313 lines
40 KiB
XML
313 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document id="02720D8E34FD817BED541C8A153E1AA4" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.282060" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bdc3cb09-38b2-4f2b-abb4-e002e5e53ffe" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="282060" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460512571470" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Michelsen, Verner" docDate="2012" docId="03C087B77365170DFF3786264684FAE4" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03434p048.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3434" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Delia pruinosa" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="FFF9FFCF7364170EFFA08445472CFFE8" masterDocTitle="Revision of the European Delia pruinosa species group (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) feeding as larvae in seed capsules of Silene L. (Caryophyllaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="31" pageNumber="32" updateTime="1698313472491" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="101698A102D7375F00A3528FF17FF6BE">Revision of the European Delia pruinosa species group (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) feeding as larvae in seed capsules of Silene L. (Caryophyllaceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="93B93665E86CF9DE837B6BA2B1888019">Michelsen, Verner</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="3C7BCEE2DE99997BB3808F260EC0ECCB">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="83B9B1927A2A1ACC1D9BBDB039607F5B">
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<mods:date id="033D7379FF7EDFFD357DE04C0C932F9B">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="4CE73A3D3FE7AB166F6C34941489C4AF" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="B8163497637A7E49C09BD1CF1CAE9021">3434</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="353A15ACBD6FC862E000C279D3841246">31</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="E263308DAD1C59F6061C013989CC80DC" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.282060</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9FB0B3071F911AF485F954FA92068452" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="577DFEE078339BE47ED33B5C454BB425" type="Zenodo-Dep">282060</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C087B77365170DFF3786264684FAE4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6179850" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119523412" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6179850" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C087B77365170DFF3786264684FAE4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C087B77365170DFF3786264684FAE4" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">
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<subSubSection id="C373652A7365170FFF378626451FFD95" box="[151,563,611,638]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD636A17365170FFF378626451FFD95" blockId="1.[151,563,611,638]" box="[151,563,611,638]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">
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<heading id="D09E81CD7365170FFF378626451FFD95" bold="true" box="[151,563,611,638]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37365170FFF378626451FFD95" bold="true" box="[151,563,611,638]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D227365170FFF6F862146AEFD96" ID-CoL="6CHNN" box="[207,386,612,638]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruinosa">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37365170FFF6F862146AEFD96" bold="true" box="[207,386,612,638]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Delia pruinosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C373652A7365170FFF3786E645B8FC50" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BD636A17365170FFF3786E645B8FC50" blockId="1.[151,1437,675,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37365170FFF3786E6463DFD54" bold="true" box="[151,273,675,700]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The structure of the mouth parts (
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<figureCitation id="13522A247365170FFD0D86E14437FD54" box="[685,795,676,700]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1773,1796]" captionTargetBox="[199,1416,188,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,169,1768]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Delia spp.: 1. D. sileni sp. nov., female proboscis. 2. Same, male proboscis. 3. Same, female labella. 4. Same, male labella. 5. Same, male left antenna. 6. Same, detail of female left hind leg. 7. D. pruinosa, detail of female left hind leg. Scales: 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282061/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Figs. 1–4</figureCitation>
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) and antenna (
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<figureCitation id="13522A247365170FFC6D86E14338FD54" box="[973,1044,676,700]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1773,1796]" captionTargetBox="[199,1416,188,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,169,1768]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Delia spp.: 1. D. sileni sp. nov., female proboscis. 2. Same, male proboscis. 3. Same, female labella. 4. Same, male labella. 5. Same, male left antenna. 6. Same, detail of female left hind leg. 7. D. pruinosa, detail of female left hind leg. Scales: 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282061/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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) may distinguish both males and females of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D227365170FFEE5868D46DEFD08" box="[325,498,712,736]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruinosa">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37365170FFEE5868D46DEFD08" box="[325,498,712,736]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Delia pruinosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group from all other
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D227365170FFCEC868D44A6FD08" box="[844,906,712,736]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37365170FFCEC868D44A6FD08" box="[844,906,712,736]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Delia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: proboscis with a large and bulky haustellum covered in grey dusting, and with black prestomal teeth in a single row notably strong and claw-like; antennal postpedicel short, apically rounded; arista also short, conspicuously thickened basally. Supplementary characters: fronto-parafacial angle projected beyond short face; genal setae in single row; prealar seta short, sometimes barely discernible from adjacent setulae; vein C without v-setulae; fore femur without a-setae; mid tibia without av- and v-setae; male sex: apical pv-seta on fore tibia simply pointed and fore- and mid tibiae with submedian setation very reduced, only consisting of 1–2 short p-setae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C373652A7365170CFF678786441AF819" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD636A17365170FFF6787864342FC34" blockId="1.[151,1437,675,2032]" box="[199,1134,963,988]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37365170FFF6787864674FC34" bold="true" box="[199,344,963,988]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Description.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37365170FFEFF8781450FFC34" box="[351,547,964,988]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Male and female.</emphasis>
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Medium size anthomyiids, wing length 4.0–5.6mm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD636A17365170FFF6787AD420FFB78" blockId="1.[151,1437,675,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Colour: Ground colour brownish black, except anterior parts of head and basal antennal segments often ochre brown to ochre yellow. All parts including prementum covered in light grey to brownish grey dusting; male mesonotum more or less covered in brown dusting; male abdomen in posterior view with a narrow dark vitta on tergites II–IV, but without distinct dark bands anteriorly on tergites; female abdomen without such dark pattern. Calypteres and basal part of wing more or less tinged light brown in males and ochre yellow in females.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD636A17365170FFF6780D9420AFA80" blockId="1.[151,1437,675,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">
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Head (
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<figureCitation id="13522A247365170FFEB580D946A9FB5C" box="[277,389,1180,1204]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 7" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1773,1796]" captionTargetBox="[199,1416,188,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,169,1768]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 7. Delia spp.: 1. D. sileni sp. nov., female proboscis. 2. Same, male proboscis. 3. Same, female labella. 4. Same, male labella. 5. Same, male left antenna. 6. Same, detail of female left hind leg. 7. D. pruinosa, detail of female left hind leg. Scales: 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282061/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Figs. 1–5</figureCitation>
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): In profile with convex frons and rounded fronto-parafacial angle projecting distinctly in front of short face; male parafrontals on upper part narrow, contiguous to well separated by frontal vitta; parafacial narrower than width of postpedicel; gena short and broad with setae arranged in one irregular row. Antennal postpedicel short, not reaching lower facial margin; arista short and strongly thickened basally; aristal pubescence short, its length not exceeding greatest diameter of arista. Haustellum large and bulky, fully as long as fore tarsomere 1; prestomal teeth black, enlarged and robust, pointed and claw-like, arranged in a single row.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD636A17365170FFF67813144B0FA3C" blockId="1.[151,1437,675,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Thorax: Presutural acrostichal rows closer together than their distance to dorsocentral rows, middle pair of acrostichal setae moderately enlarged. Notopleuron bare apart from two usual setae. Prealar seta shorter and weaker than posterior notopleural seta, sometimes practically absent.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD636A17365170FFF6781A547D6F9F4" blockId="1.[151,1437,675,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Wings: Vein C with anterior spinules very short, even at subcostal break, without setulae on d-, a- and vsurfaces.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD636A17365170FFF67826C45FAF8F0" blockId="1.[151,1437,675,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">
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Legs: Fore femur without series of fine a-setae; fore tibia with 0–1 ad- (present in female, absent in male) and 1–2 p-setae, apically only with d-seta and short pv-seta, the latter simply pointed in both sexes. Mid femur basally with 0–1 av-seta (present in female, normally absent in male), and 1–3 pv-setae (besides basal v-seta), all very short; mid tibia in male with 1–2 very short p-setae only, in female even with 1 ad- and 1 short pd-setae; male mid tarsus unremarkable.
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<collectingCountry id="F37E76317365170FFE2782FD4693F938" box="[391,447,1720,1744]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Hind</collectingCountry>
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femur with av-setae but these become very short and irregular in basal half, without pvsetae except near apex; hind tibia with 0-1 short av-, 2–3 ad- and 2–3 pd-setae and without apical pd-seta; male hind tibia without usual short p–pv setae in middle.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD636A17365170FFF678361444BF818" blockId="1.[151,1437,675,2032]" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">
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Abdomen: Tergites II–V in both sexes with weak hind marginal setae and without discal setae; male sternites III and IV rather broad with longish setae at lateral margins or basally on sternite III. Male terminalia typical for
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D227365170FFF37832947F9F86C" box="[151,213,1900,1924]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37365170FFF37832947F9F86C" box="[151,213,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Delia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, as in other members of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D227365170FFD81832845A1F86C" box="[545,653,1900,1924]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cardui">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37365170FFD81832845A1F86C" box="[545,653,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">D. cardui</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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section without specialized setae on lobes of sternite V (
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<figureCitation id="13522A247365170FFABD8329424EF86C" box="[1309,1378,1900,1924]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 14" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1982,2005]" captionTargetBox="[273,1312,464,1942]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[265,1330,445,1971]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 14. Delia pruinosa, male: 8. Sternites III and IV. 9. Sternite V. 10. Hypopygium, caudal. 11. Hypopygium, lateral. 12. Pre- and postgonites. 13. Phallus, lateral. 14. Distiphallus, caudal. Scales: 0.5 mm for 8 and 9, 0.25 mm for 10 – 14." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282062/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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) and with acrophallus (
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<figureCitation id="13522A247365170FFEC283D546C6F840" box="[354,490,1936,1960]" captionStart="FIGURES 26 – 31" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1799,1822]" captionTargetBox="[174,1415,212,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1778]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 26 – 31. Delia sileni sp. nov., male: 26. Sternites III – V. 27. Hypopygium, caudal. 28. Hypopygium, lateral. 29. Pre- and postgonites. 30. Phallus, lateral. 31. Distiphallus, caudal. Same scale: 0.25 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282066/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Figs. 30, 31</figureCitation>
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) retained as a small sclerite disc between paraphallic lobes. Oviscapt more variable than usually seen in species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D227365170FFE4F83F14501F824" box="[495,557,1972,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37365170FFE4F83F14501F824" box="[495,557,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Delia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, ranging from rather short (
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<figureCitation id="13522A247365170FFCC383F14498F824" box="[867,948,1972,1996]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 16" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1880,1903]" captionTargetBox="[186,1424,217,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1859]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 16. Delia pruinosa, female: 15. Oviscapt, flat mounted. 16. Same, distal part only. Scales: 0.5 mm for 15, 0.25 mm for 16." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282063/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
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) to strikingly extended (
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<figureCitation id="13522A247365170FFB6583F14235F824" box="[1221,1305,1972,1996]" captionStart="FIGURES 42 – 44" captionStartId="13.[151,264,1861,1884]" captionTargetBox="[189,1403,231,1805]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,193,1840]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 42 – 44. Delia spp., females: 42. D. capdellae sp. nov., distal part of oviscapt, flat mounted. 43. Delia sp. indet. A, oviscapt, flat mounted. 44. Same, distal part only. Scales: 0.25 mm for 42 and 44, 1.0 mm for 43." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282069/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
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); cerci with freely projecting apical part shorter than normally seen in
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D227365170FFC82839D444CF818" box="[802,864,2008,2032]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37365170FFC82839D444CF818" box="[802,864,2008,2032]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="32">Delia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF1666297366170CFF3782A8466CF8A8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/282061/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" targetBox="[199,1416,188,1742]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="8BD636A17366170CFF3782A8466CF8A8" blockId="2.[151,1437,1773,1856]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37366170CFF3782A84616F8EA" bold="true" box="[151,314,1773,1796]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">FIGURES 1–7.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D227366170CFEE182A84655F8EB" box="[321,377,1773,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37366170CFEE182A84655F8EB" box="[321,377,1773,1795]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">Delia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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spp.:
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37366170CFE1782A846E6F8EA" bold="true" box="[439,458,1773,1794]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C694D227366170CFE7082AB450BF8EB" box="[464,551,1773,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sileni" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37366170CFE7082AB450BF8EB" box="[464,551,1773,1795]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">D. sileni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22E57C87366170CFD8D82AB4552F8EB" box="[557,638,1774,1795]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" rank="species">
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37366170CFD8D82AB4552F8EB" bold="true" box="[557,638,1774,1795]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">sp. nov.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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, female proboscis.
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37366170CFCE482A84474F8EA" bold="true" box="[836,856,1773,1794]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">2.</emphasis>
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Same, male proboscis.
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37366170CFBE982A84370F8EA" bold="true" box="[1097,1116,1773,1794]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">3.</emphasis>
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Same, female labella.
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37366170CFAE482A8427AF8EA" bold="true" box="[1348,1366,1773,1794]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">4.</emphasis>
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Same, male labella.
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37366170CFE808349461FF8C9" bold="true" box="[288,307,1804,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">5.</emphasis>
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Same, male left antenna.
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37366170CFD9E8349457DF8C9" bold="true" box="[574,593,1804,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">6.</emphasis>
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Same, detail of female left hind leg.
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<emphasis id="B91DEAB37366170CFC70834944CFF8C9" bold="true" box="[976,995,1804,1825]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227366170CFC4A83484348F8CA" box="[1002,1124,1805,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37366170CFC4A83484348F8CA" box="[1002,1124,1805,1826]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">D. pruinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, detail of female left hind leg. Scales: 0.25mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD636A17366170CFF67832B441AF819" blockId="2.[151,1436,1901,2033]" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37366170CFF67832B47D7F86D" box="[199,251,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">Egg.</emphasis>
|
||
Description based on uterine eggs from pregnant female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227366170CFC06832B4385F86D" authority="Whitish" authorityName="Whitish" box="[934,1193,1901,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="judicariae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37366170CFC06832B4311F86D" box="[934,1085,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="33">D. judicariae</emphasis>
|
||
: Whitish
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, relatively slender (c. 1.5 x 0.3 mm), cylindrical, long axis barely curved in lateral view, rounded at posterior end, tapering and somewhat truncate at anterior (micropylar) end. Chorion ornamented with fine ridges forming hexagonal reticulations, dorsally without a hatching pleat delimited by raised ridges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C373652A7367170DFF6784D24684FAE4" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD636A17367170DFF6784D244B2FE6F" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1292]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFF6784D2460BFF58" bold="true" box="[199,295,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
The first published biological observation on the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFCDE84DD4301FF58" box="[894,1069,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFCDE84DD4301FF58" box="[894,1069,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Delia pruinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group was by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B507367170DFAE384D247CFFF3C" author="Tiensuu" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" refString="Tiensuu, L. (1936) Die bisher aus Finland bekannten Musciden. Acta societatis pro fauna et flora fennica, 58 (4) (1935), 56 pp." type="book" year="1936">Tiensuu (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who from
|
||
<date id="FFD710617367170DFED184F94515FF3C" box="[369,569,188,212]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" value="1934-06-22" valueMax="1934-06-27" valueMin="1934-06-22">22–27 June 1934</date>
|
||
found ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFD3A84F944D1FF3C" box="[666,1021,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Hylemyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavidipennis" subGenus="Delia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFD3A84F94429FF3C" box="[666,773,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Hylemyia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFCBA84F94474FF3C" box="[794,856,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Delia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFCCC84F944D1FF3C" box="[876,1021,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">flavidipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ in numbers after sunset, allegedly pollen-feeding on flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFE4684A545A1FF10" box="[486,653,224,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Silene" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="viscaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFE4684A545A1FF10" box="[486,653,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Silene viscaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Jess. My examination of Tiensuu’s material has shown that his observation involved two species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFDBD854145EBFEF4" box="[541,711,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFDBD854145EBFEF4" box="[541,711,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Delia pruinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFD5F854044B1FEF4" box="[767,925,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFD5F854044B5FEF4" box="[767,921,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="judicariae">D. judicariae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
It remains questionable, however, if the flies observed by Tiensuu were actually feeding on pollen rather than nectar, as I have never noticed pollen grains as gut contents when dissecting male and female flies for identification purposes. It is also stated in the literature (see below), that these flies play no role as pollinators of their host plants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD636A17367170DFF6785D046C2FDD4" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1292]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37E76317367170DFF4685D1461BFE44" box="[230,311,404,428]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Britain</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B507367170DFEE485D146F1FE44" author="Niblett" box="[324,477,404,428]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" refString="Niblett, M. (1951) Notes on some bred Diptera. Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation, 63, 150 - 152." type="journal article" year="1951">Niblett (1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B507367170DFE4B85D14508FE44" author="Niblett" box="[491,548,404,428]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" refString="Niblett, M. (1955) Some further notes on bred Diptera. Entomologist's Record & Journal of Variation, 67, 300 - 301." type="journal article" year="1955">1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) bred ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFDD885D1447CFE44" box="[632,848,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavidipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFDD885D1447CFE44" box="[632,848,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Delia flavidipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Stein’ from larvae found in seed capsules of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFAF785D14693FE27" authority="(Moench) Garcke" authorityName="(Moench) Garcke" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Silene" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFAF785D147DFFE38" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Silene vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
(Moench) Garcke
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
after they had overwintered in the pupal stage in soil. These breeding records refer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFA2185FC47D7FE1C" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFA2185FC47D7FE1C" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">D. pruinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the only British species known from this species group (see below).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B507367170DFB99859943F6FE1C" author="Hennig" box="[1081,1242,476,500]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" refString="Hennig, W. (1974) Anthomyiidae [part]. In: Lindner, E. (Ed), Die Fliegen der palaearktischen Region, 7 (1), Lief. 307. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, pp. 777 - 872." type="journal article" year="1974">Hennig (1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 811, 1976: 958) also noted the association of ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFE548645458BFDF0" box="[500,679,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFE548645458BFDF0" box="[500,679,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Delia flavifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ (=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFD7E8644444BFDF0" box="[734,871,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFD7E8644444BFDF0" box="[734,871,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">D. pruinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group) with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFBFD8645438DFDF0" box="[1117,1185,512,536]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Silene" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFBFD8645438DFDF0" box="[1117,1185,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Silene</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but was mistaken in listing it as a larval leaf-miner.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD636A17367170DFF67860D4578FBB0" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1292]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B507367170DFF67860D46A1FDB7" author="Pettersson" box="[199,397,583,607]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" refString="Pettersson, M. W. (1991) Flower herbivory and seed predation in Silene vulgaris (Caryophyllaceae): effects of pollination and phenology. Holarctic Ecology, 14, 45 - 50." type="journal article" year="1991">Pettersson (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
briefly mentioned that ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFD02860D447EFD88" box="[674,850,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFD02860D447EFD88" box="[674,850,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Delia flavifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ on the Baltic island of Öland is a seed predator of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFF3786294611FD6C" box="[151,317,620,644]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Silene" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFF3786294611FD6C" box="[151,317,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Silene vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In a more detailed study of the same fly and its association with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFBB886294393FD6C" box="[1048,1215,620,644]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Silene" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFBB886294393FD6C" box="[1048,1215,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Silene vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFB5486284246FD6C" box="[1268,1386,620,644]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Silene" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uniflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFB5486284246FD6C" box="[1268,1386,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">S. uniflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFF3786D447C0FD40" box="[151,236,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">petraea</emphasis>
|
||
(Hartm.) Jonsell & H.C. Prent on Öland,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B507367170DFD6586D544A6FD4F" author="Pettersson" box="[709,906,655,679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" refString="Pettersson, M. W. (1992) Taking a chance on moths: oviposition by Delia flavifrons (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) on the flowers of bladder campion, Silene vulgaris (Caryophyllaceae). Ecological Entomology, 17, 57 - 62." type="journal article" year="1992">Pettersson (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed that the adults feed, mate and rest on these plants, and that the females lay eggs singly on the petal stalks of young flowers, preferably in the late afternoon when the flower buds open. He also noted that the flies play no role in the pollination of the flowers, which is rather carried out by noctuid moths of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFC8786B94329FCFC" authority="Schrank. If" authorityName="Schrank. If" box="[807,1029,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Hadena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFC8786B944ACFCFC" box="[807,896,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Hadena</emphasis>
|
||
Schrank. If
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
successful, the newly hatched larva makes its way to the fruit body, where it feeds on developing seeds. In order to reduce competition on the larval food from stronger, likewise seed-feeding larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFD7F87014414FCB4" box="[735,824,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Hadena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFD7F87014414FCB4" box="[735,824,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Hadena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
moths, the flies tend to lay eggs later in the flowering season than the moths. On request, Pettersson kindly sent me some male and female ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFBC0872D43E6FC68" box="[1120,1226,872,896]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFBC0872D43E6FC68" box="[1120,1226,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">flavifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ that all proved to belong to
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFEA887C846BAFC4C" box="[264,406,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFEA887C846BEFC4C" box="[264,402,909,932]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruinosa">D. pruinosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In subsequent papers on seed production and seed predation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFBC687C94220FC4C" box="[1126,1292,908,932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Silene" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="uniflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFBC687C94220FC4C" box="[1126,1292,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Silene uniflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ssp.
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFAE687C842B7FC4C" box="[1350,1435,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">petraea</emphasis>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B507367170DFF1B87F44657FC2F" author="Pettersson" box="[187,379,943,968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" refString="Pettersson, M. W. (1994) Large plant size counteracts early seed predation during the extended flowering season of a Silene uniflora (Caryophyllaceae) population. Ecography, 17, 264 - 271." type="journal article" year="1994">Pettersson (1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B507367170DFE2787EA46EEFC2F" author="Pettersson" box="[391,450,943,967]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" refString="Pettersson, M. W. (1997) Solitary plants do as well as clumped ones in Silene uniflora (Caryophyllaceae). Ecography, 20, 375 - 382." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), it is stated that the flies, now recorded as ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFC1C87F54349FC20" box="[956,1125,944,968]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFC1C87F54349FC20" box="[956,1125,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Delia pruinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,’ play a minor role as seed predators compared to the noctuid moths, because they are less common and each larva consumes seeds from one capsule only.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B507367170DFE9487B2456EFBE7" author="Ackland" box="[308,578,1015,1040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" refString="Ackland, D. M. & Pont, A. C. (1996) Delia kullensis (Ringdahl, 1933) (Dipt., Anthomyiidae) confirmed as a British species. Entomologist's monthly Magazine, 132, 17 - 21." type="journal article" year="1996">Ackland & Pont (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFD7D87BC4449FBF8" box="[733,869,1017,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFD7D87BC4449FBF8" box="[733,869,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">D. pruinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFB3787BD426EFBF8" box="[1175,1346,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFB3787BD426EFBF8" box="[1175,1346,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Delia pruinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group known from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37E76317367170DFED8805946EAFBDC" box="[376,454,1052,1076]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Britain</collectingCountry>
|
||
thus far, and that some of the specimens examined according to the labels had been taken on or reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFE0680054562FBB0" box="[422,590,1088,1112]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Silene" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFE0680054562FBB0" box="[422,590,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Silene vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD636A17367170DFF6780204684FAE4" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1292]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
|
||
My own observations suggest, in agreement with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF84B507367170DFCA5802044E3FB94" author="Pettersson" box="[773,975,1124,1148]" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" refString="Pettersson, M. W. (1992) Taking a chance on moths: oviposition by Delia flavifrons (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) on the flowers of bladder campion, Silene vulgaris (Caryophyllaceae). Ecological Entomology, 17, 57 - 62." type="journal article" year="1992">Pettersson (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, that anthomyiids of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFB51802142B7FB94" box="[1265,1435,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFB51802142B7FB94" box="[1265,1435,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Delia pruinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group are closely associated with their host plants, more so than other species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFB1680CD4268FB48" box="[1206,1348,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Delia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cardui">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91DEAB37367170DFB1680CD4268FB48" box="[1206,1348,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Delia cardui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
section that likewise feed as larvae on species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C694D227367170DFDDB80E94417FB2C" box="[635,827,1196,1220]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Caryophyllaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Therefore, the best ways to obtain material of these species are to look for the flies on their host plants during the flowering season or to collect maturing seed capsules for rearing of the larvae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |