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<mods:title id="B5A4D2B0B5F3E07377ED6E09792235BF">The genera and species of Comatulidae (Comatulida: Crinoidea): taxonomic revisions and a molecular and morphological guide</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB6A168FF66DC66122EF8AF" blockId="8.[151,529,1879,1939]" box="[151,529,1879,1906]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
<heading id="D0C0D90AFFB6A168FF66DC66122EF8AF" bold="true" box="[151,529,1879,1906]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FF66DC66122EF8AF" authority="Messing, 1995" authorityName="Messing" authorityYear="1995" box="[151,529,1879,1906]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FF66DC66122EF8AF" bold="true" box="[151,529,1879,1906]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FF66DC661164F8AC" bold="true" box="[151,347,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Alloeocomatella</emphasis>
Messing, 1995
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB6A168FF66DC4B11F9F84E" blockId="8.[151,529,1879,1939]" box="[151,454,1914,1939]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
<tableCitation id="C6B55BDDFFB6A168FF66DC4B10D5F84E" box="[151,234,1914,1939]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[125,197,537,558]" captionText="TABLE 1. Diagnostic morphological characteristics of genera of Comatulidae." pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Table 1</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB6A168FF09DC4B1106F84E" box="[248,313,1914,1939]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1683,1705]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Comatellinae. (A C) Alloeocomatella pectinifera— (A) live, centrodorsal concealed with ten arms exposed from coral, photographed at night; (B) well-developed rounded pentagonal centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) combs with&gt; 20 tall, narrow, triangular teeth confluent with the outer edge of pinnule, non-tapering. (D) Alloeocomatella polycladia exposed on coral following removal from under loose coral rubble, with diagnostic red color and&gt; 10 arms, curling. (E F) Comatella stelligera, preserved — (E) specimen 2, entire animal showing&gt; 20 arms and numerous cirri; (F) specimen 1, well-developed circular centrodorsal with two rows of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies. (G L) Comatella nigra— (G J) live, semicryptic on coral reef, showing various color morphs; (K) well-developed circular centrodorsal with one row of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies; (L) combs with triangular teeth, confluent with interior side of pinnule, diminishing distally to a blunt tip. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: A. not vouchered; C. SIO-BIC E 6166. Palau: B. CRECH 236; K. SIO-BIC E 5875; L. SIO-BIC E 6265. Madang, Papua New Guinea: D. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8123. G. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8179; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8103; MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8064. Challenger Station 174, near Kandavu, Fiji: E F. NHM 88.11. 9.104, type specimens 1 and 2. Timor: H. AM J. 25420." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580174/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
AD,
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB6A168FE74DC4B11F9F84E" box="[389,454,1914,1939]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1812,1834]" captionTargetBox="[159,1410,223,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,223,1790]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood tree of Comatellinae inferred from COI. Symbols near nodes refer to bootstrap (BS) and jackknife (JK) support scores, for maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) analyses, respectively. An asterisk indicates nodes with&gt; 90 % bootstrap and jackknife support. Other scores are represented BS / JK. A hyphen is given for nodes not recovered in MP analyses. Previous morphological identifications in brackets. Taxa labeled as: location - Genbank accession number. Location abbreviations — Great Barrier Reef, Australia (GBR); Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG); Raja Ampat, Indonesia (Raja); Rowley Shoals, Western Australia (WA). New COI sequences: Genbank KR 010271 - KR 010293." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580175/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB6A168FF66DCF31312F806" blockId="8.[151,813,1986,2011]" box="[151,813,1986,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FF66DCF3110DF806" bold="true" box="[151,306,1986,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Type species.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB6A168FEC8DCF21316F806" authority="Messing, 1995a" authorityName="Messing" authorityYear="1995" box="[313,809,1986,2011]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="polycladia">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB6A168FEC8DCF21252F806" box="[313,621,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="159">Alloeocomatella polycladia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB6A168FD85DCF31316F806" author="Messing" box="[628,809,1986,2011]" pageId="8" pageNumber="159" refString="Messing, C. G. (1995 a) Alloeocomatella, a new genus of reef-dwelling feather star from the tropical Indo-west Pacific (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Comasteridae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 108, 436 - 450." type="journal article" year="1995" yearSuffix="a">Messing, 1995a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB7A169FF36DBA613ABFF6D" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1365]" box="[199,916,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FF36DBA611DAFF6D" bold="true" box="[199,485,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Other included taxa (1).</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FE1DDBA912F9FF6D" box="[492,710,152,176]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comissia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinifer">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FE1DDBA912F9FF6D" box="[492,710,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Comissia pectinifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
AH Clark, 1911a.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFB7A169FF36DB8D13FEFE55" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB7A169FF36DB8D13FEFE55" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FF36DB8D1166FF08" bold="true" box="[199,345,188,213]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Description.</emphasis>
Mouth excentric in fully developed individuals; up to 30 arms; centrodorsal always welldeveloped, rounded pentagonal, and with cirri (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB7A169FD47DBEE133DFF25" box="[694,770,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1683,1705]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Comatellinae. (A C) Alloeocomatella pectinifera— (A) live, centrodorsal concealed with ten arms exposed from coral, photographed at night; (B) well-developed rounded pentagonal centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) combs with&gt; 20 tall, narrow, triangular teeth confluent with the outer edge of pinnule, non-tapering. (D) Alloeocomatella polycladia exposed on coral following removal from under loose coral rubble, with diagnostic red color and&gt; 10 arms, curling. (E F) Comatella stelligera, preserved — (E) specimen 2, entire animal showing&gt; 20 arms and numerous cirri; (F) specimen 1, well-developed circular centrodorsal with two rows of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies. (G L) Comatella nigra— (G J) live, semicryptic on coral reef, showing various color morphs; (K) well-developed circular centrodorsal with one row of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies; (L) combs with triangular teeth, confluent with interior side of pinnule, diminishing distally to a blunt tip. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: A. not vouchered; C. SIO-BIC E 6166. Palau: B. CRECH 236; K. SIO-BIC E 5875; L. SIO-BIC E 6265. Madang, Papua New Guinea: D. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8123. G. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8179; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8103; MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8064. Challenger Station 174, near Kandavu, Fiji: E F. NHM 88.11. 9.104, type specimens 1 and 2. Timor: H. AM J. 25420." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580174/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
B); all brachitaxes of 2 ossicles united by synarthry; first syzygy at 3+4 on arms arising from IBr (and IIBr when 20 or fewer arms present); arms arising from IIBr and IIIBr (specimens with&gt;20 arms) with first syzygies at 1+2 and/or 3+4 (rarely 1+2 alone); distal intersyzygial interval usually 3; distalmost pinnule comb on P4P8; comb of&gt;20 (up to 39) tall, narrow, triangular, teeth confluent with outer edge of pinnule; comb not tapering significantly distally (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB7A169FCADDA5E13A4FE55" box="[860,923,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1683,1705]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Comatellinae. (A C) Alloeocomatella pectinifera— (A) live, centrodorsal concealed with ten arms exposed from coral, photographed at night; (B) well-developed rounded pentagonal centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) combs with&gt; 20 tall, narrow, triangular teeth confluent with the outer edge of pinnule, non-tapering. (D) Alloeocomatella polycladia exposed on coral following removal from under loose coral rubble, with diagnostic red color and&gt; 10 arms, curling. (E F) Comatella stelligera, preserved — (E) specimen 2, entire animal showing&gt; 20 arms and numerous cirri; (F) specimen 1, well-developed circular centrodorsal with two rows of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies. (G L) Comatella nigra— (G J) live, semicryptic on coral reef, showing various color morphs; (K) well-developed circular centrodorsal with one row of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies; (L) combs with triangular teeth, confluent with interior side of pinnule, diminishing distally to a blunt tip. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: A. not vouchered; C. SIO-BIC E 6166. Palau: B. CRECH 236; K. SIO-BIC E 5875; L. SIO-BIC E 6265. Madang, Papua New Guinea: D. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8123. G. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8179; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8103; MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8064. Challenger Station 174, near Kandavu, Fiji: E F. NHM 88.11. 9.104, type specimens 1 and 2. Timor: H. AM J. 25420." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580174/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FF36DAA5115FFE70" bold="true" box="[199,352,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Distribution.</emphasis>
Tropical Indo-western Pacific from northern
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB7A169FC91DAA513F8FE70" box="[864,967,404,429]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Australia</collectingCountry>
west to
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFB7A169FBD4DAA5144FFE70" box="[1061,1136,404,429]" country="Micronesia" name="Chuuk" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Chuuk</collectingRegion>
Atoll and
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB7A169FB16DAA415A7FE70" box="[1255,1432,404,429]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
, east to the
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB7A169FEEADA8611EAFE0D" box="[283,469,439,464]" name="Maldives" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Maldive Islands</collectingCountry>
, and north to
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFB7A169FD8CDA8612DDFE0D" box="[637,738,439,464]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB7A169FCD1DA89135AFE0D" box="[800,869,440,464]" name="Guam" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Guam</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB7A169FC86DA8614E7FE0D" author="Kirkendale" box="[887,1240,439,464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refString="Kirkendale, L. &amp; Messing, C. G. (2003) An annotated checklist and key to the Crinoidea of Guam and Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands. Micronesica, 35 - 36, 523 - 546." type="book chapter" year="2003">Kirkendale and Messing 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB7A169FB16DA8615A7FE0D" author="Messing" box="[1255,1432,439,464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refString="Messing, C. G. (1995 a) Alloeocomatella, a new genus of reef-dwelling feather star from the tropical Indo-west Pacific (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Comasteridae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 108, 436 - 450." type="journal article" year="1995" yearSuffix="a">Messing 1995a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB7A169FF66DAED10DFFE28" author="Messing" box="[151,224,476,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refString="Messing, C. G. (1998 b) An initial re-assessment of the distribution and diversity of the East Indian shallow-water crinoid fauna. Pp. 187 - 192. In: Mooi, R. &amp; Telford, M. (eds.) Echinoderms: San Francisco. Balkema, Rotterdam." type="book chapter" year="1998" yearSuffix="b">1998b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB7A169FF1CDAEC1145FE28" author="Meyer" box="[237,378,476,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refString="Meyer, D. L. (1986) Les crinoides. In: Guille, A., Laboute, P. &amp; Menou J. - L. (Eds.), Guide des etoiles de mer, oursins, et autres echinodermes du lagon de Nouvelle-Caledonie, Faune Tropicale. ORSTOM, Paris, pp. 199 - 225." type="book chapter" year="1986">Meyer 1986</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB7A169FE79DAED129CFE29" author="Pilcher" box="[392,675,476,501]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refString="Pilcher, N. J. &amp; Messing, C. G. (2001) A preliminary checklist of the shallow-water crinoids of the Kerama Islands, Okinawa, Japan. Report of Akajima Marine Science Laboratory, 12, 15 - 17." type="journal article" year="2001">Pilcher &amp; Messing 2001</bibRefCitation>
). Depth range: 3 to at least
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(one record of
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[AH
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB7A169FAAFDAED10EAFDC5" author="Clark" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refString="Clark, A. H. (1931) A monograph of the existing crinoids 1 (3). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="1931">Clark 1931</bibRefCitation>
]). Known definitely from
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(
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FDABD93113B1FDC5" box="[602,910,512,536]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="polycladia">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FDABD93113B1FDC5" box="[602,910,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Alloeocomatella polycladia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFB7A169FC3CD931141DFDCA" box="[973,1058,512,536]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" unit="m" value="13.0" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="3.0">323 m</quantity>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FBC0D93114F7FDC5" box="[1073,1224,512,536]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinifera">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FBC0D93114F7FDC5" box="[1073,1224,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">A. pectinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB7A169FB11DACE15B0FDC5" author="Messing" box="[1248,1423,511,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refString="Messing, C. G. (1995 a) Alloeocomatella, a new genus of reef-dwelling feather star from the tropical Indo-west Pacific (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Comasteridae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 108, 436 - 450." type="journal article" year="1995" yearSuffix="a">Messing 1995a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB7A169FF36D915140BFC15" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
<materialsCitation id="3B5F643BFFB7A169FF36D915155FFCC8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503125127" collectionCode="COI" country="Papua New Guinea" location="Lizard Island" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Madang">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FF36D915119BFDE0" bold="true" box="[199,420,548,573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Molecular results.</emphasis>
Specimens identified as
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FD3ED9151437FDE1" box="[719,1032,548,572]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="polycladia">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FD3ED9151437FDE1" box="[719,1032,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Alloeocomatella polycladia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FBB8D91514D9FDE1" box="[1097,1254,548,572]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinifera">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FBB8D91514D9FDE1" box="[1097,1254,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">A. pectinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
return as three distinct clades in parsimony and likelihood analysis (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB7A169FD04D9761304FDBD" box="[757,827,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1812,1834]" captionTargetBox="[159,1410,223,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,223,1790]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood tree of Comatellinae inferred from COI. Symbols near nodes refer to bootstrap (BS) and jackknife (JK) support scores, for maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) analyses, respectively. An asterisk indicates nodes with&gt; 90 % bootstrap and jackknife support. Other scores are represented BS / JK. A hyphen is given for nodes not recovered in MP analyses. Previous morphological identifications in brackets. Taxa labeled as: location - Genbank accession number. Location abbreviations — Great Barrier Reef, Australia (GBR); Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG); Raja Ampat, Indonesia (Raja); Rowley Shoals, Western Australia (WA). New COI sequences: Genbank KR 010271 - KR 010293." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580175/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), with a minimum of 5.7% uncorrected
<collectionCode id="ED26F6A3FFB7A169FAF6D9791508FDBD" box="[1287,1335,584,608]" country="Portugal" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" name="University of Coimbra Botany Department" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">COI</collectionCode>
distance among them. Noticeable morphological variation was observed for
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FC76D95D1483FD59" box="[903,1212,620,644]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="polycladia">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FC76D95D1483FD59" box="[903,1212,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Alloeocomatella polycladia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., size; numbers of arms, cirri, cirrals, and rows of cirri, distal intersyzygial intervals, presence/absence of distal spinose margins on arms), yet
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FEE2D9841176FD11" box="[275,329,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">intra</emphasis>
specific difference for
<collectionCode id="ED26F6A3FFB7A169FDA1D98512BFFD11" box="[592,640,692,716]" country="Portugal" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" name="University of Coimbra Botany Department" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">COI</collectionCode>
was less than 0.6% among specimens collected at
<location id="8EE838BDFFB7A169FB23D9851556FD10" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFB6A169FF66DC661182FA89:8EE838BDFFB7A169FB23D9851556FD10" box="[1234,1385,692,717]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Lizard Island" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" stateProvince="Madang">Lizard Island</location>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB7A169FF66D9E91143FD2D" box="[151,380,727,752]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
(n=4). In contrast, little morphological variation has been recorded for
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FB15D9E9112FFCC9" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinifera">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FB15D9E9112FFCC9" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Alloeocomatella pectinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, yet there was up to 7%
<collectionCode id="ED26F6A3FFB7A169FDD3D9CD126DFCC9" box="[546,594,764,788]" country="Portugal" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" name="University of Coimbra Botany Department" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">COI</collectionCode>
divergence among specimens from only
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFB7A169FBEDD9CD1444FCC8" box="[1052,1147,764,789]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Madang" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Madang</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB7A169FB77D9CC155FFCC8" box="[1158,1376,764,789]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B5F643BFFB7A169FA9AD9CD140BFC15" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503125113" country="Indonesia" county="Christmas Island" location="Indian Ocean" municipality="Australian" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" specimenCount="3" typeStatus="holotype">
This high variation could suggest two species of
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FD6CD81113E7FCE5" box="[669,984,800,824]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinifera">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FD6CD81113E7FCE5" box="[669,984,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Alloeocomatella pectinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Two distinct
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FB75D811151FFCE5" box="[1156,1312,800,824]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinifera">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FB75D811151FFCE5" box="[1156,1312,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">A. pectinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clades;
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FA75D811112EFC81" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinifera">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FA75D811112EFC81" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">A. pectinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFB7A169FEE6D8741178FC80" box="[279,327,837,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">type</typeStatus>
A (2.34.3% uncorrected
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FD83D8741297FC81" box="[626,680,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">intra</emphasis>
specific divergence (n=6)) and
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FBF6D875149EFC81" box="[1031,1185,836,860]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinifera">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FBF6D875149EFC81" box="[1031,1185,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">A. pectinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFB7A169FB56D87414E8FC80" box="[1191,1239,837,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">type</typeStatus>
B (one specimen only) were recovered in the phylogenetic analyses. The
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFB7A169FCD7D8591369FC5D" box="[806,854,872,896]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">type</typeStatus>
locality for
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FC1AD85914B8FC5D" box="[1003,1159,872,896]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinifera">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FC1AD85914B8FC5D" box="[1003,1159,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">A. pectinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is
<collectingCounty id="62E916EAFFB7A169FB5ED856154DFC5D" box="[1199,1394,871,896]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Christmas Island</collectingCounty>
, an
<collectingMunicipality id="6BECF41CFFB7A169FF66D8BD1133FC78" box="[151,268,908,933]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Australian</collectingMunicipality>
territory in the
<location id="8EE838BDFFB7A169FE34D8BD1261FC79" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFB6A169FF66DC661182FA89:8EE838BDFFB7A169FE34D8BD1261FC79" box="[453,606,908,933]" country="Indonesia" county="Christmas Island" municipality="Australian" name="Indian Ocean" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Indian Ocean</location>
near
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB7A169FD50D8BD132DFC78" box="[673,786,908,933]" name="Indonesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
.
<location id="8EE838BDFFB7A169FCEED8BD1366FC78" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFB6A169FF66DC661182FA89:8EE838BDFFB7A169FCEED8BD1366FC78" box="[799,857,908,933]" country="Indonesia" county="Christmas Island" municipality="Australian" name="Until" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Until</location>
samples are examined from there, the question of whether
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FF09D88111AFFC15" box="[248,400,944,968]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinifera">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FF09D88111AFFC15" box="[248,400,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">A. pectinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represents one versus more species must be left unresolved.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFB7A169FF36D8E51182FA89" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB7A169FF36D8E51182FA89" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FF36D8E51104FC30" bold="true" box="[199,315,980,1005]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FEB2D8E511C4FC31" box="[323,507,980,1004]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FEB2D8E511C4FC31" box="[323,507,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Alloeocomatella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes two species that co-occur and are widely-distributed in the Indo-western Pacific. Both are easily distinguished from other comatulids in the field by their rich red, red-orange or red-purple color (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB7A169FF11DF2D1120FBE9" box="[224,287,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1683,1705]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Comatellinae. (A C) Alloeocomatella pectinifera— (A) live, centrodorsal concealed with ten arms exposed from coral, photographed at night; (B) well-developed rounded pentagonal centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) combs with&gt; 20 tall, narrow, triangular teeth confluent with the outer edge of pinnule, non-tapering. (D) Alloeocomatella polycladia exposed on coral following removal from under loose coral rubble, with diagnostic red color and&gt; 10 arms, curling. (E F) Comatella stelligera, preserved — (E) specimen 2, entire animal showing&gt; 20 arms and numerous cirri; (F) specimen 1, well-developed circular centrodorsal with two rows of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies. (G L) Comatella nigra— (G J) live, semicryptic on coral reef, showing various color morphs; (K) well-developed circular centrodorsal with one row of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies; (L) combs with triangular teeth, confluent with interior side of pinnule, diminishing distally to a blunt tip. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: A. not vouchered; C. SIO-BIC E 6166. Palau: B. CRECH 236; K. SIO-BIC E 5875; L. SIO-BIC E 6265. Madang, Papua New Guinea: D. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8123. G. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8179; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8103; MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8064. Challenger Station 174, near Kandavu, Fiji: E F. NHM 88.11. 9.104, type specimens 1 and 2. Timor: H. AM J. 25420." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580174/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A, D), generally softer consistency, greater flexibility, and smoother texture (due to fewer and weaker pinnule spines). They also array pinnules in a single pinnate plane, like barbs on a feather (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB7A169FB49DF0E14C5FB85" box="[1208,1274,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1683,1705]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Comatellinae. (A C) Alloeocomatella pectinifera— (A) live, centrodorsal concealed with ten arms exposed from coral, photographed at night; (B) well-developed rounded pentagonal centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) combs with&gt; 20 tall, narrow, triangular teeth confluent with the outer edge of pinnule, non-tapering. (D) Alloeocomatella polycladia exposed on coral following removal from under loose coral rubble, with diagnostic red color and&gt; 10 arms, curling. (E F) Comatella stelligera, preserved — (E) specimen 2, entire animal showing&gt; 20 arms and numerous cirri; (F) specimen 1, well-developed circular centrodorsal with two rows of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies. (G L) Comatella nigra— (G J) live, semicryptic on coral reef, showing various color morphs; (K) well-developed circular centrodorsal with one row of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies; (L) combs with triangular teeth, confluent with interior side of pinnule, diminishing distally to a blunt tip. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: A. not vouchered; C. SIO-BIC E 6166. Palau: B. CRECH 236; K. SIO-BIC E 5875; L. SIO-BIC E 6265. Madang, Papua New Guinea: D. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8123. G. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8179; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8103; MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8064. Challenger Station 174, near Kandavu, Fiji: E F. NHM 88.11. 9.104, type specimens 1 and 2. Timor: H. AM J. 25420." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580174/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
D), unlike the tetrad arrangement characteristic of most confamilials. Both species are cryptic during the day. At night,
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FA75DF55112FFB7D" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinifera">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FA75DF55112FFB7D" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">A. pectinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
keeps its centrodorsal concealed but extends 48 of its ten arms usually upward and in parallel (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB7A169FA9EDFB6109DFB19" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1683,1705]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Comatellinae. (A C) Alloeocomatella pectinifera— (A) live, centrodorsal concealed with ten arms exposed from coral, photographed at night; (B) well-developed rounded pentagonal centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) combs with&gt; 20 tall, narrow, triangular teeth confluent with the outer edge of pinnule, non-tapering. (D) Alloeocomatella polycladia exposed on coral following removal from under loose coral rubble, with diagnostic red color and&gt; 10 arms, curling. (E F) Comatella stelligera, preserved — (E) specimen 2, entire animal showing&gt; 20 arms and numerous cirri; (F) specimen 1, well-developed circular centrodorsal with two rows of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies. (G L) Comatella nigra— (G J) live, semicryptic on coral reef, showing various color morphs; (K) well-developed circular centrodorsal with one row of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies; (L) combs with triangular teeth, confluent with interior side of pinnule, diminishing distally to a blunt tip. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: A. not vouchered; C. SIO-BIC E 6166. Palau: B. CRECH 236; K. SIO-BIC E 5875; L. SIO-BIC E 6265. Madang, Papua New Guinea: D. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8123. G. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8179; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8103; MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8064. Challenger Station 174, near Kandavu, Fiji: E F. NHM 88.11. 9.104, type specimens 1 and 2. Timor: H. AM J. 25420." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580174/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A). Arm length reaches
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFB7A169FE42DF9D11C4FB19" box="[435,507,1196,1221]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" unit="cm" value="50.0">50 cm</quantity>
, the longest of any extant crinoid.
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FC8FDF9D142CFB19" box="[894,1043,1196,1220]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="polycladia">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FC8FDF9D142CFB19" box="[894,1043,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">A. polycladia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has up to 30 arms; specimens with ~20 or fewer arms remain concealed at night with several arms extended; larger specimens perch completely in the open (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB7A169FF2CDFC511B0FAD0" author="Messing" box="[221,399,1268,1293]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" refString="Messing, C. G. (1995 a) Alloeocomatella, a new genus of reef-dwelling feather star from the tropical Indo-west Pacific (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Comasteridae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 108, 436 - 450." type="journal article" year="1995" yearSuffix="a">Messing 1995a</bibRefCitation>
). Following collection,
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FD6CDFC5130BFAD1" box="[669,820,1268,1292]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="polycladia">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FD6CDFC5130BFAD1" box="[669,820,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">A. polycladia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
curls its arm tips (
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB7A169FBFDDFC51473FAD1" box="[1036,1100,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1683,1705]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,335,1661]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Comatellinae. (A C) Alloeocomatella pectinifera— (A) live, centrodorsal concealed with ten arms exposed from coral, photographed at night; (B) well-developed rounded pentagonal centrodorsal with one row of cirri; (C) combs with&gt; 20 tall, narrow, triangular teeth confluent with the outer edge of pinnule, non-tapering. (D) Alloeocomatella polycladia exposed on coral following removal from under loose coral rubble, with diagnostic red color and&gt; 10 arms, curling. (E F) Comatella stelligera, preserved — (E) specimen 2, entire animal showing&gt; 20 arms and numerous cirri; (F) specimen 1, well-developed circular centrodorsal with two rows of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies. (G L) Comatella nigra— (G J) live, semicryptic on coral reef, showing various color morphs; (K) well-developed circular centrodorsal with one row of cirri; arrows indicate syzygies; (L) combs with triangular teeth, confluent with interior side of pinnule, diminishing distally to a blunt tip. Raja Ampat, Indonesia: A. not vouchered; C. SIO-BIC E 6166. Palau: B. CRECH 236; K. SIO-BIC E 5875; L. SIO-BIC E 6265. Madang, Papua New Guinea: D. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8123. G. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8179; I. MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8103; MNHN-IE- 2013 - 8064. Challenger Station 174, near Kandavu, Fiji: E F. NHM 88.11. 9.104, type specimens 1 and 2. Timor: H. AM J. 25420." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580174/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
D), while
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FB32DFC51562FAD1" box="[1219,1373,1268,1292]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinifera">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FB32DFC51562FAD1" box="[1219,1373,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">A. pectinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
arms remain extended and straight. We have not yet found any morphological distinctions between
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB7A169FB15DE29112FFA89" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Alloeocomatella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="9" pageNumber="160" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinifera">
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB7A169FB15DE29112FFA89" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">Alloeocomatella pectinifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFB7A169FEE6DE0C116DFA88" box="[279,338,1341,1365]" pageId="9" pageNumber="160">types</typeStatus>
A and B.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>