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<mods:title id="B81605B88603BDBB4D8AD6A4A3586394">Description of five new species of frog-biting midges (Diptera, Corethrellidae) from Brazil and examination of new morphological characters with utility for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8AB885A22E79BA5E3DFF825B54D3FB78">Amaral, André P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A5B87630F1D2A6D58BA2FCFF13DFFBF6">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Depto. de Ciências Biológicas, CEP 45650 - 000, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FCC3BB5658CA9C84A2EA2BC825F59678">Mariano, Rodolfo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="213EFF70088F31FE6F98C0A0D0C813C2">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Depto. de Ciências Biológicas, CEP 45650 - 000, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="492A5705F2D678FFCD407EF839BDCE41">Pinho, Luiz Carlos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4249830014A88F07DB5022D39CAB933B">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Depto. de Ecologia e Zoologia, CEP 88040 - 901, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="0396879BFF8E3668FE3AA2C7FAA6EABE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8037880" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209689905" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8037880" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0396879BFF8E3668FE3AA2C7FAA6EABE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0396879BFF8E3668FE3AA2C7FAA6EABE" lastPageId="80" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
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<heading id="D0C881E1FF8E3677FE3AA2C7FBE5ECCA" box="[494,1093,694,721]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D0EFF8E3677FE3AA2C7FBE5ECCA" ID-CoL="8BL67" authority="Borkent, 2008" authorityName="Borkent" authorityYear="2008" box="[494,1093,694,721]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incompta" subGenus="Corethrella">
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF8E3677FE3AA2C7FDD9ECCA" bold="true" box="[494,633,694,721]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Corethrella</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF8E3677FD5EA2C7FCB5ECCA" bold="true" box="[650,789,694,721]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Corethrella</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF8E3677FCF2A2C6FC36ECCA" bold="true" box="[806,918,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">incompta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B7CFF8E3677FC49A2C6FBE5ECCA" author="Borkent A." box="[925,1093,695,721]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 456" refId="ref62471" refString="Borkent A. 2008. The frog-biting midges of the world (Corethrellidae: Diptera). Zootaxa 1804 (1): 1 - 456. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1804.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Borkent, 2008</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="13042A08FF8E3677FD70A2ABFD5BECEF" box="[676,763,730,756]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="79.[189,232,1926,1952]" captionTargetBox="[191,1391,1423,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-338@79.[189,1399,1417,1901]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="Fig. 39. Corethrella incompta Borkent, 2008, female adult. A. Cranial setae, anterior and posterior views, and clypeus in anterior view. B. Thoracic setae, lateral view. C. Hind leg claw and empodium, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8037868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8037868/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="13042A08FF8E3677FCD1A2ABFC2FECEF" box="[773,911,730,756]" captionStart="Appendix 1" captionStartId="104.[184,306,551,580]" captionTargetPageId="104" captionText="Appendix 1 (continued). List of species of Corethrellidae recorded from Brazil. 1 stage only briefly described; 2 stage with description uncertain. Asterisks denote new records reported in this paper. L = larva(e); P = pupa(e). C. = Corethrella throughout." pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Appendix 1</figureCitation>
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<paragraph id="8B80368DFF8E3677FF69A362FE0AED36" blockId="79.[189,426,787,813]" box="[189,426,787,813]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
<heading id="D0C881E1FF8E3677FF69A362FE0AED36" bold="true" box="[189,426,787,813]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF8E3677FF69A362FE0AED36" bold="true" box="[189,426,787,813]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Material examined</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B573CD0FF8E3677FF69A333FB25ED9B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4130497358" collectingDate="2019-08-30" collectingMethod="frog-call trap" collectionCode="CE-MHS" collectorName="A. P. Amaral" country="Brazil" elevation="72" latitude="-16.359167" location="RPPN Veracel" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="-39.1375" municipality="Porto Seguro" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Bahia State">
<collectingCountry id="F328761DFF8E3677FF69A333FE86ED47" box="[189,294,834,860]" name="Brazil" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF8E3677FE81A333FE4EED47" bold="true" box="[341,494,834,860]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
<collectingRegion id="49FBF86FFF8E3677FE81A333FE4EED47" box="[341,494,834,860]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Bahia State</collectingRegion>
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<specimenCount id="9D39FD04FF8E3677FDCCA333FDECED46" box="[536,588,834,861]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
, adult;
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,
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,
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;
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,
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;
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<quantity id="4CC79B68FF8E3677FEB7A317FE3EED9B" box="[355,414,870,896]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.2" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" unit="m" value="72.0">72 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
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;
<date id="FF81104DFF8E3677FE38A317FD2EED9B" box="[492,654,870,896]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" value="2019-08-30">
<collectingDate id="EFC5E9A5FF8E3677FE38A317FD2EED9B" box="[492,654,870,896]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" value="2019-08-30">30 Aug. 2019</collectingDate>
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;
<collectorName id="26CA535BFF8E3677FD4CA317FC87ED64" box="[664,807,869,896]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">A.P. Amaral</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectingMethod id="527E4E9AFF8E3677FCBDA314FBA6ED9B" box="[873,1030,869,896]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">frog-call trap</collectingMethod>
;
<collectionCode id="ED2EAE48FF8E3677FBC6A317FB25ED9B" box="[1042,1157,870,896]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">CE-MHS</collectionCode>
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.
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<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF8E3677FF69A3EEFEEEEDA2" bold="true" box="[189,334,927,953]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Description</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B80368DFF8E3677FF3EA3BFFE46EDF3" blockId="79.[189,1399,974,1141]" box="[234,486,974,1000]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF8E3677FF3EA3BFFE2EEDF3" bold="true" box="[234,398,974,1000]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Female adult</emphasis>
(n = 1)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80368DFF8E3677FF69A380FD54EA6E" blockId="79.[189,1399,974,1141]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
HEAD.
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF8E3677FEC7A380FED3EA10" bold="true" box="[275,371,1009,1035]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Sensilla</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13042A08FF8E3677FE5CA380FE5BEA10" box="[392,507,1009,1035]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="79.[189,232,1926,1952]" captionTargetBox="[191,1391,1423,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-338@79.[189,1399,1417,1901]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="Fig. 39. Corethrella incompta Borkent, 2008, female adult. A. Cranial setae, anterior and posterior views, and clypeus in anterior view. B. Thoracic setae, lateral view. C. Hind leg claw and empodium, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8037868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8037868/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Fig. 39A</figureCitation>
): Ocular row with 1 thick offset seta at ventral part, 19 setae extending posteriorly. Subocular row not well-defined; vertex and interocular space with many slender setae. Postgenal row with 13 slender setae ranging from posterior end of ocular row to ventromedially. With 2 thick ventromedial setae (see discussion below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80368DFF8E3668FF69A4E4FDF6EF96" blockId="79.[189,1399,1172,1375]" lastBlockId="80.[188,1399,265,397]" lastPageId="80" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
THORAX.
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF8E3677FEFAA4E5FE2EEAB5" bold="true" box="[302,398,1172,1198]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Sensilla</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13042A08FF8E3677FE74A4E5FDAEEAB4" box="[416,526,1172,1199]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="79.[189,232,1926,1952]" captionTargetBox="[191,1391,1423,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-338@79.[189,1399,1417,1901]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="Fig. 39. Corethrella incompta Borkent, 2008, female adult. A. Cranial setae, anterior and posterior views, and clypeus in anterior view. B. Thoracic setae, lateral view. C. Hind leg claw and empodium, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8037868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8037868/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Fig. 39B</figureCitation>
): Antepronotum with 3 thick and 6 slender setae on ventrolateral margin. Postpronotum with 1 thick dorsal seta and 4 slender, more ventral ones. Scutum, prescutal area with 3 thick setae vertically arranged near prescutal suture, 1 thick seta more anteriorly; about 6 thick/ intermediate setae anteriorly, reaching anterior portion of dorsocentral row; 6 slender setae scattered on ventral portion. Antealar area with 8 thick/intermediate setae loosely aligned dorsoventrally on anterior portion and 8 thick/intermediate setae more posteriorly, forming a U-shape; additionally, a group of 18 slender setae on dorsal portion. Supraalar area with 6 thick setae anteroposteriorly aligned, 11 slender setae surrounding. Dorsocentral row, posterior part with group of 5 thick offset setae; about 34 thick/ intermediate and 25 slender completing row. Scutellum with 10 thick setae. Posterior anepisternum bare. Anepimeron with 10 slender setae.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B80368DFF8E3677FF69A7F7FEEEE9FD" blockId="79.[189,1398,1926,2022]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF8E3677FF69A7F7FEBEE9BB" bold="true" box="[189,286,1926,1952]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Fig. 39.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D0EFF8E3677FEFCA7F7FD43E9BB" authority="Borkent, 2008" authorityName="Borkent" authorityYear="2008" box="[296,739,1926,1952]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incompta">
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF8E3677FEFCA7F7FD88E9BB" box="[296,552,1926,1952]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Corethrella incompta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B7CFF8E3677FDE7A7F7FD43E9BB" author="Borkent A." box="[563,739,1926,1952]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 456" refId="ref62471" refString="Borkent A. 2008. The frog-biting midges of the world (Corethrellidae: Diptera). Zootaxa 1804 (1): 1 - 456. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1804.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Borkent, 2008</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, female adult.
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF8E3677FC4FA7F7FC10E9BB" bold="true" box="[923,944,1926,1952]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">A</emphasis>
. Cranial setae, anterior and posterior views, and clypeus in anterior view.
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF8E3677FDA7A7D8FD25E9D8" bold="true" box="[627,645,1961,1987]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">B</emphasis>
. Thoracic setae, lateral view.
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF8E3677FC3FA7D8FC5FE9D8" bold="true" box="[1003,1023,1961,1987]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">C</emphasis>
. Hind leg claw and empodium, lateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B80368DFF913668FF69A1DCFDE1EFDC" blockId="80.[189,577,428,461]" box="[189,577,428,461]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
WING. R
<subScript id="17BB34C8FF913668FEF1A1CEFE8EEFD6" attach="left" box="[293,302,447,461]" fontSize="6" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">3</subScript>
/R
<subScript id="17BB34C8FF913668FE9DA1CEFEF2EFD6" attach="left" box="[329,338,447,461]" fontSize="6" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">1</subScript>
: 0.55; R
<subScript id="17BB34C8FF913668FE63A1CEFE72EFD6" attach="left" box="[439,466,447,461]" fontSize="6" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">2+3</subScript>
/R
<subScript id="17BB34C8FF913668FE3AA1CEFE57EFD6" attach="left" box="[494,503,447,461]" fontSize="6" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">2</subScript>
: 0.55.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80368DFF913668FF69A197FA88EC1B" blockId="80.[189,1320,486,512]" box="[189,1320,486,512]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
LEGS. Empodium (
<figureCitation id="13042A08FF913668FE4DA197FDA2EC1B" box="[409,514,486,512]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="79.[189,232,1926,1952]" captionTargetBox="[191,1391,1423,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-338@79.[189,1399,1417,1901]" captionTargetPageId="79" captionText="Fig. 39. Corethrella incompta Borkent, 2008, female adult. A. Cranial setae, anterior and posterior views, and clypeus in anterior view. B. Thoracic setae, lateral view. C. Hind leg claw and empodium, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8037868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8037868/files/figure.png" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Fig. 39C</figureCitation>
) elongate and thick, with 12 branches. Ta1/Ta2: 3.07; Ta3/Ta4: 1.11.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3256506FF913668FF69A251FAA0ED17" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B80368DFF913668FF69A251FE4FEC21" blockId="80.[189,495,544,570]" box="[189,495,544,570]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<heading id="D0C881E1FF913668FF69A251FE4FEC21" bold="true" box="[189,495,544,570]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF913668FF69A251FE4FEC21" bold="true" box="[189,495,544,570]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Distribution and biology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80368DFF913668FF69A23EFAD0ECB4" blockId="80.[188,1399,591,688]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D0EFF913668FF69A23EFE19EC72" authorityName="Borkent" authorityYear="2008" box="[189,441,591,617]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incompta">
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF913668FF69A23EFE19EC72" box="[189,441,591,617]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Corethrella incompta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is newly recorded both from the state of
<collectingRegion id="49FBF86FFF913668FC70A23EFC48EC72" box="[932,1000,591,617]" country="Cayman Islands" name="West Bay" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Bahia</collectingRegion>
and from the Brazilian Northeast region.A single individual was collected via frog-call pan trap at an area of white-sandy tropical savanna patch inside a fragment of lowland Atlantic forest (mussununga ecosystem), at RPPN Estação Veracel.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80368DFF913668FF69A2A1FAA0ED17" blockId="80.[189,1399,719,781]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
It is otherwise known from
<collectingCountry id="F328761DFF913668FDD3A2BEFDC4ECF2" box="[519,612,719,745]" name="Mexico" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Mexico</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F328761DFF913668FDA4A2BEFC90ECF2" box="[624,816,719,745]" name="Cayman Islands" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Cayman Islands</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F328761DFF913668FCE9A2BEFC61ECF2" box="[829,961,719,745]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F328761DFF913668FC1AA2BEFB92ECF2" box="[974,1074,719,745]" name="Ecuador" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
, French Guiana, and
<collectingCountry id="F328761DFF913668FAFBA2BEFAD7ECF2" box="[1327,1399,719,745]" name="Brazil" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(state of Pará, Amazonian region), at altitudes ranging from
<quantity id="4CC79B68FF913668FC54A283FC5FED16" box="[896,1023,754,781]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.345" metricValueMax="2.69" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" unit="m" value="134.5" valueMax="269.0" valueMin="0.0">0 to 269 m</quantity>
a.s.l. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B7CFF913668FB98A283FB53ED17" author="Borkent A." box="[1100,1267,754,780]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 456" refId="ref62471" refString="Borkent A. 2008. The frog-biting midges of the world (Corethrellidae: Diptera). Zootaxa 1804 (1): 1 - 456. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1804.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Borkent 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3256506FF913668FF69A35DFAA6EABE" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B80368DFF913668FF69A35DFE8FED5D" blockId="80.[189,303,812,838]" box="[189,303,812,838]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
<heading id="D0C881E1FF913668FF69A35DFE8FED5D" bold="true" box="[189,303,812,838]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF913668FF69A35DFE8FED5D" bold="true" box="[189,303,812,838]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80368DFF913668FF69A32AFC90EA53" blockId="80.[189,1399,859,1096]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
The studied female individual matched the original description of
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D0EFF913668FC12A32AFB61ED6F" authorityName="Borkent" authorityYear="2008" box="[966,1217,859,885]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incompta">
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF913668FC12A32AFB61ED6F" box="[966,1217,859,885]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Corethrella incompta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fairly well, but seems to differ in relation to the empodia.
<bibRefCitation id="EFAE4B7CFF913668FD16A30FFCD8ED83" author="Borkent A." box="[706,888,894,920]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 456" refId="ref62471" refString="Borkent A. 2008. The frog-biting midges of the world (Corethrellidae: Diptera). Zootaxa 1804 (1): 1 - 456. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1804.1.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Borkent (2008)</bibRefCitation>
did not describes the empodium in detail, defining it only as slender. There is, however, a general correspondence between what he considered to be slender, of intermediate thickness or thick with the classification here used. The large and highly branched empodium of the specimen examined is in accordance with other species in the
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D0EFF913668FB09A396FA83EA1A" authorityName="Stone" authorityYear="1968" box="[1245,1315,999,1025]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wirthi">
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF913668FB09A396FA83EA1A" box="[1245,1315,999,1025]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">wirthi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. Since this is the only major difference found from the original description, the individual is conidered as
<taxonomicName id="4C3F4D0EFF913668FF69A45FFE18EA53" authorityName="Borkent" authorityYear="2008" box="[189,440,1070,1096]" class="Insecta" family="Corethrellidae" genus="Corethrella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incompta">
<emphasis id="B94BEA9FFF913668FF69A45FFE18EA53" box="[189,440,1070,1096]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Corethrella incompta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the empodium redescribed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B80368DFF913668FF69A419FAA6EABE" blockId="80.[189,1399,1128,1189]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">The number of ventromedial setae on the head is difficult to interpret. The postgenal row appears to be continuous with the ventromedial setae, making it difficult to discriminate one from the other.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>