399 lines
43 KiB
XML
399 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6282291" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ae518b88-ae03-4875-9174-619da4dc29dc" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148402929" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6282291" checkinTime="1538051664747" checkinUser="yanell" docAuthor="Bernor, R. L., & Tobien, H." docDate="1989" docId="03C0879DA06BCD1BFAA2C8C3F749FD5B" docLanguage="en" docName="Bernor, R. L., & Tobien, H. (1989). Two small species of Cremohipparion (Equidae, Mammalia) from Samos, Greece (ABBYY2).imf" docOrigin="Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie 29" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Cremohipparion nikosi Bernor & Tobien 1989, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="219" masterDocId="FFF9FFE5A062CD16FFEACF68FF88FFA5" masterDocTitle="Two small species of Cremohipparion (Equidae, Mammalia) from Samos, Greece" masterLastPageNumber="226" masterPageNumber="206" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" updateTime="1645803502943" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Two small species of Cremohipparion (Equidae, Mammalia) from Samos, Greece</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bernor, R. L.,</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Tobien, H.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:title>Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>1989</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>29</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>206</mods:start>
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<mods:end>226</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.1436534</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">ae518b88-ae03-4875-9174-619da4dc29dc</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1436534</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6282291" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148402929" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6282291" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C0879DA06BCD1BFAA2C8C3F749FD5B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C0879DA06BCD1BFAA2C8C3F749FD5B" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="219" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
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<subSubSection box="[1352,1808,1963,1997]" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[1352,1808,1958,2048]" box="[1352,1808,1963,1997]" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
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<heading box="[1352,1808,1963,1997]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName authority="Bernor & Tobien, 1989" authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1352,1718,1963,1997]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi" status="n. sp.">
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<emphasis box="[1352,1718,1963,1997]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">Cremohipparion nikosi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1726,1808,1963,1997]" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[1536,1623,2014,2048]" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[1352,1808,1958,2048]" box="[1536,1623,2014,2048]" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
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<heading box="[1536,1623,2014,2048]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="4" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" reason="1">
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<figureCitation box="[1536,1623,2014,2048]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="10.[962,1053,1812,1842]" captionTargetBox="[1021,2387,210,1771]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 2: Cremohipparion nikosin. sp., BSP 1899 VII31 b. A. Skull fragment, left lateral view; B. Left maxillary cheek tooth series." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1436540/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">Fig-2</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="215" type="synonymic_list">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[834,2326,2096,2475]" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sondaar" authorityYear="1971" box="[834,1329,2096,2130]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
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<emphasis box="[834,1129,2099,2129]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">Hipparion matthewi,</emphasis>
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T obien,
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<bibRefCitation author="Tobien, H" bookContentInfo="1 Tab., 1 Taf." box="[1267,1329,2099,2129]" journalOrPublisher="N. Jb. Min., Beil. - Bd. (B)" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" pagination="279 — 306" part="80" refId="ref10007" refString="Tobien, H " (1938): Uber das Gebiss des Hipparion mattbewi Abel. - N. Jb. Min., Beil. - Bd. (B), 80: 279 - 306, 1 Tab., 1 Taf.; Stuttgart" title="Über das Gebiss des Hipparion mattbewi Abel." type="journal article" year="1938">1938</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sondaar" authorityYear="1971" box="[834,1375,2138,2172]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
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<emphasis box="[834,1130,2141,2171]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">Hipparion matthewi,</emphasis>
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G romova,
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<bibRefCitation author="Gromova, V." bookContentInfo="54 Abb., 18 Tab., 13 Taf." box="[1308,1375,2141,2171]" journalOrPublisher="Inst. Paleontol. Acad. Sei. l’USSR 36." pageId="9" pageNumber="215" pagination="1 — 473" part="12" refId="ref9014" refString="Gromova, V., (1952): Le genre Hipparion. - Inst. Paleontol. Acad. Sei. l'USSR 36., 12: 1 - 473, 54 Abb., 18 Tab., 13 Taf.; Paris (Translated from Russian by St. Aubin. Bur. Rech. Min. Geol., Ann. C. E. D. P.)." title="Le genre Hipparion." type="book chapter" year="1952">1952</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, in part
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="215" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[834,2326,2096,2475]" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913759646" bfaMax="MN 13" bfaMin="MN 11" collectionCode="BSP" country="Greece" earliestAgeOrLowestStage="5.7 Ma" geologicalContext="Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextID="Miocene" latestAgeOrHighestStage="8.5 Ma" location="Samos" municipality="Samos" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" preperations="skull fragment" specimenCode="BSP 1899" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" taxonDistribution="Greece" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus box="[873,1059,2205,2239]" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCount box="[1089,1168,2205,2239]" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" type="male">Male</specimenCount>
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skull fragment,
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<specimenCode box="[1428,1576,2205,2239]" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">
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BSP
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<date box="[1506,1687,2205,2239]" pageId="9" pageNumber="215" value="1899-07-31">1899 VII 31</date>
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</specimenCode>
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b. Type Locality: Island of
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<collectingMunicipality box="[1325,1425,2250,2284]" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">Samos</collectingMunicipality>
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(
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<collectingCountry box="[1447,1565,2250,2284]" name="Greece" pageId="9" pageNumber="215">Greece</collectingCountry>
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, without locality). Etymology: Named in honor of Dr. Nikos Solounias as a tribute to his long and exhaustive work on the stratigraphy and paleontology of Samos. Age: Turolian, ca. 8.5—5.7 Ma. Geographic Distribution: Greece
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1436540/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="216" startId="10.[962,1053,1812,1842]" targetBox="[1021,2387,210,1771]" targetPageId="10">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[961,2450,1807,1885]" pageId="10" pageNumber="216">
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Figure 2:
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<taxonomicName authority="Bernor & Tobien, 1989" authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1125,1452,1812,1842]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi" status="n. sp.">
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<emphasis box="[1125,1452,1812,1842]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="216">Cremohipparion nikosi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1452,1528,1812,1842]" pageId="10" pageNumber="216" rank="species">
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n.
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<emphasis box="[1486,1523,1812,1842]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="216">sp</emphasis>
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.
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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, BSP 1899 VII31 b. A. Skull fragment, left lateral view; B. Left maxillary cheek tooth series.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="216" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[962,2454,1981,2491]" pageId="10" pageNumber="216">
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Diagnosis: As for
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1334,1758,1986,2020]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
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<emphasis box="[1334,1758,1986,2020]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="216">Cremohipparion matthewi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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except that the nasals are strongly retracted to the mesostyle of P4. Lower jaws are not known for this species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="217" pageId="10" pageNumber="216" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[962,2454,1981,2491]" pageId="10" pageNumber="216">
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Description: The type specimen of
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<taxonomicName authority="Bernor & Tobien, 1989" authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1624,1991,2079,2113]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi" status="n. sp.">
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<emphasis box="[1624,1991,2079,2113]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="216">Cremohipparion nikosi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[2001,2086,2079,2113]" pageId="10" pageNumber="216" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[2110,2203,2079,2113]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="10.[962,1053,1812,1842]" captionTargetBox="[1021,2387,210,1771]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 2: Cremohipparion nikosin. sp., BSP 1899 VII31 b. A. Skull fragment, left lateral view; B. Left maxillary cheek tooth series." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1436540/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="216">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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)
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<emphasis box="[2226,2250,2079,2113]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="216">is</emphasis>
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an old adult male individual including the snout, nasals, maxilla and anteroventral aspect of the orbits, both canines and left P2—M3.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="10.[962,2454,1981,2491]" lastBlockId="11.[814,2306,200,2458]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="217" pageId="10" pageNumber="216">
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As with the holotype of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1396,1598,2221,2255]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
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<emphasis box="[1396,1424,2221,2255]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="216">C</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis box="[1444,1604,2221,2255]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="216">matthewi,</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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this
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<emphasis box="[1685,1708,2221,2255]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="216">is</emphasis>
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a small
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<emphasis box="[1839,1953,2221,2255]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="216">species</emphasis>
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. The
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<emphasis box="[2041,2188,2221,2255]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="216">specimen</emphasis>
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preserves an approximately subtriangular, anteroventrally oriented POF with a large anteroventrally placed infraorbital foramen. The POF is less than 10 mm deep medially, has no
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<emphasis box="[2129,2276,2314,2348]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="216">posterior</emphasis>
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pocketing, preorbital bar is quite short (19.2 mm) and while not clear, the lacrimal most probably invaded the posterior aspect of the POF because of the POB’s very short length. As with
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[2243,2446,2410,2444]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="216" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
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C.
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<emphasis box="[2292,2452,2410,2444]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="216">matthewi,</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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there is no visible caninus fossa. The nasal notch is clearly very strongly retracted to mesostyle of P4. The dorsal premaxillary tubercles are far less developed in this specimen than in
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
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C.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">matthewi.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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The canines are large and quite robust, and suggest, that it was a male individual. The cheek teeth are in an advanced stage-of-wear, suggesting that this was an old individual. P2 anterostyle
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<emphasis box="[965,988,348,382]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">is</emphasis>
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shortened. Protocones are rounded on all cheek teeth; P2’s protocone is connected with the protoloph due to its late wear-stage. When preserved, pli caballins are short, but either single or double. The pre- and postfossettes are heavily worn, but reveal that the individual had shallow amplitude, moderately complex plications of the cheek teeth. However, wear
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<emphasis box="[2160,2184,490,524]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">is</emphasis>
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too advanced to reliably account for how many plications the younger middle stage-of-wear adults had. The hypoglyphs are essentially obliterated on P2 3, shallow on P4—M2, and deep on M3.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="219" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="11.[814,2306,200,2458]" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">
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Remarks: The only
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<emphasis box="[1206,1343,632,666]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">previous</emphasis>
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citations of the type specimen, BSP 1899 VII 31b, were
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<bibRefCitation author="Tobien, H" bookContentInfo="1 Tab., 1 Taf." journalOrPublisher="N. Jb. Min., Beil. - Bd. (B)" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" pagination="279 — 306" part="80" refId="ref10007" refString="Tobien, H " (1938): Uber das Gebiss des Hipparion mattbewi Abel. - N. Jb. Min., Beil. - Bd. (B), 80: 279 - 306, 1 Tab., 1 Taf.; Stuttgart" title="Über das Gebiss des Hipparion mattbewi Abel." type="journal article" year="1938">Tobien (1938: Taf. 1)</bibRefCitation>
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and G romova (
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<bibRefCitation author="Gromova, V." bookContentInfo="54 Abb., 18 Tab., 13 Taf." box="[1338,1418,679,713]" journalOrPublisher="Inst. Paleontol. Acad. Sei. l’USSR 36." pageId="11" pageNumber="217" pagination="1 — 473" part="12" refId="ref9014" refString="Gromova, V., (1952): Le genre Hipparion. - Inst. Paleontol. Acad. Sei. l'USSR 36., 12: 1 - 473, 54 Abb., 18 Tab., 13 Taf.; Paris (Translated from Russian by St. Aubin. Bur. Rech. Min. Geol., Ann. C. E. D. P.)." title="Le genre Hipparion." type="book chapter" year="1952">1952</bibRefCitation>
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), both of whom referred it to
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<emphasis box="[1874,2206,679,713]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sondaar" authorityYear="1971" box="[1874,2200,679,713]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">Hipparion matthewi</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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based on its size.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="11.[814,2306,200,2458]" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">
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This
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<emphasis box="[933,1076,773,807]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">species is</emphasis>
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remarkably similar to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sondaar" authorityYear="1971" box="[1439,1640,773,807]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
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C.
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<emphasis box="[1487,1640,773,807]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">matthewi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in its size and morphology, except for the strong retraction of the nasal bones. This single contrast
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<emphasis box="[1715,1738,821,855]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">is</emphasis>
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significant, in that the ratio of measurement 30 versus 31 (length of the naso-incisival notch from prosthion to the back of the narial opening versus the length of the narial opening to the anteriormost limit of the orbit; re:
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<bibRefCitation author="Eisenmann, V. & M. - T. Alberdi & C. de Giuli & U. Staesche" bookContentInfo="29 Abb." editor="M. Woodburne" journalOrPublisher="Leiden (Brill)" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" part="1" refId="ref8823" refString="Eisenmann, V., M. - T. Alberdi, C. de Giuli and U. Staesche, (1988): Studying fossil horses. - eds. M. Woodburne and P. Sondaar, Vol. 1: Methodology, VIII + 71, 29 Abb.; Leiden (Brill)." title="Studying fossil horses" type="book" volumeTitle="Methodology" year="1988">
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<emphasis box="[815,949,968,995]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">Eisenmann</emphasis>
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et al., 1988
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</bibRefCitation>
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:
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<figureCitation box="[1165,1277,963,997]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="12.[978,1070,2141,2171]" captionTargetBox="[1155,2279,230,2087]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 3: Comparison of Samos “Cremohipparion matthewi” species with selected later Miocene Holarctic and Ethiopian smaller horses. A. MC III maximum length (ML) versus distal articular width (DAW). B. MT III ML versus DAW. 1 = “Cremohipparion matthewi” (Samos; AMNH: 23054b—e, 22933,23054, Q5 no numbers, 22893; Bernor, personal observation); 2 = “Hipparion macedonicum” (Ravin de Pluie, Greece; RPL 38; Koufos, Table 9 — insert); 3 = sitifense (Sahabi, Libya; 27P25B, MC III; 1P25B, MT III; Bernor et al., 1987); 4 = gromovae (La Fontana, Spain; Tobien, personal observation); 5 = “S*. platyodus (China; Qiu et al., 1987:95);6 = Calippus (XMAS Quarry, Nebraska AMNH 98 (Bernor, personal observation); 7 = Pseudhipparion sp., XMAS Quarry AMNH 202 (Bernor, personal observation)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1436542/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">Fig. 3a</figureCitation>
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) is 136.0/74.9 (= 181.6) in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1730,2099,963,997]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1730,2099,963,997]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">Cremohipparion nikosi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
versus 99.1/ 110.6 (= 89.7) in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1088,1515,1008,1042]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1088,1510,1008,1042]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">Cremohipparion matthewi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Moreover, we know of no case where a single species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[929,1085,1056,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">hipparion</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits a variability in nasal retraction ranging from anterior limit of P2 to mesostyle of P4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[814,2306,200,2458]" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">
|
||
K oufos and M elentis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Koufos, G. D. & J. K. Melentis" bookContentInfo="4 Abb., 10 Tab., 8 Taf." box="[1206,1283,1149,1183]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Fac. Sei., Univ. Thessaloniki" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" pagination="47 — 78" part="24" refId="ref9408" refString="Koufos, G. D. and J. K. Melentis, (1984): The late Miocene (Turolian) Mammalian fauna of Samos Island (Greece). - Sei. Ann. Fac. Sei., Univ. Thessaloniki, 24 (47): 47 - 78, 4 Abb., 10 Tab., 8 Taf.; Thessaloniki" title="The late Miocene (Turolian) Mammalian fauna of Samos Island (Greece). — Sei" type="book chapter" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) described an important and previously poorly known collection of Samos hipparions from the PMMS, Samos, Greece. This collection originates from the Stefanidis or Andrianos Ravine, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1336,1359,1245,1279]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">is</emphasis>
|
||
believed by the authors to be identical to Quarry 1 of the AMNH collection (B rown,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown, B." box="[1264,1342,1291,1325]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Hist." pageId="11" pageNumber="217" pagination="19 — 32" part="27" refId="ref8791" refString="Brown, B., (1927): Samos - Romantic Island of the Aegean. - Nat. Hist., 27: 19 - 32; New York." title="Samos — Romantic Island of the Aegean" type="journal article" year="1927">1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). K oufos and M elentis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Koufos, G. D. & J. K. Melentis" bookContentInfo="4 Abb., 10 Tab., 8 Taf." box="[1725,1802,1291,1325]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Fac. Sei., Univ. Thessaloniki" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" pagination="47 — 78" part="24" refId="ref9408" refString="Koufos, G. D. and J. K. Melentis, (1984): The late Miocene (Turolian) Mammalian fauna of Samos Island (Greece). - Sei. Ann. Fac. Sei., Univ. Thessaloniki, 24 (47): 47 - 78, 4 Abb., 10 Tab., 8 Taf.; Thessaloniki" title="The late Miocene (Turolian) Mammalian fauna of Samos Island (Greece). — Sei" type="book chapter" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) describe a smaller horse in this which they referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1189,1352,1339,1373]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1189,1352,1339,1373]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">Hipparion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. II; the most complete specimen being a skull, PMMS 9 (Plate II, pg. 69; Plate III, pg. 70). They characterize this taxon as being (K oufos and M elentis,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Koufos, G. D. & J. K. Melentis" bookContentInfo="4 Abb., 10 Tab., 8 Taf." box="[818,896,1432,1466]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Fac. Sei., Univ. Thessaloniki" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" pagination="47 — 78" part="24" refId="ref9408" refString="Koufos, G. D. and J. K. Melentis, (1984): The late Miocene (Turolian) Mammalian fauna of Samos Island (Greece). - Sei. Ann. Fac. Sei., Univ. Thessaloniki, 24 (47): 47 - 78, 4 Abb., 10 Tab., 8 Taf.; Thessaloniki" title="The late Miocene (Turolian) Mammalian fauna of Samos Island (Greece). — Sei" type="book chapter" year="1984">1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 66): “
|
||
<emphasis box="[1014,1073,1432,1466]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">size</emphasis>
|
||
middle; moderate developed preorbital fossa, situated near the orbit; long muzzle; short tooth series, closed (= close to)
|
||
<emphasis box="[1569,1788,1480,1514]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1569,1778,1480,1514]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">H. matthewi</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
simple enamel plication; protocone connected to the protoloph; moderate protostylid”. The cheek tooth characters are most probably not diagnostic because of their later wear-stage. Length of the cheek tooth series
|
||
<emphasis box="[2281,2302,1574,1608]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">is</emphasis>
|
||
somewhat greater (P2—M3 length = 122.1 mm), than the type
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1803,2005,1621,1655]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
||
C.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1851,2005,1621,1655]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">matthewi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(= 111.8 mm) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[816,960,1669,1703]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[816,845,1669,1703]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[864,960,1669,1703]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">nikosi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(= 105.5 mm). Preorbital bar length for PMMS 9 (= 29 mm;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1932,2055,1669,1703]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="17.[835,915,216,246]" captionText="Table 1: Skull Measurements C. matthewi. nikosi. aff. matthewi C. aff. moldavicum „H“. sp. II OK 557 BSP 1899 VII 31b GIUP100/1958 BMNHM3924 PMMS 9s)" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
: 54) falls within the uppermost portion of the range of length for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Qiu et al." box="[1600,1860,1715,1749]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1600,1860,1715,1749]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">Cremohipparion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (B ernor,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="BERNOR,. L." bookContentInfo="19 Abb." box="[2144,2222,1715,1749]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeovertebrata" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" pagination="173 — 269" part="15" refId="ref8315" refString="BERNOR,. L., (1985): Systematic and Evolutionary Relationships of the Hipparionine Horses from Maragheh, Iran (Late Miocene, Turolian Age). - Palaeovertebrata, 15 (4): 173 - 269, 19 Abb., 20 Tab., Montpellier" title="Systematic and Evolutionary Relationships of the Hipparionine Horses from Maragheh, Iran (Late Miocene, Turolian Age)" type="book chapter" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 264, Tab. 14;
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[960,1279,1763,1797]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moldavicum">
|
||
C. aff.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1082,1279,1763,1797]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">moldavicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Middle Maragheh has one of the highest ranges for this lineage, = 23.6—29.8 mm). Also, reference to
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1534,1648,1811,1845]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="17.[835,915,216,246]" captionText="Table 1: Skull Measurements C. matthewi. nikosi. aff. matthewi C. aff. moldavicum „H“. sp. II OK 557 BSP 1899 VII 31b GIUP100/1958 BMNHM3924 PMMS 9s)" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
here reveals that the values for measurements 30 (= 142 mm) and 31 (= 135 mm) are greater overall than
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1873,2075,1856,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1873,1902,1856,1890]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1922,2075,1856,1890]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">matthewi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[2152,2295,1856,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">
|
||
C.
|
||
<emphasis box="[2201,2301,1856,1890]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">nikosi,</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
while its ratio of these measurements (= 105.2) is somewhat different than
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[2105,2306,1904,1938]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
||
C.
|
||
<emphasis box="[2153,2306,1904,1938]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">matthewi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(= 89.6 mm), and much different than
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1424,1576,1952,1986]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">
|
||
C.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1471,1613,1952,1986]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">nikosi(=</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
181.6 mm). This feature of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[2048,2212,1952,1986]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2048,2212,1952,1986]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">Hipparion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. II suggests a relatively intermediate snout length/nasal retraction.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[814,2306,200,2458]" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">
|
||
It
|
||
<emphasis box="[895,918,2046,2080]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">is</emphasis>
|
||
presently difficult to determine what the evolutionary relationships of
|
||
<emphasis box="[2107,2303,2046,2080]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">
|
||
"
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[2120,2291,2046,2080]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hipparion</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sp. II are. The length of preorbital bar is within the range of variation for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moldavicum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1984,2244,2094,2128]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">Cremohipparion</emphasis>
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis box="[815,1012,2139,2173]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">moldavicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Maragheh, as is the length of the maxillary cheek tooth row (= 120.0—141.3 for
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[875,1194,2187,2221]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moldavicum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[875,904,2187,2221]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">C</emphasis>
|
||
. aff.
|
||
<emphasis box="[995,1204,2187,2221]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">moldavicum;</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
B ernor,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="BERNOR,. L." bookContentInfo="19 Abb." box="[1358,1436,2187,2221]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeovertebrata" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" pagination="173 — 269" part="15" refId="ref8315" refString="BERNOR,. L., (1985): Systematic and Evolutionary Relationships of the Hipparionine Horses from Maragheh, Iran (Late Miocene, Turolian Age). - Palaeovertebrata, 15 (4): 173 - 269, 19 Abb., 20 Tab., Montpellier" title="Systematic and Evolutionary Relationships of the Hipparionine Horses from Maragheh, Iran (Late Miocene, Turolian Age)" type="book chapter" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 264, Tab. 14) especially given the fact that PMMS 9 is an old individual. However, PMMS’s POF would not appear to be as strongly developed in its medial depth and peripheral rim as
|
||
<emphasis box="[1378,1854,2281,2315]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1378,1849,2281,2315]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="moldavicum">Cremohipparion moldavicum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Therefore, there is no apparent basis to refer PMMS 9 to either
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1406,1608,2329,2363]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">
|
||
C.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1454,1608,2329,2363]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">matthewi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nor
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[1684,1829,2329,2363]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nikosi">
|
||
C.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1733,1835,2329,2363]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">nikosi,</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and it may or may not prove to be a member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Qiu et al." box="[1169,1429,2377,2411]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="217" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1169,1429,2377,2411]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="217">Cremohipparion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineage. However, further details on POF, lacrimal and caninus fossa morphology are particularly needed to determine its phylogenetic affinities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1436542/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" startId="12.[978,1070,2141,2171]" targetBox="[1155,2279,230,2087]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[977,2469,2136,2506]" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
|
||
Figure 3: Comparison of Samos “
|
||
<emphasis box="[1473,1861,2141,2171]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1473,1849,2141,2171]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">Cremohipparion matthewi</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
species with selected later Miocene Holarctic and Ethiopian smaller horses. A. MC III maximum length (ML) versus distal articular width (DAW). B. MT III ML versus DAW. 1 =
|
||
<emphasis box="[1400,1803,2225,2255]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Abel" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[1415,1790,2225,2255]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="matthewi">Cremohipparion matthewi</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Samos; AMNH: 23054b—e, 22933,23054, Q5 no numbers, 22893; B ernor, personal observation); 2 =
|
||
<emphasis box="[1836,2218,2267,2297]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Koufos" authorityYear="1984" box="[1850,2206,2267,2297]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macedonicum">Hipparion macedonicum</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Ravin de Pluie, Greece; RPL 38; K oufos, Table 9 — insert); 3 =
|
||
<emphasis box="[1768,1880,2309,2339]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">sitifense</emphasis>
|
||
(Sahabi, Libya; 27P25B, MC III; 1P25B, MT III; B ernor et al., 1987); 4 =
|
||
<emphasis box="[1540,1681,2348,2378]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">gromovae</emphasis>
|
||
(La Fontana, Spain; T obien, personal observation); 5 =
|
||
<emphasis box="[981,1180,2389,2419]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">“S*. platyodus</emphasis>
|
||
(China; Qiu et al., 1987:95);6 =
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Matthew & Stirton" authorityYear="1930" box="[1657,1778,2389,2419]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Calippus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1657,1778,2389,2419]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">Calippus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(XMAS Quarry, Nebraska AMNH 98 (B ernor, personal observation); 7 =
|
||
<emphasis box="[1371,1636,2432,2462]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="218">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Qiu et al." box="[1371,1588,2432,2462]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Pseudhipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="218" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pseudhipparion</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
., XMAS Quarry AMNH 202 (B ernor, personal observation).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[818,2319,209,2466]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
|
||
The AMNH houses some small horse postcranials from Samos. Measurements for metapodials (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[916,1038,261,295]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="19.[807,888,1345,1375]" captionText="Table 5: Measurements on metapodial III" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">
|
||
Table
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1018,1038,261,295]" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">5</emphasis>
|
||
</tableCitation>
|
||
), humerus (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1228,1348,261,295]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="20.[964,1044,219,249]" captionText="Table 6: Measurements on Humerus" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Table 6</tableCitation>
|
||
) radius (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1490,1612,261,295]" captionStart="Table 7" captionStartId="20.[963,1043,523,553]" captionText="Table 7: Measurements on radius" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Table 7</tableCitation>
|
||
), ulna (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1733,1853,261,295]" captionStart="Table 8" captionStartId="20.[966,1047,829,859]" captionText="Table 8: Measurements on ulna" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Table 8</tableCitation>
|
||
) and astragalus (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[2120,2240,261,295]" captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="20.[965,1045,1174,1204]" captionText="Table 9: Measurements on astragalus" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Table 9</tableCitation>
|
||
) are given here.
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1007,1138,307,341]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="12.[978,1070,2141,2171]" captionTargetBox="[1155,2279,230,2087]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 3: Comparison of Samos “Cremohipparion matthewi” species with selected later Miocene Holarctic and Ethiopian smaller horses. A. MC III maximum length (ML) versus distal articular width (DAW). B. MT III ML versus DAW. 1 = “Cremohipparion matthewi” (Samos; AMNH: 23054b—e, 22933,23054, Q5 no numbers, 22893; Bernor, personal observation); 2 = “Hipparion macedonicum” (Ravin de Pluie, Greece; RPL 38; Koufos, Table 9 — insert); 3 = sitifense (Sahabi, Libya; 27P25B, MC III; 1P25B, MT III; Bernor et al., 1987); 4 = gromovae (La Fontana, Spain; Tobien, personal observation); 5 = “S*. platyodus (China; Qiu et al., 1987:95);6 = Calippus (XMAS Quarry, Nebraska AMNH 98 (Bernor, personal observation); 7 = Pseudhipparion sp., XMAS Quarry AMNH 202 (Bernor, personal observation)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1436542/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
compares the proportions of metacarpal III and metatarsal III maximum length (var. 1) versus distal articular width (= DAW; var. 11) in comparison with 95% and 99 % confidence ellipses for the Howenegg hipparions (Bernor et
|
||
<emphasis box="[1851,1885,400,434]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">al</emphasis>
|
||
., in press). This figure illustrates that there were a number of different
|
||
<emphasis box="[1511,1625,448,482]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">species</emphasis>
|
||
, belonging to distinctly different later Miocene equid lineages that decreased size. The two
|
||
<emphasis box="[1600,1710,497,531]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">species</emphasis>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Qiu et al." box="[1765,2025,497,531]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Cremohipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1765,2025,497,531]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">Cremohipparion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported here are amongst the more elongate and slender species, and contrast most sharply with
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="219">“Sivalhippus” platyodus</emphasis>
|
||
from China (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bernor,. L. & Qiu, Z. & Tobien, H." bookContentInfo="4 Abb" box="[1187,1433,590,624]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Inst. Geol. Hung. Proc. VUIth Internat. Cong.. C. M. N. S., Budapest" pageId="13" pageNumber="219" pagination="43 — 53" refId="ref8590" refString="Bernor,. L., Qiu, Z. and Tobien, H., (1987): Phylogenetic and biogeographic bases for an Old World hipparionine horse geochronology. - Ann. Inst. Geol. Hung. Proc. VUIth Internat. Cong.. C. M. N. S., Budapest: 43 - 53; 4 Abb" title="Phylogenetic and biogeographic bases for an Old World hipparionine horse geochronology." type="journal volume" year="1987">Qiu et al., 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 94—95; Tab. 10), which had relatively short and broad proportions (and indeed was not a true dwarf form as is seen from its skull dimensions). These observations reinforce our assertions that size cannot be used alone in defining a
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bernor & Tobien" authorityYear="1989" box="[2080,2236,686,720]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Hipparion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="222" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">hipparion</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, nor can it alone support assertions of phylogenetic relationship and time correlation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |