448 lines
54 KiB
XML
448 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="446891D74D10A3D70C40BCA9F93F2783" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4268.2.1SLASH11054" ID-CLB-Dataset="33045" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4268.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e114acb7-3683-4094-a53f-c9bc7ed84353" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="580173" ID-ZooBank="0742D287-B82C-4014-A6AC-C357F259D5D7" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1494919993818" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Summers, Mindi M., Messing, Charles G. & Rouse, Greg W." docDate="2017" docId="039EDF70FFACA173FF66D90E125DFE28" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4268.2.1SLASH11054.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4268 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Phanogenia Loven 1866" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="170" masterDocId="FFA7A708FFBEA160FFF1DB31103FFFDD" masterDocTitle="The genera and species of Comatulidae (Comatulida: Crinoidea): taxonomic revisions and a molecular and morphological guide" masterLastPageNumber="190" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="169" updateTime="1698439592185" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="6450F7FD8601DE490C8FF2881F26E50B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="93A1F25EC6EC1EB9C1A3A2F1AB7FE0FE">
|
||
<mods:title id="284AEE14042FF4FA9B45F374C8F50FE6">The genera and species of Comatulidae (Comatulida: Crinoidea): taxonomic revisions and a molecular and morphological guide</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="9FFB95C6E2A0498856E5AD4BE6A01E1E" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="E76DD3C374ED402D80FC396F6B0241F2">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="C5E9C4ED430ADECA26835B64B3D130A7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="D0BCFB3473BE3D216346EC4E78AC2EE6">Summers, Mindi M.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="4E91BDB92E8003AA822CDAD0892A0A3C" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="BEDEEBD91235E8DE34C6DFC4C8D506B1">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="4DD4C7ABEB86AD8EFFB1AAD93DFB70B2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="598A33C1ABDAD21459A5C58F027E90B7">Messing, Charles G.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="5155DF2E002CDF8B233A0E3FE7F6337C" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="A4737220CD43A9560DC3780CAACDD6A5">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="298F0C9845145CA13FBEAFF0A245CF29">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="64BB50073F428CA305BA624DF56C6BDC">Rouse, Greg W.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="55E5BBDDFD13ABD0A6C11FAE7F812BF4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="05E75C5387408B4283944A9AB8549E67" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="DCB8A9F9627F8B0280520BAF278E646D">
|
||
<mods:title id="E759FFD06DB61EFC5854046623FE1E93">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="98873D075B1C2DC9E4545C2DE256C12E">
|
||
<mods:date id="3B50FE8D5BD2979A8B37CEC020EDEA0B">2017</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="430B5C1A43ACE4EB0E0095EC107156AE" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="E0643B6AA135B5C89FC4642A73A98793">4268</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="C75C1BBB04280BCEC2B828B152A9F220" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="DE91B2D4F2E2F23CB39800F50816E056">2</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="A419D422DD9858AA45138EB4E1654269" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="70C0E1B5B4432E41ECF6E502052F43C2">151</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="66917623A293EC996D3561FCD4FC6A28">190</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="C3D10DA1DB5FCA87F32316028A2C62FE">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="87F633D24B5EC07ABF65CCB75FE167DA" type="CLB-Dataset">33045</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D430232981286150697C671F360250F0" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4268.2.1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="358ED1CF16B64BA199EBF9863BC20103" type="GBIF-Dataset">e114acb7-3683-4094-a53f-c9bc7ed84353</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="12E71F6E6EFAA0F2A6580B27DA4ED3DC" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="CCED3658A8378162D33068B3CA7B1D7E" type="Zenodo-Dep">580173</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="BB3C39E23A3203A51EA7361EFAA29592" type="ZooBank">0742D287-B82C-4014-A6AC-C357F259D5D7</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="039EDF70FFACA173FF66D90E125DFE28" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6009111" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130809827" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6009111" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFACA173FF66D90E125DFE28" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039EDF70FFACA173FF66D90E125DFE28" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="170" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFACA172FF66D90E1106FDA7" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFACA172FF66D90E11F7FD87" blockId="18.[151,456,575,635]" box="[151,456,575,602]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<heading id="D0C0D90AFFACA172FF66D90E11F7FD87" bold="true" box="[151,456,575,602]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" reason="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FF66D90E11F7FD87" ID-CoL="8FZTX" authority="Loven, 1866" authorityName="Loven" authorityYear="1866" box="[151,456,575,602]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FF66D90E11F7FD87" bold="true" box="[151,456,575,602]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FF66D90E1115FD84" bold="true" box="[151,298,575,601]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Phanogenia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FEC0D97111F7FD87" author="Loven" box="[305,456,576,602]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Loven, S. (1866) Phanogenia, ett hittills okandt slagte af fria Crinoideer. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 23, 223 - 233." type="journal article" year="1866">Lovén, 1866</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFACA172FF66D9531106FDA7" blockId="18.[151,456,575,635]" box="[151,313,610,635]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6B55BDDFFACA172FF66D95310D5FDA6" box="[151,234,610,635]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[125,197,537,558]" captionText="TABLE 1. Diagnostic morphological characteristics of genera of Comatulidae." pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFACA172FF09D9531106FDA7" box="[248,313,610,635]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1851,1873]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,205,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1829]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood tree of Phanogenia inferred from COI. Symbols and labels as in Figure 2. Location abbreviations—Borneo (Born); Great Barrier Reef, Australia (GBR); Malaysia (Malay); Papua New Guinea (PNG); Philippines (Philip); Raja Ampat, Indonesia (Raja); Singapore Strait, Singapore (Sing); Viligili, Maldives (Mald). New COI sequences are Genbank KR 010294 - KR 010306." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580180/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFACA172FF66D99510DCFC91" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFACA172FF66D9951297FD60" blockId="18.[151,1437,676,2033]" box="[151,680,676,701]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FF66D995110DFD60" bold="true" box="[151,306,676,701]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Type species.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FEC8D995129BFD60" authority="Loven, 1866" authorityName="Loven" authorityYear="1866" box="[313,676,676,701]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FEC8D9951233FD61" box="[313,524,676,700]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Phanogenia typica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FDE2D995129BFD60" author="Loven" box="[531,676,676,701]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Loven, S. (1866) Phanogenia, ett hittills okandt slagte af fria Crinoideer. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 23, 223 - 233." type="journal article" year="1866">Lovén, 1866</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFACA172FF36D9F610DCFC91" blockId="18.[151,1437,676,2033]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FF36D9F611C4FD3D" bold="true" box="[199,507,711,736]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Other included taxa (7).</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FDFBD9F91380FD3D" authority="Novae Guineae Muller, 1841" authorityName="Novae Guineae Muller" authorityYear="1841" box="[522,959,711,736]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Alecto" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FDFBD9F9132AFD02" box="[522,789,712,736]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Alecto Novae Guineae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FCD2D9F61380FD3D" author="Muller" box="[803,959,711,736]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Muller, J. (1841) Uber die Gattungen und Arten der Comatulen. Monatsberichte Koniglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1841, 179 - 189." type="journal article" year="1841">Müller, 1841</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FC23D9F915A8FD3D" authority="Carpenter, 1888" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1888" box="[978,1431,712,736]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="distincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FC23D9F914F4FD3D" box="[978,1227,712,736]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Actinometra distincta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FB28D9F915A8FD3D" author="Carpenter" box="[1241,1431,712,736]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Carpenter, P. H. (1888) Report on the Crinoidea collected during the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Part II-The Comatulae. In: Thomson, C. W. & Murray, J. (Eds.), Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876, Zoology-Vol. XXVI. Neill & Company, Edinburgh, pp. 1 - 400." type="book chapter" year="1888">Carpenter, 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FF66D9DD120FFCD9" authority="Hartlaub, 1893" authorityName="Hartlaub" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,560,748,773]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FF66D9DD1142FCD9" box="[151,381,748,772]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Actinometra gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FE74D9DD120FFCD9" author="Hartlaub" box="[389,560,748,773]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1893) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Comatulidenfauna des Indischen Archipels. Nova Acta Kaiserlichen Leopold- Carol Deutschen Akademie der Naturforschungen, 58, 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="1893">Hartlaub, 1893</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FDCDD9DD140DFCD9" authority="Carpenter, 1888" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1888" box="[572,1074,748,772]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multibrachiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FDCDD9DD134CFCD9" box="[572,883,748,772]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Actinometra multibrachiata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FC8AD9DD140DFCD9" author="Carpenter" box="[891,1074,748,772]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Carpenter, P. H. (1888) Report on the Crinoidea collected during the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, during the years 1873 - 1876. Part II-The Comatulae. In: Thomson, C. W. & Murray, J. (Eds.), Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876, Zoology-Vol. XXVI. Neill & Company, Edinburgh, pp. 1 - 400." type="book chapter" year="1888">Carpenter, 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FBCCD9DD151FFCD9" box="[1085,1312,748,772]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fruticosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FBCCD9DD151FFCD9" box="[1085,1312,748,772]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Comaster fruticosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AH
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FAA6D9DD10E0FCF5" author="Clark" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Clark, A. H. (1911 b) On a collection of unstalked crinoids made by the United States Fisheries Steamer " Albatross " in the vicinity of the Philippine Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 36, 529 - 563. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.39 - 1798.529" type="journal article" year="1911" yearSuffix="b">Clark, 1911b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FF1CD82111F8FCF5" box="[237,455,784,808]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="schonovi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FF1CD82111F8FCF5" box="[237,455,784,808]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Comaster schönovi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AH
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FDF0D83E12A7FCF5" author="Clark" box="[513,664,783,808]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Clark, A. H. (1918 a) The unstalked crinoids of the Siboga Expedition. Siboga Expedition, 42 b, 1 - 300." type="journal article" year="1918" yearSuffix="a">Clark, 1918a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FD54D8211351FCF5" box="[677,878,784,808]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="serrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FD54D8211351FCF5" box="[677,878,784,808]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Comatula serrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AH
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FC58D83E147EFCF5" author="Clark" box="[937,1089,783,808]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Clark, A. H. (1907 b) Description of new species of recent unstalked crinoids from the coast of northeastern Asia. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 33, 127 - 156." type="journal article" year="1907" yearSuffix="b">Clark, 1907b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FBBFD8211523FCF5" box="[1102,1308,784,808]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FBBFD8211523FCF5" box="[1102,1308,784,808]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Comaster sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
AH
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FAA7D83E10E0FC91" author="Clark" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Clark, A. H. (1912 a) Seventeen new East Indian crinoids belonging to the families Comasteridae and Zygometridae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 25, 17 - 28." type="journal article" year="1912" yearSuffix="a">Clark, 1912a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFACA172FF36D86612EFFC22" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFACA172FF36D86612EFFC22" blockId="18.[151,1437,676,2033]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FF36D866117EFCAD" bold="true" box="[199,321,855,880]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Mouth central in fully developed individuals; up to 170 arms; cirri absent or present; IBr2 series united by cryptosynarthry or synarthry; first syzygy at 3+4 on arms arising from IBr, at 1+2 on arms arising from subsequent brachitaxes; IIBr and subsequent brachitaxes 2(1+2) or 4(3+4); distal intersyzygial interval 3–4; pinnule combs at intervals to near arm tip; comb teeth tall, triangular to spade-shaped, confluent with outer edge of pinnule; proximal tooth saucer-like and transverse.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFACA172FF36DF3D1413F99D" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFACA172FF36DF3D120DFB69" blockId="18.[151,1437,676,2033]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FF36DF3D115FFBF8" bold="true" box="[199,352,1036,1061]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Tropical Indo-western Pacific from northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFACA172FC8EDF3D13D9FBF8" box="[895,998,1036,1061]" name="Australia" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Jurien Bay, WA, to Lady Elliott I., QLD), west to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFACA172FEB9DF1E11F0FB95" box="[328,463,1071,1096]" name="Madagascar" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the Red Sea, east to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFACA172FD0EDF1E1319FB95" box="[767,806,1071,1096]" name="Fiji" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFACA172FC93DF1E1423FB95" box="[866,1052,1071,1096]" country="Marshall Islands" name="Kwajalein" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Kwajalein Atoll</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and north to Sagami Bay,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFACA172FAADDF0115A3FB9A" box="[1372,1436,1072,1095]" name="Japan" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FF6FDF65115DFBB1" author="Chen" box="[158,354,1108,1133]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Chen, J. C., Chang, K. H. & Chen, C. P. (1988) Shallow-water crinoids of Kenting National Park, Taiwan. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology Academia Sinica, 27, 73 - 90." type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
Chen
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FF15DF641120FBB1" box="[228,287,1108,1132]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; AH
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FE53DF65121BFBB1" author="Clark" box="[418,548,1108,1133]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Clark, A. H. (1931) A monograph of the existing crinoids 1 (3). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="1931">Clark 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; AM
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FD99DF6512D5FBB1" author="Clark" box="[616,746,1108,1133]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Clark, A. M. (1972) Some crinoids from the Indian Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 24 (2), 75 - 156." type="journal article" year="1972">Clark 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FD09DF6413DBFBB1" author="Kogo" box="[760,996,1108,1133]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Kogo, I. & Fujita, T. (2014) The Feather Stars of Sagami Bay. Tokai University Press, Toyko, 162 pp." type="book" year="2014">Kogo & Fujita 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FC00DF6414E1FBB0" author="Rowe" box="[1009,1246,1108,1133]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Rowe, F. W. E. & Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. CSIRO, Melbourne, 510 pp." type="book" year="1995">Rowe & Gates 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FB1DDF6515AFFBB0" author="Zmarzly" box="[1260,1424,1108,1133]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Zmarzly, D. L. (1985) The shallow-water crinoid fauna of Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands: ecological observations, interatoll comparisons, and zoogeographic affinities. Pacific Science, 39, 340 - 358." type="journal article" year="1985">Zmarzly 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Depth range:
|
||
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFACA172FEC1DF4911A8FB52" box="[304,407,1144,1168]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" unit="m" value="105.0" valueMax="210.0" valueMin="0.0">0–210 m</quantity>
|
||
; only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FE2DDF481268FB4D" box="[476,599,1144,1168]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="distincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FE2DDF481268FB4D" box="[476,599,1144,1168]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">P. distincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FD7EDF4812C3FB4D" box="[655,764,1145,1168]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="serrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FD7EDF4812C3FB4D" box="[655,764,1145,1168]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">P. serrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur regularly at depths greater than
|
||
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFACA172FB5FDF4914C7FB52" box="[1198,1272,1144,1168]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
|
||
; a few records from greater depths are likely errors.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFACA172FF36DF8E1413F99D" blockId="18.[151,1437,676,2033]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B5F643BFFACA172FF36DF8E124FFAFD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503125111" collectorName="Molecular & Owen & Clade A" country="Singapore" location="New Harbor" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FF36DF8E119EFB05" bold="true" box="[199,417,1215,1240]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<collectorName id="26C20BB0FFACA172FF36DF8E117DFB05" box="[199,322,1215,1240]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Molecular</collectorName>
|
||
results.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectorName id="26C20BB0FFACA172FE5BDF8E1222FB05" box="[426,541,1215,1240]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Molecular</collectorName>
|
||
results for this genus are congruent with results in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FB9FDFF11509FB05" author="Owen" box="[1134,1334,1216,1240]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Owen, C. L., Messing, C. G., Rouse, G. W. & Shivji, M. S. (2009) Using a combined approach to explain the morphological and ecological diversity in Phanogenia gracilis Hartlaub, 1893 (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) sensu lato: two species or intraspecific variation? Marine Biology, 156, 1517 - 1529." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
<collectorName id="26C20BB0FFACA172FB9FDFF1148EFB05" box="[1134,1201,1216,1240]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Owen</collectorName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FB4BDFF014CAFB05" box="[1210,1269,1216,1240]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C72E3FFACA172FAB6DF8E15B2FB05" box="[1351,1421,1215,1240]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1851,1873]" captionTargetBox="[159,1431,205,1819]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1829]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Maximum likelihood tree of Phanogenia inferred from COI. Symbols and labels as in Figure 2. Location abbreviations—Borneo (Born); Great Barrier Reef, Australia (GBR); Malaysia (Malay); Papua New Guinea (PNG); Philippines (Philip); Raja Ampat, Indonesia (Raja); Singapore Strait, Singapore (Sing); Viligili, Maldives (Mald). New COI sequences are Genbank KR 010294 - KR 010306." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/580180/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectorName id="26C20BB0FFACA172FF66DFD510CBFB21" box="[151,244,1252,1277]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Clade A</collectorName>
|
||
of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FEEADFD511CFFB21" box="[283,496,1252,1276]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Owen, C. L., Messing, C. G., Rouse, G. W. & Shivji, M. S. (2009) Using a combined approach to explain the morphological and ecological diversity in Phanogenia gracilis Hartlaub, 1893 (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) sensu lato: two species or intraspecific variation? Marine Biology, 156, 1517 - 1529." type="journal article">
|
||
<collectorName id="26C20BB0FFACA172FEEADFD51161FB21" box="[283,350,1252,1276]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Owen</collectorName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FE94DFD411A1FB21" box="[357,414,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is herein referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FD0CDFD513EEFB21" box="[765,977,1252,1276]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FD0CDFD513EEFB21" box="[765,977,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Phanogenia typica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on a new specimen collected near the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFACA172FF33DE3910CDFAFD" box="[194,242,1288,1312]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality,
|
||
<location id="8EE838BDFFACA172FEAFDE3911D2FAFD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFACA173FF66D90E125DFE28:8EE838BDFFACA172FEAFDE3911D2FAFD" box="[350,493,1287,1312]" country="Singapore" name="New Harbor" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">New Harbor</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFACA172FE0ADE36124FFAFD" box="[507,624,1287,1312]" name="Singapore" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B5F643BFFACA172FD8FDE3613F8FA50" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503125118" collectionCode="COI" collectorName="Clade B & Clade C" country="Singapore" location="Both" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" specimenCount="4" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectorName id="26C20BB0FFACA172FD8FDE3612E4FAC2" box="[638,731,1287,1312]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Clade B</collectorName>
|
||
is designated as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FC50DE3914B8FAFD" box="[929,1159,1288,1312]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FC50DE3914B8FAFD" box="[929,1159,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Phanogenia gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFACA172FB60DE3914FEFAFD" box="[1169,1217,1288,1312]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">type</typeStatus>
|
||
A; and
|
||
<collectorName id="26C20BB0FFACA172FAD2DE3615BFFAFD" box="[1315,1408,1287,1312]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Clade C</collectorName>
|
||
is designated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FEE9DE1D11C1FA99" box="[280,510,1324,1348]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FEE9DE1D11C1FA99" box="[280,510,1324,1348]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Phanogenia gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFACA172FDF9DE1C1207FA98" box="[520,568,1325,1349]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">type</typeStatus>
|
||
B.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FD94DE1D1373FA99" box="[613,844,1324,1348]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FD94DE1D1373FA99" box="[613,844,1324,1348]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Phanogenia gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFACA172FCA7DE1C13B9FA98" box="[854,902,1325,1349]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">type</typeStatus>
|
||
A and
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFACA172FC11DE1C142FFA98" box="[992,1040,1325,1349]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">type</typeStatus>
|
||
B had greater than 5.5% pairwise divergence in uncorrected
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26F6A3FFACA172FE30DE6111CEFAB5" box="[449,497,1360,1384]" country="Portugal" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14498" name="University of Coimbra Botany Department" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">COI</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FDF3DE611207FABA" box="[514,568,1360,1383]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">intra</emphasis>
|
||
specific divergences of less than 2.5% for both).
|
||
<location id="8EE838BDFFACA172FBAEDE7E14AAFAB5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EDF70FFACA173FF66D90E125DFE28:8EE838BDFFACA172FBAEDE7E14AAFAB5" box="[1119,1173,1359,1384]" country="Singapore" name="Both" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Both</location>
|
||
were at least 3.3% and 4.0% divergent relative to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FE3ADE441215FA51" box="[459,554,1397,1420]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FE3ADE441215FA51" box="[459,554,1397,1420]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">P. typica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FD98DE441312FA51" box="[617,813,1396,1420]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multibrachiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FD98DE441312FA51" box="[617,813,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">P. multibrachiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B5F643BFFACA172FC24DE44127CFA25" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503125124" country="Iceland" location="No" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="No" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFACA172FC24DE4413C8FA51" box="[981,1015,1397,1420]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">No</collectingRegion>
|
||
morphological characters have been found that distinguish among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FE05DEA81256FA6D" box="[500,617,1432,1456]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FE05DEA81256FA6D" box="[500,617,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">P. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFACA172FD82DEA8129CFA6C" box="[627,675,1433,1457]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">type</typeStatus>
|
||
A,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FD25DEA81377FA6D" box="[724,840,1432,1456]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FD25DEA81377FA6D" box="[724,840,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">P. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFACA172FCA2DEA813BCFA6C" box="[851,899,1433,1457]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">type</typeStatus>
|
||
B, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FC14DEA8147AFA72" box="[997,1093,1432,1456]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FC14DEA8147AFA72" box="[997,1093,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">P. typica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FB67DEA9155AFA6D" author="Owen" box="[1174,1381,1432,1456]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Owen, C. L., Messing, C. G., Rouse, G. W. & Shivji, M. S. (2009) Using a combined approach to explain the morphological and ecological diversity in Phanogenia gracilis Hartlaub, 1893 (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) sensu lato: two species or intraspecific variation? Marine Biology, 156, 1517 - 1529." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Owen
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FB15DEA8151FFA6D" box="[1252,1312,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and below). Also, current data does not allow determining to which clade the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FBC4DE8D14B5FA09" box="[1077,1162,1468,1492]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FBC4DE8D14B5FA09" box="[1077,1162,1468,1492]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should apply. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFACA172FA9DDE8C15A3FA08" box="[1388,1436,1469,1493]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FEEDDED011B0FA25" box="[284,399,1504,1528]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FEEDDED011B0FA25" box="[284,399,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">P. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is Edam
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFACA172FE0DDEEE127CFA25" box="[508,579,1503,1528]" name="Iceland" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B5F643BFFACA172FDA1DED01413F99D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503125125" country="Indonesia" location="Java" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Java" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F3A084FFACA172FDA1DED012BDFA25" box="[592,642,1505,1528]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Java</collectingRegion>
|
||
Sea,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFACA172FD33DEEE1310FA25" box="[706,815,1503,1528]" name="Indonesia" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Göttingen Museum), from which we lack specimens.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FF66DD35114FF9C1" box="[151,368,1540,1564]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FF66DD35114FF9C1" box="[151,368,1540,1564]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Phanogenia typica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
alone returned up to 8.6%
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FD4EDD3412CAF9C1" box="[703,757,1541,1564]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">intra</emphasis>
|
||
specific divergence, in comparison with only 0.5% for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FA76DD341102F99D" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multibrachiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FA76DD341102F99D" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">P. multibrachiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suggesting that the former may include additional cryptic species.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32D3DEDFFACA173FF36DD7D125DFE28" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="170" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFACA172FF36DD7D149FF970" blockId="18.[151,1437,676,2033]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FF36DD7D1104F9B8" bold="true" box="[199,315,1612,1637]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Three taxa in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FE2CDD7D125AF9B9" box="[477,613,1612,1636]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FE2CDD7D125AF9B9" box="[477,613,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Phanogenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are reported as reef-dwellers:
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FC4DDD7C14A3F9B9" box="[956,1180,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FC4DDD7C1410F9B9" box="[956,1071,1612,1636]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gracilis">P. gracilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FBCADD7C14A3F9B9" box="[1083,1180,1613,1636]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">P. typica</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FB2BDD7C15A4F9B9" box="[1242,1435,1612,1636]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multibrachiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FB2BDD7C15A4F9B9" box="[1242,1435,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">P. multibrachiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FF6FDD5E126EF955" author="Messing" box="[158,593,1647,1672]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Messing, C. G. (1998 a) Revision of the recent Indo-West Pacific comatulid genus Comaster Agassiz - Part 1 - the type species of Comaster and Phanogenia Loven (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Comasteridae). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 12, 191 - 209. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 97004" type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="a">Messing 1998a, and references therein</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The first two have a reduced centrodorsal with at most a few rudimentary cirri in small specimens. The second has a well-developed centrodorsal with numerous cirri.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFACA172FF36DD86146DF82C" blockId="18.[151,1437,676,2033]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FF36DD8611B9F90D" author="Messing" box="[199,390,1719,1744]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Messing, C. G. (1998 a) Revision of the recent Indo-West Pacific comatulid genus Comaster Agassiz - Part 1 - the type species of Comaster and Phanogenia Loven (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Comasteridae). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 12, 191 - 209. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IT 97004" type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="a">Messing (1998a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
distinguished the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFACA172FDAADD861282F90D" box="[603,701,1719,1744]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FD19DD881378F912" box="[744,839,1720,1744]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FD19DD881378F912" box="[744,839,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">P. typica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFACA172FC6ADD86142FF90D" box="[923,1040,1719,1744]" name="Singapore" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
, on the basis of its longer pinnule combs relative to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FE37DDEC1207F929" box="[454,568,1756,1780]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FE37DDEC1207F929" box="[454,568,1756,1780]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">P. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from elsewhere, in specimens of similar size: 24–29 teeth on P1, and rarely fewer than 10 teeth on brachial pinnules, versus P1 with only 10–12 teeth and almost always fewer than 10 teeth on subsequent pinnules, respectively. He therefore treated all acirrate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FC6DDC15141CF8E1" box="[924,1059,1828,1852]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FC6DDC15141CF8E1" box="[924,1059,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Phanogenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Indo-western Pacific reefs except the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FEE7DC781146F882" box="[278,377,1864,1888]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FEE7DC781146F882" box="[278,377,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">P. typica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFACA172FE72DC7611DAF8BD" box="[387,485,1863,1888]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FDE1DC7812BCF8BD" box="[528,643,1864,1888]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FDE1DC7812BCF8BD" box="[528,643,1864,1888]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">P. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2700F0FFFACA172FD7FDC79133CF8BD" box="[654,771,1863,1888]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
. However, new material from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFACA172FB63DC76153BF8BD" box="[1170,1284,1863,1888]" name="Singapore" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFACA172FAFFDC791501F8BD" box="[1294,1342,1864,1888]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality includes specimens with long “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FE05DC5C126BF859" box="[500,596,1901,1924]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FE05DC5C126BF859" box="[500,596,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">P. typica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” combs as well as other specimens, otherwise indistinguishable (including the same color pattern) and from the same habitat, with short “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FCA1DCA013FEF875" box="[848,961,1936,1960]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FCA1DCA013FEF875" box="[848,961,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">P. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” combs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFACA172FBDADCBE1523F875" author="Messing" box="[1067,1308,1935,1960]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" refString="Messing, C. G. & Tay, T. S. (2016) Extant Crinoidea (Echinodermata) of Singapore. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement, 34, 270 - 301." type="journal article" year="2016">Messing & Tay 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Similarly, comb form varies among specimens in all three molecular clades discussed above. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFACA172FB68DC8414C3F811" box="[1177,1276,1973,1996]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="typica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFACA172FB68DC8414C3F811" box="[1177,1276,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">P. typica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade was so named because it includes a long-combed specimen from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFACA172FCB8DCE91384F82C" box="[841,955,2008,2033]" name="Singapore" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFACA172FC30DCE813CEF82C" box="[961,1009,2009,2033]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B886E66FFADA173FF36DBA6125DFE28" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
|
||
The remaining taxa resemble
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFADA173FDE8DBA812E3FF6D" box="[537,732,152,176]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multibrachiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FDE8DBA812E3FF6D" box="[537,732,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">P. multibrachiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a well-developed centrodorsal with numerous cirri. They differ chiefly on the basis of characters that vary with size, i.e., arm number and number and proportion of cirrals, with smaller taxa generally recorded from greater depths, e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFADA173FC40DBD0144CFF25" box="[945,1139,224,248]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multibrachiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FC40DBD0144CFF25" box="[945,1139,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">P. multibrachiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(to 160 arms; ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFADA173FAD6DBEE15B0FF25" box="[1319,1423,223,248]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" unit="m" value="35.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="20.0">20–50 m</quantity>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFADA173FF66DA341128FEC1" box="[151,279,260,284]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fruticosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FF66DA341128FEC1" box="[151,279,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">P. fruticosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(37–63 arms;
|
||
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFADA173FE4DDA35120FFEC1" box="[444,560,260,285]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.05" metricValueMax="10.6" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" unit="m" value="70.5" valueMax="106.0" valueMin="35.0">35–106 m</quantity>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFADA173FDB4DA341286FEC1" box="[581,697,260,284]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="sibogae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FDB4DA341286FEC1" box="[581,697,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">P. sibogae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(60 arms;
|
||
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFADA173FCC5DA35134EFEC1" box="[820,881,260,284]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" unit="m" value="88.0">88 m</quantity>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFADA173FC77DA34143CFEC1" box="[902,1027,260,284]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="distincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FC77DA34143CFEC1" box="[902,1027,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">P. distincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(30–50 arms; 15–290 [chiefly ~70– 110] m), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFADA173FEDEDA1911AAFEE2" box="[303,405,296,319]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comasteridae" genus="Comatula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="serrata">P. serrata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(13–30 arms;
|
||
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFADA173FDCBDA191284FE9D" box="[570,699,296,320]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" metricValueMax="1.7399999999999998" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" unit="m" value="137.0" valueMax="174.0" valueMin="100.0">100–174 m</quantity>
|
||
) (AH
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFADA173FCF5DA1613BAFE9D" author="Clark" box="[772,901,295,320]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" refString="Clark, A. H. (1931) A monograph of the existing crinoids 1 (3). Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 82, 1 - 916." type="journal article" year="1931">Clark 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; AM
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFADA173FC37DA161478FE9D" author="Clark" box="[966,1095,295,320]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" refString="Clark, A. M. (1972) Some crinoids from the Indian Ocean. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 24 (2), 75 - 156." type="journal article" year="1972">Clark 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFADA173FBA5DA1615A8FE9D" author="Kirkendale" box="[1108,1431,295,320]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" refString="Kirkendale, L. & Messing, C. G. (2003) An annotated checklist and key to the Crinoidea of Guam and Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands. Micronesica, 35 - 36, 523 - 546." type="book chapter" year="2003">Kirkendale & Messing 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFADA173FF66DA7C1125FEB9" author="Kogo" box="[151,282,332,357]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" refString="Kogo, I. (1998) Crinoids from Japan and its adjacent waters. Special Publication of the Osaka Museum of National History, 30, 1 - 148." type="journal article" year="1998">Kogo 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Messing, unpublished observations). Some or all may prove to be synonyms.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA61397FFADA173FB45DA7D15A3FEB9" box="[1204,1436,332,357]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" refString="Chen, J. C., Chang, K. H. & Chen, C. P. (1988) Shallow-water crinoids of Kenting National Park, Taiwan. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology Academia Sinica, 27, 73 - 90." type="journal article">
|
||
Chen
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FB08DA7C1512FEB9" box="[1273,1325,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.’s (1988)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report of a small
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFADA173FEA4DA4011F1FE55" box="[341,462,368,392]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="distincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FEA4DA4011F1FE55" box="[341,462,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">P. distincta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from reef crevices in
|
||
<quantity id="4CCFC383FFADA173FD37DA5E1316FE5A" box="[710,809,367,392]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" unit="m" value="18.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="12.0">12–25 m</quantity>
|
||
off
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3202EF6FFADA173FCA6DA5E13A5FE55" box="[855,922,367,392]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
may be a juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFADA173FB9CDA401510FE55" box="[1133,1327,368,392]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multibrachiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FB9CDA401510FE55" box="[1133,1327,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">P. multibrachiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Messing (1998) noted that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CD0C4FFADA173FE66DAA511C6FE70" box="[407,505,404,429]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFADA173FDD7DAA412DEFE71" box="[550,737,405,428]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="novaeguineae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FDD7DAA412DEFE71" box="[550,737,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">P. novaeguineae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(60 arms; no depth recorded), currently treated as accepted (Messing 2001), appeared intermediate between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFADA173FD4EDA88137FFE0D" box="[703,832,440,464]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Phanogenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fruticosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FD4EDA88137FFE0D" box="[703,832,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">P. fruticosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3715E5FFADA173FC88DA881404FE0D" box="[889,1083,440,464]" class="Crinoidea" family="Comatulidae" genus="Actinometra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Comatulida" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="multibrachiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943B274FFADA173FC88DA881404FE0D" box="[889,1083,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">P. multibrachiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and that the three might prove developmental stages of a single species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |