treatments-xml/data/03/86/73/0386731DFFB3FFEEFF168922FE1EFD93.xml

<document id="FA33C48B7336B2438A8DDF0700B9183A" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4810.2.7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3938327" ID-ZooBank="9E9AEDCA-8D25-40E1-9FD6-C95EDF84C665" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1594366645725" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ide, Tatsuya, Aung, Mu Mu &amp; Tanaka, Nobuyuki" docDate="2020" docId="0386731DFFB3FFEEFF168922FE1EFD93" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4810.2.7.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4810 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Lithosaphonecrus mindatus Ide, Aung &amp; Tanaka 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="78DF0272-2B0C-468E-9CE9-6C1A9D2483AB" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="348" masterDocId="FFBF0B65FFB2FFEAFF818D5CFF8EFFF0" masterDocTitle="First record of Cynipidae from Myanmar with description of a new species of Lithosaphonecrus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini)" masterLastPageNumber="350" masterPageNumber="344" pageNumber="345" updateTime="1698779768056" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="A5A80F2B4491E85EBE1B958421A3241E">First record of Cynipidae from Myanmar with description of a new species of Lithosaphonecrus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A87C964E24D234A431B34AA27146415C">Ide, Tatsuya</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="AD6B0D40789F7B4690BB4DB9C942D374">Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4 - 1 - 1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 - 0005, Japan. ide @ kahaku. go. jp; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 8731 - 5985</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1AFBB9754F76C8586670405DCFA0B3E1">Aung, Mu Mu</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F7437FA0B74DBDBFF4CAABBE7DF5E4B0">Forest Research Institute (FRI), Forest Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Yezin, Myanmar. mumuaung 85 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8263 - 9099</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="82159C0F29BB7D33A8ECDDB179EEF440">Tanaka, Nobuyuki</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="7F187B435FA0B41687C4B083AC5A68BA">Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4 - 1 - 1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 - 0005, Japan. nobuyuki _ tanaka @ kahaku. go. jp; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3003 - 7782</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB3FFEBFF168922FD7FFB69" authority="Ide, Aung &amp; Tanaka" authorityName="Ide, Aung &amp; Tanaka" authorityYear="2020" box="[151,753,1150,1177]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mindatus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB3FFEBFF168922FE67FB69" bold="true" box="[151,489,1150,1177]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="345">Lithosaphonecrus mindatus</emphasis>
Ide, Aung &amp; Tanaka
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, 
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(
<figureCitation id="1314DE8EFFB3FFEBFF1E89FFFE99FB4D" box="[159,279,1187,1213]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–9" captionStart-1="FIGURES 10–11" captionStart-2="FIGURES 12–13" captionStartId-0="3.[151,264,1468,1493]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,264,1226,1251]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,264,1910,1935]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,181,1442]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,633,1201]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,1309,1884]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[151,1435,181,1443]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[151,1435,633,1201]" captionTargetId-2="figure@4.[151,1435,1308,1884]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–9. Holotype female of Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov.: 1 head, frontal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 2 surface sculpture of frons (scale bar = 50 μm); 3 head, lateral view (scale bar = 100 μm); 4 head, dorsal view (scale bar = 100μm); 5 mesosoma, lateral view (scale bar = 100μm); 6 mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 7 propodeum, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 8 metasoma, lateral view (scale bar = 200 μm); 9 surface sculpture of posterior area of metasomal terga (scale bar = 50 μm)." captionText-1="FIGURES 10–11. Holotype female of Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov.: 10 antenna, (scale bar = 100 μm); 11 forewing (scale bar = 1 mm)." captionText-2="FIGURES 12–13. 12 Bud gall from which Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov. emerged (scale bar = 1 cm); 13 holotype female of Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov., habitus (scale bar = 1 mm)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938329" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938331" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938333" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3938329/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3938331/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3938333/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="345">Figs. 1–13</figureCitation>
)
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 
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<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB3FFEBFF168855FE0EFAD4" bold="true" box="[151,384,1289,1316]" pageId="1" pageNumber="345">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B47C856FFB3FFEBFE078855FE66FA60" collectingDate="2017-11-28" collectingDateMax="2017-12-02" collectingDateMin="2017-11-28" collectionCode="T, NSMT" collectorName="Ide &amp; Science" country="Myanmar" elevation="2400" latitude="21.393402" location="National Museum of Nature" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="93.779175" municipality="Mindat" pageId="1" pageNumber="345" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-adult="1" stateProvince="Tokyo" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54947CA9FFB3FFEBFE078855FE60FAD3" box="[390,494,1289,1315]" pageId="1" pageNumber="345" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
(designated here): 
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female, about 
<quantity id="4CD76FEEFFB3FFEBFC348855FC7BFAD3" box="[949,1013,1289,1315]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="345" unit="km" value="20.0">20km</quantity>
west from 
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, Chin State, 
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, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE1BA4CCFFB3FFEBFF538871FEF5FAB8" box="[210,379,1325,1352]" degrees="21" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="345" precision="1" seconds="36.25" value="21.393402">21°23'36.25&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE1BA4CCFFB3FFEBFE0B8871FDBFFAB8" box="[394,561,1325,1352]" degrees="93" direction="east" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="345" precision="1" seconds="45.03" value="93.779175">93°46'45.03&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, elevation about 
<quantity id="4CD76FEEFFB3FFEBFD778871FCC1FAB7" box="[758,847,1325,1351]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="345" unit="m" value="2400.0">
<elevation id="00022538FFB3FFEBFD778871FCC1FAB7" box="[758,847,1325,1351]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="345" unit="m" value="2400.0">2,400m</elevation>
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; collection of gall: 
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<collectingDate id="EFD51D23FFB3FFEBFBB08871FB25FAB7" box="[1073,1195,1325,1351]" pageId="1" pageNumber="345" value="2017-11-28">28.xi.2017</collectingDate>
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, emergence of adult: 
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<collectingDate id="EFD51D23FFB3FFEBFF16880DFE82FA9B" box="[151,268,1361,1387]" pageId="1" pageNumber="345" value="2017-12-02">2.xii.2017</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED3E5ACEFFB3FFEBFE96880EFEA7FA9C" box="[279,297,1362,1388]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="1" pageNumber="345">T</collectionCode>
. 
<collectorName id="26DAA7DDFFB3FFEBFEB2880DFED9FA9B" box="[307,343,1361,1387]" pageId="1" pageNumber="345">Ide</collectorName>
leg.; deposited in 
<location id="8EF094D0FFB3FFEBFDA2880DFCD3FA9C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386731DFFB3FFEEFF168922FE1EFD93:8EF094D0FFB3FFEBFDA2880DFCD3FA9C" box="[547,861,1361,1388]" country="Myanmar" latitude="21.393402" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="93.779175" municipality="Mindat" name="National Museum of Nature" pageId="1" pageNumber="345" stateProvince="Tokyo">National Museum of Nature</location>
and 
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, 
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, 
<collectingCountry id="F338829BFFB3FFEBFBCA880EFB05FA9C" box="[1099,1163,1362,1388]" name="Japan" pageId="1" pageNumber="345">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<collectionCode id="ED3E5ACEFFB3FFEBFB18880DFB64FA9B" box="[1177,1258,1361,1387]" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/f678-ci92" name="National Science Museum (Natural History)" pageId="1" pageNumber="345">NSMT</collectionCode>
) with accession number NSMT-I-Hym 77508.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B90C20BFFB3FFEBFF4688C5FB8CFA0B" blockId="1.[151,1437,1289,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="345">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB3FFEBFF4688C5FED7FA44" bold="true" box="[199,345,1433,1460]" pageId="1" pageNumber="345">Description.</emphasis>
Head and mesosoma black; antenna brown, except for darker terminal flagellomere; palpi yellow; mandible brown, except for darker margin; tegula yellow; legs yellow, except for darker metacoxa and tarsal claws. Metasoma mostly dark and ventrally reddish brown; hypopygial spine yellow.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90C20BFFB3FFEBFF468B59FBECF85B" blockId="1.[151,1437,1289,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="345">
Head (
<figureCitation id="1314DE8EFFB3FFEBFE938B59FEF2F9EF" box="[274,380,1541,1567]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1468,1493]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,181,1443]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Holotype female of Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov.: 1 head, frontal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 2 surface sculpture of frons (scale bar = 50 μm); 3 head, lateral view (scale bar = 100 μm); 4 head, dorsal view (scale bar = 100μm); 5 mesosoma, lateral view (scale bar = 100μm); 6 mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 7 propodeum, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 8 metasoma, lateral view (scale bar = 200 μm); 9 surface sculpture of posterior area of metasomal terga (scale bar = 50 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3938329/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="345">Figs. 1–4</figureCitation>
) rounded in frontal view, almost as broad as mesosoma in dorsal view. Vertex and occiput coriarious; occipital carina only present laterally, posterior of the genae. Median ocellus transversely oblong; lateral ocellus round; POL:OOL:LOL = 20:11:10. Frons coriarious with delicate longitudinal strigae from antennal rims. Diameter of antennal rim 3.0 times as broad as distance between inner margins of rims, almost as broad as distance between lateral margin of antennal rim and inner margin of compound eye. Inner margin of compound eye concave; distance between inner margins of compound eyes 1.1 times as broad as height of compound eye. Lower face including malar area and clypeus covered with setae, with facial strigae radiating from ventral margin of clypeus; facial strigae reaching beyond area between antennal rim and compound eye and partly connecting to longitudinal strigae on frons; anterior tentorial pit small; subocular impression absent; epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line indistinct; ventral margin of clypeus almost straight. Gena coriarious, not broadened behind compound eye. Antenna (
<figureCitation id="1314DE8EFFB3FFEBFE878A31FED7F877" box="[262,345,1901,1927]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–11" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1226,1251]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,633,1201]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,633,1201]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 10–11. Holotype female of Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov.: 10 antenna, (scale bar = 100 μm); 11 forewing (scale bar = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3938331/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="345">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) 13-segmented; scape excluding base 1.4 times as long as pedicel, almost as long as first flagellomere; relative lengths of flagellomeres 1–11: 18, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 16, 15, 30.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90C20BFFB3FFE8FF468AEAFE10FDCF" blockId="1.[151,1437,1289,2036]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,153,1583]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="346" pageId="1" pageNumber="345">
Mesosoma (
<figureCitation id="1314DE8EFFB3FFEBFED28AE9FE4FF820" box="[339,449,1973,2000]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1468,1493]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,181,1443]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Holotype female of Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov.: 1 head, frontal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 2 surface sculpture of frons (scale bar = 50 μm); 3 head, lateral view (scale bar = 100 μm); 4 head, dorsal view (scale bar = 100μm); 5 mesosoma, lateral view (scale bar = 100μm); 6 mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 7 propodeum, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 8 metasoma, lateral view (scale bar = 200 μm); 9 surface sculpture of posterior area of metasomal terga (scale bar = 50 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3938329/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="345">Figs. 5–7</figureCitation>
) slightly longer than high in lateral view. Pronotum rugose, covered with setae; submarginal pronotal impression narrow, marked by ledge posteriorly; pronotal plate smooth, distinctly set off, with anterolateral corners, ventral and lateral margin marked; lateral pronotal carina present but indistinct. Mesoscutum slightly broader than long in dorsal view, coriarious with broad transverse rugae, covered with sparse setae, except for anterior area transversely rugulose, covered with dense setae; impression mesad parascutal carina anteriorly continuing to anterior end of notaulus; notaulus complete but frequently separated by parallel rugae; anteroadmedian signum absent; parapsidal signum present but indistinct; median mesoscutal impression present posteriorly as short triangle impression. Dorsal axillar area coriarious. Mesoscutellum coriarious but rugose toward margins, covered with sparse setae; scutellar fovea with longitudinal carinae, separated by broad foveal septum; posterolateral margin of scutellar fovea indistinct with posterior rugae. Mesopleuron coriarious with parallel longitudinal strigae; mesopleural triangle covered with dense setae; ventral border of mesopleural triangle marked throughout by distinct ventral carina. Metascutellum subrectangular; metanotal trough with vertical carinae, with setae. Metepimeron marked by distinct ledge posteriorly. Propodeum (
<figureCitation id="1314DE8EFFB0FFE8FDF18F5DFD3AFDEB" box="[624,692,513,539]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1468,1493]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,181,1443]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Holotype female of Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov.: 1 head, frontal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 2 surface sculpture of frons (scale bar = 50 μm); 3 head, lateral view (scale bar = 100 μm); 4 head, dorsal view (scale bar = 100μm); 5 mesosoma, lateral view (scale bar = 100μm); 6 mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 7 propodeum, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 8 metasoma, lateral view (scale bar = 200 μm); 9 surface sculpture of posterior area of metasomal terga (scale bar = 50 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3938329/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) smooth, covered with short setae; lateral propodeal carina broad, parallel to another side.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90C20BFFB0FFE8FF468F15FDBDFD5B" blockId="2.[151,1437,153,1583]" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
Marginal cell of forewing (
<figureCitation id="1314DE8EFFB0FFE8FE758F15FDCDFD93" box="[500,579,585,611]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–11" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1226,1251]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,633,1201]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,633,1201]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 10–11. Holotype female of Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov.: 10 antenna, (scale bar = 100 μm); 11 forewing (scale bar = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3938331/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
) open, 3.2 times as long as broad. R1 and Rs not reaching wing margin. Areolet absent. Rs+M indistinct. Apex of metatarsal claw distinctly bent; base not expanded to lobe. Length of forewing 
<quantity id="4CD76FEEFFB0FFE8FF168FCDFF73FD5B" box="[151,253,657,683]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.03" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" unit="mm" value="2.03">2.03 mm</quantity>
, and of hind tibia 
<quantity id="4CD76FEEFFB0FFE8FE498FCCFDA1FD5B" box="[456,559,656,683]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.699999999999999" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" unit="mm" value="0.57">0.57 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90C20BFFB0FFE8FF468FE9FC17FCAF" blockId="2.[151,1437,153,1583]" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
Metasoma (
<figureCitation id="1314DE8EFFB0FFE8FECD8FE9FE37FD3F" box="[332,441,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1468,1493]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,181,1443]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Holotype female of Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov.: 1 head, frontal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 2 surface sculpture of frons (scale bar = 50 μm); 3 head, lateral view (scale bar = 100 μm); 4 head, dorsal view (scale bar = 100μm); 5 mesosoma, lateral view (scale bar = 100μm); 6 mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 7 propodeum, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 8 metasoma, lateral view (scale bar = 200 μm); 9 surface sculpture of posterior area of metasomal terga (scale bar = 50 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3938329/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Figs. 8, 9</figureCitation>
) smooth; metasomal terga II and III fused, with sparse setae basolaterally, with band of rows of minute punctures posteriorly. Subsequent terga and hypopygium with band of minute punctures. Lateral flap of hypopygium rounded in lateral view; projecting part of hypopygial spine only slightly protruded in lateral view, tapered to apex in ventral view, 1.6 times as long as high in lateral view, 1.3 times as long as wide in ventral view; subapical setae sparse, slightly reaching beyond apex of spine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3359180FFB0FFE8FF468E34FD62FAFF" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B90C20BFFB0FFE8FF468E34FE4FFB1B" blockId="2.[151,1437,153,1583]" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FF468E34FECCFC73" bold="true" box="[199,322,872,899]" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The new species resembles 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB0FFE8FD0A8E36FB8DFC73" authority="Liu, Zhu &amp; Pang" authorityName="Liu, Zhu &amp; Pang" box="[651,1027,873,899]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arcoverticus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FD0A8E36FD15FC73" box="[651,667,874,899]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">L</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FD2B8E36FCBBFC73" box="[682,821,874,899]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">arcoverticus</emphasis>
Liu, Zhu &amp; Pang
</taxonomicName>
more closely than other congeners, sharing the following morphological features: 1) veins of R1 and Rs of the forewing do not reach the wing margin (
<figureCitation id="1314DE8EFFB0FFE8FF218EEDFF7FFC3B" box="[160,241,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–11" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1226,1251]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,633,1201]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,633,1201]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 10–11. Holotype female of Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov.: 10 antenna, (scale bar = 100 μm); 11 forewing (scale bar = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3938331/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
); 2) the surface of the metanotal trough has longitudinal carinae (
<figureCitation id="1314DE8EFFB0FFE8FC548EEDFB94FC3B" box="[981,1050,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1468,1493]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,181,1443]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Holotype female of Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov.: 1 head, frontal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 2 surface sculpture of frons (scale bar = 50 μm); 3 head, lateral view (scale bar = 100 μm); 4 head, dorsal view (scale bar = 100μm); 5 mesosoma, lateral view (scale bar = 100μm); 6 mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 7 propodeum, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 8 metasoma, lateral view (scale bar = 200 μm); 9 surface sculpture of posterior area of metasomal terga (scale bar = 50 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3938329/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
); and 3) F1 is at least 2.0 times as long as F2, F3–F10 gradually elongate apically, and F11 is 2.0 times as long as F10 (
<figureCitation id="1314DE8EFFB0FFE8FBC58E89FB1FFC1F" box="[1092,1169,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1468,1493]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,181,1443]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Holotype female of Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov.: 1 head, frontal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 2 surface sculpture of frons (scale bar = 50 μm); 3 head, lateral view (scale bar = 100 μm); 4 head, dorsal view (scale bar = 100μm); 5 mesosoma, lateral view (scale bar = 100μm); 6 mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 7 propodeum, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 8 metasoma, lateral view (scale bar = 200 μm); 9 surface sculpture of posterior area of metasomal terga (scale bar = 50 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3938329/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="1314DE8EFFB0FFE8FB1E8E89FB30FC1F" box="[1183,1214,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–11" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1226,1251]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,633,1201]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,633,1201]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 10–11. Holotype female of Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov.: 10 antenna, (scale bar = 100 μm); 11 forewing (scale bar = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938331" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3938331/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">10</figureCitation>
). However, the new species is differentiated from 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB0FFE8FE648EA6FD03FBE3" box="[485,653,1017,1043]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arcoverticus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FE648EA6FE7BFBE3" box="[485,501,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">L</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FD838EA6FD03FBE3" box="[514,653,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">arcoverticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the following morphological features: 1) the scutellar fovea of the mesoscutellum is separated by a broad foveal septum in the new species (
<figureCitation id="1314DE8EFFB0FFE8FC438941FB8BFBC8" box="[962,1029,1053,1080]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1468,1493]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,181,1443]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Holotype female of Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov.: 1 head, frontal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 2 surface sculpture of frons (scale bar = 50 μm); 3 head, lateral view (scale bar = 100 μm); 4 head, dorsal view (scale bar = 100μm); 5 mesosoma, lateral view (scale bar = 100μm); 6 mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 7 propodeum, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 8 metasoma, lateral view (scale bar = 200 μm); 9 surface sculpture of posterior area of metasomal terga (scale bar = 50 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3938329/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
), but by a narrow carina in the latter; 2) the anteroadmedian signum is absent in the new species (
<figureCitation id="1314DE8EFFB0FFE8FCB7891DFCF4FBAC" box="[822,890,1089,1116]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1468,1493]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,181,1443]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Holotype female of Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov.: 1 head, frontal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 2 surface sculpture of frons (scale bar = 50 μm); 3 head, lateral view (scale bar = 100 μm); 4 head, dorsal view (scale bar = 100μm); 5 mesosoma, lateral view (scale bar = 100μm); 6 mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 7 propodeum, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 8 metasoma, lateral view (scale bar = 200 μm); 9 surface sculpture of posterior area of metasomal terga (scale bar = 50 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3938329/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
), but present in the latter; and 3) the median mesoscutal impression is present as short triangular impression in the new species (
<figureCitation id="1314DE8EFFB0FFE8FB998939FBD2FB70" box="[1048,1116,1125,1152]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1468,1493]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,181,1443]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Holotype female of Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov.: 1 head, frontal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 2 surface sculpture of frons (scale bar = 50 μm); 3 head, lateral view (scale bar = 100 μm); 4 head, dorsal view (scale bar = 100μm); 5 mesosoma, lateral view (scale bar = 100μm); 6 mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 7 propodeum, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 8 metasoma, lateral view (scale bar = 200 μm); 9 surface sculpture of posterior area of metasomal terga (scale bar = 50 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3938329/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
), but present in the posterior one fourth of the mesoscutum in the latter. The syntergite (metasomal terga II + III) does not cover the remaining tergites in the 
<typeStatus id="54947CA9FFB0FFE8FEB489F1FE19FB37" box="[309,407,1197,1223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of the new species (
<figureCitation id="1314DE8EFFB0FFE8FDF989F1FD35FB37" box="[632,699,1197,1223]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1468,1493]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1435,181,1443]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Holotype female of Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov.: 1 head, frontal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 2 surface sculpture of frons (scale bar = 50 μm); 3 head, lateral view (scale bar = 100 μm); 4 head, dorsal view (scale bar = 100μm); 5 mesosoma, lateral view (scale bar = 100μm); 6 mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 7 propodeum, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 8 metasoma, lateral view (scale bar = 200 μm); 9 surface sculpture of posterior area of metasomal terga (scale bar = 50 μm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3938329/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
), but we do not include this in the diagnosis because this might be due to sample preparation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90C20BFFB0FFE8FF4689A8FD62FAFF" blockId="2.[151,1437,153,1583]" box="[199,748,1268,1295]" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FF4689A8FE61FAFF" bold="true" box="[199,495,1268,1295]" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="49EB0CE9FFB0FFE8FE7789A9FDE0FAFF" box="[502,622,1269,1295]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Chin State</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F338829BFFB0FFE8FDF889A9FD66FAFF" box="[633,744,1269,1295]" name="Myanmar" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3359180FFB0FFE8FF468844FDA6FA8B" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B90C20BFFB0FFE8FF468844FDA6FA8B" blockId="2.[151,1437,153,1583]" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FF468844FEA9FAC3" bold="true" box="[199,295,1304,1331]" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Biology.</emphasis>
An adult female emerged from a bud gall induced on 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB0FFE8FC1D8845FB15FAC3" authorityName="Rehder" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Miq." box="[924,1179,1305,1331]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="thomsonii">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FC1D8845FB15FAC3" box="[924,1179,1305,1331]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Lithocarpus thomsonii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on 
<date id="FF91E4CBFFB0FFE8FB4B8845FA12FAC3" box="[1226,1436,1305,1331]" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" value="2017-12-02">December 2, 2017</date>
(
<figureCitation id="1314DE8EFFB0FFE8FF1E8861FEA4FAA7" box="[159,298,1341,1367]" captionStart="FIGURES 12–13" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1910,1935]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1309,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,1308,1884]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 12–13. 12 Bud gall from which Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov. emerged (scale bar = 1 cm); 13 holotype female of Lithosaphonecrus mindatus sp. nov., habitus (scale bar = 1 mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938333" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3938333/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Figs. 12–13</figureCitation>
). Several exit holes were observed on the surface of the gall at collection. The gall is almost sphereshaped, being 
<quantity id="4CD76FEEFFB0FFE8FEB9883DFE12FA8B" box="[312,412,1377,1403]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" unit="mm" value="10.2">10.2 mm</quantity>
in diameter.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3359180FFB0FFEEFF4688D9FE1EFD93" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="348" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B90C20BFFB0FFE8FF4688D9FB57FA33" blockId="2.[151,1437,153,1583]" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FF4688D9FEC0FA6F" bold="true" box="[199,334,1413,1439]" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific epithet is derived from the 
<typeStatus id="54947CA9FFB0FFE8FC8A88D9FCB5FA6F" box="[779,827,1413,1439]" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">type</typeStatus>
locality, Mindat Township, located on the northeastern side of Mt. Victoria (Natma Taung), the highest peak of the 
<collectingRegion id="49EB0CE9FFB0FFE8FCB488F5FCE5FA33" box="[821,875,1449,1475]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Chin</collectingRegion>
Hills in northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F338829BFFB0FFE8FBE788F5FB5BFA33" box="[1126,1237,1449,1475]" name="Myanmar" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90C20BFFB0FFE8FF468890FE90F9DF" blockId="2.[151,1437,153,1583]" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FF468890FE03FA17" bold="true" box="[199,397,1484,1511]" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">DNA Barcoding.</emphasis>
Pairwise distances among available COI sequences of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB0FFE8FC7E8891FB46FA17" box="[1023,1224,1485,1511]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FC7E8891FB46FA17" box="[1023,1224,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Lithosaphonecrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are shown in 
<tableCitation id="C6ADF7B0FFB0FFE8FF3488ADFE85F9FB" box="[181,267,1521,1547]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,1630,1654]" captionText="TABLE 1. Pairwise distances of available partial sequences of COI region among Lithosaphonecrus species." pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Table 1</tableCitation>
. The sequence of the new species shows a 14–15% difference from congeners based on 614 bp of the COI region.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF509283FFB0FFE8FF168B02FAADF987" box="[151,1315,1630,1655]" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
<paragraph id="8B90C20BFFB0FFE8FF168B02FAADF987" blockId="2.[151,1315,1630,1655]" box="[151,1315,1630,1655]" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FF168B02FE84F986" bold="true" box="[151,266,1630,1654]" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Pairwise distances of available partial sequences of COI region among 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB0FFE8FB888B03FB46F987" box="[1033,1224,1631,1655]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FB888B03FB46F987" box="[1033,1224,1631,1655]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">Lithosaphonecrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B90C20BFFB0FFE8FD828BDBFACEF838" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
<table id="F92F30ABFFB00015FF278BDAFACEF838" box="[166,1344,1670,1992]" gridcols="8" gridrows="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
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<th id="76CEA935FFB00015FD828BDAFDBAF951" box="[515,564,1670,1697]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">1</th>
<th id="76CEA935FFB00015FD1E8BDAFD5EF951" box="[671,720,1670,1697]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">2</th>
<th id="76CEA935FFB00015FCBA8BDAFCE2F951" box="[827,876,1670,1697]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">3</th>
<th id="76CEA935FFB00015FC568BDAFB86F951" box="[983,1032,1670,1697]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">4</th>
<th id="76CEA935FFB00015FBF28BDAFB2AF951" box="[1139,1188,1670,1697]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">5</th>
<th id="76CEA935FFB00015FA8E8BDAFACEF951" box="[1295,1344,1670,1697]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">6</th>
</tr>
<tr id="351FC049FFB00015FF278BEDFACEF93C" box="[166,1344,1713,1740]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="76CEA935FFB00015FF278BEDFF3AF93C" box="[166,180,1713,1740]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">1</th>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FF5E8BEDFE06F93C" box="[223,392,1713,1740]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB0FFE8FF5E8BEEFEEAF93B" authorityName="Ide, Aung &amp; Tanaka" authorityYear="2020" box="[223,356,1713,1740]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mindatus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FF5E8BEEFF61F93B" box="[223,239,1714,1739]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">L</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FF7C8BEDFEEAF93B" box="[253,356,1713,1739]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">mindatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351FC049FFB00015FF278B87FACEF905" box="[166,1344,1755,1781]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="76CEA935FFB00015FF278B87FF3AF905" box="[166,180,1755,1781]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">2</th>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FF5E8B87FE06F905" box="[223,392,1755,1781]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB0FFE8FF5E8B80FE06F905" box="[223,392,1756,1781]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arcoverticus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FF5E8B80FE06F905" box="[223,392,1756,1781]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">L. arcoverticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FD828B87FDBAF905" box="[515,564,1755,1781]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351FC049FFB00015FF278A58FACEF8EF" box="[166,1344,1796,1823]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="76CEA935FFB00015FF278A58FF3AF8EF" box="[166,180,1796,1823]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">3</th>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FF5E8A58FE06F8EF" box="[223,392,1796,1823]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB0FFE8FF5E8A5AFED8F8EF" box="[223,342,1797,1823]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dakengi">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FF5E8A5AFED8F8EF" box="[223,342,1797,1823]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">L. dakengi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FD828A58FDBAF8EF" box="[515,564,1796,1823]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.15</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FD1E8A58FD5EF8EF" box="[671,720,1796,1823]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351FC049FFB00015FF278A73FACEF8BA" box="[166,1344,1839,1866]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="76CEA935FFB00015FF278A73FF3AF8BA" box="[166,180,1839,1866]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">4</th>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FF5E8A73FE06F8BA" box="[223,392,1839,1866]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB0FFE8FF5E8A6CFE0FF8B9" box="[223,385,1839,1865]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decarinatus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FF5E8A6CFE0FF8B9" box="[223,385,1839,1865]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">L. decarinatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FD828A73FDBAF8BA" box="[515,564,1839,1866]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.15</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FD1E8A73FD5EF8BA" box="[671,720,1839,1866]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.14</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FCBA8A73FCE2F8BA" box="[827,876,1839,1866]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.17</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351FC049FFB00015FF278A05FACEF884" box="[166,1344,1881,1908]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="76CEA935FFB00015FF278A05FF3AF884" box="[166,180,1881,1908]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">5</th>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FF5E8A05FE06F884" box="[223,392,1881,1908]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB0FFE8FF5E8A06FE0EF884" box="[223,384,1882,1908]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosanus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FF5E8A06FE0EF884" box="[223,384,1882,1908]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">L. formosanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FD828A05FDBAF884" box="[515,564,1881,1908]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.14</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FD1E8A05FD5EF884" box="[671,720,1881,1908]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.08</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FCBA8A05FCE2F884" box="[827,876,1881,1908]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.14</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FC568A05FB86F884" box="[983,1032,1881,1908]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351FC049FFB00015FF278ADFFACEF86E" box="[166,1344,1923,1950]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="76CEA935FFB00015FF278ADFFF3AF86E" box="[166,180,1923,1950]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">6</th>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FF5E8ADFFE06F86E" box="[223,392,1923,1950]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB0FFE8FF5E8AD9FEC1F86E" box="[223,335,1924,1950]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huisuni">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FF5E8AD9FEC1F86E" box="[223,335,1924,1950]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">L. huisuni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FD828ADFFDBAF86E" box="[515,564,1923,1950]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.15</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FD1E8ADFFD5EF86E" box="[671,720,1923,1950]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.13</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FCBA8ADFFCE2F86E" box="[827,876,1923,1950]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.17</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FC568ADFFB86F86E" box="[983,1032,1923,1950]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.01</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FBF28ADFFB2AF86E" box="[1139,1188,1923,1950]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="351FC049FFB00015FF278AF1FACEF838" box="[166,1344,1965,1992]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
<th id="76CEA935FFB00015FF278AF1FF3AF838" box="[166,180,1965,1992]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">7</th>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FF5E8AF1FE06F838" box="[223,392,1965,1992]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB0FFE8FF5E8AF3FED9F838" box="[223,343,1967,1992]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yunnani">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB0FFE8FF5E8AF3FED9F838" box="[223,343,1967,1992]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">L. yunnani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FD828AF1FDBAF838" box="[515,564,1965,1992]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.15</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FD1E8AF1FD5EF838" box="[671,720,1965,1992]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.11</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FCBA8AF1FCE2F838" box="[827,876,1965,1992]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.15</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FC568AF1FB86F838" box="[983,1032,1965,1992]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.08</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FBF28AF1FB2AF838" box="[1139,1188,1965,1992]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.11</td>
<td id="76CEA935FFB00015FA8E8AF1FACEF838" box="[1295,1344,1965,1992]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="346">0.08</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF509283FFB1FFE9FF1688E0FEADF995" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938329" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3938329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3938329/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="347" startId="3.[151,264,1468,1493]" targetBox="[151,1435,181,1442]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8B90C20BFFB1FFE9FF1688E0FEADF995" blockId="3.[151,1437,1468,1637]" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB1FFE9FF1688E0FEB5FA25" bold="true" box="[151,315,1468,1493]" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">FIGURES 1–9.</emphasis>
Holotype female of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB1FFE9FD8F88E1FCA9FA25" authority="Ide &amp; Aung &amp; Tanaka, 2020" authorityName="Ide &amp; Aung &amp; Tanaka" authorityYear="2020" box="[526,807,1469,1493]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mindatus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB1FFE9FD8F88E1FCA9FA25" box="[526,807,1469,1493]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">Lithosaphonecrus mindatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB1FFE9FCAC88E1FCF0FA25" bold="true" box="[813,894,1469,1493]" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A268A362FFB1FFE9FCAC88E1FCF0FA25" box="[813,894,1469,1493]" pageId="3" pageNumber="347" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
: 1 head, frontal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 2 surface sculpture of frons (scale bar = 50 μm); 3 head, lateral view (scale bar = 100 μm); 4 head, dorsal view (scale bar = 100μm); 5 mesosoma, lateral view (scale bar = 100μm); 6 mesosoma, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 7 propodeum, dorsal view (scale bar = 100 μm); 8 metasoma, lateral view (scale bar = 200 μm); 9 surface sculpture of posterior area of metasomal terga (scale bar = 50 μm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B90C20BFFB1FFE9FF468BC8FC3AF875" blockId="3.[151,1437,1683,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB1FFE9FF468BC8FE9FF95E" bold="true" box="[199,273,1684,1710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">Notes.</emphasis>
Most of the morphological characteristics and molecular data support the treatment of the new species as 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB1FFE9FF368BE4FE0EF922" box="[183,384,1720,1746]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB1FFE9FF368BE4FE0EF922" box="[183,384,1720,1746]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">Lithosaphonecrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the following morphological characteristics are inconsistent with the diagnosis of this genus by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBEBFFAFFB1FFE9FEB28B80FD80F906" author="Bozso, M. &amp; Tang, C. - T. &amp; Penzes, Z. &amp; Yang, M. - M. &amp; Bihari, P. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J. &amp; Schweger, S. &amp; Melika, G." box="[307,526,1756,1782]" pageId="3" pageNumber="347" refId="ref3679" refString="Bozso, M., Tang, C. - T., Penzes, Z., Yang, M. - M., Bihari, P., Pujade-Villar, J., Schweger, S. &amp; Melika, G. (2013) A new genus of cynipid inquiline, Lithosaphonecrus Tang, Melika &amp; Bozso (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini), with description of four new species from Taiwan and China. Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution. [published online, printed version was published in 2015] https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1876312 X- 45032116" type="journal volume" year="2013">
Bozsó 
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB1FFE9FE018B80FE36F906" box="[384,440,1756,1782]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
: 1) F1 of the female antenna is 2.0 times as long as F2 (not 1.5–1.9 times as long as F2 as in the diagnosis); and 2) the foveal septum is broad (not absent or indistinct as in the diagnosis). These inconsistencies are found in other 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB1FFE9FD818A78FD47F8CE" box="[512,713,1828,1854]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB1FFE9FD818A78FD47F8CE" box="[512,713,1828,1854]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">Lithosaphonecrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species: F1 is 2.1 times as long as F 
<quantity id="4CD76FEEFFB1FFE9FBDF8A78FB07F8CD" box="[1118,1161,1827,1854]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="3" pageNumber="347" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB1FFE9FB0E8A78FF72F892" authority="(Yang et al. 2019)" baseAuthorityName="Yang" baseAuthorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="347" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arcoverticus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB1FFE9FB0E8A78FB11F8CD" box="[1167,1183,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">L</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB1FFE9FB2D8A78FAB9F8CD" box="[1196,1335,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">arcoverticus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBEBFFAFFB1FFE9FAC48A78FF7BF892" author="Yang., X. - H. &amp; Liu, Z. &amp; Pang, Y. &amp; Su, C. - Y. &amp; Zhu, D. - H." pageId="3" pageNumber="347" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref4852" refString="Yang., X. - H., Liu, Z., Pang, Y., Su, C. - Y. &amp; Zhu, D. - H. (2019) Three new species of Synergini wasps from same galls on Lithocarpus glaber (Thunb.) in Hunan, China (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution, 1 - 33. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1876312 X- 00002304" type="book chapter" year="2019">
Yang 
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB1FFE9FA098A78FF3AF892" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and the foveal septum is broad in 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB1FFE9FDFC8A14FC7AF892" authority="(Abe et al. 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Abe" baseAuthorityYear="2014" box="[637,1012,1863,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Synophrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vietnamensis">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB1FFE9FDFC8A14FD03F891" box="[637,653,1864,1889]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">L</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB1FFE9FD1B8A14FCA5F891" box="[666,811,1864,1889]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">vietnamensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBEBFFAFFB1FFE9FCB88A1BFC62F892" author="Abe, Y. &amp; Ide, T. &amp; Konishi, K. &amp; Ueno, T." box="[825,1004,1863,1890]" pageId="3" pageNumber="347" pagination="399 - 406" refId="ref3426" refString="Abe, Y., Ide, T., Konishi, K. &amp; Ueno, T. (2014) Discovery of Cynipidae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea) from the Indochina region, with description of three new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 107 (2), 399 - 406. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / AN 13180" type="journal article" year="2014">
Abe 
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB1FFE9FCF18A14FC27F892" box="[880,937,1864,1890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">et al.</emphasis>
2014
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, the diagnosis of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB1FFE9FF168A30FEEEF876" box="[151,352,1900,1926]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB1FFE9FF168A30FEEEF876" box="[151,352,1900,1926]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">Lithosaphonecrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be broadened to include these characteristics.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90C20BFFB1FFEEFF468AD3FB0CFE23" blockId="3.[151,1437,1683,2034]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,153,611]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="348" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">
The life history of the new species is mostly unknown. As a genus of the inquiline tribe 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB1FFE9FB438AD3FABFF859" box="[1218,1329,1935,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Synergini">Synergini</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB1FFE9FABE8ACCFE82F83E" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB1FFE9FABE8ACCFE82F83E" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">Lithosaphonecrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species were treated as inquilines by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBEBFFAFFB1FFE9FD4D8AE8FC3EF83E" author="Bozso, M. &amp; Tang, C. - T. &amp; Penzes, Z. &amp; Yang, M. - M. &amp; Bihari, P. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J. &amp; Schweger, S. &amp; Melika, G." box="[716,944,1972,1998]" pageId="3" pageNumber="347" refId="ref3679" refString="Bozso, M., Tang, C. - T., Penzes, Z., Yang, M. - M., Bihari, P., Pujade-Villar, J., Schweger, S. &amp; Melika, G. (2013) A new genus of cynipid inquiline, Lithosaphonecrus Tang, Melika &amp; Bozso (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini), with description of four new species from Taiwan and China. Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution. [published online, printed version was published in 2015] https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1876312 X- 45032116" type="journal volume" year="2013">
Bozsó 
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB1FFE9FC9D8AE8FCD6F83E" box="[796,856,1972,1998]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
. In fact, an unidentified 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB1FFE9FB558AE8FA13F83E" box="[1236,1437,1972,1998]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB1FFE9FB558AE8FA13F83E" box="[1236,1437,1972,1998]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">Lithosaphonecrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species was observed to lay its eggs in a developing host gall (Fig. 
<quantity id="4CD76FEEFFB1FFE9FC098A8BFC4FF801" box="[904,961,2007,2033]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7018" pageId="3" pageNumber="347" unit="in" value="67.0">67 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="EFBEBFFAFFB1FFE9FC498A84FB17F802" author="Bozso, M. &amp; Tang, C. - T. &amp; Penzes, Z. &amp; Yang, M. - M. &amp; Bihari, P. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J. &amp; Schweger, S. &amp; Melika, G." box="[968,1177,2008,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="347" refId="ref3679" refString="Bozso, M., Tang, C. - T., Penzes, Z., Yang, M. - M., Bihari, P., Pujade-Villar, J., Schweger, S. &amp; Melika, G. (2013) A new genus of cynipid inquiline, Lithosaphonecrus Tang, Melika &amp; Bozso (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini), with description of four new species from Taiwan and China. Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution. [published online, printed version was published in 2015] https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1876312 X- 45032116" type="journal volume" year="2013">
Bozsó 
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB1FFE9FB978A84FBDBF802" box="[1046,1109,2008,2034]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="347">et al.,</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
). However, the inducer of the host gall of each 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB6FFEEFE258DC5FDE3FF43" box="[420,621,153,179]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFE258DC5FDE3FF43" box="[420,621,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">Lithosaphonecrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species has never been confirmed (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBEBFFAFFB6FFEEFB838DC5FB40FF43" author="Bozso, M. &amp; Tang, C. - T. &amp; Penzes, Z. &amp; Yang, M. - M. &amp; Bihari, P. &amp; Pujade-Villar, J. &amp; Schweger, S. &amp; Melika, G." box="[1026,1230,153,179]" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" refId="ref3679" refString="Bozso, M., Tang, C. - T., Penzes, Z., Yang, M. - M., Bihari, P., Pujade-Villar, J., Schweger, S. &amp; Melika, G. (2013) A new genus of cynipid inquiline, Lithosaphonecrus Tang, Melika &amp; Bozso (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini), with description of four new species from Taiwan and China. Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution. [published online, printed version was published in 2015] https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1876312 X- 45032116" type="journal volume" year="2013">
Bozsó 
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFBD08DC6FB0AFF43" box="[1105,1156,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBEBFFAFFB6FFEEFB588DC5FA19FF43" author="Yang., X. - H. &amp; Liu, Z. &amp; Pang, Y. &amp; Su, C. - Y. &amp; Zhu, D. - H." box="[1241,1431,153,179]" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref4852" refString="Yang., X. - H., Liu, Z., Pang, Y., Su, C. - Y. &amp; Zhu, D. - H. (2019) Three new species of Synergini wasps from same galls on Lithocarpus glaber (Thunb.) in Hunan, China (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution, 1 - 33. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1876312 X- 00002304" type="book chapter" year="2019">
Yang 
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFA9A8DC6FADBFF43" box="[1307,1365,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">et al.</emphasis>
2019
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBEBFFAFFB6FFEEFF168DE1FE3CFF27" author="Pujade-Villar, J. &amp; Wang, Y. &amp; Lobato-Vila, I." box="[151,434,189,215]" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" pagination="70 - 80" refId="ref4485" refString="Pujade-Villar, J., Wang, Y. &amp; Lobato-Vila, I. (2020) Lithosaphonecrus puigdemonti sp. nov. from China (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Entomotaxonomia, 42 (1), 70 - 80." type="journal article" year="2020">Pujade-Villar et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFBEBFFAFFB6FFEEFE458DE1FD1DFF27" author="Yang., X. - H. &amp; Liu, Z. &amp; Pang, Y. &amp; Su, C. - Y. &amp; Zhu, D. - H." box="[452,659,189,215]" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref4852" refString="Yang., X. - H., Liu, Z., Pang, Y., Su, C. - Y. &amp; Zhu, D. - H. (2019) Three new species of Synergini wasps from same galls on Lithocarpus glaber (Thunb.) in Hunan, China (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae). Insect Systematics &amp; Evolution, 1 - 33. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1876312 X- 00002304" type="book chapter" year="2019">
Yang 
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFD878DE2FDCEFF27" box="[518,576,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">et al.</emphasis>
(2019)
</bibRefCitation>
suspected that this genus contains both inquilines and gall inducers, mainly based on the observation that two 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB6FFEEFDE78DBDFCA1FF0B" box="[614,815,225,251]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFDE78DBDFCA1FF0B" box="[614,815,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">Lithosaphonecrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB6FFEEFC128DBEFBB5FF0B" box="[915,1083,225,251]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arcoverticus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFC128DBEFC2DFF0B" box="[915,931,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">L</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFC318DBEFBB5FF0B" box="[944,1083,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">arcoverticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB6FFEEFBF18DBEFF5CFEEF" authority="Liu, Zhu, &amp; Pang" authorityName="Liu, Zhu, &amp; Pang" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decarinatus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFBF18DBEFB0EFF0B" box="[1136,1152,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">L</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFB0C8DBDFA9FFF0B" box="[1165,1297,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">decarinatus</emphasis>
Liu, Zhu, &amp; Pang
</taxonomicName>
, and one 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB6FFEEFEB98C59FE47FEEF" authorityName="Dalla Torre &amp; Kieffer" authorityYear="1910" box="[312,457,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Saphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFEB98C59FE47FEEF" box="[312,457,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">Saphonecrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species emerged from the same kind of gall, and no other candidate gall inducers, except for a few parasitic chalcidoid wasps, were collected from the gall, despite the large numbers of galls collected in long-termed sampling. Since 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB6FFEEFE608C11FCFAFE97" authority="Abe, Ide &amp; Wachi" authorityName="Abe, Ide &amp; Wachi" authorityYear="2011" box="[481,884,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="itoensis">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFE608C11FD2AFE97" box="[481,676,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">Synergus itoensis</emphasis>
Abe, Ide &amp; Wachi
</taxonomicName>
is a known gall inducer within 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB6FFEEFB578C11FF70FE7B" authority="(Abe et al. 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Abe" baseAuthorityYear="2011" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Synergini">
Synergini (
<bibRefCitation id="EFBEBFFAFFB6FFEEFAD08C11FF79FE7B" author="Abe, Y. &amp; Ide, T. &amp; Wachi, N." pageId="4" pageNumber="348" pagination="115 - 120" refId="ref3496" refString="Abe, Y., Ide, T. &amp; Wachi, N. (2011) Discovery of a new gall-inducing species in the inquiline tribe Synergini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae): inconsistent implications from biology and morphology. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 104 (2), 115 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / AN 10149" type="journal article" year="2011">
Abe 
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFA098C12FF3AFE7B" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, the possibility that the 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB6FFEEFD8D8C2DFD5BFE7B" box="[524,725,369,395]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFD8D8C2DFD5BFE7B" box="[524,725,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">Lithosaphonecrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species may be a primary gall inducer should be considered in further studies of the biology of these species. Faunal studies of cynipid inquilines and gall inducers throughout the distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB6FFEEFEBF8CE5FE4BFE23" box="[318,453,441,467]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFEBF8CE5FE4BFE23" box="[318,453,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will provide essential information to understand their biology.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B90C20BFFB6FFEEFF468C81FE1EFD93" blockId="4.[151,1437,153,611]" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB6FFEEFF468C81FE70FE07" authority="Ide &amp; Aung &amp; Tanaka, 2020" authorityName="Ide &amp; Aung &amp; Tanaka" authorityYear="2020" box="[199,510,477,503]" class="Hexapoda" family="Cynipidae" genus="Lithosaphonecrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mindatus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFF468C81FE70FE07" box="[199,510,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">Lithosaphonecrus mindatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFD848C81FDD1FE07" bold="true" box="[517,607,477,503]" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A268A362FFB6FFEEFD848C81FDD1FE07" box="[517,607,477,503]" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is the first record of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB6FFEEFCCD8C81FC31FE07" box="[844,959,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cynipidae</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F338829BFFB6FFEEFB848C81FBFAFE07" box="[1029,1140,477,503]" name="Myanmar" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
. In 
<collectingCountry id="F338829BFFB6FFEEFB1C8C81FA82FE07" box="[1181,1292,477,503]" name="Myanmar" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
, which has a distinct north-south polarity from lat. 
<geoCoordinate id="EE1BA4CCFFB6FFEEFDB88F5CFDF4FDEB" box="[569,634,512,539]" degrees="35" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" precision="55555" value="35.0">35° N</geoCoordinate>
to lat. 
<geoCoordinate id="EE1BA4CCFFB6FFEEFD448F5DFC87FDEB" box="[709,777,513,539]" degrees="10" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" precision="55555" value="10.0">10° N</geoCoordinate>
, and where elevation ranges from 
<quantity id="4CD76FEEFFB6FFEEFB058F5CFB73FDEB" box="[1156,1277,512,539]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9405" metricValueMax="5.881" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" unit="m" value="2940.5" valueMax="5881.0" valueMin="0.0">0–5,881 m</quantity>
, there are species-rich forests of 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB6FFEEFEF18F79FE40FDCF" box="[368,462,549,575]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFEF18F79FE40FDCF" box="[368,462,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB6FFEEFE5D8F79FDEBFDCF" box="[476,613,549,575]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Castanopsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFE5D8F79FDEBFDCF" box="[476,613,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">Castanopsis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C2FB988FFB6FFEEFD228F79FB8AFDCF" authority="(Kress et al. 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Kress" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[675,1028,549,575]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95B1E19FFB6FFEEFD228F79FCA4FDCF" box="[675,810,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFBEBFFAFFB6FFEEFCBA8F79FC77FDCF" author="Kress, W. J. &amp; DeFilipps, R. A. &amp; Farr, E. &amp; Kyi, Y. Y." box="[827,1017,549,575]" pageId="4" pageNumber="348" pagination="118 - 124" refId="ref4035" refString="Kress, W. J., DeFilipps, R. A., Farr, E. &amp; Kyi, Y. Y. (2003) A checklist of the trees, shrubs, herbs, and climbers of Myanmar. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, 45, 118 - 124." type="journal article" year="2003">Kress et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, suggesting potentially high cynipid diversity in 
<collectingCountry id="F338829BFFB6FFEEFE9C8F15FE02FD93" box="[285,396,585,611]" name="Myanmar" pageId="4" pageNumber="348">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>