185 lines
20 KiB
XML
185 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="8A369EF3A69910A563ED55D370569A89">The genera and species of Comatulidae (Comatulida: Crinoidea): taxonomic revisions and a molecular and morphological guide</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E278B5E5775356F6AEA1B9039E0F85A9">Summers, Mindi M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="86DBCB3A0B8F1E4057D0829249D08EDF">Messing, Charles G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7C8CAB41295390ECAA3817F00148D65A">Rouse, Greg W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="97B94C13F6004BF119C4C85E91C923F3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D5F192B29795CC147535258478863FA3">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="039EDF70FFB4A16AFF66D99811CFFA20" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6009087" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130809839" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6009087" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFB4A16AFF66D99811CFFA20" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039EDF70FFB4A16AFF66D99811CFFA20" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
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<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFB4A16AFF66D9981106FD39" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB4A16AFF66D99811D9FD1E" blockId="10.[151,486,681,741]" box="[151,486,681,707]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
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<heading id="D0C0D90AFFB4A16AFF66D99811D9FD1E" bold="true" box="[151,486,681,707]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFF66D99811D9FD1E" bold="true" box="[151,486,681,707]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFF66D9981134FD1E" box="[151,267,681,707]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Nemaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFF66D9981134FD1E" bold="true" box="[151,267,681,707]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Nemaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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AH
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB4A16AFEB4D99811D9FD1E" author="Clark" box="[325,486,681,707]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refString="Clark, A. H. (1909 a) Revision of the crinoid family Comasteridae, with description of new genera and species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 36, 493 - 507." type="journal article" year="1909" yearSuffix="a">Clark, 1909a</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB4A16AFF66D9FD1106FD39" blockId="10.[151,486,681,741]" box="[151,313,716,741]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
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<tableCitation id="C6B55BDDFFB4A16AFF66D9FD10D5FD39" box="[151,234,716,741]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[125,197,537,558]" captionText="TABLE 1. Diagnostic morphological characteristics of genera of Comatulidae." pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Table 1</tableCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFB4A16AFF09D9FD1106FD39" box="[248,313,716,741]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1812,1834]" captionTargetBox="[159,1410,223,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,223,1790]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood tree of Comatellinae inferred from COI. Symbols near nodes refer to bootstrap (BS) and jackknife (JK) support scores, for maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) analyses, respectively. An asterisk indicates nodes with> 90 % bootstrap and jackknife support. Other scores are represented BS / JK. A hyphen is given for nodes not recovered in MP analyses. Previous morphological identifications in brackets. Taxa labeled as: location - Genbank accession number. Location abbreviations — Great Barrier Reef, Australia (GBR); Madang, Papua New Guinea (PNG); Raja Ampat, Indonesia (Raja); Rowley Shoals, Western Australia (WA). New COI sequences: Genbank KR 010271 - KR 010293." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580175/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFB4A16AFF66D82512F0FCF1" box="[151,719,788,813]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB4A16AFF66D82512F0FCF1" blockId="10.[151,1437,788,1353]" box="[151,719,788,813]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFF66D825110DFCF0" bold="true" box="[151,306,788,813]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Type species.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFEC8D824123FFCF1" box="[313,512,788,812]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Nemaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grandis">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFEC8D824123FFCF1" box="[313,512,788,812]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Nemaster grandis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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AH
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB4A16AFDC6D82512F4FCF1" author="Clark" box="[567,715,788,813]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refString="Clark, A. H. (1909 a) Revision of the crinoid family Comasteridae, with description of new genera and species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 36, 493 - 507." type="journal article" year="1909" yearSuffix="a">Clark, 1909a</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFB4A16AFF36D8061310FC3D" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB4A16AFF36D8061310FC3D" blockId="10.[151,1437,788,1353]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFF36D8061166FC8D" bold="true" box="[199,345,823,848]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Description.</emphasis>
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Mouth excentric in fully developed individuals; up to 31 arms; centrodorsal well-developed, circular, with cirri; IBr2 series united by synarthry; first syzygy at 3+4 on arms arising from IBr; IIBr 4(3+4); IIIBr and beyond 3(2+3); arms arising from IIBr and beyond with first syzygy at 2+3 and first pinnule on br1; distal intersyzygial interval 3–4; distalmost pinnule comb on P6; comb teeth single, triangular or truncated, confluent with interior edge of pinnule; terminal comb tooth discrete.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFB4A16AFF36D8DD148CFB91" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB4A16AFF36D8DD148CFB91" blockId="10.[151,1437,788,1353]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFF36D8DD115FFBD8" bold="true" box="[199,352,1004,1029]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Tropical western Atlantic from
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<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB4A16AFD20D8DD1314FBD8" box="[721,811,1004,1029]" name="Jamaica" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
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and along the Caribbean coast from
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<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB4A16AFB24D8DD157DFBD8" box="[1237,1346,1004,1029]" name="Honduras" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Honduras</collectingCountry>
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to Islas los Roques,
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<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB4A16AFEDDDF3E119DFBF5" box="[300,418,1039,1064]" name="Venezuela" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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, including
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<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB4A16AFDD8DF2112B9FBF5" box="[553,646,1040,1064]" name="Curaçao" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB4A16AFD38DF3E131AFBF5" box="[713,805,1039,1064]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
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. One specimen was collected NW of
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<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFB4A16AFB00DF3E15A2FBF5" box="[1265,1437,1039,1064]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">the Dominican</collectingCountry>
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Republic. Depth range:
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<quantity id="4CCFC383FFB4A16AFE53DF05123AFB91" box="[418,517,1076,1100]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.25" metricValueMax="10.2" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" unit="m" value="52.5" valueMax="102.0" valueMin="3.0">3–102 m</quantity>
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(chiefly in>10 to ~
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<quantity id="4CCFC383FFB4A16AFD14DF05131FFB91" box="[741,800,1076,1101]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" unit="m" value="60.0">60 m</quantity>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB4A16AFCC7DF0513EFFB91" author="Meyer" box="[822,976,1076,1100]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refString="Meyer, D. L. (1973 a) Feeding behavior and ecology of shallow-water unstalked crinoids (Echinodermata) in the Caribbean Sea. Marine Biology, 22, 105 - 129." type="journal article" year="1973" yearSuffix="a">Meyer 1973a</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB4A16AFC2ADF041499FB91" author="Meyer" box="[987,1190,1076,1101]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refString="Meyer, D. L., Messing, C. G. & Macurda, Jr., D. B. (1978) Zoogeography of tropical western Atlantic Crinoidea (Echinodermata). Bulletin of Marine Science, 28, 412 - 441." type="journal article" year="1978">
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Meyer
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFBDADF04145BFB91" box="[1067,1124,1076,1100]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">et al.</emphasis>
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1978
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFB4A16AFF36DF661237FA6B" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB4A16AFF36DF661257FA94" blockId="10.[151,1437,788,1353]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFF36DF661104FBAD" bold="true" box="[199,315,1111,1136]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Remarks.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFEB2DF681190FBAD" box="[323,431,1113,1136]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Nemaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFEB2DF681190FBAD" box="[323,431,1113,1136]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Nemaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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differs from other western-Atlantic confamilials in having comb teeth along the edge of the pinnule closest to the arm, a trait shared with Indo-western Pacific
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFC41DF4D141AFB49" box="[944,1061,1148,1172]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFC41DF4D141AFB49" box="[944,1061,1148,1172]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Comatella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species. Hoggett & Rowe (1986) removed both
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFECADF911187FB65" box="[315,440,1184,1208]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Davidaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFECADF911187FB65" box="[315,440,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Davidaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species from
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFDA6DF9012FDFB65" box="[599,706,1185,1208]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Nemaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFDA6DF9012FDFB65" box="[599,706,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Nemaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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based on their different pinnule comb forms.
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFB3FDF901506FB65" box="[1230,1337,1185,1208]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Nemaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFB3FDF901506FB65" box="[1230,1337,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Nemaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shares a comb form with
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFE9ADFF511E0FB01" box="[363,479,1220,1244]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFE9ADFF511E0FB01" box="[363,479,1220,1244]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Comatella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but shares a ray branching pattern with
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFC19DFF5145AFB01" box="[1000,1125,1220,1244]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Davidaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFC19DFF5145AFB01" box="[1000,1125,1220,1244]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Davidaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and Indo-western Pacific
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFF66DFD9112CFADD" box="[151,275,1256,1280]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Capillaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFF66DFD9112CFADD" box="[151,275,1256,1280]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Capillaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFED7DFD811CDFADD" box="[294,498,1256,1280]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Nemaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grandis">
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<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFED7DFD811CDFADD" box="[294,498,1256,1280]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Nemaster grandis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is rheophilic; it perches in the open chiefly on top of corals, sponges, or rock outcrops (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB4A16AFEF7DE3D1199FAF9" author="Meyer" box="[262,422,1292,1316]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refString="Meyer, D. L. (1973 a) Feeding behavior and ecology of shallow-water unstalked crinoids (Echinodermata) in the Caribbean Sea. Marine Biology, 22, 105 - 129." type="journal article" year="1973" yearSuffix="a">Meyer, 1973a</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB4A16AFE43DE3D11FCFAF8" author="Meyer" box="[434,451,1292,1317]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refString="Meyer, D. L. (1973 b) Distribution and living habits of comatulid crinoids near Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Bulletin of Marine Science, 23, 244 - 259." type="journal article" year="1973" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Its cirri are much longer and more robust, with up to 35 segments, than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFAEEDE3D15A3FAF9" box="[1311,1436,1292,1316]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Davidaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFAEEDE3D15A3FAF9" box="[1311,1436,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">Davidaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, which have at most 18 segments.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB4A16AFF66DEAD1237FA6B" blockId="10.[151,520,1436,1462]" box="[151,520,1436,1462]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFF66DEAD1237FA6B" box="[151,520,1436,1462]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Comatulinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFF66DEAD1237FA6B" bold="true" box="[151,520,1436,1462]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||
COMATULINAE
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB4A16AFEA6DEAD1237FA6B" author="Fleming" box="[343,520,1436,1462]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refString="Fleming, J. (1828) A history of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, mollusca, and radiata of the United Kingdom; including the indigenous, extirpated, and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants. Bell & Bradfute, Edinburgh, 565 pp." type="book" year="1828">Fleming, 1828</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFB4A16AFF66DED211CFFA20" box="[151,496,1507,1533]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFB4A16AFF66DED211CFFA20" blockId="10.[151,496,1507,1533]" box="[151,496,1507,1533]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFB4A16AFF66DED211CFFA20" box="[151,496,1507,1533]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="tribe" tribe="Comatulini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFB4A16AFF66DED211CFFA20" bold="true" box="[151,496,1507,1533]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161">
|
||
COMATULINI
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFB4A16AFEB1DED211CFFA20" author="Fleming" box="[320,496,1507,1533]" pageId="10" pageNumber="161" refString="Fleming, J. (1828) A history of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematical arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, mollusca, and radiata of the United Kingdom; including the indigenous, extirpated, and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants. Bell & Bradfute, Edinburgh, 565 pp." type="book" year="1828">Fleming, 1828</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |