162 lines
19 KiB
XML
162 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="B34B094A12BCBA0CE1CABD2B03C7FF6F" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2024.2382404" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13758139" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1726223362900" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Zamani, Alireza, West, Rick C. & Lamar, William W." docDate="2024" docId="03B087B6D52A1164FF76FC51AA9FFDD5" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.58.29-32.1107-1143.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 58 (29 - 32)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2382404" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Squamata" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="1121" masterDocId="FF89FFCED5241177FFD6FFC3AB26FFF0" masterDocTitle="An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness" masterLastPageNumber="1143" masterPageNumber="1107" pageNumber="1121" updateTime="1726577934635" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="3071929D400EE5F24ADD57AC2C957476">
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<mods:title id="CD4D59B10663AB7661F42C6E74E1B55F">An extensive review of mutualistic and similar ecological associations involving tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae), with a new hypothesis on the evolution of their hirsuteness</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="95C675B6DF462F1C0E91667E43C4EF75">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="CDF8C275FA2C11F8BB26DA08E1215BE1">Zamani, Alireza</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3B39A6D57C4FC1BDA197F9405A37A748">Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="7A31E925E482AE43E0F4A10192845969" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B49B53DF9FB0AF1E5931BBA4C461F39D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E3C32CB5753BE0F87818712B4A5B14C6">West, Rick C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7B89E4975B03CD3D4E3935841A4AE1A3">Sooke, British Columbia, Canada;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="31C1B2323E5F44E51AE6D5806094B194" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="EBE7B1B206D4B8C6E6EF4B26B7C27F56">Lamar, William W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="84BE395B02E3C210C8B7B4BB9CEF1868">College of Sciences, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA & Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="655250649CEEAEBD978546B40267ADC0">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="E9EBD703E67451F603E0D2F71D924EC8">
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<mods:date id="6B682254D9F9DF69CBA753722B5FFC6E">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F7C376ACECAEED3C03900AD827EC0614">2024-08-06</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="74D48A289F2DE710DEF3B3F68C9572BA">58</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="18A86ADA0AA06F3461F1B6A3A661E4A4">29 - 32</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="2C0E6F5845177EC1A6571B997D4DD086">1107</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="ECC3AC99C4CA08BA13A0CFFE6F21C3F0">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2024.2382404</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="D7D5F7BA166ADBF523415B12867DBAC6" type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2024.2382404</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="20F2584FC4510652CD634AA810AD4BA9" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B087B6D52A1164FF76FC51AA9FFDD5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13772906" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13772906" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B087B6D52A1164FF76FC51AA9FFDD5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B087B6D52A1164FF76FC51AA9FFDD5" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="1121" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">
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<subSubSection id="C303652BD52A1179FF76FC51A935FC5C" box="[160,531,914,940]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA636A0D52A1179FF76FC51A935FC5C" blockId="14.[160,531,914,940]" box="[160,531,914,940]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">
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<heading id="D0EE81CCD52A1179FF76FC51A935FC5C" bold="true" box="[160,531,914,940]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D52A1179FF76FC51A935FC5C" bold="true" box="[160,531,914,940]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">
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Snakes (
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FEDEFC51AAA3FC5C" authority="Oppel, 1811" box="[264,389,914,940]" class="Squamata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">Squamata</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FE45FC51A92CFC5C" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" box="[403,522,914,940]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Serpentes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Serpentes</taxonomicName>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C303652BD52A1164FF76FC04AA9FFDD5" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="1126" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA636A0D52A1179FF76FC04AF55FB05" blockId="14.[160,1156,967,1685]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">
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Herein, we report three potential cases of mutualistic interactions involving tarantulas sharing their retreats with snakes (
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<tableCitation id="C69B031BD52A1179FDF5FC2AA953FBF2" box="[547,629,1001,1026]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="15.[89,145,438,461]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Table 3. A list of potentially mutualistic associations between theraphosids and non-anurans. [Web sources all accessed 13 May 2024]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF666628D52B1178FF8FFE75AEACFE3D" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" tableUuid="DF666628D52B1178FF8FFE75AEACFE3D">Table 3</tableCitation>
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). The first case was observed in
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<collectingRegion id="49DDF842D52A1179FC36FC2AAFA5FBF2" box="[992,1155,1001,1026]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Guerrero State</collectingRegion>
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of
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<collectingRegion id="49DDF842D52A1179FF17FBCFAA1EFBD5" box="[193,312,1036,1061]" country="Mexico" name="Distrito Federal" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Mexico by</collectingRegion>
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the second author. While turning over large angular rocks lying on the ground in search of theraphosids, one rock was turned to expose the burrow of a large female
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FF21FB92A835FB9A" authority="Schmidt and Klaas, 1993" authorityName="Schmidt and Klaas" authorityYear="1993" box="[247,787,1105,1130]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Brachypelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="boehmei">
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D52A1179FF21FB92AACAFB9A" box="[247,492,1105,1130]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Brachypelma boehmei</emphasis>
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Schmidt and Klaas, 1993
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FCF5FB92A8EAFB9A" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1870" box="[803,972,1105,1130]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Theraphosinae">Theraphosinae</taxonomicName>
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) standing mere centimetres away from a coiled
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<collectingRegion id="49DDF842D52A1179FDD2FBB7A958FB7D" box="[516,638,1140,1165]" country="Mexico" name="Michoacan de Ocampo" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Michoacán</collectingRegion>
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ground snake,
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FCFFFBB7ABF8FB40" authority="(Duges, 1884)" baseAuthorityName="Duges" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" genus="Sonora" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="michoacanensis">
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D52A1179FCFFFBB7AF0FFB7D" box="[809,1065,1140,1165]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Sonora michoacanensis</emphasis>
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(Duges, 1884)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FF3DFB54AA4DFB40" authorityName="Oppell" authorityYear="1811" box="[235,363,1175,1200]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Colubridae</taxonomicName>
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). No predation attempt was made by the tarantula on the snake. While preparing the camera to record this event, the exposed snake, approximately
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<quantity id="4CE19B45D52A1179FBC9FB7AAF43FB22" box="[1055,1125,1209,1234]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
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in length, started to burrow into the soft soil surrounding the spider’s burrow (
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<figureCitation id="13222A25D52A1179FC28FB1FAF41FB05" box="[1022,1127,1244,1269]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="18.[160,225,1289,1312]" captionTargetBox="[163,1152,142,1257]" captionTargetId="figure-47@18.[163,1153,142,1257]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 6. Associations between tarantulas and whip spiders, a harvestman and a snake. A. Sericopelma sp. sharing its retreat with an unidentified whip spider (marked with an arrow), La Chorrera, Panama. B. Megaphobema velvetosoma sharing its retreat with an unidentified whip spider (marked with an arrow), Yasuní National Park, Ecuador. C. Sericopelma sp. and Paraphrynus laevifrons, Santa María de Dota, San José Province, Costa Rica. D. Phormictopus cautus sharing its burrow with an unidentified whip spider, Vinales, Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. E. Sericopelma sp. sharing its retreat with an unidentified harvestman (marked with an arrow), Upala, Alajuela Province, Costa Rica. F. Brachypelma boehmei sharing its retreat with Sonora michoacanensis (marked with an arrow), Guerrero State, Mexico. Photo credits: John G. Phillips (A), Aidan Craner (B), Johnson Jou (C), José Garrido (D), Dan MacNeal (E), and Rick C. West (F)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13758153" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13758153/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Figure 6F</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA636A0D52A1179FF16FB3CAA19FA18" blockId="14.[160,1156,967,1685]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">
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The second and third observations are sourced from iNaturalist. One of them details an unidentified species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FE6BFAE2A9FEFACA" authority="Karsch, 1884" authorityName="Karsch" authorityYear="1884" box="[445,728,1313,1338]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Phoneyusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D52A1179FE6BFAE2A910FACA" box="[445,566,1313,1338]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Phoneyusa</emphasis>
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Karsch, 1884
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</taxonomicName>
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(Eumenophorinae) cohabiting with a ‘small blue snake’ in Banalia,
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<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D52A1179FDCDFA87A89CFAAD" box="[539,954,1348,1373]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
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. The other, from
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<collectingRegion id="49DDF842D52A1179FF76FAA4ABC7FA70" box="[160,225,1383,1408]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Texas</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D52A1179FF26FAA4AA04FA70" box="[240,290,1383,1408]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">USA</collectingCountry>
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, describes
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FE72FAA4A9B9FA70" baseAuthorityName="Chamberlin" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[420,671,1383,1408]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armada">
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D52A1179FE72FAA4A9B9FA70" box="[420,671,1383,1408]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Aphonopelma armada</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FD66FAA4A87CFA70" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1870" box="[688,858,1383,1408]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Theraphosinae">Theraphosinae</taxonomicName>
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) cohabiting with a
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<collectingRegion id="49DDF842D52A1179FB93FAA4AFA5FA70" box="[1093,1155,1383,1408]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Texas</collectingRegion>
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blind snake,
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FEF9FA4AA989FA52" authority="Baird and Girard, 1853" authorityName="Baird and Girard" authorityYear="1853" box="[303,687,1417,1442]" class="Squamata" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Rena" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dulcis">
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D52A1179FEF9FA4AAA8CFA52" box="[303,426,1417,1442]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Rena dulcis</emphasis>
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Baird and Girard, 1853
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FD6AFA4AA8AFFA52" box="[700,905,1417,1442]" class="Squamata" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Leptotyphlopidae</taxonomicName>
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). Further observations and research are needed to better understand the dynamics and frequency of these cohabitations.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA636A0D52A1164FF16FA32AA9FFDD5" blockId="14.[160,1156,967,1685]" lastBlockId="19.[160,1156,142,549]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="1126" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">
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Additionally, we report observations of tarantulas actively removing snakes from the vicinity of their burrows. In
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<date id="FFA71060D52A1179FE3FF9D7A985F9DD" box="[489,675,1556,1581]" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" value="1993-11">November 1993</date>
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, RCW and WWL attempted to document a predation interaction between a large female
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FCD2F9F4AF6EF9A0" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1995" box="[772,1096,1591,1616]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Megaphobema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="velvetosoma">
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D52A1179FCD2F9F4AF6EF9A0" box="[772,1096,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Megaphobema velvetosoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and a Catesby’s snail-eater snake,
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FE22F999A875F983" authority="(Sentzen, 1796)" baseAuthorityName="Sentzen" baseAuthorityYear="1796" box="[500,851,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" genus="Dipsas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catesbyi">
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D52A1179FE22F999A9BDF983" box="[500,667,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Dipsas catesbyi</emphasis>
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(Sentzen, 1796)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D52A1179FCB4F999A8C4F983" authorityName="Oppell" authorityYear="1811" box="[866,994,1626,1651]" class="Squamata" family="Colubridae" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Colubridae</taxonomicName>
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), for a wildlife photographer near the village of Nueve de Octubre on the Río Marañón,
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<collectingRegion id="49DDF842D52A1179FC11F9BFAF34F965" box="[967,1042,1660,1685]" country="Peru" name="Loreto" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Loreto</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F30E7630D52A1179FBCDF9BFAF77F965" box="[1051,1105,1660,1685]" name="Peru" pageId="14" pageNumber="1121">Peru</collectingCountry>
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. The (
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D52B1178F9CAFABAAD5BFA60" box="[1564,1661,1401,1424]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1122">Continued</emphasis>
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) (
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5341167F9CAFAB8AD5BFA62" box="[1564,1661,1403,1426]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1123">Continued</emphasis>
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) snake was released and approached the tarantula, which was lying in wait at the entrance of its ground retreat. The tarantula grabbed the snake with its chelicerae, causing the snake to expel an odorous liquid musk from its anal glands. The tarantula transported the uninjured snake approximately
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<quantity id="4CE19B45D5371164FE29FF4DA965FF57" box="[511,579,142,167]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
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away from the retreat entrance and then released it before returning to its retreat. This behaviour was repeated, with the tarantula again capturing, carrying, and releasing the snake, which appeared unharmed. To determine whether this behaviour was specific to the individual tarantula, a similar predation attempt was conducted with a different adult female
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<taxonomicName id="4C194D23D5371164FCD3FEDAA896FEC2" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1995" box="[773,944,281,306]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Megaphobema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="velvetosoma">
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<emphasis id="B96DEAB2D5371164FCD3FEDAA896FEC2" box="[773,944,281,306]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1126">M. velvetosoma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, located earlier by a guide. The observed behaviour was consistent with the previous event, with the tarantula immediately grasping the snake, carrying it to the edge of the clearing in front of its ground retreat, and releasing it unharmed. We hypothesise that the odorous liquid expelled by the snake may render it unpalatable to these tarantulas, thereby providing a protective mechanism for the snake. Alternatively, the snake may simply not have represented suitable prey and the spider’s behaviour therefore involved mere removal from its burrow.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |