904 lines
96 KiB
XML
904 lines
96 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.7717/peerj.6457" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f324a471-6180-4bc0-9dcd-b9c2a3b07ca6" ID-PMC="PMC6419720" ID-PubMed="30881763" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2608984" checkinTime="1553610854181" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vijayakumar, Seenapuram Palaniswamy, Pyron, Robert Alexander, Dinesh, K. P., Torsekar, Varun R., Srikanthan, Achyuthan N., Swamy, Priyanka, Stanley, Edward L., Blackburn, David C. & Shanker, Kartik" docDate="2019" docId="03C0D94BFFD4FFC3D7C9F904FB3B2CEB" docLanguage="en" docName="peerj-6457.pdf" docOrigin="PeerJ 6457" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Astrobatrachus kurichiyana Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="FFF9A133FFDCFFD1D63BFFBBFF9B2969" masterDocTitle="A new ancient lineage of frog (Anura: Nyctibatrachidae: Astrobatrachinae subfam. nov.) endemic to the Western Ghats of Peninsular India" masterLastPageNumber="28" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1668138793374" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
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<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>A new ancient lineage of frog (Anura: Nyctibatrachidae: Astrobatrachinae subfam. nov.) endemic to the Western Ghats of Peninsular India</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Vijayakumar, Seenapuram Palaniswamy</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Pyron, Robert Alexander</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Dinesh, K. P.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Torsekar, Varun R.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Srikanthan, Achyuthan N.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Swamy, Priyanka</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Stanley, Edward L.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Blackburn, David C.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Shanker, Kartik</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PeerJ</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2019-03-12</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>6457</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>28</mods:end>
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||
</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
|
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.7717/peerj.6457</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">f324a471-6180-4bc0-9dcd-b9c2a3b07ca6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC6419720</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="PubMed">30881763</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">2608984</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5587731" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154498375" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5587731" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A4A21F51-2A11-41C6-AA2A-B6F390070868" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0D94BFFD4FFC3D7C9F904FB3B2CEB" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[498,1110,1727,1753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[498,1405,1727,1794]" box="[498,1110,1727,1753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[498,658,1727,1753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Type species.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker, 2019" authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" box="[685,1007,1727,1753]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kurichiyana" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[685,1007,1727,1753]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Astrobatrachus kurichiyana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1016,1110,1727,1753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1016,1110,1727,1753]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[498,1405,1727,1794]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A4A21F51-2A11-41C6-AA2A-B6F390070868, by present designation</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[498,1542,1826,1932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2028402646" collectingDate="2010-06-21" collectionCode="ZSI, E" collectorName="S. P. Vijayakumar & K. P. Dinesh" country="India" elevation="1420" latitude="11.602807" location="Kurichiyarmala" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="75.968025" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" specimenCode="WRC/A/2131" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[498,618,1826,1852]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[498,613,1826,1852]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectionCode box="[645,688,1826,1852]" collectionName="ZSI" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">ZSI</collectionCode>
|
||
/
|
||
<specimenCode box="[696,855,1826,1852]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">WRC/A/2131</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount box="[871,931,1826,1852]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="male">male</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[943,1058,1826,1852]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[524,589,1770,1792]" captionTargetBox="[498,1539,234,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[498,1539,234,1742]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3 Live images of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana. Profile (A), close-up of head (B), ventral (C), dorsal (D), side-profile (E). Photo Credit: S.P. Vijayakumar (A and B; reference collection CESF 1567), K.P. Dinesh (C, D and E; ZSI/WRC/A/2131) Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608988/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Fig. 3C–
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1042,1058,1826,1852]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) by present designation, collected by
|
||
<collectorName pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S.P. Vijayakumar</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName box="[663,804,1866,1892]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">K.P. Dinesh</collectorName>
|
||
, and a team from
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C0D94BFFD4FFC3D7C9F904FB3B2CEB:8EB63E86FFD4FFD9D5C2F8F1FB342E0D" box="[1017,1199,1866,1892]" latitude="11.602807" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="75.968025" name="Kurichiyarmala" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Kurichiyarmala</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1213,1375,1861,1892]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="1" value="11.602807">
|
||
11.602807
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1334,1344,1861,1879]" fontSize="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1334,1344,1861,1879]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">°</emphasis>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1382,1537,1861,1893]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" precision="1" value="75.968025">
|
||
75.968025
|
||
<superScript attach="left" box="[1500,1510,1861,1879]" fontSize="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1500,1510,1861,1879]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">°</emphasis>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
E
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, alt.
|
||
<elevation box="[531,624,1906,1932]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1420.0">
|
||
<quantity box="[531,624,1906,1932]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="1420.0">1420 m</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
),
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C0D94BFFD4FFC3D7C9F904FB3B2CEB:8EB63E86FFD4FFD9D4BCF8C9FB0F2EE5" box="[647,1172,1906,1932]" latitude="11.602807" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="75.968025" name="Wayanad Plateau, WG during an expedition" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Wayanad Plateau, WG during an expedition</location>
|
||
on
|
||
<collectingDate box="[1220,1397,1906,1932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2010-06-21">
|
||
<date box="[1220,1397,1906,1932]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2010-06-21">21st June 2010</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[498,1540,234,301]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2028402647" collectionCode="ZSI" country="India" latitude="11.602807" location="Kurichiyarmala" longitude="75.968025" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" specimenCode="WRC/A/2132, CESF 1565, WRC/A/2133, CESF 2897" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[498,624,235,261]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[498,618,235,261]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<collectionCode box="[650,692,235,261]" collectionName="ZSI" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">ZSI</collectionCode>
|
||
/
|
||
<specimenCode box="[701,861,235,261]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">WRC/A/2132</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode box="[877,1011,234,261]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">CESF 1565</specimenCode>
|
||
) (
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1036,1097,234,261]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="male">male</specimenCount>
|
||
), and
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1171,1213,235,261]" collectionName="ZSI" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">ZSI</collectionCode>
|
||
/
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1222,1382,235,261]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">WRC/A/2133</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1398,1532,235,261]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">CESF 2897</specimenCode>
|
||
) (
|
||
<specimenCount box="[506,589,274,301]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="female">female</specimenCount>
|
||
); site same as holotype collection.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[498,1542,336,1001]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[498,626,336,362]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
—This diagnosis applies to the subfamily, genus, and species. The following combination of characters can be used to diagnose this lineage from its close relatives
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" box="[498,672,417,443]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[498,672,417,443]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dubois & Ohler" authorityYear="2001" box="[734,875,417,443]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Lankanectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[734,875,417,443]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lankanectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: small to medium size (∼ 20–27 mm SVL); soft skin without ridged or wrinkled folds; fingers and toe tips with discs that are triangular in shape (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[508,584,496,522]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[524,589,1770,1792]" captionTargetBox="[498,1539,234,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[498,1539,234,1742]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3 Live images of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana. Profile (A), close-up of head (B), ventral (C), dorsal (D), side-profile (E). Photo Credit: S.P. Vijayakumar (A and B; reference collection CESF 1567), K.P. Dinesh (C, D and E; ZSI/WRC/A/2131) Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608988/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[644,658,496,522]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[524,589,1601,1623]" captionTargetBox="[498,1536,238,1571]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[498,1539,234,1573]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4 Paratype of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana- ZSI/WRC/A/2133 (female): Ventral head (A), dorsal head (B), ventral (C), ventral fingers (D), lateral head (E), ventral toes (F). Drawing Credit: Achyuthan N. Srikanthan Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608990/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">4</figureCitation>
|
||
) without circummarginal groove; upper jaws having distinct teeth; distinct and angular canthus rostralis; distinct tympanum with a prominent supra-tympanic ridge (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[573,635,576,602]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[524,589,1770,1792]" captionTargetBox="[498,1539,234,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[498,1539,234,1742]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3 Live images of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana. Profile (A), close-up of head (B), ventral (C), dorsal (D), side-profile (E). Photo Credit: S.P. Vijayakumar (A and B; reference collection CESF 1567), K.P. Dinesh (C, D and E; ZSI/WRC/A/2131) Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608988/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
); tongue lacking median papilla; short hind and fore-limbs; oblong subarticular tubercles on the fingers and toes that sometimes nearly coalesce (e.g., pedal digit III in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[498,574,656,682]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[524,589,1770,1792]" captionTargetBox="[498,1539,234,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[498,1539,234,1742]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3 Live images of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana. Profile (A), close-up of head (B), ventral (C), dorsal (D), side-profile (E). Photo Credit: S.P. Vijayakumar (A and B; reference collection CESF 1567), K.P. Dinesh (C, D and E; ZSI/WRC/A/2131) Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608988/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[635,649,656,682]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[524,589,1601,1623]" captionTargetBox="[498,1536,238,1571]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[498,1539,234,1573]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4 Paratype of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana- ZSI/WRC/A/2133 (female): Ventral head (A), dorsal head (B), ventral (C), ventral fingers (D), lateral head (E), ventral toes (F). Drawing Credit: Achyuthan N. Srikanthan Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608990/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">4</figureCitation>
|
||
); interdigital webbing on foot does not attain most proximal subarticular tubercle; absence of femoral glands; absence of nuptial pads in males; widely spaced nasal bones; a vomer separated into an anterior portion adjacent to the choana and a posterior dentigerous vomer fused to a neopalatine; omosternum not bifurcating posteriorly; a single narrow sternal element; lacking a large dorsal crest on the ilium; bluish-white spots (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[508,584,855,881]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[524,589,1770,1792]" captionTargetBox="[498,1539,234,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[498,1539,234,1742]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3 Live images of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana. Profile (A), close-up of head (B), ventral (C), dorsal (D), side-profile (E). Photo Credit: S.P. Vijayakumar (A and B; reference collection CESF 1567), K.P. Dinesh (C, D and E; ZSI/WRC/A/2131) Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608988/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[644,658,855,881]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="11.[524,589,1601,1623]" captionTargetBox="[498,1536,238,1571]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[498,1539,234,1573]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 4 Paratype of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana- ZSI/WRC/A/2133 (female): Ventral head (A), dorsal head (B), ventral (C), ventral fingers (D), lateral head (E), ventral toes (F). Drawing Credit: Achyuthan N. Srikanthan Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608990/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">4</figureCitation>
|
||
), more prominent and scattered along the lateral sides of jaws, eyelids, belly, forearms and hind limbs, and on the throat; oval-shaped pupil; orange coloration of ventral sides of belly, forelimbs and hind limbs; elliptical pupil (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1247,1312,934,961]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="10.[524,589,1770,1792]" captionTargetBox="[498,1539,234,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[498,1539,234,1742]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 3 Live images of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana. Profile (A), close-up of head (B), ventral (C), dorsal (D), side-profile (E). Photo Credit: S.P. Vijayakumar (A and B; reference collection CESF 1567), K.P. Dinesh (C, D and E; ZSI/WRC/A/2131) Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608988/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lineage is diagnosed easily in the field from species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" box="[1017,1190,974,1000]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1017,1190,974,1000]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that occur sympatrically.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[498,1542,1045,1915]" box="[498,1205,1045,1075]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[498,1205,1045,1075]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[498,1205,1045,1075]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Description of holotype ZSI/WRC/A/2131 (male)</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[498,1542,1045,1915]" lastBlockId="11.[498,1528,1744,1930]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
A small-sized frog (SVL
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[790,813,1091,1117]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
20.2 mm) with a squat, lean body (see
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1281,1369,1091,1117]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="12.[525,580,249,270]" captionTargetBox="[516,1524,291,1473]" captionText="Table 2 Morphometric data for Astrobatrachus kurichiyana." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1638D5FFD0FFDDD436FF42FBF72867" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" tableUuid="DF1638D5FFD0FFDDD436FF42FBF72867">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
); head length approximately equal to head width (HL
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1050,1073,1131,1157]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
7.2 mm; HW
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1243,1266,1131,1157]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
7.3 mm); snout acutely pointed in dorsal and obtusely pointed in ventral views; snout length (SL
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1369,1392,1171,1197]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
3.0 mm) approximately equal to eye diameter (EL
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[987,1010,1211,1237]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
2.9 mm); canthus rostralis angular, loreal region concave; inter orbital space flat and wide (IUE
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1151,1174,1251,1277]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
2.8 mm), 2.3 times more than upper eye lid (UEW
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[813,836,1290,1316]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
1.2 mm) and subequal to inter-narial distance (IN
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1457,1480,1290,1316]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
2.6 mm); distance between back of eyes two times more than front of eyes (IFE
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1413,1436,1330,1356]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
3.8 mm; IBE
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[551,574,1370,1396]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
7.8 mm); nostrils oval, nearer to tip of snout and lateral in position; symphysial knob weak; tympanum distinct visible below supratympanic fold (TYD
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1363,1386,1410,1436]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
1.2 mm); weak vomerine ridges present with three to four teeth; tongue bifid without papilla; lower jaw without teeth, upper jaw with distinct sharp teeth. Forearm slender (FLL
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1412,1435,1490,1516]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
5.8 mm) longer than hand (HAL
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[792,815,1529,1555]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
4.0 mm); fingers short and thin without dermal fringes; relative finger length IV <I <II <III (FL1
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1021,1044,1569,1595]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
2.3 mm, FL2
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1214,1237,1569,1595]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
2.8 mm, FL3
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1407,1430,1569,1595]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
3.4 mm, FL4
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[553,576,1609,1635]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
2.0 mm); finger tips triangular and blunt without circummarginal groove; webbing between fingers rudimentary; subarticular tubercles of fingers oblong with indistinct margins; pollex tubercle absent; supernumerary tubercles absent. Hindlimbs short, just touching when adpressed, and tibio-tarsal articulation reaches back of eyes; thigh length approximately equal to crus length (TL
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1199,1222,1768,1794]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
9.3 mm; CL
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1381,1404,1768,1794]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
9.0 mm); foot length is greater than tarsus length (FOL
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1055,1078,1808,1834]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
9.3 mm, TAL
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1257,1280,1808,1834]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
6.8 mm), relative toe length I <II <V <III <IV (TL4
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[946,969,1848,1874]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
4.8 mm; ITL
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1136,1159,1848,1874]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">¼</emphasis>
|
||
2.0 mm); webbing rudimentary (not reaching the most proximal subarticular tubercle); inner metatarsal tubercle (IMTL
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[588,611,1744,1770]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">¼</emphasis>
|
||
1.0) small and nearly continuous with subarticular tubercle of first
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608988/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[524,589,1770,1792]" targetBox="[498,1539,234,1742]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[524,1515,1770,1851]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[524,1079,1770,1792]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Figure 3 Live images of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" box="[793,1073,1770,1792]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kurichiyana">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[793,1073,1770,1792]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Astrobatrachus kurichiyana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Profile (A), close-up of head (B), ventral (C), dorsal (D), side-profile (E). Photo Credit: S.P. Vijayakumar (A and B; reference collection CESF 1567), K.P. Dinesh (C, D and E; ZSI/WRC/A/2131) Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-3
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608990/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[524,589,1601,1623]" targetBox="[498,1536,238,1571]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[524,1516,1601,1682]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Figure 4 Paratype of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" box="[751,1028,1601,1623]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kurichiyana">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[751,1028,1601,1623]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Astrobatrachus kurichiyana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- ZSI/WRC/A/2133 (female): Ventral head (A), dorsal head (B), ventral (C), ventral fingers (D), lateral head (E), ventral toes (F).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Drawing Credit: Achyuthan N. Srikanthan Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-4
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[498,1528,1744,1930]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">toe; subarticular tubercles of toes oblong and indistinct, coalescing on some toes; outer metatarsal tubercle absent and supernumerary tubercles absent. Overall skin on dorsum soft, finely glandular, ventrally smooth glandular. Rictal gland and ocular gland absent.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DF1638D5FFD0FFDDD436FF42FBF72867" box="[525,1132,248,270]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1638D5FFD0FFDDD436FF42FBF72867" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[516,1524,291,1473]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[525,1132,248,270]" box="[525,1132,248,270]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Table 2 Morphometric data for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" box="[851,1125,248,270]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kurichiyana">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[851,1125,248,270]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Astrobatrachus kurichiyana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<table box="[516,1524,291,1473]" gridcols="4" gridrows="31" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,291,342]" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th box="[670,849,291,342]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
ZSI/WRC/A/2131
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[670,778,320,342]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">(Holotype)</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[949,1186,291,342]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">ZSI/WRC/A/2132 (CESF 1565) (Paratype)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1287,1524,291,342]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1287,1465,291,313]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">ZSI/WRC/A/2133</emphasis>
|
||
(CESF 2897) (Paratype)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,361,383]" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,361,383]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sex</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,361,383]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,361,383]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">M</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,361,383]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">F</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,399,420]" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,399,420]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">SVL</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,399,420]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">20.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,399,420]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">27.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,399,420]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">27.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,437,458]" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,437,458]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">HW</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,437,458]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,437,458]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,437,458]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,474,495]" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,474,495]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">HL</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,474,495]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,474,495]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,474,495]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,512,534]" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,512,534]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">IN</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,512,534]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,512,534]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,512,534]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,549,571]" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,549,571]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">NE</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,549,571]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,549,571]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,549,571]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,587,609]" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,587,609]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MN</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,587,609]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,587,609]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,587,609]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,624,646]" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,624,646]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MFE</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,624,646]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,624,646]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,624,646]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,662,684]" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,662,684]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MBE</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,662,684]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,662,684]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2.7</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,662,684]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,700,721]" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,700,721]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">SL</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,700,721]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,700,721]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,700,721]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,737,759]" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,737,759]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">EL</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,737,759]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2.9</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,737,759]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,737,759]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,775,796]" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,775,796]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">IUE</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,775,796]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,775,796]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3.7</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,775,796]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,813,834]" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,813,834]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">UEW</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,813,834]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,813,834]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,813,834]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,850,872]" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,850,872]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">IFE</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,850,872]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,850,872]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,850,872]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,888,910]" gridrow="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,888,910]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">IBE</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,888,910]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">7.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,888,910]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,888,910]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,925,947]" gridrow="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,925,947]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">TYD</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,925,947]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,925,947]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,925,947]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,963,984]" gridrow="17" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,963,984]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">TE</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,963,984]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,963,984]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1.4</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,963,984]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1.4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,1000,1022]" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,1000,1022]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FLL</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,1000,1022]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,1000,1022]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,1000,1022]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,1038,1060]" gridrow="19" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,1038,1060]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">HAL</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,1038,1060]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,1038,1060]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5.5</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,1038,1060]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,1076,1097]" gridrow="20" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,1076,1097]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FL1</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,1076,1097]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,1076,1097]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,1076,1097]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,1113,1134]" gridrow="21" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,1113,1134]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FL2</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,1113,1134]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,1113,1134]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,1113,1134]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,1151,1172]" gridrow="22" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,1151,1172]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FL3</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,1151,1172]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3.4</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,1151,1172]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,1151,1172]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,1188,1209]" gridrow="23" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,1188,1209]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FL4</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,1188,1209]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,1188,1209]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,1188,1209]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,1226,1247]" gridrow="24" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,1226,1247]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">TL</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,1226,1247]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,1226,1247]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,1226,1247]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,1264,1285]" gridrow="25" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,1264,1285]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">CL</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,1264,1285]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,1264,1285]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,1264,1285]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">12.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,1301,1323]" gridrow="26" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,1301,1323]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">TAL</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,1301,1323]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,1301,1323]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.2</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,1301,1323]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,1339,1360]" gridrow="27" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,1339,1360]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FOL</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,1339,1360]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">9.3</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,1339,1360]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">11.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,1339,1360]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,1376,1398]" gridrow="28" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,1376,1398]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">TL4</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,1376,1398]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">4.8</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,1376,1398]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.4</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,1376,1398]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,1414,1436]" gridrow="29" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,1414,1436]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">ITL</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,1414,1436]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,1414,1436]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2.6</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,1414,1436]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[516,1524,1452,1473]" gridrow="30" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th box="[516,570,1452,1473]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">IMT</th>
|
||
<td box="[670,849,1452,1473]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1.0</td>
|
||
<td box="[949,1186,1452,1473]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1.4</td>
|
||
<td box="[1287,1524,1452,1473]" gridcol="3" gridrow="30" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[498,1542,1529,1920]" box="[498,836,1529,1559]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[498,836,1529,1559]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[498,836,1529,1559]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Coloration of holotype</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[498,1542,1529,1920]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">In life, overall color on dorsum rufous brown, darker in anterior region of body and light in posterior part of body. Small pale bluish-white spots present all over body but larger and more concentrated on lateral, gular, anterior ventrum, and around tympanic region, jaws, and eyelid. In ventral region, arm, belly, thigh, and crus bright orange in color; gular region is dark gray with bluish white spots. Under surface of hand and foot dark gray.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[498,1542,1529,1920]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">In preservative, color on dorsum dark brown with cream spots. Gular and anterior ventrum dark gray interspersed with cream spots, with melanocytes becoming widely spaced posteriorly; arm, posterior belly, thigh, and crus cream colored; hand and foot dark gray with pale gray skin under digit tips and subarticular tubercles.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608992/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[524,589,783,805]" targetBox="[498,1538,234,755]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[524,1516,783,1010]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[524,1345,783,805]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Figure 5 Female of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" box="[727,1002,783,805]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kurichiyana">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[727,1002,783,805]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Astrobatrachus kurichiyana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(reference collection CESF 2898).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Female of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kurichiyana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Astrobatrachus kurichiyana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CESF 2898) as visualized via microCT-scanning with skull in dorsal (A), right lateral (B), and ventral (C) views, entire skeleton in dorsal view (D), right hand in dorsal view (E), pectoral girdle in ventral view (F), and pelvis in right lateral view (G). Note that distal extent of the fourth and fifth toes on both feet were truncated during CT-scanning. Abbreviations of anatomical terms are as follows: av, anterior vomer; clav, clavicle; cor, coracoid; np, neopalatine; omo, omosternum; pro, prootic; prsph, parasphenoid; pv, posterior vomer; scap, scapula; sph, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; xiph, xiphisternum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[524,1516,783,1010]" box="[1110,1515,988,1010]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-5</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[498,1542,1063,1933]" box="[498,652,1063,1093]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[498,652,1063,1093]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[498,652,1063,1093]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Osteology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[498,1542,1063,1933]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
Based on micro-CT scan of ZSI/WRC/2132 (paratype; male) and CESF 2898 and 2899 (reference collections, females) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[878,954,1149,1176]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[524,589,783,805]" captionTargetBox="[498,1538,234,755]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[498,1538,234,755]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5 Female of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana (reference collection CESF 2898). Female of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana (CESF 2898) as visualized via microCT-scanning with skull in dorsal (A), right lateral (B), and ventral (C) views, entire skeleton in dorsal view (D), right hand in dorsal view (E), pectoral girdle in ventral view (F), and pelvis in right lateral view (G). Note that distal extent of the fourth and fifth toes on both feet were truncated during CT-scanning. Abbreviations of anatomical terms are as follows: av, anterior vomer; clav, clavicle; cor, coracoid; np, neopalatine; omo, omosternum; pro, prootic; prsph, parasphenoid; pv, posterior vomer; scap, scapula; sph, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; xiph, xiphisternum. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608992/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1015,1029,1149,1175]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[116,181,1214,1236]" captionTargetBox="[90,1516,234,1186]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[90,1516,234,1186]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6 Comparisons of male paratype (ZSI/WRC/2132) of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana to representatives of other WG endemics. Exemplars from Nyctibatrachidae, Micrixalidae, and Ranixalidae in different views ((A–F) entire skeleton in dorsal view; (G–L) dorsal view of skull; (M–R) ventral view of skull; (S–X) ventral view of pectoral girdle). Abbreviations of anatomical terms are as follows: av, anterior vomer; clav, clavicle; np, neopalatine; omo, omosternum; pv, posterior vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608994/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The skull is lightly constructed, slightly longer than wide, lacking ornamented dermal bones, and having jaw joints that are anterior to the occiput. The prootics are incompletely ossified and not synostosed to the exoccipital or frontoparietals. The lateral walls of the neurocranium are not ossified such that the optic fenestrae and prootic foramina are not bounded in bone. The frontoparietals are broad, approximately 3/5 the width of the length, and do not articulate at the midline. The nasals are widely spaced. The premaxillae bear teeth, and each has a prominent pars dentalis and a robust alary process that is taller than wide and widely separated from the nasal. The maxillae bear teeth for approximately two-thirds of their length and
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[498,1542,1063,1933]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">are nearly straight. The quadratojugals are elongate, extending anterior to the body of the squamosal. The pterygoids are triradiate, each with a long anterior ramus that articulates with the maxilla near the posterior level of the maxillary teeth, a long posterior</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[498,1542,1063,1933]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">ramus extending to the jaw joint, and a short and thin medial ramus extending towards but not articulating with the prootic. The anterior portion of the vomer is small and distinct, forming a C-shape around the anteromedial surface of the choanae. This anterior portion is not connected to the dentigerous posterior portion that is synostosed to the neopalatine. The sphenethmoid is located anterior to the rostral extent of the parasphenoid, either abuts or is synostosed to the neopalatine, and has well-ossified tectum and septum nasi that separate prominent circular olfactory foramina. The parasphenoid is triradiate with the rostral extent of the cultriform process being V-shaped and</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608994/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[116,181,1214,1236]" targetBox="[90,1516,234,1186]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[115,1516,1214,1324]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[116,1409,1214,1236]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Figure 6 Comparisons of male paratype (ZSI/WRC/2132) of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" box="[721,993,1214,1236]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kurichiyana">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[721,993,1214,1236]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Astrobatrachus kurichiyana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to representatives of other WG endemics.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Exemplars from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blommers-Schlosser" authorityYear="1993" box="[174,338,1244,1266]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Nyctibatrachidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dubois, Ohler & Biju" authorityYear="2001" box="[353,474,1244,1266]" class="Amphibia" family="Micrixalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Micrixalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dubois" authorityYear="1987" box="[537,648,1244,1266]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranixalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ranixalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in different views ((A–F) entire skeleton in dorsal view; (G–L) dorsal view of skull; (M–R) ventral view of skull; (S–X) ventral view of pectoral girdle). Abbreviations of anatomical terms are as follows: av, anterior vomer; clav, clavicle; np, neopalatine; omo, omosternum; pv, posterior vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-6
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[498,1542,1396,1901]" box="[498,1453,1396,1423]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">not attaining the sphenethmoids, and the lateral alae underlying the otic capsule.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[498,1542,1396,1901]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">The squamosals are prominent with a zygomatic ramus that tapers rostrally, and a posterior ramus forming a small shelf just lateral to, but not synostosed to, the proootic. A thin distally tapering stapes (or columella) is present, terminating just below the posterior ramus of the squamosal; an ossified operculum is not present. The posteromedial processes of the hyoid are short and weakly expanded at their posterior ends.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[498,1542,1396,1901]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">There are eight distinct, procoelous, non-imbricating presacral vertebrae that are not fused to one another and all of which have a large neural canal. The atlas lacks transverse processes and has widely separated cotyles. The transverse processes of Presacrals II</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[498,1542,1396,1901]" box="[498,1448,1754,1781]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">are directly laterally, whereas those of Presacrals III–VII are directed posteriorly.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[498,1542,1396,1901]" lastBlockId="15.[498,1542,234,1377]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Presacral VIII has weakly anteriorly directed transverse processes and a biconvex centrum, making the vertebral column displasiocoelous. The sacrum is procoelous with short transverse processes and has two condyles posteriorly. The urostyle bears two cotyles, which are not confluent, for articulation with the urostyle and a tall dorsal ridge that tapers posteriorly, ending approximately at the anteroposterior midpoint.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[498,1542,234,1377]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">The pectoral girdle is firmisternal and no elements are in direct articulation or synostosed. The scapula has a defined waist, expanding dorsally, and has an expanded and rounded acromial process. The clavicle is thin and nearly perfectly straight. The coracoid is widely expanded medially, with the medial extent approximately twice as wide as the lateral extent. A small omosternum is expanded posteriorly and tapers anteriorly. A stout and nearly rectangular bony xiphisternum projects distally from the coracoids.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[498,1542,234,1377]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">In CESF 2898, the three elements of the pelvic girdle—ilium, ischium, and pubis— are ossified and synostosed to one another. The shaft of the ilium is long and bears a weakly developed supraacetabular fossa, a well-defined dorsal protuberance, and a short dorsal crest for most of its length. The synostosis of the pelvic elements creates a broad sheet of bone posterior, ventral, and anterior to the acetabulum. In CESF 1565, the ventral acetabular expansion projects anteriorly, but not ventrally below the point at the margin of the acetabulum at which the ilium and pubis meet; the ischium and pubis are not fully ossified in this specimen.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[498,1542,234,1377]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">The humerus is thin and straight with a weakly developed ventral crest and entepicondyle. The forearm is approximately two-thirds the length of the humerus. The radiale and ulnare are large and elongate, and subequal in size. The distal carpals are fused into two groups: Element Y + distal carpal 2, and distal carpals 3+4+5. The phalangeal formula for the manus is 2–2–3–3 and there are two small ossified elements of the prepollex that are more ossified and discernable in the larger specimens (CESF 2898 and 2899). The terminal manual phalanges are blunt distally, and in some cases tapering. The tibiofibula and femur are similar in length. There is a tarsal sesamoid on the ventral surface at the articulation of the tibiofibula and the tibiale and fibulare. There are two distal tarsals, two small ossified elements in the prehallux, and a sesamoid on the plantar surface at the base of metatarsals IV and V. The phalangeal formula for the pes is 2–2–3–4–3. The terminal pedal phalanges taper and then expand into a small blunt tip.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[498,1542,1421,1932]" box="[498,700,1421,1451]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[498,700,1421,1451]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[498,700,1421,1451]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[498,1542,1421,1932]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker, 2019" authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" box="[498,673,1467,1493]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[498,673,1467,1493]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Astrobatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly distinguishable from other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blommers-Schlosser" authorityYear="1993" box="[1308,1506,1467,1493]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Nyctibatrachidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well as other families endemic to the WG (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1008,1096,1507,1533]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="16.[1664,1719,517,539]" captionTargetBox="[1654,2015,559,1842]" captionText="Table 3 Morphological character" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1638D5FFCCFFC1D0BBFDBEF8572B72" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" tableUuid="DF1638D5FFCCFFC1D0BBFDBEF8572B72">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
). No information is available on
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[498,1542,1421,1932]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
the larval biology or reproductive modes of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker, 2019" authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" box="[1018,1193,1547,1573]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1018,1193,1547,1573]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Astrobatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker, 2019" authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" box="[1208,1383,1547,1573]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1208,1383,1547,1573]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Astrobatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dubois & Ohler" authorityYear="2001" box="[498,639,1587,1613]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Lankanectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[498,639,1587,1613]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Lankanectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lacking dorsal skin ridges, lacking a lateral line system as an adult, having a distinct tympanum and canthus rostralis, lacking odontoid fangs, having widely
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="15.[498,1542,1421,1932]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
spaced nasals, having a long ridge of vomerine teeth, having separate anterior and posterior portions of the vomer with the latter fused to the neopalatine, lacking a forked omosternum, lacking a prominent dorsal crest on the ilium, and lacking both a tarsal fold and webbed pedal phalanges (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dubois A & Ohler A." box="[854,1110,1786,1812]" journalOrPublisher="Alytes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="81 - 106" part="19" refId="ref10165" refString="Dubois A, Ohler A. 2001. A new genus for an aquatic ranid (Amphibia, Anura) from Sri Lanka. Alytes 19: 81 - 106." title="A new genus for an aquatic ranid (Amphibia, Anura) from Sri Lanka" type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
<emphasis box="[854,1110,1786,1812]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Dubois & Ohler, 2001</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Senevirathne G & Samarawickrama VAMPK & Wijayathilaka N & Manamendra-Arachchi K & Bowatte G & Samarawickrama DRNS & Meegaskumbura M." box="[1124,1409,1786,1812]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="519 - 520" part="4461" refId="ref11406" refString="Senevirathne G, Samarawickrama VAMPK, Wijayathilaka N, Manamendra-Arachchi K, Bowatte G, Samarawickrama DRNS, Meegaskumbura M. 2018. A new frog species from rapidly dwindling cloud forest streams of Sri Lanka- Lankanectes pera (Anura, Nyctibatrachidae). Zootaxa 4461 (4): 519 - 520 DOI 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4461.4.4." title="A new frog species from rapidly dwindling cloud forest streams of Sri Lanka- Lankanectes pera (Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1124,1409,1786,1812]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Senevirathne et al., 2018</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1424,1500,1786,1813]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[524,589,783,805]" captionTargetBox="[498,1538,234,755]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[498,1538,234,755]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5 Female of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana (reference collection CESF 2898). Female of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana (CESF 2898) as visualized via microCT-scanning with skull in dorsal (A), right lateral (B), and ventral (C) views, entire skeleton in dorsal view (D), right hand in dorsal view (E), pectoral girdle in ventral view (F), and pelvis in right lateral view (G). Note that distal extent of the fourth and fifth toes on both feet were truncated during CT-scanning. Abbreviations of anatomical terms are as follows: av, anterior vomer; clav, clavicle; cor, coracoid; np, neopalatine; omo, omosternum; pro, prootic; prsph, parasphenoid; pv, posterior vomer; scap, scapula; sph, sphenethmoid; sq, squamosal; xiph, xiphisternum. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608992/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation box="[550,564,1826,1852]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[116,181,1214,1236]" captionTargetBox="[90,1516,234,1186]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[90,1516,234,1186]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6 Comparisons of male paratype (ZSI/WRC/2132) of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana to representatives of other WG endemics. Exemplars from Nyctibatrachidae, Micrixalidae, and Ranixalidae in different views ((A–F) entire skeleton in dorsal view; (G–L) dorsal view of skull; (M–R) ventral view of skull; (S–X) ventral view of pectoral girdle). Abbreviations of anatomical terms are as follows: av, anterior vomer; clav, clavicle; np, neopalatine; omo, omosternum; pv, posterior vomer. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608994/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dubois & Ohler" authorityYear="2001" box="[710,851,1826,1852]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Lankanectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[710,851,1826,1852]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Lankanectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[865,1040,1826,1852]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Astrobatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
lacks a median lingual papilla and femoral glands, lacks circummarginal grooves on the digits (present in some
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" box="[1287,1461,1866,1892]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1287,1461,1866,1892]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), has a second finger longer than the first finger, and indistinct subarticular tubercles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DF1638D5FFCCFFC1D0BBFDBEF8572B72" box="[1664,1996,517,539]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1638D5FFCCFFC1D0BBFDBEF8572B72" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" targetBox="[1654,2015,559,1842]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[1664,1996,517,539]" box="[1664,1996,517,539]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Table 3 Morphological character</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<table box="[1654,2015,559,1842]" gridcols="2" gridrows="15" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<tr box="[1654,2015,559,611]" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<th box="[1654,1828,559,611]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Characters/ species</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th box="[1850,2015,559,611]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1850,1953,559,582]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">N. grandis</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1654,2015,630,652]" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<td box="[1654,1828,630,652]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Size (mm)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1850,2015,630,652]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">62.2–76.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1654,2015,667,719]" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<td box="[1654,1828,667,719]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Skin</td>
|
||
<td box="[1850,2015,667,719]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Wrinkled with granular projections</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1654,2015,793,844]" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<td box="[1654,1828,793,844]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Webbing between fingers</td>
|
||
<td box="[1850,2015,793,844]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Absent</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1654,2015,860,940]" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<td box="[1654,1828,860,940]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Webbing between toes</td>
|
||
<td box="[1850,2015,860,940]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Webbed/extends beyond 3rd subarticular</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1654,2015,956,1036]" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<td box="[1654,1828,956,1036]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Dorsoterminal groove on fourth toe disc</td>
|
||
<td box="[1850,2015,956,1036]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Present, cover distally</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1654,2015,1052,1103]" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<td box="[1654,1828,1052,1103]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Subarticular tubercles</td>
|
||
<td box="[1850,2015,1052,1103]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Prominent, oval,</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1654,2015,1118,1140]" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<td box="[1654,1828,1118,1140]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Toe discs</td>
|
||
<td box="[1850,2015,1118,1140]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Well developed</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1654,2015,1156,1236]" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<td box="[1654,1828,1156,1236]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Coloration</td>
|
||
<td box="[1850,2015,1156,1236]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Dorsum uniform gray with light patches</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1654,2015,1311,1333]" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<td box="[1654,1828,1311,1333]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tympanum</td>
|
||
<td box="[1850,2015,1311,1333]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Indistinct</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1654,2015,1348,1370]" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<td box="[1654,1828,1348,1370]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Femoral glands</td>
|
||
<td box="[1850,2015,1348,1370]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Present</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1654,2015,1386,1466]" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<td box="[1654,1828,1386,1466]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Subocular gland (proposed by
|
||
<emphasis box="[1670,1820,1444,1466]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Biju et al., 2011</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1850,2015,1386,1466]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Present</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1654,2015,1482,1504]" gridrow="12" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<td box="[1654,1828,1482,1504]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tarsal fold</td>
|
||
<td box="[1850,2015,1482,1504]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tarsal fold present</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1654,2015,1519,1687]" gridrow="13" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<td box="[1654,1828,1519,1687]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Black or bluish- black liver— visible on the ventral side through skin in life</td>
|
||
<td box="[1850,2015,1519,1687]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Yes</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[1654,2015,1703,1842]" gridrow="14" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<td box="[1654,1828,1703,1842]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ridge extending from the lip over the tip of the snout to between the nostrils</td>
|
||
<td box="[1850,2015,1703,1842]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Present</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[498,1542,234,1058]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker, 2019" authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" box="[530,705,234,260]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[530,705,234,260]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Astrobatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" box="[862,1036,234,260]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[862,1036,234,260]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lacking rugose or wrinkled skin with longitudinal folds, having a distinct tympanum and canthus rostralis, lacking a subocular gland, having widely spaced nasals, having a long ridge of vomerine teeth, having separate anterior and posterior portions of the vomer with the latter fused to the neopalatine, lacking a forked omosternum, lacking femoral glands, lacking a prominent dorsal crest on the ilium, lacking both a tarsal fold and webbed pedal phalanges, lacking a rhomboidal pupil (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Biju SD & Van Bocxlaer I & Mahony S & Dinesh KP & Radhakrishnan C & Zachariah A & Giri VB" box="[578,762,474,500]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 96" part="3029" refId="ref9490" refString="Biju SD, Van Bocxlaer I, Mahony S, Dinesh KP, Radhakrishnan C, Zachariah A, Giri VB. 2011. A taxonomic review of the Night frog genus Nyctibatrachus Boulenger, 1882 in the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Nyctibatrachidae) with description of twelve new species. Zootaxa 3029: 1 - 96." title="A taxonomic review of the Night frog genus Nyctibatrachus Boulenger, 1882 in the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Nyctibatrachidae) with description of twelve new species" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
<emphasis box="[578,762,474,500]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Biju et al., 2011</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chandramouli SR & Dutta SK" box="[777,1124,474,500]" journalOrPublisher="Alytes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="67 - 81" part="32" refId="ref9867" refString="Chandramouli SR, Dutta SK. 2015. Comparative osteology of anuran genera in the Western Ghats, Peninsular India. Alytes 32: 67 - 81." title="Comparative osteology of anuran genera in the Western Ghats, Peninsular India" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<emphasis box="[777,1124,474,500]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Chandramouli & Dutta, 2015</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" box="[1273,1447,474,500]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1273,1447,474,500]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker, 2019" authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" box="[498,673,513,539]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[498,673,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Astrobatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks a median lingual papilla (present in some
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" box="[1247,1421,513,539]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1247,1421,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), lacks a lateral line system as an adult, and has a second finger longer than the first finger and indistinct subarticular tubercles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[498,1542,234,1058]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The skeleton of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker, 2019" authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" box="[721,896,633,659]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[721,896,633,659]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Astrobatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also distinguishable from genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dubois, Ohler & Biju" authorityYear="2001" box="[1353,1498,633,659]" class="Amphibia" family="Micrixalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Micrixalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1888" box="[508,631,673,699]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Micrixalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[508,631,673,699]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Micrixalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dubois" authorityYear="1987" box="[703,839,673,699]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranixalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ranixalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Laurent" authorityYear="1986" box="[857,959,673,699]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Indirana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[857,959,673,699]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Indirana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dhanaukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur" authorityYear="2016" box="[975,1104,673,699]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Walkerana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[975,1104,673,699]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Walkerana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker, 2019" authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" box="[1129,1304,673,699]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1129,1304,673,699]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Astrobatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1888" box="[498,621,713,739]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Micrixalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[498,621,713,739]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Micrixalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having vomerine teeth and a posterior portion of the vomer, and lacking T- or Y-shaped terminal phalanges (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dubois A." box="[924,1075,752,778]" journalOrPublisher="Alytes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="113 - 118" part="4" refId="ref10090" refString="Dubois A. 1986. Diagnose preliminaire d " un nouveau genre de Ranoidea (Amphibiens, Anoures) du sud de l " Inde. Alytes 4: 113 - 118." title="Diagnose preliminaire d " un nouveau genre de Ranoidea (Amphibiens, Anoures) du sud de l " Inde" type="journal article" year="1986">
|
||
<emphasis box="[924,1075,752,778]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Dubois, 1986</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but is similar by having widely spaced nasals, an unforked omosternum, and thin, straight clavicles.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker, 2019" authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" box="[1224,1399,792,818]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1224,1399,792,818]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Astrobatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Laurent" authorityYear="1986" box="[563,665,832,858]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Indirana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[563,665,832,858]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Indirana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having widely spaced nasals, having a separate posterior vomer fused to the neopalatine, lacking a T- and Y-shaped terminal phalanges, but is similar by having an unforked omosternum, and thin, straight clavicles.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker, 2019" authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" box="[1226,1401,912,938]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1226,1401,912,938]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Astrobatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dhanaukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur" authorityYear="2016" box="[564,693,952,978]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Walkerana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[564,693,952,978]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Walkerana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having widely spaced nasals, a separate posterior vomer fused to the neopalatine, a clavicle (absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dhanaukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye, and Molur" authorityYear="2016" box="[889,1018,992,1018]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" genus="Walkerana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[889,1018,992,1018]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Walkerana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a well-defined sternum, and lacking Y-shaped terminal phalanges, but is similar by having an unforked omosternum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[498,1542,1102,1693]" box="[498,773,1102,1132]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[498,773,1102,1132]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[498,773,1102,1132]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Habits and habitat</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[498,1542,1102,1693]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
The new species is nocturnal and found below decayed leaf litter within montane forests in the vicinity of water. One individual was caught moving in a grassland adjoining the forest tract (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[644,710,1228,1255]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="18.[524,589,815,837]" captionTargetBox="[498,1538,234,786]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[498,1538,234,786]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 7 Type locality of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana. Most individuals were sighted in the montane forests except for a single individual in the grassland. Locality: Kurichiyarmala, Wayanad Plateau. Photo taken: June 2010. Photo Credit: S.P. Vijayakumar. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608996/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). On the forest floor, where most individuals were sampled, they hid under leaf litter when disturbed. Because individuals were secretive and difficult to
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[498,1542,1102,1693]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">spot, sampling involved an intensive search of the forest floor. Individuals were found to be shy of torch light and upon disturbance, made quick hopping movements to hide.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[498,1542,1102,1693]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
No individuals were found exposed during the night during either rainy or non-rainy periods. As a general observation, most sympatric anurans in the region usually emerge in the dark and call during the rain or post rain seasons. Leaf-litter dwelling and habitat distinguishes
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" box="[656,827,1507,1533]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kurichiyana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[656,827,1507,1533]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. kurichiyana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from many species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" box="[1091,1265,1507,1533]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1091,1265,1507,1533]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that are torrential frogs and prefer to live in water or next to perennial streams (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Biju SD & Van Bocxlaer I & Mahony S & Dinesh KP & Radhakrishnan C & Zachariah A & Giri VB" box="[1167,1351,1547,1573]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 96" part="3029" refId="ref9490" refString="Biju SD, Van Bocxlaer I, Mahony S, Dinesh KP, Radhakrishnan C, Zachariah A, Giri VB. 2011. A taxonomic review of the Night frog genus Nyctibatrachus Boulenger, 1882 in the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Nyctibatrachidae) with description of twelve new species. Zootaxa 3029: 1 - 96." title="A taxonomic review of the Night frog genus Nyctibatrachus Boulenger, 1882 in the Western Ghats, India (Anura: Nyctibatrachidae) with description of twelve new species" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1167,1351,1547,1573]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Biju et al., 2011</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). While its terrestrial habits are somewhat similar to some small-bodied
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" box="[1220,1394,1587,1613]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1220,1394,1587,1613]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Nyctibatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[498,1542,1102,1693]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Garg S & Suyesh R & Sukesan S & Biju SD" box="[552,745,1627,1653]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="3007" part="5" refId="ref10487" refString="Garg S, Suyesh R, Sukesan S, Biju SD. 2017. Seven new species of Night Frogs (Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) from the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot of India, with remarkably high diversity of diminutive forms. PeerJ 5 (1): e 3007 DOI 10.7717 / peerj. 3007." title="Seven new species of Night Frogs (Anura, Nyctibatrachidae) from the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot of India, with remarkably high diversity of diminutive forms" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<emphasis box="[552,745,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Garg et al., 2017</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the new lineage differs strongly from the two
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dubois & Ohler" authorityYear="2001" box="[1311,1452,1627,1653]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Lankanectes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1311,1452,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Lankanectes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species which are aquatic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Senevirathne G & Samarawickrama VAMPK & Wijayathilaka N & Manamendra-Arachchi K & Bowatte G & Samarawickrama DRNS & Meegaskumbura M." box="[725,1010,1666,1693]" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="519 - 520" part="4461" refId="ref11406" refString="Senevirathne G, Samarawickrama VAMPK, Wijayathilaka N, Manamendra-Arachchi K, Bowatte G, Samarawickrama DRNS, Meegaskumbura M. 2018. A new frog species from rapidly dwindling cloud forest streams of Sri Lanka- Lankanectes pera (Anura, Nyctibatrachidae). Zootaxa 4461 (4): 519 - 520 DOI 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4461.4.4." title="A new frog species from rapidly dwindling cloud forest streams of Sri Lanka- Lankanectes pera (Anura, Nyctibatrachidae)" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
<emphasis box="[725,1010,1666,1693]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Senevirathne et al., 2018</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[498,1541,1737,1929]" box="[498,674,1737,1767]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[498,674,1737,1767]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[498,674,1737,1767]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[498,1541,1737,1929]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
All known populations of this species occur in Kurichiyarmala on the Wayanad Plateau, in the WG Escarpment (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[790,855,1823,1849]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[524,589,925,947]" captionTargetBox="[498,1539,234,896]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[498,1539,234,896]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1 Geographical range (A) of the three genera, Nyctibatrachus (Nyctibatrachinae), Lankanectes (Lankanectinae) and the new genus Astrobatrachus (Astrobatrachinae subfam. nov.). Inset maps show the type locality (B) and the narrow range (C) of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana gen et. sp. nov. Photo Credit: S. P. Vijayakumar. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608986/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The geographical range of Nyctibatrachinae, widespread across the WG, overlaps with Astrobatrachinae (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1073,1138,1863,1889]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[524,589,925,947]" captionTargetBox="[498,1539,234,896]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[498,1539,234,896]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1 Geographical range (A) of the three genera, Nyctibatrachus (Nyctibatrachinae), Lankanectes (Lankanectinae) and the new genus Astrobatrachus (Astrobatrachinae subfam. nov.). Inset maps show the type locality (B) and the narrow range (C) of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana gen et. sp. nov. Photo Credit: S. P. Vijayakumar. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608986/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, both lineages
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[498,1541,1737,1929]" box="[498,1490,1903,1929]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">have a disjunct distribution with respect to Lankanectinae, which is restricted to the</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608996/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[524,589,815,837]" targetBox="[498,1538,234,786]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[524,1515,814,895]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[524,1063,814,837]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Figure 7 Type locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" box="[783,1057,814,836]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kurichiyana">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[783,1057,814,836]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Astrobatrachus kurichiyana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Most individuals were sighted in the montane forests except for a single individual in the grassland. Locality: Kurichiyarmala, Wayanad Plateau. Photo taken: June 2010. Photo Credit: S.P. Vijayakumar. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-7
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[498,1542,951,1017]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
mountains of Sri Lanka (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[786,850,951,977]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[524,589,925,947]" captionTargetBox="[498,1539,234,896]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[498,1539,234,896]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1 Geographical range (A) of the three genera, Nyctibatrachus (Nyctibatrachinae), Lankanectes (Lankanectinae) and the new genus Astrobatrachus (Astrobatrachinae subfam. nov.). Inset maps show the type locality (B) and the narrow range (C) of Astrobatrachus kurichiyana gen et. sp. nov. Photo Credit: S. P. Vijayakumar. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6457/fig-1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2608986/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The new species occurs in syntopy and in broad sympatry with
|
||
<emphasis box="[559,827,990,1016]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1882" box="[559,733,990,1016]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctibatrachus</taxonomicName>
|
||
grandis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[841,979,991,1016]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Nyctibatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minimus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[841,979,991,1016]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. minimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[995,1126,991,1016]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. vrijeuni,</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1188,1407,990,1016]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">N. kempholeyensis.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[498,1542,1061,1214]" box="[498,660,1061,1091]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[498,660,1061,1091]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[498,660,1061,1091]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[498,1542,1061,1214]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">From ‘Kurichiyana,’ a local tribal community residing near the type locality and currently known geographic range of the species. Species epithet is treated as a noun in apposition to the generic name. We suggest the common English name of the Starry Dwarf Frog.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[498,1541,1258,1410]" box="[498,803,1258,1288]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[498,803,1258,1288]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[498,803,1258,1288]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Conservation status</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="18.[498,1541,1258,1410]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Based on the lack of information on the abundance of the species, and inadequate data on the geographical range of the lineages, using the IUCN Red List criteria, we suggest
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Vijayakumar & Pyron & Dinesh & Torsekar & Srikanthan & Swamy & Stanley & Blackburn & Shanker" authorityYear="2019" box="[498,671,1384,1410]" class="Amphibia" family="Nyctibatrachidae" genus="Astrobatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kurichiyana">
|
||
<emphasis box="[498,671,1384,1410]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A. kurichiyana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
be assigned to the Data Deficient category.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |