treatments-xml/data/03/84/9A/03849A7CFFB8FFA1A7889246FBCDFEDB.xml

<document id="9D3E3D806F3F05AC97AAB76B80EFDF23" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.357.4.3" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13705725" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1725585743559" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Etayo, Javier, Flakus, Adam &amp; Kukwa, Martin" docDate="2018" docId="03849A7CFFB8FFA1A7889246FBCDFEDB" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.357.4.3.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 357 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.357.4.3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.13:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="13" docTitle="Plectocarpon dimorphosporum Etayo, Flakus &amp; Kukwa 2018, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="278" masterDocId="FFBDE204FFB9FFA2A7009012FFF7FFB7" masterDocTitle="Three new lichenicolous species of the genus Plectocarpon (Ascomycota: Lecanographaceae) discovered in the Bolivian Andes" masterLastPageNumber="283" masterPageNumber="275" pageNumber="276" updateTime="1725597776967" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="2DF2F278F4D5D256FFE55F46DFFB498D">Three new lichenicolous species of the genus Plectocarpon (Ascomycota: Lecanographaceae) discovered in the Bolivian Andes</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="800A7C23586BC40CEC4485DB5BE48699">Etayo, Javier</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="8406CBBFD1B63401449320860C53045B">Navarro Villoslada 16, 3 º dcha., E- 31003 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="806B60A177B7AC490A0F266A3C72A989">Flakus, Adam</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="EE7057C71BCB2C597F4CE340C5F1DA32">Laboratory of Lichenology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CB8125662862F3D397BA9793235A1692">Kukwa, Martin</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="151D8DCEEA88C8A4FD11161CAAFAB0AF">Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, PL- 80 - 309 Gdańsk, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="8B922B6AFFB8FFA3A7889246FB86FDD8" blockId="1.[136,1137,596,623]" box="[136,1137,596,623]" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A7889246FCF3FDD8" authority="Etayo, Flakus &amp; Kukwa" authorityName="Etayo, Flakus &amp; Kukwa" authorityYear="2018" box="[136,772,596,623]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Plectocarpon" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="dimorphosporum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A7889246FE19FDD8" bold="true" box="[136,494,596,623]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Plectocarpon dimorphosporum</emphasis>
Etayo, Flakus &amp; Kukwa
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A40B9244FC97FDD8" box="[779,864,598,623]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26A4A03FFB8FFA3A40B9244FC97FDD8" box="[779,864,598,623]" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
MycoBank MB 824895
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C33778E1FFB8FFA0A78892B2FAFDF792" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="277" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B922B6AFFB8FFA3A78892B2FD83FD6E" blockId="1.[136,1452,672,801]" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A78892B2FF06FD02" box="[136,241,672,693]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
Differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A67B92B2FD97FD02" box="[379,608,672,693]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Plectocarpon" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="triebeliae">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A67B92B2FD97FD02" box="[379,608,672,693]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Plectocarpon triebeliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having 
<specimenCount id="9D2BE0E3FFB8FFA3A5CB92B2FCDDFD02" box="[715,810,672,693]" count="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
of mature ascospores (1- and 3-septate), smaller ascomata, and a different host selection (
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A6A792D6FD90FD6E" box="[423,615,708,729]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Ricasolia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="patinifera">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A6A792D6FD90FD6E" box="[423,615,708,729]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Ricasolia patinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B922B6AFFB8FFA3A78892FAFAECFC96" blockId="1.[136,1452,672,801]" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">
Type:— 
<collectingCountry id="F33A6BFAFFB8FFA3A7D792FAFECAFD4A" box="[215,317,744,765]" name="Bolivia" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">BOLIVIA</collectingCountry>
. 
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. 
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<collectingRegion id="49E9E588FFB8FFA3A68092FAFE4AFD4B" box="[384,445,744,765]" country="Bolivia" name="Tarija" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">TARIJA</collectingRegion>
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: 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A6CA92FAFD7EFD4A" bold="true" box="[458,649,744,765]" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Prov. Aniceto Arce</emphasis>
, Papachacra, 
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, 
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, 
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, Tucumano-Boliviano altimontano forest, on corticolous 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A68F931EFDB9FC96" box="[399,590,780,801]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Ricasolia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="patinifera">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A68F931EFDB9FC96" box="[399,590,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Ricasolia patinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FF930DAAFFB8FFA3A55A931EFD25FC96" box="[602,722,780,801]" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" value="2012-08-08">8 Aug. 2012</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A5DC931EFC88FC96" box="[732,895,780,801]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">M. Kukwa 11075</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="549695C8FFB8FFA3A48B931EFC16FC96" box="[907,993,780,801]" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
UGDA!, 
<typeStatus id="549695C8FFB8FFA3A340931EFB72FC96" box="[1088,1157,780,801]" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" type="isotype">isotype</typeStatus>
LPB!). (
<figureCitation id="131637EFFFB8FFA3A3DB931EFAE4FC96" box="[1243,1299,780,801]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,229,1667,1688]" captionTargetBox="[279,1307,352,1638]" captionTargetId="figure-94@2.[279,1308,350,1638]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Plectocarpon dimorphosporum (holotype).A, habit of the fungus:A–B, young ascomata with remnants of the cortex forming a star-like pattern; C–D, mature obscurely lirellate ascomata; E–F, cross section through part of stroma; G, mature asci showing amyloid zone above ocular chamber, seen as two dark blue lines (mounted in K/I); H, young asci; I, 1-septate ascospores with the upper cell slightly shorter and broader, and a thick gelatinous coat (two overmature spores on the right have a dark brown granular perispore); J, 3-septate ascospores with a thick gelatinous coat (first ascospore on the right overmature, with a dark brown granular perispore). Scales: A=250 μm, B–D=500 μm, E=100 μm, F=50 μm, G–J=10 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13705727" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13705727/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B922B6AFFB8FFA3A7889340FB66FA30" blockId="1.[136,1455,850,2063]" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A7889340FF01FCDC" box="[136,246,850,875]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Ascomata</emphasis>
stromatic, developing on the upper surface of the host thallus, single, rounded to elliptical, first flattened and immersed in the host thallus, emarginate and covered by the cortex of the host that becomes brownish and fissured, later convex, bursting through the host cortex (with remnants of the cortex on the ascomatal surface forming a star-like pattern) and forming small, basally unconstricted galls, with a residual pseudo-margin consisting of the host thallus, when mature breaking completely the cortex and fully exposed, (0.3–)0.5–1.5(–3.0) mm in diam.; surface rough, obscurely lirellate. 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A65E9414FE59FBA8" box="[350,430,1030,1055]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Stroma</emphasis>
multilocular, 150–350 μm thick; sterile stromatic tissue pigmented, dark brown to black (in part carbonized) in upper parts with granular pigment on the surface and in the hyphal walls (often covered by cortex fragments of the host), K+ olive-black, N+ red-brown, and orange to brown pigment below the loculi, K– (or slightly reddish brown), N+ orange-brown; loculi rounded in section, generally 80–100(–150) μm wide. 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A3D09460FABEFB3C" box="[1232,1353,1138,1163]" genus="Hymenium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Fungi" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A3D09460FABEFB3C" box="[1232,1353,1138,1163]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Hymenium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hyaline, I+ blue, changing quickly to red, K/I+ blue, up to 80 μm high. 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A43C9484FC21FB18" box="[828,982,1174,1199]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Epihymenium</emphasis>
brown. 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A3309484FB44FB18" box="[1072,1203,1174,1199]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Paraphyses</emphasis>
branched, septate, not distinctly swollen at the apices, 2–3 μm thick, in upper parts brown. 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A48E94A8FC49FB64" box="[910,958,1210,1235]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Asci</emphasis>
narrowly clavate, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A39094A8FAE7FB64" box="[1168,1296,1210,1235]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Caliciaceae" genus="Opegrapha" kingdom="Fungi" order="Caliciales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A39094A8FAE7FB64" box="[1168,1296,1210,1235]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Opegrapha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<typeStatus id="549695C8FFB8FFA3A21794A8FABCFB64" box="[1303,1355,1210,1235]" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">type</typeStatus>
, with an apical K/I+ blue ring, 65–80 × 15–19 μm, 4–6-spored (frequently 3- and 1-septate ascospores mixed together in the same ascus). 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A61A9510FE6FFAAC" box="[282,408,1282,1307]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Ascospores</emphasis>
hyaline, oblong, either (2–)3-septate, 16–28(–32) × 5–7 μm (n=35) and 1-septate, 10–19(–21) × 4–6 μm (n=36), sometimes slightly constricted at the septa, with a thick gelatinous coat up to 2 μm thick; 1-septate ascospores with upper cell slightly shorter and broader than the lower one; mature ascospores of both 
<typeStatus id="549695C8FFB8FFA3A2169558FAA6FAD4" box="[1302,1361,1354,1379]" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">types</typeStatus>
(1- and 3-septate) developing a pale to dark brown, thick granular perispore. 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A48E957CFC05FA30" box="[910,1010,1390,1415]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Pycnidia</emphasis>
not observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B922B6AFFB8FFA3A7BD9580FD81FA44" blockId="1.[136,1455,850,2063]" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A7BD9580FDA8FA1C" box="[189,607,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">
Host: 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A6019580FDA8FA1C" authorityName="Etayo, Flakus &amp; Kukwa" authorityYear="2018" box="[257,607,1426,1451]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Plectocarpon" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="dimorphosporum">Plectocarpon dimorphosporum</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
inhabits the thalli of corticolous 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A4CA9580FB5FFA1C" box="[970,1192,1426,1451]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Ricasolia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="patinifera">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A4CA9580FB5FFA1C" box="[970,1192,1426,1451]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Ricasolia patinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The species obviously does not damage the host (not developing a necrosis), so we can assume it as a biotrophic mycoparasite probably obtaining nutrients from living host hyphae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B922B6AFFB8FFA3A7BD95ECFBB7F9E8" blockId="1.[136,1455,850,2063]" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A7BD95ECFE25F9A0" box="[189,466,1534,1559]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Distribution and habitat</emphasis>
: So far the new species is known from two localities in the Bolivian Andes, where it grows in montane Tucumano-Boliviano forests. Although the host has been commonly collected in 
<collectingCountry id="F33A6BFAFFB8FFA3A3E89630FACDF98C" box="[1256,1338,1570,1595]" name="Bolivia" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
and other South American countries (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC569BFFB8FFA3A6F29654FD35F9E8" author="Kukwa, M. &amp; Sipman, H. J. M. &amp; Etayo, J. &amp; Bach, K. &amp; Guzow-Krzeminska, B. &amp; Jablonska, A. &amp; Olszewska, S. &amp; Rodriguez Flakus, P. &amp; Flakus, A." box="[498,706,1606,1631]" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" pagination="321 - 345" refId="ref6662" refString="Kukwa, M., Sipman, H. J. M., Etayo, J., Bach, K., Guzow-Krzeminska, B., Jablonska, A., Olszewska, S., Rodriguez Flakus, P. &amp; Flakus, A. (2014) The lichen order Peltigerales in Bolivia - the first assessment of the biodiversity. Herzogia 27: 321 - 345. https: // doi. org / 10.13158 / heia. 27.2.2014.321" type="journal article" year="2014">
Kukwa 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A54A9654FD75F9E8" box="[586,642,1606,1631]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
) the new fungus seems to be rare.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B922B6AFFB8FFA0A7BD9678FD87FEFE" blockId="1.[136,1455,850,2063]" lastBlockId="2.[136,1452,160,329]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="277" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A7BD9678FEF1F934" box="[189,262,1642,1667]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Notes:</emphasis>
The new species is most similar in habit, stromatic pigments (Atra-brown) and ascospores size to 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A2979678FE36F910" authority="Diederich &amp; Ertz" authorityName="Diederich &amp; Ertz" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Plectocarpon" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="triebeliae">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A2979678FF04F910" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">P. triebeliae</emphasis>
Diederich &amp; Ertz
</taxonomicName>
(in Ertz 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A528969CFD95F910" box="[552,610,1678,1703]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">et al.</emphasis>
2005: 109), so far an extratropical 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A4F9969CFB67F910" authorityName="Fee" authorityYear="1825" box="[1017,1168,1678,1703]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Plectocarpon" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A4F9969CFB67F910" box="[1017,1168,1678,1703]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Plectocarpon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabiting a related host (
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A79196A0FE8BF97C" box="[145,380,1714,1739]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Ricasolia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="quercizans">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A79196A0FE8BF97C" box="[145,380,1714,1739]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Ricasolia quercizans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and known only from the 
<typeStatus id="549695C8FFB8FFA3A5BC96A0FD1BF97C" box="[700,748,1714,1739]" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">type</typeStatus>
locality in North America. The ascomata of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A3F096A0FA8EF97C" box="[1264,1401,1714,1739]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Plectocarpon" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="triebeliae">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A3F096A0FA8EF97C" box="[1264,1401,1714,1739]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">P. triebeliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are, however, much larger [up to 3(–5) mm diam.], meanwhile in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A44796C4FBD2F958" authorityName="Etayo, Flakus &amp; Kukwa" authorityYear="2018" box="[839,1061,1750,1775]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Plectocarpon" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="dimorphosporum">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A44796C4FBD2F958" box="[839,1061,1750,1775]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">P. dimorphosporum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ascomata are smaller [up to 1.5(– 3.0) mm in diam.]. Ascospores of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A51596E8FD69F8A4" box="[533,670,1786,1811]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Plectocarpon" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="triebeliae">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A51596E8FD69F8A4" box="[533,670,1786,1811]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">P. triebeliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are consistently 3-septate, whereas in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A35E96E8FACAF8A4" authorityName="Etayo, Flakus &amp; Kukwa" authorityYear="2018" box="[1118,1341,1786,1811]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Plectocarpon" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="dimorphosporum">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A35E96E8FACAF8A4" box="[1118,1341,1786,1811]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">P. dimorphosporum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
3-septate ascospores are produced together (often in the same ascus) with a large number of 1-septate ascospores. Both 
<typeStatus id="549695C8FFB8FFA3A252970CFA7AF880" box="[1362,1421,1822,1847]" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">types</typeStatus>
of ascospores (1- and 3-septate) produced by 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A56C9750FCBEF8EC" authorityName="Etayo, Flakus &amp; Kukwa" authorityYear="2018" box="[620,841,1858,1883]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Plectocarpon" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="dimorphosporum">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A56C9750FCBEF8EC" box="[620,841,1858,1883]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">P. dimorphosporum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seem to be fully mature, and the 1-septate ascospores also becoming brown and strongly verruculose when mature. Although there are several examples of fungi producing dimorphic ascospores within the same ascoma [e.g., 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A5C89798FA50F814" authority="(Fuckel) Petch ex F. T. Brooks &amp; Mathieson" authorityName="F. T. Brooks &amp; Mathieson" baseAuthorityName="Fuckel" box="[712,1447,1930,1955]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Hypocreaceae" genus="Chromocrea" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="spinulosa">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A5C89798FC34F814" box="[712,963,1930,1955]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Chromocrea spinulosa</emphasis>
(Fuckel) Petch 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A3709798FB7EF814" box="[1136,1161,1930,1955]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">ex</emphasis>
F.T. Brooks &amp; Mathieson
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A78897BCFC4CF870" authority="K. D. Hyde, S. W. Wong &amp; E. B. G. Jones" authorityName="K. D. Hyde, S. W. Wong &amp; E. B. G. Jones" box="[136,955,1966,1991]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Melanommataceae" genus="Mamillisphaeria" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pleosporales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="dimorphospora">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A78897BCFE00F870" box="[136,503,1966,1991]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Mamillisphaeria dimorphospora</emphasis>
K.D. Hyde, S.W. Wong &amp; E.B.G. Jones
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A4C697BCFED8F85C" authority="(Linds.) Alstrup &amp; D. Hawksw." authorityName="Alstrup &amp; D. Hawksw." baseAuthorityName="Linds." class="Arthoniomycetes" family="Opegraphaceae" genus="Weddellomyces" kingdom="Fungi" order="Arthoniales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="tartaricola">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A4C697BCFB06F870" box="[966,1265,1966,1991]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Weddellomyces tartaricola</emphasis>
(Linds.) Alstrup &amp; D. Hawksw.
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBC569BFFB8FFA3A63D97C0FD9BF85C" author="Brooks, F. T. &amp; Mathieson, J." box="[317,620,2002,2027]" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" pagination="350 - 351" refId="ref5583" refString="Brooks, F. T. &amp; Mathieson, J. (1950) A note on Chromocrea spinulosa (Fuckel) Petch n. comb. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 33: 350 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0007 - 1536 (50) 80087 - 6" type="journal article" year="1950">Brooks &amp; Mathieson 1950</bibRefCitation>
; Alstrup &amp; Haksworth 1990; Hyde 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A4FC97C0FBC3F85C" box="[1020,1076,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">et al.</emphasis>
1996)], the phenomenon was not observed before in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFB8FFA3A6DE97E4FCBDF7B8" authority="(Ertz et al. 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Ertz" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[478,842,2038,2063]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Plectocarpon" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="1" pageNumber="276" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A6DE97E4FD82F7B8" box="[478,629,2038,2063]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">Plectocarpon</emphasis>
(Ertz 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFB8FFA3A5C197E4FD0CF7B8" box="[705,763,2038,2063]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="276">et al.</emphasis>
2005)
</taxonomicName>
. One of the most spectacular examples of dimorphic ascospores among lichenicolous fungi has been reported from 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFBBFFA0A45690B2FA9AFF0E" authority="Etayo (2010: 111)" authorityName="Etayo" authorityPageNumber="111" authorityYear="2010" box="[854,1389,160,185]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Bionectriaceae" genus="Ovicuculispora" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="2" pageNumber="277" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="macrospora">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFBBFFA0A45690B2FB65FF0E" box="[854,1170,160,185]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">Ovicuculispora macrospora</emphasis>
Etayo (2010: 111)
</taxonomicName>
. This peculiar species is characterized by production in the same ascus of a single macrospore (of size 67–105 × 32–40 μm) together with 2–3 microspores (10–13.5 × 4.5–5 μm). The possession of dimorphic ascospores can possibly increase the dispersal ability of species as mentioned by Hyde 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFBBFFA0A5E0911EFCEFFE92" box="[736,792,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">et al.</emphasis>
(1996), however, in case of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFBBFFA0A355911EFAC6FE92" authorityName="Etayo, Flakus &amp; Kukwa" authorityYear="2018" box="[1109,1329,268,293]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Plectocarpon" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="2" pageNumber="277" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="dimorphosporum">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFBBFFA0A355911EFAC6FE92" box="[1109,1329,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">P. dimorphosporum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there is no evidence supporting such hypothesis so far.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF527BE2FFBBFFA0A7889691FD9CF8FB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13705727" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13705727" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13705727/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="277" startId="2.[136,229,1667,1688]" targetBox="[279,1307,352,1638]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B922B6AFFBBFFA0A7889691FD9CF8FB" blockId="2.[136,1452,1667,1868]" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFBBFFA0A7889691FF0AF92F" bold="true" box="[136,253,1667,1688]" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFBBFFA0A6029691FDD9F92F" authorityName="Etayo, Flakus &amp; Kukwa" authorityYear="2018" box="[258,558,1667,1688]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Plectocarpon" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="2" pageNumber="277" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="dimorphosporum">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFBBFFA0A6029691FDD9F92F" box="[258,558,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">Plectocarpon dimorphosporum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(holotype). A, habit of the fungus: A–B, young ascomata with remnants of the cortex forming a star-like pattern; C–D, mature obscurely lirellate ascomata; E–F, cross section through part of stroma; G, mature asci showing amyloid zone above ocular chamber, seen as two dark blue lines (mounted in K/I); H, young asci; I, 1-septate ascospores with the upper cell slightly shorter and broader, and a thick gelatinous coat (two overmature spores on the right have a dark brown granular perispore); J, 3-septate ascospores with a thick gelatinous coat (first ascospore on the right overmature, with a dark brown granular perispore). Scales: A=250 μm, B–D=500 μm, E=100 μm, F=50 μm, G–J=10 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B922B6AFFBBFFA0A7BD976EFAFDF792" blockId="2.[136,1452,1916,2085]" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFBBFFA0A7BD976EFDEAF822" authorityName="Etayo, Flakus &amp; Kukwa" authorityYear="2018" box="[189,541,1916,1941]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Plectocarpon" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="2" pageNumber="277" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="dimorphosporum">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFBBFFA0A7BD976EFDEAF822" box="[189,541,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">Plectocarpon dimorphosporum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should also be compared with 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFBBFFA0A47D976EFA79F822" authority="Ertz, R. Sant., Diederich &amp; Wedin" authorityName="Ertz, R. Sant., Diederich &amp; Wedin" box="[893,1422,1916,1941]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Plectocarpon" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="2" pageNumber="277" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="violaceum">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFBBFFA0A47D976EFBFBF822" box="[893,1036,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">P. violaceum</emphasis>
Ertz, R.Sant., Diederich &amp; Wedin
</taxonomicName>
in Ertz 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFBBFFA0A7BD97B2FF03F80E" box="[189,244,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">et al.</emphasis>
(2005: 116) known from 
<collectingCountry id="F33A6BFAFFBBFFA0A50E97B2FD8AF80E" box="[526,637,1952,1977]" name="Argentina" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">Argentina</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F33A6BFAFFBBFFA0A5B297B2FD06F80E" box="[690,753,1952,1977]" name="Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">Chile</collectingCountry>
, as this species shows a very similar development of ascomata. It can be distinguished by larger stroma (up to 
<quantity id="4CD5868FFFBBFFA0A59E97D6FD17F86A" box="[670,736,1988,2013]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="277" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
in diam.) with very particular pigments reacting K+ greyish to bluish green, and K+ violet blue to turquoise, and consistently 3-septate ascospores, which are always constricted at the septa. Additionally the species parasitizes the non-related 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFBBFFA0A43A981EFAF1F792" authority="(Ertz et al. 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Ertz" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[826,1286,2060,2085]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Nephromataceae" genus="Nephroma" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="2" pageNumber="277" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="antarcticum">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFBBFFA0A43A981EFBCBF792" box="[826,1084,2060,2085]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">Nephroma antarcticum</emphasis>
(Ertz 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFBBFFA0A382981EFB4DF792" box="[1154,1210,2060,2085]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="277">et al.</emphasis>
2005)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33778E1FFBAFFA1A7BD908FFD08FEB7" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B922B6AFFBAFFA1A7BD908FFD08FEB7" blockId="3.[136,1452,157,364]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFBAFFA1A7BD908FFDD4FF0F" bold="true" box="[189,547,157,184]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">
<collectingCounty id="62F353E6FFBAFFA1A7BD908FFEC1FF0F" box="[189,310,157,184]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Additional</collectingCounty>
specimen examined
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus id="549695C8FFBAFFA1A532908DFD61FF0F" box="[562,662,159,184]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
). 
<collectingCountry id="F33A6BFAFFBAFFA1A5AD908DFCD7FF0F" box="[685,800,159,184]" name="Bolivia" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">BOLIVIA</collectingCountry>
. 
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. 
<smallCapsWord id="8D74BDB6FFBAFFA1A475908DFC4AFF01" baselines="178,178" box="[885,957,159,184]" lowerCaseFontSize="7" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Tarija" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">
<collectingRegion id="49E9E588FFBAFFA1A475908DFC4AFF01" box="[885,957,159,184]" country="Bolivia" name="Tarija" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">TARIJA</collectingRegion>
</smallCapsWord>
: 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFBAFFA1A4CC908DFB79FF0F" bold="true" box="[972,1166,159,184]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">
<collectingCounty id="62F353E6FFBAFFA1A4CC908DFB79FF0F" box="[972,1166,159,184]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Prov. O’Connor</collectingCounty>
</emphasis>
, 
<quantity id="4CD5868FFFBAFFA1A39D908DFB12FF0F" box="[1181,1253,159,184]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" unit="km" value="26.0">26 km</quantity>
from Entre Ríos, near Soledad, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE194DADFFBAFFA1A62D90D1FE43FF6B" box="[301,436,195,220]" degrees="21" direction="south" minutes="39" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" precision="15" seconds="52" value="-21.664444">21°39’52”S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE194DADFFBAFFA1A6C390D1FDA5FF6B" box="[451,594,195,220]" degrees="64" direction="west" minutes="07" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" precision="15" seconds="22" value="-64.12278">64°07’22”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CD5868FFFBAFFA1A56090D1FD4DFF6B" box="[608,698,195,220]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" unit="m" value="1700.0">1700 m</quantity>
, Tucumano-Boliviano montano forest, on 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFBAFFA1A3A390D1FA72FF6B" box="[1187,1413,195,220]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Ricasolia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="patinifera">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFBAFFA1A3A390D1FA72FF6B" box="[1187,1413,195,220]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Ricasolia patinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on trunk, 
<date id="FF930DAAFFBAFFA1A7D190F5FE9CFEB7" box="[209,363,231,256]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" value="2012-08-11">11 Aug. 2012</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFBAFFA1A67690F5FDE8FEB7" box="[374,543,231,256]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">J. Etayo 28785</emphasis>
(LPB!, hb. Etayo!).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33778E1FFBAFFA1A7BD911BFBCDFEDB" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B922B6AFFBAFFA1A7BD911BFBCDFEDB" blockId="3.[136,1452,157,364]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFBAFFA1A7BD911BFD24FE93" bold="true" box="[189,723,265,292]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">
<typeStatus id="549695C8FFBAFFA1A7BD911BFED2FE93" box="[189,293,265,292]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFBAFFA1A64E911BFDADFE93" box="[334,602,265,292]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Plectocarpon" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="triebeliae">Plectocarpon triebeliae</taxonomicName>
examined
</emphasis>
. 
<collectingCountry id="F33A6BFAFFBAFFA1A5E29119FCD8FE93" box="[738,815,267,292]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
<collectingRegion id="49E9E588FFBAFFA1A4379119FC2AFE93" box="[823,989,267,292]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">MINNESOTA</collectingRegion>
, Lake Country, Superior National Forest (
<quantity id="4CD5868FFFBAFFA1A791913DFF14FEFF" box="[145,227,303,328]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4484096" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" unit="mi" value="9.0">9 miles</quantity>
W of Tofte), 
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47°36’04” 
<collectingRegion id="49E9E588FFBAFFA1A6ED913DFDF3FEFF" box="[493,516,303,328]" country="United States of America" name="N" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">N</collectingRegion>
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE194DADFFBAFFA1A50F913DFD69FEFF" box="[527,670,303,328]" degrees="91" direction="west" minutes="02" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" precision="15" seconds="11" value="-91.036385">
91°02’11” 
<collectingRegion id="49E9E588FFBAFFA1A57F913DFD69FEFF" box="[639,670,303,328]" country="United States of America" name="W" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">W</collectingRegion>
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CD5868FFFBAFFA1A5A9913DFD0DFEFF" box="[681,762,303,328]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.62712" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" unit="ft" value="1190.0">1190 ft</quantity>
, Sec. 12 &amp; 13, 
<collectionCode id="ED3CB3AFFFBAFFA1A4A3913DFC42FEFF" box="[931,949,303,328]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">T</collectionCode>
59 
<collectingRegion id="49E9E588FFBAFFA1A4D2913DFC1FFEFF" box="[978,1000,303,328]" country="United States of America" name="N" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">N</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED3CB3AFFFBAFFA1A4F2913DFBF2FEFF" box="[1010,1029,303,328]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">R</collectionCode>
6 
<collectingRegion id="49E9E588FFBAFFA1A312913DFBD9FEFF" box="[1042,1070,303,328]" country="United States of America" name="W" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">W</collectingRegion>
, in mature sugar maple stand with some old yellow birch, on 
<taxonomicName id="4C2D50E9FFBAFFA1A6B39141FD6CFEDB" box="[435,667,339,364]" class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Lobariaceae" genus="Ricasolia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Peltigerales" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="quercizans">
<emphasis id="B959F778FFBAFFA1A6B39141FD6CFEDB" box="[435,667,339,364]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Ricasolia quercizans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<date id="FF930DAAFFBAFFA1A5AA9141FCCAFEDB" box="[682,829,339,364]" pageId="3" pageNumber="278" value="1999-07-28">28 July 1999</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B959F778FFBAFFA1A4489141FC00FEDB" box="[840,1015,339,364]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="278">Wetmore 83138</emphasis>
(M!).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>