386 lines
45 KiB
XML
386 lines
45 KiB
XML
<document id="961FA865D25CD81BF488B89CDF038B0A" ID-CLB-Dataset="28070" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4504.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0e77b7f6-1f66-419f-ac40-0af683c6a574" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2606555" ID-ZooBank="0B5C532E-0601-44F3-83AB-9EC141C6718A" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553584935681" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shults, Phillip & Borkent, Art" docDate="2018" docId="03E76925FFEF6E0EFF6CFB2756F3F0BF" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4504.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4504 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Culicoides (Monoculicoides)" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="458" masterDocId="FFDE115DFFED6E09FFFBFFAA5404F272" masterDocTitle="Pupae of the Nearctic species of Culicoides Latreille subgenus Monoculicoides Khalaf (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="472" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="453" updateTime="1698712799667" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="D36B4DFA43C436AD308AC306A512D130" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="61CA67A006128CBD225A7B443E085BC2">
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<mods:title id="0C59B4086FECC629348559A5F11AEDA5">Pupae of the Nearctic species of Culicoides Latreille subgenus Monoculicoides Khalaf (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="EEF867AEA7C15BFE0F293B0192647CB2" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="8767F5CB22402234D9CBF5EF1EDEDBFF">Shults, Phillip</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="C7387CBDF8765F8C58A41CDCC5446DB0" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="08B76C81B434BFF6E10EE51E43778103">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="0A3DA20EF49C7597487D9C4E1D16FD14">Borkent, Art</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1A0FD948A68A744236BB89EDC4EA8172">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="236CF98CB3C836F4222EF73489735D4D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="A209099F3A803EAE7A34A24D752ED8B9">
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<mods:date id="DB49DE6A9503F2302E01D993D6DE072A">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="AC17B0621BEA0FC8F93CB2D685B5A79A" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="0BD94004DD898EF8E666C261176EA7B5">2018-10-26</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B76DB6CD25EFD4281DAFDEFC6A72A19D">4504</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="9D697E927056E69269EA116361A82554">4</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="DEF268A41F778F43F67ABD50E55FD317" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4504.4.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0316FC43E96D55E86EDEB4849C9C218C" type="GBIF-Dataset">0e77b7f6-1f66-419f-ac40-0af683c6a574</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E76925FFEF6E0EFF6CFB2756F3F0BF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5955052" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154495151" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5955052" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E76925FFEF6E0EFF6CFB2756F3F0BF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E76925FFEF6E0EFF6CFB2756F3F0BF" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="458" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
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<subSubSection id="C3548BB8FFEF6E0BFF6CFB275675F6D5" box="[151,625,1165,1191]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF1D833FFEF6E0BFF6CFB275675F6D5" blockId="2.[151,625,1165,1191]" box="[151,625,1165,1191]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
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<heading id="D0B96F5FFFEF6E0BFF6CFB275675F6D5" bold="true" box="[151,625,1165,1191]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEF6E0BFF6CFB275675F6D5" bold="true" box="[151,625,1165,1191]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
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Subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEF6E0BFEECFB275675F6D5" ID-CoL="8YQTF" authority="" box="[279,625,1165,1191]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Monoculicoides">
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<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEF6E0BFEECFB275592F6D5" bold="true" box="[279,406,1165,1191]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Culicoides</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEF6E0BFE5CFB275663F6D5" bold="true" box="[423,615,1165,1191]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Monoculicoides</emphasis>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3548BB8FFEF6E0BFF6CFB7E5077F7D2" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BF1D833FFEF6E0BFF6CFB7E5077F7D2" blockId="2.[151,1437,1236,2017]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
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<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEF6E0BFF6CFB7E5515F69F" bold="true" box="[151,273,1236,1261]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The only group of species of Nearctic
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEF6E0BFD34FB7E5743F69E" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[719,839,1236,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEF6E0BFD34FB7E5743F69E" box="[719,839,1236,1260]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Culicoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with the following combination of pupal characters: Dorsal apotome without a dorsomedial tubercle, with dark banding on the apex of the pedicel and the base of the respiratory organ (
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<figureCitation id="1375C4B6FFEF6E0BFE96FAB655B5F746" box="[365,433,1308,1333]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1747,1769]" captionTargetBox="[252,1338,206,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[248,1338,205,1721]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habitus of the pupae of Culicoides occidentalis (left) and C. riethi (right) in dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606557/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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); respiratory organ elongate and slender, with a dark apex; midlength portion bearing scales (
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<figureCitation id="1375C4B6FFEF6E0BFF12FA95552FF72A" box="[233,299,1343,1368]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1621,1643]" captionTargetBox="[248,1340,171,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[245,1341,169,1600]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Respiratory organs, in lateral view. (A) Culicoides shemanchuki. (B) C. occidentalis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606559/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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A–B), and 2–5 subbasal pores arranged along its length (
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<figureCitation id="1375C4B6FFEF6E0BFC5CFA9557EEF72A" box="[935,1002,1343,1368]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1621,1643]" captionTargetBox="[248,1340,171,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[245,1341,169,1600]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Respiratory organs, in lateral view. (A) Culicoides shemanchuki. (B) C. occidentalis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606559/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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A–B); shagreen present on the anterior and posterior margins of the abdominal segments with varying amounts of shagreen laterally (
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<figureCitation id="1375C4B6FFEF6E0BFB33FACE510BF70F" box="[1224,1295,1380,1405]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1794,1816]" captionTargetBox="[246,1340,184,1758]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[246,1340,184,1758]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Male, lateral and ventral tubercles of abdominal segments 4, in dorsal view (A) Culicoides occidentalis. (B) C. riethi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606567/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Figs 6</figureCitation>
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A–B & 7A– B); and terminal processes extending posterolaterally and with a dark apex (
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<figureCitation id="1375C4B6FFEF6E0BFC10FA2D5028F7D2" box="[1003,1068,1415,1440]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[268,1318,193,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[266,1320,193,1746]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Female abdominal segments 8–9, in dorsal view. (A) Culicoides riethi. (B) C. occidentalis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606571/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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A–B).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3548BB8FFEF6E0EFF3CFA0656F3F0BF" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="458" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF1D833FFEF6E0BFF3CFA0650E2F593" blockId="2.[151,1437,1236,2017]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">
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<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEF6E0BFF3CFA0655A2F7B7" bold="true" box="[199,422,1452,1477]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Description. Male.</emphasis>
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Total length =
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<quantity id="4CB675D6FFEF6E0BFD9AFA06570FF7B6" box="[609,779,1452,1477]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.875" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="2.05" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" unit="mm" value="2.875" valueMax="3.7" valueMin="2.05">2.05–3.70 mm</quantity>
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||
. Light to medium brown coloration throughout (
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<figureCitation id="1375C4B6FFEF6E0BFABDFA06518FF7B6" box="[1350,1419,1452,1477]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1747,1769]" captionTargetBox="[252,1338,206,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[248,1338,205,1721]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habitus of the pupae of Culicoides occidentalis (left) and C. riethi (right) in dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606557/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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||
).
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||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEF6E0BFF6CFA6554E4F79A" bold="true" box="[151,224,1487,1512]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Head:</emphasis>
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Dorsal apotome (DA) with or without spicules, without dorsomedial tubercle, dorsal margin rounded, lateral margins with distinct points (
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<figureCitation id="1375C4B6FFEF6E0BFE25FA5E5627F47E" box="[478,547,1524,1549]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1923,1945]" captionTargetBox="[248,1337,443,1899]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[248,1339,439,1901]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Female, dorsal apotomes, in anterior view. (A) Culicoides occidentalis. (B) C. riethi. (C) C. sonorensis. (D) C. variipennis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606561/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Figs 3</figureCitation>
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A–D & 4A–C), DA length (DAL) =
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<quantity id="4CB675D6FFEF6E0BFC39FA5E506DF47E" box="[962,1129,1524,1549]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" unit="mm" value="0.315" valueMax="0.37" valueMin="0.26">0.26–0.37 mm</quantity>
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; DA width (DAW) =
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<quantity id="4CB675D6FFEF6E0BFAA6FA5E54FAF45D" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" unit="mm" value="0.195" valueMax="0.22" valueMin="0.17">0.17– 0.22 mm</quantity>
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; DAW/DAL= 0.56–0.75. DA–1–H medium long, thick seta on well–developed tubercle, DA–2–H dorsal to tubercle base. Dorsolateral cephalic sclerite with one long, one short seta. Palpus extending posteriorly to posterolateral margin of labium, CL–1–H about twice length of CL–2–H.
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<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEF6E0BFC24F9F55045F40A" bold="true" box="[991,1089,1631,1656]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Thorax:</emphasis>
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Cephalothorax length =
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<quantity id="4CB675D6FFEF6E0BFAA6F9F554FBF4EE" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.28" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.96" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" unit="mm" value="1.28" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="0.96">0.96– 1.60 mm</quantity>
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. Pedicel of respiratory organ short with dark banding at apex (
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<figureCitation id="1375C4B6FFEF6E0BFC3DF92E500DF4EE" box="[966,1033,1668,1693]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1747,1769]" captionTargetBox="[252,1338,206,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[248,1338,205,1721]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habitus of the pupae of Culicoides occidentalis (left) and C. riethi (right) in dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606557/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). Respiratory organ (RO) elongate, slender, apex dark brown, mid-length portion with scales, without annulations, with short membranous base, medium brown coloration on posterior margin, with pores closely abutting in single row at apex, 2–5 subbasal pores (
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<figureCitation id="1375C4B6FFEF6E0BFF18F9455521F57A" box="[227,293,1775,1800]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1621,1643]" captionTargetBox="[248,1340,171,1599]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[245,1341,169,1600]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Respiratory organs, in lateral view. (A) Culicoides shemanchuki. (B) C. occidentalis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606559/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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A–B), RO length =
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||
<quantity id="4CB675D6FFEF6E0BFDF9F94556ACF57A" box="[514,680,1775,1800]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5999999999999996" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" unit="mm" value="0.36" valueMax="0.45" valueMin="0.27">0.27–0.45 mm</quantity>
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||
; RO width =
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||
<quantity id="4CB675D6FFEF6E0BFCC4F94557E1F57A" box="[831,997,1775,1800]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="453" unit="mm" value="0.045" valueMax="0.06" valueMin="0.03">0.03–0.06 mm</quantity>
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||
; ROW/ROL = 0.08–0.15, tracheal tube with reticulations. Anterolateral sensilla (one long, one short seta) on well–developed tubercle. Mesonotum with small bumps anterior to D–5–T, smooth posteriorly, D–1–T, D–2–T short, stout, each on rounded tubercle, D–3–T posterior to small rounded tubercle bearing long, slender D–4–T, D–5–T short or long, on small rounded tubercle, D–1–T, D–2–T, D–5–T in longitudinal row (
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||
<figureCitation id="1375C4B6FFEF6E0BFD74F8D556D5F5EA" box="[655,721,1919,1944]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1791,1813]" captionTargetBox="[245,1340,213,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[245,1341,213,1764]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Thoracic dorsal setae, left side, dorsal view. (A) Culicoides shemanchuki. (B). C. occidentalis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606565/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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A–B). Wing with apical tubercle; halter apex slightly separated from hind leg. Metathorax completely separated medially, with long, thin M–1–T near anterior margin, M–2–T, M–3–T more posterior.
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<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEF6E0BFE59F8625624F593" bold="true" box="[418,544,1992,2017]" pageId="2" pageNumber="453">Abdomen:</emphasis>
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Tergites 2–7 each with darker pigmentation as medial group of
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||
</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF3188BBFFEE6E0AFF6CF979509EF49B" box="[151,1178,1747,1769]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606557/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" startId="3.[151,250,1747,1769]" targetBox="[252,1338,206,1721]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="8BF1D833FFEE6E0AFF6CF979509EF49B" blockId="3.[151,1178,1747,1769]" box="[151,1178,1747,1769]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">
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||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEE6E0AFF6CF9795509F49A" bold="true" box="[151,269,1747,1769]" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
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. Habitus of the pupae of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEE6E0AFDF6F97956FEF49A" box="[525,762,1747,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
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<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEE6E0AFDF6F97956FEF49A" box="[525,762,1747,1768]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">Culicoides occidentalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(left) and
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEE6E0AFC9FF97E57BCF49A" box="[868,952,1747,1769]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="454" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="riethi">
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<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEE6E0AFC9FF97E57BCF49A" box="[868,952,1747,1769]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="454">C. riethi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(right) in dorsal view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="DF3188BBFFE96E0DFF6CF9FF5077F419" box="[151,1139,1621,1643]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606559/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" startId="4.[151,250,1621,1643]" targetBox="[248,1340,171,1599]" targetPageId="4">
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||
<paragraph id="8BF1D833FFE96E0DFF6CF9FF5077F419" blockId="4.[151,1139,1621,1643]" box="[151,1139,1621,1643]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFE96E0DFF6CF9FF5509F419" bold="true" box="[151,269,1621,1643]" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
|
||
. Respiratory organs, in lateral view. (A)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFE96E0DFD51F9FC57A5F419" box="[682,929,1622,1643]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shemanchuki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFE96E0DFD51F9FC57A5F419" box="[682,929,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Culicoides shemanchuki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (B)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFE96E0DFC2DF9FC5069F419" box="[982,1133,1622,1643]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="455" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFE96E0DFC2DF9FC5069F419" box="[982,1133,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF1D833FFE96E0CFF6CF93954EEF316" blockId="4.[151,1437,1683,2032]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,356]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="456" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">
|
||
three patches, with anterolateral pair, sternites 3–7 each with two medial patches, with anterolateral pair (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1375C4B6FFE96E0DFAB6F9395191F4D9" box="[1357,1429,1683,1708]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1747,1769]" captionTargetBox="[252,1338,206,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[248,1338,205,1721]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Habitus of the pupae of Culicoides occidentalis (left) and C. riethi (right) in dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606557/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1375C4B6FFE96E0DFF6CF91C54A1F4BD" box="[151,165,1718,1743]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1794,1816]" captionTargetBox="[246,1340,184,1758]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[246,1340,184,1758]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Male, lateral and ventral tubercles of abdominal segments 4, in dorsal view (A) Culicoides occidentalis. (B) C. riethi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606567/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">6</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B, & 7A–B). Distribution of shagreen of abdominal segments variable, though never excessive. Tergite 1 with long D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFF03F9715518F481" box="[248,284,1755,1779]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">3–I</date>
|
||
, short D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFE69F97155B3F481" box="[402,439,1755,1779]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">2–I</date>
|
||
, D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFE12F9765609F481" box="[489,525,1756,1779]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">7–I</date>
|
||
anterior, campaniform D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFCB9F971576CF481" box="[834,872,1755,1779]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">4–I</date>
|
||
, short D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFC26F9715006F481" box="[989,1026,1755,1779]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">8–I</date>
|
||
, long, thin D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFB57F97150D4F481" box="[1196,1232,1755,1779]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">9–I</date>
|
||
on short tubercle posteriorly, L–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFEB8F955556DF565" box="[323,361,1791,1815]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">2–I</date>
|
||
, L–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFE61F95555BAF565" box="[410,446,1791,1815]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">3–I</date>
|
||
short separated medially by long, thin L–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFC40F95557E7F565" box="[955,995,1791,1815]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">1–I.</date>
|
||
Tergite 2 without elongate tubercles, minute L–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFEF6F8895539F549" box="[269,317,1827,1851]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">2–II</date>
|
||
, L–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFE93F8895592F549" box="[360,406,1827,1851]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">4–II</date>
|
||
separated medially by long, thin L–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFCD4F8895758F549" box="[815,860,1827,1851]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">3–II</date>
|
||
on anterolateral margin. Chaetotaxy of tergite 2, 3, 5–7 similar to that of tergite 4. Tergite 4 with short D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFCF0F8ED5740F52D" box="[779,836,1863,1887]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">2–IV</date>
|
||
on short tubercle, thin D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFB8FF8ED50A8F52D" box="[1140,1196,1863,1887]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">3–IV</date>
|
||
on elongate, pointed tubercle, D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFED8F8C1555EF5F6" box="[291,346,1899,1924]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">5–IV</date>
|
||
, D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFE72F8C155C5F5F1" box="[393,449,1899,1923]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">4–IV</date>
|
||
, D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFE0BF8C6562CF5F1" box="[496,552,1900,1923]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">7–IV</date>
|
||
, D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFDACF8C1568AF5F1" box="[599,654,1899,1923]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">8–IV</date>
|
||
, D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFD46F8C156F2F5F1" box="[701,758,1899,1923]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">9–IV</date>
|
||
in transverse row, arranged medially to laterally, minute D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFF6CF82454D4F5D5" box="[151,208,1934,1959]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">5–IV</date>
|
||
on slightly formed tubercle, D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFDC3F8255675F5D5" box="[568,625,1935,1959]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">4–IV</date>
|
||
on small tubercle, D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFC91F83A57A6F5D5" box="[874,930,1936,1959]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">7–IV</date>
|
||
on small rounded tubercle, D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFB05F8255131F5D5" box="[1278,1333,1935,1959]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">8–IV</date>
|
||
, D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFA9FF8255198F5D5" box="[1380,1436,1935,1959]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">9–IV</date>
|
||
each long on pointed tubercle, D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFDDCF819565BF5B9" box="[551,607,1971,1995]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">8–IV</date>
|
||
seta thicker than D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFCACF819578BF5B9" box="[855,911,1971,1995]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">9–IV</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1375C4B6FFE96E0DFC59F81957ECF5B9" box="[930,1000,1971,1996]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1791,1813]" captionTargetBox="[249,1337,193,1770]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[249,1338,193,1770]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Male, lateral and dorsal tubercles of abdominal segments 4, in dorsal view (A) Culicoides sonorensis. (B) C. variipennis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606569/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B); lateral tubercles with elongate, slender apices, L–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFE92F87D55A4F59D" box="[361,416,2007,2031]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">1–IV</date>
|
||
thick seta on bifurcate tubercle, L–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFCC6F87D5771F59D" box="[829,885,2007,2031]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">2–IV</date>
|
||
, L–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE96E0DFC59F87D57DFF59D" box="[930,987,2007,2031]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="4" pageNumber="455">4–IV</date>
|
||
thick setae, each on elongate bifurcate tubercle, separated by thin L–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE86E0CFE1DFF32561BF2C2" box="[486,543,152,176]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">3–IV</date>
|
||
on elongate bifurcate tubercle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1375C4B6FFE86E0CFC78FF3D57CCF2C2" box="[899,968,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1794,1816]" captionTargetBox="[246,1340,184,1758]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[246,1340,184,1758]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Male, lateral and ventral tubercles of abdominal segments 4, in dorsal view (A) Culicoides occidentalis. (B) C. riethi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606567/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Figs 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B & 7A–B); sternite 4 with minute V–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE86E0CFF6CFF1654D4F2A7" box="[151,208,188,213]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">5–IV</date>
|
||
on small rounded tubercle, V–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE86E0CFDD0FF165660F2A7" box="[555,612,188,213]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">6–IV</date>
|
||
thin on pointed tubercle, small V–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE86E0CFC11FF175026F2A6" box="[1002,1058,189,212]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">7–IV</date>
|
||
on pointed tubercle, ventral setae in transverse row, shagreen along anterior margins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1375C4B6FFE86E0CFD1FFF75572CF28A" box="[740,808,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1794,1816]" captionTargetBox="[246,1340,184,1758]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[246,1340,184,1758]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Male, lateral and ventral tubercles of abdominal segments 4, in dorsal view (A) Culicoides occidentalis. (B) C. riethi." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606567/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B). Segment 8 chaetotaxy with seven sensilla: D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE86E0CFA79FF4A54CEF36E" bridgedPair="-" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">8– VIII</date>
|
||
, D–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE86E0CFF01FEAE554CF36E" box="[250,328,260,284]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">9–VIII</date>
|
||
, L–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE86E0CFE8FFEAE55C5F36E" box="[372,449,260,284]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">2–VIII</date>
|
||
, L–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE86E0CFE14FEAE5638F36E" box="[495,572,260,284]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">3–VIII</date>
|
||
, L–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE86E0CFD92FEAE56B2F36E" box="[617,694,260,284]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">4–VIII</date>
|
||
, V–
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE86E0CFD1CFEAE5731F36F" box="[743,821,260,285]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">6–VIII</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FFF0FEF3FFE86E0CFCBBFEAF5775F36E" box="[832,881,261,284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">V–7</date>
|
||
–VIII. Segment 9 with genital lobes extending to posterior margin, terminal process projecting posterodorsolaterally to laterally, tapered to pointed, dark apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1375C4B6FFE86E0CFA94FE8D54A0F316" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[268,1318,193,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[266,1320,193,1746]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Female abdominal segments 8–9, in dorsal view. (A) Culicoides riethi. (B) C. occidentalis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606571/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3188BBFFE86E0CFF6CF829550BF5C5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606561/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" startId="5.[151,250,1923,1945]" targetBox="[248,1337,443,1899]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF1D833FFE86E0CFF6CF829550BF5C5" blockId="5.[151,1436,1923,1975]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFE86E0CFF6CF829550BF5EA" bold="true" box="[151,271,1923,1945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
|
||
. Female, dorsal apotomes, in anterior view. (A)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFE86E0CFCF2F82957F3F5EA" box="[777,1015,1923,1944]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFE86E0CFCF2F82957F3F5EA" box="[777,1015,1923,1944]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">Culicoides occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (B)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFE86E0CFBCBF82E5083F5EA" box="[1072,1159,1923,1945]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="riethi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFE86E0CFBCBF82E5083F5EA" box="[1072,1159,1923,1945]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">C. riethi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (C)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFE86E0CFB3BF82E514EF5EB" box="[1216,1354,1924,1945]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sonorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFE86E0CFB3BF82E514EF5EB" box="[1216,1354,1924,1945]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">C. sonorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (D)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFE86E0CFA7FF82E550DF5C5" baseAuthorityName="Wirth & Jones" baseAuthorityYear="1957" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="456" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFE86E0CFA7FF82E550DF5C5" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="456">C. variipennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF3188BBFFEB6E0FFF6CF8BC55D9F538" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2606563/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" startId="6.[151,250,1814,1836]" targetBox="[249,1338,218,1785]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF1D833FFEB6E0FFF6CF8BC55D9F538" blockId="6.[151,1436,1814,1866]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEB6E0FFF6CF8BC5510F559" bold="true" box="[151,276,1814,1836]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Female, dorsal apotomes, in anterior view. (A)
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEB6E0FFCF9F8BC57BEF55E" box="[770,954,1814,1836]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEB6E0FFCF9F8BC576AF559" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[770,878,1814,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Culicoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
stigma
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. (B)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEB6E0FFC0AF8BC507BF559" box="[1009,1151,1814,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEB6E0FFC0AF8BC507BF559" box="[1009,1151,1814,1835]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">C. grandensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (C) Female mouthparts, in anterior view of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEB6E0FFEC4F89F55D3F538" box="[319,471,1845,1866]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEB6E0FFEC4F89F55D3F538" box="[319,471,1845,1866]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF1D833FFEB6E0EFF3CF8DD5791F3A2" blockId="6.[151,1437,1911,2036]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,717]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="458" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEB6E0FFF3CF8DD5521F5E2" bold="true" box="[199,293,1911,1936]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Female.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to male other than sexual differences on segment 9 and the following: total length =
|
||
<quantity id="4CB675D6FFEB6E0FFAD7F8D254C1F5C2" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.875" metricValueMax="3.94" metricValueMin="1.81" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" unit="mm" value="2.875" valueMax="3.94" valueMin="1.81">1.81–3.94 mm</quantity>
|
||
, DA length =
|
||
<quantity id="4CB675D6FFEB6E0FFE96F8335610F5C2" box="[365,532,1945,1969]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8500000000000005" metricValueMax="3.4000000000000004" metricValueMin="2.3000000000000003" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" unit="mm" value="0.285" valueMax="0.34" valueMin="0.23">0.23–0.34 mm</quantity>
|
||
, DA width =
|
||
<quantity id="4CB675D6FFEB6E0FFD4DF8335759F5C2" box="[694,861,1945,1969]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="1.7999999999999998" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" unit="mm" value="0.21" valueMax="0.24" valueMin="0.18">0.18–0.24 mm</quantity>
|
||
, DAW/DAL = 0.64–0.85, Cephalothorax length =
|
||
<quantity id="4CB675D6FFEB6E0FFF6CF8105538F5A0" box="[151,316,1978,2003]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.255" metricValueMax="1.55" metricValueMin="0.96" pageId="6" pageNumber="457" unit="mm" value="1.255" valueMax="1.55" valueMin="0.96">0.96–1.55 mm</quantity>
|
||
, Ro Length = 0.21–0.43 Mm, Ro Width = 0.03–0.06 Mm, Row/rol = 0.08–0.16.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEB6E0FFF3CF87155D1F586" bold="true" box="[199,469,2011,2036]" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Taxonomic discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison with the pupae of other species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEB6E0FFBF2F8765018F581" box="[1033,1052,2012,2035]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">C</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEB6E0FFBCDF87150EDF581" box="[1078,1257,2011,2035]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="471" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Monoculicoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEB6E0FFBCDF87150EDF581" box="[1078,1257,2011,2035]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="457">Monoculicoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) outside of the Nearctic Region was difficult due to limited material or because they remain undescribed. Of these species, we examined pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEA6E0EFE86FF165666F2A7" authority="Callot" authorityName="Callot" box="[381,610,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helveticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFE86FF165615F2A6" box="[381,529,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C. helveticus</emphasis>
|
||
Callot
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEA6E0EFD8AFF165783F2A7" authority="Glukhova" authorityName="Glukhova" authorityYear="1971" box="[625,903,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFD8AFF165708F2A6" box="[625,780,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C. longicollis</emphasis>
|
||
Glukhova
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEA6E0EFC6DFF1650A8F2A7" authority="(Becker)" authorityName="Becker" baseAuthorityName="Becker" box="[918,1196,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="puncticollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFC6DFF165039F2A6" box="[918,1085,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C. puncticollis</emphasis>
|
||
(Becker)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEA6E0EFB16FF165506F28A" authority="(Meigen)" authorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubeculosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFB16FF165198F2A6" box="[1261,1436,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C. nubeculosus</emphasis>
|
||
(Meigen)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and these were found to be consistent with our diagnosis for
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFC1DFF4A57FDF285" box="[998,1017,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEA6E0EFBEFFF4A50C3F28A" box="[1044,1223,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="471" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Monoculicoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFBEFFF4A50C3F28A" box="[1044,1223,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Monoculicoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Additionally we observed clear morphological differences between these species and the seven Nearctic species treated herein. Though this subgenus includes 23 species, only 13 have pupal descriptions, and we examined the pupae of ten of those species. The species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFE1EFEE655FCF311" box="[485,504,332,355]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEA6E0EFDEBFEE656C7F316" box="[528,707,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="471" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Monoculicoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFDEBFEE656C7F316" box="[528,707,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Monoculicoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) with previously described pupae not examined here were those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEA6E0EFF43FEDA5675F3FA" authority="de Meillon" authorityName="de Meillon" box="[184,625,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cornutus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFF43FEDA553AF3FA" box="[184,318,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C. cornutus</emphasis>
|
||
de Meillon (Afrotropical)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEA6E0EFD84FEDA57FFF3FA" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[639,1019,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="homotomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFD84FEDA5721F3FA" box="[639,805,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C. homotomus</emphasis>
|
||
Kieffer (Oriental)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEA6E0EFBC7FEDA519DF3FA" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[1084,1433,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parroti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFBC7FEDA50ABF3F5" box="[1084,1199,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C. parroti</emphasis>
|
||
Kieffer (Palearctic)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although descriptions of these species include fewer pupal characters than the current study, we found no contradictory information to either the diagnosis or description here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF1D833FFEA6E0EFF3CFE76516DF0F7" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
|
||
Of the 12 other subgenera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEA6E0EFDEBFE76568CF386" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[528,648,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFDEBFE76568CF386" box="[528,648,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Culicoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that occur in North America, we have tested our subgeneric diagnosis against all of them. We re-examined Nearctic pupal exuviae from nine subgenera and compared literature descriptions of two subgenera (
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFDEBFD8E5627F049" box="[528,547,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFDBBFD8E569EF049" box="[576,666,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Avaritia</emphasis>
|
||
) and
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFD1CFD8E56FEF049" box="[743,762,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFCECFD8E57C5F04E" box="[791,961,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Drymodesmyia</emphasis>
|
||
)). We also tested our diagnosis against previously described pupae of an array of species groups and those considered miscellaneous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDFA5C2FFEA6E0EFB2EFDED5170F012" author="Borkent, A." box="[1237,1396,583,608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" refId="ref12485" refString="Borkent, A. (2016) The subgeneric classification of species of Culicoides - thoughts and a warning. Available from: http: // wwx. inhs. illinois. edu / research / flytree / borkent. html (accessed 8 December 2017)" type="url" year="2016">Borkent 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as listed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDFA5C2FFEA6E0EFF06FDC65609F0F6" author="Borkent, A." box="[253,525,620,645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="1 - 327" refId="ref12430" refString="Borkent, A. (2014) The pupae of the Biting Midges of the world (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), with a generic key and analysis of the phylogenetic relationships between genera. Zootaxa, 3879, 1 - 327. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3879.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Borkent (2014:
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CCED88FFEA6E0EFE54FDC65600F0F6" box="[431,516,620,645]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,239,642,665]" captionText="TABLE 2. Combined male and female morphometric data of respiratory organ (RO) ratio (width/length), dorsal" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, for some based only on descriptions of species outside the Nearctic Region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF1D833FFEA6E0EFF3CFD2556F3F0BF" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
|
||
This is the first diagnosis of the pupa of any subgenus within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4EA3B0FFEA6E0EFC5EFD3A5019F0DA" baseAuthorityName="Borkent" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[933,1053,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" genus="Culicoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFC5EFD3A5019F0DA" box="[933,1053,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Culicoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
other than that of
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFB05FD3A5115F0D5" box="[1278,1297,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">C</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B93A0421FFEA6E0EFAD7FD3A5168F0DA" box="[1324,1388,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Selfia</emphasis>
|
||
) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDFA5C2FFEA6E0EFF6CFD1E5545F0BE" author="Atchley, W. R." box="[151,321,692,717]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="181 - 336" refId="ref12278" refString="Atchley, W. R. (1970) A biosystematic study of the subgenus Selfia of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 49, 181 - 336." type="journal article" year="1970">Atchley (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but which included errors (see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |