544-4411-bf61-5bc3651d7bca" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-04-6" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6707142" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1656002532852" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier & Thomas E. Lacher, Jr" docDate="2017" docId="03F06D13FF8A2042084117D5098AFA49" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_7_Cricetidae_0204.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Ellobius talpinus" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="314" masterDocId="FFC9156BFFAE20670D37145C0837FFDB" masterDocTitle="Cricetidae" masterLastPageNumber="535" masterPageNumber="204" pageNumber="313" updateTime="1718799336328" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:titleInfo id="172B97FF4EEC2A41B18729B5C18BFD43">
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<mods:title id="718D5FCBF62A35E53C7C39BE91CE4825">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F9B22688F4400184404259185D0535C2">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1AB94391B92CA831742168D1CC531DA9">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F055BA59DA86219751F24FD0492ABF66">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="32B9AAD19BF385C4D1C9B66EB21E2330">2017</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="2AD87535C507CD6F63F9AC4383702E6B">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="E5C8D5AFBEAD33859A40455C60878BE1">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="CA62E82A908FF90CCB0C1C515C224DBC">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FF8A2042084117D5098AFA49" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6706810" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196221262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6706810" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FF8A2042084117D5098AFA49" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FF8A2042084117D5098AFA49" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="314" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8A2043084117D50D99FC60" box="[1398,1454,905,955]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8A2043084117D50D99FC60" blockId="36.[1395,2402,905,999]" box="[1398,1454,905,955]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF8A2043084117D50D99FC60" box="[1398,1454,905,955]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FF8A2043084117D50D99FC60" box="[1398,1454,905,955]" captionStart="Plate 12: Cricetidae" captionStartId="36.[123,153,3215,3240]" captionTargetBox="[12,2745,14,3647]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="77. Balkan Snow Vole (Dinaromys bogdanouvt), 78. Northern Mole Vole (Ellobius talpinus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708401" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708401/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">78.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8A2043088817D50F52FC60" box="[1471,1893,905,955]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8A2043088817D50F52FC60" blockId="36.[1395,2402,905,999]" box="[1471,1893,905,955]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF8A2043088817D50F52FC60" box="[1471,1893,905,955]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF8A2043088817D50F52FC60" ID-CoL="7TH6H" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1770" box="[1471,1893,905,955]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ellobius" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="talpinus">Northern Mole Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8A20430A9E17D500EFFC60" box="[1961,2264,905,955]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8A20430A9E17D500EFFC60" blockId="36.[1395,2402,905,999]" box="[1961,2264,905,955]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF8A20430A9E17D500EFFC60" box="[1961,2264,905,955]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A20430A9E17D500EFFC60" ID-CoL="7TH6H" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1770" box="[1961,2264,905,955]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ellobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="talpinus">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8A20430A9E17D500EFFC60" box="[1961,2264,905,955]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">Ellobius talpinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8A2043084217920156FC38" box="[1397,2401,974,995]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8A2043084217920156FC38" blockId="36.[1395,2402,905,999]" box="[1397,2401,974,995]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF8A2043084217920156FC38" box="[1397,2401,974,995]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8A2043084217920DF7FC38" bold="true" box="[1397,1472,974,995]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF8A204308FE17920E4FFC38" ID-CoL="7TH6H" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1770" box="[1481,1656,974,995]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ellobius" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="talpinus">Campagnol taupe</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8A20430BB917920EDFFC38" bold="true" box="[1678,1768,974,995]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF8A20430BC517920FD8FC38" ID-CoL="7TH6H" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1770" box="[1778,2031,974,995]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ellobius" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="talpinus">Nordlicher Mull-Lemming</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8A2043053317920057FC38" bold="true" box="[2052,2144,974,995]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF8A2043055117920156FC38" ID-CoL="7TH6H" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1770" box="[2150,2401,974,995]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ellobius" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="talpinus">Topillo topo septentrional</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8A20430AEE104B01DEFBA4" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8A20430AEE104B01DEFBA4" blockId="36.[2009,2604,1047,1467]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8A20430AEE104B0043FBEB" bold="true" box="[2009,2164,1047,1072]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A204305A4104B0214FBEB" authority="Pallas, 1770" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1770" box="[2195,2595,1047,1072]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Mus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="talpinus">Mus talpinus Pallas, 1770</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FF8A20430AED106701DEFBA4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814437" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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between Kuibyshev (=
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<collectingRegion id="499D12E7FF8A20430419106701A1FB83" box="[2350,2454,1083,1112]" country="Russia" name="Samara" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">Samara</collectingRegion>
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) and Kostytchi, W bank of Volga River,
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FF8A204304BB100201D2FBA4" box="[2444,2533,1118,1151]" name="Russia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">Russia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8A20430AEE10DA0EC9FA38" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8A20430AEE10DA0210FA60" blockId="36.[2009,2604,1047,1467]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A20430AEE10DA008DFB7C" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1770" box="[2009,2234,1158,1191]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ellobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="talpinus">Ellobius talpinus</taxonomicName>
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is in the subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A204304C410DA0039FB15" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ellobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ellobius</taxonomicName>
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. In the past,
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A204305E610E90156FB15" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1770" box="[2257,2401,1205,1230]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ellobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="talpinus">E. talpinus</taxonomicName>
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also included
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A20430AEE10890061FB2D" authorityName="Blasius" authorityYear="1884" box="[2009,2134,1237,1270]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ellobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tancrei">E. tancrei</taxonomicName>
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. Taxonomic distinction between these two species was first retrieved from chromosomal evidence and subsequently confirmed by molecular data. They presumably diverged during Quaternary climatic cycles about one million years ago.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8A20430842119E0EC9FA38" blockId="36.[1396,2604,1474,3121]" box="[1397,1790,1474,1507]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">Four subspecies recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8A2043084211B500F6F92D" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFF8A2043084211B500F6F92D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760447" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760447" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760447/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" startId="36.[1397,1551,1513,1546]" targetBox="[1393,1985,1050,1463]" targetPageId="36">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8A2043084211B50F32F9D1" blockId="36.[1396,2604,1474,3121]" box="[1397,1797,1513,1546]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8A2043084211B50F32F9D1" bold="true" box="[1397,1797,1513,1546]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8A204308431248021FF9EA" blockId="36.[1396,2604,1474,3121]" box="[1396,2600,1556,1585]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A204308431248021FF9EA" authority="Pallas, 1770" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1770" box="[1396,2600,1556,1585]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ellobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="talpinus" subSpecies="talpinus">E.t.talpinusPallas,1770—SEEuropeanRussia,SWSiberia,andpossiblyNKazakhstan.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8A20430842126000DFF95B" blockId="36.[1396,2604,1474,3121]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A20430842126000DFF95B" authority="Eversmann, 1850" authorityName="Eversmann" authorityYear="1850" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ellobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="talpinus" subSpecies="rufescens">E.t.rufescensEversmann,1850—WKazakhstan(betweenlowerUralandEmbarivers,andprobablydesertsWofAralSeaincludingNWUzbekistan).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8A2043084312DA0F0EF914" blockId="36.[1396,2604,1474,3121]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A2043084312DA0F0EF914" authority="Zubko, 1940" authorityName="Zubko" authorityYear="1940" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ellobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="talpinus" subSpecies="tanaiticus">E.t.tanaiticusZubko,1940—UkraineandSEuropeanRussiaasfarEasNWCaspianshoreandthelowerVolgaRiver.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8A20430842128100F6F92D" blockId="36.[1396,2604,1474,3121]" box="[1397,2241,1757,1782]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A2043084212810F2BF92D" authority="Thomas, 1912" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1912" box="[1397,1820,1757,1782]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ellobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="talpinus" subSpecies="transcaspiae">E. t. transcaspiae Thomas, 1912</taxonomicName>
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— Turkmenistan and NE Iran.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8A2043084212A10E6EF638" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8A2043084212A10E6EF638" blockId="36.[1396,2604,1474,3121]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8A2043084212A10E41F8C5" bold="true" box="[1397,1654,1789,1822]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 84-115 mm, tail 8-21 mm; weight 24-56 g. Body of the Northern Mole Vole is cylindrical with large, blunt head, short neck, and heavy chest. Nose pad is large, ears vestigial, and eyes are minute (3-2 mm in diameter). Tail is shorter than hindfoot, densely covered with stiff hairs. Front feet are heavier than hindfeet. Thumb is not reduced to such a degree as in most rodent species. Claws are strong but short. Females have eight nipples: two pairs of abdominal and two pairs of inguinal. Furis velvety, and coloris extremely variable. Belly is normally lighter and grayish. Head is darker than back, frequently black between nose and ears. Lightest individuals have sandy brown back, light gray belly, and brown head. In contrast, blackish brown individuals have black heads or are completely black; they can have rusty blotches on head and rusty front legs. In most populations of Northern Mole Voles, back is either grayish brown, brown, fawn, or rusty brown; belly is gray, occasionally washed buff; and head is dark brown or black. Skull is fossorial, relatively wider than species in subgenus Afganomys; rostrum is shorter; incisive foramina are less reduced; interorbital region is flat and wide; and supratemporal ridges neverfuse into crest. Mandible is powerful, with prominent alveolar process. Incisors are long and markedly fossorial, with white front surfaces. Molars are rooted, with simple pattern of broadly confluent dental fields and without cement in reentrant loops.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8A204308421DB5008EF573" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8A204308421DB5008EF573" blockId="36.[1396,2604,1474,3121]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
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||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8A204308421DB50DD3F5D1" bold="true" box="[1397,1508,2537,2570]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Forest steppe, steppe, and semi-deserts on chernozem (black-colored, humusrich) soil, clay, sand, and even gravelly or stony substrate. Northern Mole Voles are sensitive to freezing of soil during winter in northern borders of the distribution, and deep snow cover can be crucial for winter survival. During dry summers, they migrate from steppic habitats into birch (
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A20430A701EDB0FAAF573" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1902" box="[1863,1949,2695,2728]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Betula</taxonomicName>
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,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A20430A9A1EDB0071F573" box="[1965,2118,2695,2728]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Betulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) stands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8A204308421EF20159F49E" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8A204308421EF20159F49E" blockId="36.[1396,2604,1474,3121]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8A204308421EF20E40F514" bold="true" box="[1397,1655,2734,2767]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Northern Mole Voles consume up to 59-67 g of food/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A2043045F1EF201AAF514" box="[2408,2461,2734,2767]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Diet consists of underground parts (i.e. bulbs ofiris and garlic) and grass roots. Feeding tunnels are 15-20 cm deep in Turkmenistan. Feeding on the ground’s surface becomes more frequent in autumn and during reproduction. Food is not cached.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8A204208411F170C4AFEB1" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="314" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8A204208411F170C4AFEB1" blockId="36.[1396,2604,1474,3121]" lastBlockId="37.[179,1387,290,1426]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="314" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8A204308411F170DCBF4B7" bold="true" box="[1398,1532,2891,2924]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Reproduction starts in late winter and early spring and peaks in February— March. Females have 1-2 litters/year, but some authors have reported 3-4 litters/year. Mean litter sizes are 3-1-4-9 and vary among populations; overall mean for the species is four young (range 1-7). Gestation is 30 days. Newborns weight 3 g and are naked and blind. Eyes open at 21-28 days old, and young start eating solid food at 20-25 days old. Juveniles enter the population in April-May, rarely in March or June; they weight c.40 g at two months old. Females may reproduce during first year but more frequently are sexually mature in their second year. Life expectancy is two years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF268C8DFF8A20430D4C18D30FC5F24E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708401" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6708401" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708401/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" startId="36.[123,153,3215,3240]" targetBox="[12,2745,14,3647]" targetPageId="35">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8A20430D4C18D30FC5F24E" blockId="36.[121,2601,3215,3481]" pageId="36" pageNumber="313">
|
||
On following pages: 79. Eastern Mole Vole (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A20430F6A18D30CE3F2B5" authority="Vole" authorityName="Vole" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ellobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ellobius tancrei); 80. Alai Mole Vole (Ellobius alaicus); 81. Southern Mole Vole (Ellobius fuscocapillus); 82. Transcaucasian Mole Vole (Ellobius lutescens); 83. Yellow Steppe Lemming (Eolagurus luteus); 84. Przewalski's Steppe Lemming (Eolagurus przewalskii); 85. Steppe Vole (Lagurus lagurus), 86. South-western Water Vole (Arvicola sapidus); 87. Eurasian Water Vole (Arvicola amphibius); 88. Montane Water Vole (Arvicola monticola); 89. Italian Water Vole (Arvicola italicus); 90. Sagebrush Vole (Lemmiscus curtatus); 91. European Snow Vole (Chionomys nivalis); 92. Robert's Snow Vole (Chionomys robert); 93. Gudaur Snow Vole (Chionomys gud); 94. Lazistan Snow Vole (Chionomys lasistanius); 95. Sichuan Vole (Volemys millicens); 96. Marie's Vole (Volemys musseri); 97. Duke of Bedford's Vole (Proedromys bedford); 98. Liangshan Vole (Proedromys liangshanensis); 99. Brandt's Vole (Lasiopodomys brandftil); 100. Mandarin Vole (Lasiopodomys mandarinus); 101. Narrow-headed Vole (Lasiopodomys gregalis); 102. Radde’s Vole (Lasiopodomys raddei); 103. Sikkim Mountain Vole (Neodon sikimensis); 104. Linzhi Mountain Vole (Neodon linzhiensis); 105. Clarke's Vole</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A204309D219090D0DF2B5" box="[1253,1338,3413,3438]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Neodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
clarke); 106. Medog Mountain Vole (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A20430BE319090F1EF2B5" box="[1748,1833,3413,3438]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Neodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
medogensis); 107. Nyalam Mountain Vole (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A204304341909016FF2B5" box="[2307,2392,3413,3438]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Neodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
nyalamensis); 108.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A20430D4A19200885F24E" box="[125,178,3452,3477]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Neodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irene">Irene</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mountain Vole (Neodon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A20430CF2192009CCF24E" box="[453,507,3452,3477]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Neodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irene">irene</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 109. Forrest's Mountain Vole (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A20430E6019200B9BF24E" box="[855,940,3452,3477]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Neodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neodon</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A20430E8119200C35F24E" authorityName="Hinton" authorityYear="1923" box="[950,1026,3452,3477]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Neodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="forresti">forresti</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 110. Blyth's Mountain Vole (Neodon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A2043089519200DC9F24E" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1863" box="[1442,1534,3452,3477]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Phaiomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucurus">leucurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 111. Smoky Mountain Vole (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8A20430A7719200FD0F24E" baseAuthorityName="Buchner" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[1856,2023,3452,3477]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Neodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="36" pageNumber="325" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fuscus">Neodon fuscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8B20420D8415290A29FC62" pageId="37" pageNumber="314" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8B20420D8415290A29FC62" blockId="37.[179,1387,290,1426]" pageId="37" pageNumber="314">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8B20420D8415290993FE49" bold="true" box="[179,420,373,402]" pageId="37" pageNumber="314">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Northern Mole Voles are active
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF8B20420E4F15290B9FFE49" box="[888,936,373,402]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="37" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
and night, with peaks in morning and evening. Activity is reduced in winter and during summer droughts, and individuals can undergo lethargic periods. Northern Mole Voles are strictly fossorial. They rarely emerge from burrows and only at night. Digging activity goes on yearround, with peaks in spring and autumn. Speed of digging through soil averages 10-2 cm/minute. Digging is performed by two or more individuals. The first one digs with its incisors, and helpers behind push excavated dirt to the ground’s surface; positions are rotated. Amount of soil excavated annually is estimated at 2-3 m’/family group. Entrances to a burrow system are sealed with elliptically shaped mounds of soil, 13-68 cm long, 10-38 cm wide, and 2-10 cm high. There are 20-35 heaps/ family group, and excavated soil can cover 20-23% of the ground’s surface. Nest chamberis 11 x 11 x 9 cm and 40-65 cm deep in Turkmenistan but deeper (1-4 m) in the north. Old nest chambers are plugged with soil. In hot days and after heavy rains, Northern Mole Voles unplug burrows for ventilation. Tunnels are 5-6 cm in diameter (mean 5-2 cm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8B20420D83179C0A45FBA5" pageId="37" pageNumber="314" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8B20420D83179C0A45FBA5" blockId="37.[179,1387,290,1426]" pageId="37" pageNumber="314">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8B20420D83179C0B5EFC3A" bold="true" box="[180,873,960,993]" pageId="37" pageNumber="314">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Northern Mole Vole is colonial, with family groups spaced 200-300 m apart. Burrow systems are dug out and maintained by a family of up to ten individuals. Only one female is reproductively active in a family. In Turkmenistan, postnatal dispersion is in March—-May. Young move up to 800 m away from natal burrows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8B20420D8210D50A4BFAC7" pageId="37" pageNumber="314" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8B20420D8210D50A4BFAC7" blockId="37.[179,1387,290,1426]" pageId="37" pageNumber="314">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8B20420D8210D50A2FFB7D" bold="true" box="[181,536,1161,1190]" pageId="37" pageNumber="314">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Populations of Northern Mole Voles on western edge of the distribution are declining. Entire population in Ukraine is believed to be 2000-3000 individuals, and it is extirpated on lower parts of the Dnieper River.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF8B20420D821177098AFA49" pageId="37" pageNumber="314" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF8B20420D821177098AFA49" blockId="37.[179,1387,290,1426]" pageId="37" pageNumber="314">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF8B20420D8211770979FA9F" bold="true" box="[181,334,1323,1348]" pageId="37" pageNumber="314">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bogdanov et al. (2015), Evdokimov (2001), Gromov & Erbajeva (1995), Korobchenko & Kondratenko (2009), Marinina (2005b), Popov (1960), Shenbrot & Krasnov (2005), Shlyakhtin et al. (2009), Vorontsov & Yakimenko (1984).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |