treatments-xml/data/0F/0D/87/0F0D87D0A56AFFDFFF2FFB91FC5DD6C5.xml

<document id="E23FE0669F0B67E5B6C9F53E4D3D251D" ID-CLB-Dataset="7811" ID-DOI="10.1093/mspecies/sey008" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4199ae88-c3fe-4d20-a401-957a516d0b83" ID-ISSN="1545-1410" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573529" ID-ZooBank="419FC5AD-80BC-495E-8B1E-FA7AA973F5D9" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614695092525" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Salas, Jaime A, Loaiza S, Christian R &amp; Pacheco, Víctor" docDate="2018" docId="0F0D87D0A56AFFDFFF2FFB91FC5DD6C5" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpecies.50.962.67-73.pdf" docOrigin="Mammalian Species 50 (962)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sey008" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E260F2FEBB038053A7447521347BED36.4:MammalSpecies.2016-.journal_article" docStyleId="E260F2FEBB038053A7447521347BED36" docStyleName="MammalSpecies.2016-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Artibeus fraterculus Anthony 1924" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="71" masterDocId="F334FFA8A56AFFDBFFC3FFC8FF97D207" masterDocTitle="Artibeus fraterculus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)" masterLastPageNumber="73" masterPageNumber="67" pageNumber="67" updateTime="1698931811785" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="C1FE956639980D23C06DA05AC5E30746">Artibeus fraterculus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D8C72DB84ECE36D0C2803EFAB6D9AF84">Salas, Jaime A</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="5A3A6C1247F1536569CCC11060926CD6">Universidad de Guayaquil, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Carrera de Biología, Departamento de Zoología, Av. Raúl Gómez Lince s / n y Av. Juan Tanca Marengo, Guayaquil 090112, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C2811E145723577EA4FF24808421BC3B">Loaiza S, Christian R</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E8AD80928346EBFE37037C7AB8D46368">Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas “ Antonio Raimondi ”, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 14, Perú</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="38CEF09E1AA93D0DFF98CF9C63ECB973">Pacheco, Víctor</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="EB33774EC0880CC29F90BE2895756160">Departamento de Mastozoología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Arenales 1256, Jesús María, Lima 14, Perú</mods:affiliation>
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<heading id="DC5381AAA56AFFDBFF2FFB91FD0DD674" bold="true" box="[236,666,1113,1139]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56AFFDBFF2FFB91FD0DD674" ID-CoL="7R5Z9" authority="Anthony, 1924" authorityName="Anthony" authorityYear="1924" box="[236,666,1113,1139]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56AFFDBFF2FFB91FD0DD674" bold="true" box="[236,666,1113,1139]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56AFFDBFF2FFB91FE77D674" bold="true" box="[236,480,1113,1139]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56AFFDBFE26FB91FD0DD674" author="ANTHONY, H. E." box="[485,666,1113,1139]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref4836" refString="ANTHONY, H. E. 1924. Preliminary report on Ecuadorean mammals. No. 4. American Museum Novitates 114: 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1924">Anthony, 1924</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="CFBE654DA56AFFDBFEF9FB54FDDCD6B4" box="[314,587,1180,1203]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56AFFDBFEF9FB54FDDCD6B4" blockId="0.[314,587,1180,1203]" box="[314,587,1180,1203]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Fraternal Fruit-eating Bat</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="871B36C6A56AFFDBFFAEFB1AFD80D70E" blockId="0.[109,792,1234,1481]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56AFFDBFFAEFB1AFE68D6EE" ID-CoL="7R5Z9" authority="Anthony, 1924: 5" authorityName="Anthony" authorityPageNumber="5" authorityYear="1924" box="[109,511,1234,1257]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56AFFDBFFAEFB1AFED4D6EE" box="[109,323,1234,1257]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56AFFDBFE8AFB1AFE68D6EE" author="ANTHONY, H. E." box="[329,511,1234,1257]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref4836" refString="ANTHONY, H. E. 1924. Preliminary report on Ecuadorean mammals. No. 4. American Museum Novitates 114: 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1924">Anthony, 1924:5</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. 
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locality 
<quote id="F55BC1D4A56AFFDBFD5CFB1AFD80D70E" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
“Portovelo, del Oro, 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A56AFFDBFF3FFB3AFECFD70E" box="[252,344,1266,1289]" name="Ecuador" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
; altitude 
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”
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56AFFDBFFAEFADAFFEAD72E" box="[109,125,1298,1321]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">A</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56AFFDBFF45FADAFF47D72E" box="[134,208,1298,1321]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">rtibeus</emphasis>
]. 
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56AFFDBFF2EFADAFF63D72E" box="[237,244,1298,1321]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">j</emphasis>
[
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56AFFDBFF3EFADAFEE3D72E" box="[253,372,1298,1321]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">amaicensis</emphasis>
]. 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56AFFDBFE53FADAFC82D72E" ID-CoL="7R5Z9" authority=": Hershkovitz, 1949: 447" authorityName="Hershkovitz" authorityPageNumber="447" authorityYear="1949" box="[400,789,1298,1321]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56AFFDBFE53FADAFD93D72E" box="[400,516,1298,1321]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">fraterculus</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56AFFDBFDDBFADAFC82D72E" author="HERSHKOVITZ, P." box="[536,789,1298,1321]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="429 - 454" refId="ref5469" refString="HERSHKOVITZ, P. 1949. Mammals of northern Colombia. Preliminary reports no. 5: bats (Chiroptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 99: 429 - 454." type="journal article" year="1949">Hershkovitz, 1949:447</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Name combination.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56AFFDBFFAEFA9AFEBDD78E" blockId="0.[109,792,1234,1481]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56AFFDBFFAEFA9AFD55D76E" ID-CoL="7R5Z9" authority=": Cabrera, 1958: 88" authorityName="Cabrera" authorityPageNumber="88" authorityYear="1958" box="[109,706,1362,1385]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="jamaicensis" subSpecies="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56AFFDBFFAEFA9AFE48D76E" box="[109,479,1362,1385]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Artibeus jamaicensis fraterculus</emphasis>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56AFFDBFE3AFA9AFD55D76E" author="CABRERA, A." box="[505,706,1362,1385]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 307" refId="ref5140" refString="CABRERA, A. 1958. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. Revista del Museo Argentina de Ciencias Naturales &quot; Bernardino Rivadavia &quot; (Ciencias Zoologicas) 4: 1 - 307." type="journal article" year="1958">Cabrera, 1958:88</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Name combination.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56AFFDBFFAEFA5AFEE6D7CE" blockId="0.[109,792,1234,1481]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56AFFDBFFAEFA5AFC83D7AE" ID-CoL="7R5Z9" authority=": Marques-Aguiar, 1994: 26" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityPageNumber="26" authorityYear="1994" box="[109,788,1426,1449]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus" subGenus="Artibeus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56AFFDBFFAEFA5AFF50D7AE" box="[109,199,1426,1449]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Artibeus</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56AFFDBFF25FA5AFED7D7AE" box="[230,320,1426,1449]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Artibeus</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56AFFDBFE9DFA5AFE45D7AE" box="[350,466,1426,1449]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">fraterculus</emphasis>
: Marques-Aguiar, 1994:26
</taxonomicName>
. Name combination.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CFBE654DA56AFFDBFFAEFA3AFDD9D4AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56AFFDBFFAEFA3AFDD9D4AE" blockId="0.[109,792,1522,1705]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Order 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56AFFDBFDF3FA3AFD32D40E" authorityName="Blumenbach" authorityYear="1779" box="[560,677,1522,1545]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Chiroptera</taxonomicName>
, subor-der Yangochiroptera, family 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56AFFDBFE20F9DAFD1BD42E" authorityName="J.E.Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[483,652,1554,1577]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Phyllostomidae</taxonomicName>
, subfamily 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56AFFDBFFAEF9FAFEB4D44E" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1856" box="[109,291,1586,1609]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stenodermatinae">Stenodermatinae</taxonomicName>
, tribe 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56AFFDBFEADF9FAFD82D44E" authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1856" box="[366,533,1586,1609]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Stenodermatini">Stenodermatini</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56AFFDBFDE1F9FAFD6BD44E" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[546,764,1586,1609]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56AFFDBFDE1F9FAFD6BD44E" box="[546,764,1586,1609]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the most common species of 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56AFFDBFE6FF99AFD91D46E" baseAuthorityName="Tirira" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[428,518,1618,1641]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56AFFDBFE6FF99AFD91D46E" box="[428,518,1618,1641]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Artibeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
throughout its geographical range; no subspecies are recognized (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56AFFDBFD87F9BAFC87D48E" author="LARSEN, P. A." box="[580,784,1650,1673]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="712 - 727" refId="ref5849" refString="LARSEN, P. A., ET AL. 2007. Phylogenetics and phylogeography of the Artibeus jamaicensis complex based on cytochrome- b DNA sequences. Journal of Mammalogy 88: 712 - 727." type="journal article" year="2007">Larsen et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
; Marques-Aguiar 2008; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56AFFDBFEABF95AFDA9D4AE" author="REDONDO, R. A. &amp; L. P. BRINA &amp; R. F. SILVA &amp; ITCHFIELD, AND &amp; F. R. SANTOS" box="[360,574,1682,1705]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="44 - 58" refId="ref7392" refString="REDONDO, R. A., L. P. BRINA, R. F. SILVA, A. D. D ITCHFIELD, AND F. R. SANTOS. 2008. Molecular systematics of the genus Artibeus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49: 44 - 58." type="journal article" year="2008">Redondo et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="D3DB664EA56AFFDBFC84F94CFA3ED4B0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573531" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573531/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" startId="0.[839,874,1668,1689]" targetBox="[868,1492,1113,1655]" targetPageId="0">
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56AFFDBFC84F94CFA3ED4B0" blockId="0.[839,1522,1668,1719]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56AFFDBFC84F94CFC1CD49E" bold="true" box="[839,907,1668,1689]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
—An adult male 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56AFFDBFBFCF94DFA94D49D" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[1087,1283,1669,1690]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56AFFDBFBFCF94DFA94D49D" box="[1087,1283,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco, Guayas, Ecuador. Photograph by Jaime A. Salas.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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NOMENCLATURE NOTES. 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56AFFDBFE43F912FDC8D4F6" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[384,607,1754,1777]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56AFFDBFE43F912FDC8D4F6" box="[384,607,1754,1777]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was considered a subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56AFFDBFEEBF932FE5BD516" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[296,460,1786,1809]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56AFFDBFEEBF932FE5BD516" box="[296,460,1786,1809]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">A. jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56AFFDBFE22F932FD30D516" author="HERSHKOVITZ, P." box="[481,679,1786,1809]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="429 - 454" refId="ref5469" refString="HERSHKOVITZ, P. 1949. Mammals of northern Colombia. Preliminary reports no. 5: bats (Chiroptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 99: 429 - 454." type="journal article" year="1949">Hershkovitz 1949</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56AFFDBFD78F932FE8ED536" author="ORTIZ DE LA PUENTE, D. J." pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref6822" refString="ORTIZ DE LA PUENTE, D. J. 1951. Estudio monografico de los quiropteros de Lima y sus alrededores. Publicaciones del Museo de Historia Natural &quot; Javier Prado &quot;. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Serie Zoologia 7: 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1951">Ortiz de la Puente 1951</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56AFFDBFEEEF8D2FE52D536" author="CABRERA, A." box="[301,453,1818,1841]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 307" refId="ref5140" refString="CABRERA, A. 1958. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. Revista del Museo Argentina de Ciencias Naturales &quot; Bernardino Rivadavia &quot; (Ciencias Zoologicas) 4: 1 - 307." type="journal article" year="1958">Cabrera 1958</bibRefCitation>
; Jones and Carter 1976), but
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56AFFDAFC8BF910FEB6D005" blockId="0.[840,1525,1752,1839]" lastBlockId="1.[108,792,203,514]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56AFFDBFC8BF910FB91D4E8" author="KOOPMAN, K. F." box="[840,1030,1752,1775]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref5758" refString="KOOPMAN, K. F. 1978. Zoogeography of Peruvian bats, with special emphasis on the role of the Andes. American Museum Novitates 2651: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1978">Koopman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
accorded specific status to the form based on morphological data. Subsequent reviews by 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56AFFDBFA9AF930FC06D528" author="HONACKI, J. H. &amp; K. E. KINMAN &amp; J. W. KOEPPL &amp; EDS" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" refId="ref5521" refString="HONACKI, J. H., K. E. KINMAN, AND J. W. KOEPPL (EDS.). 1982. Mammal species of the world. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="1982">Honacki et al. (1982)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56AFFDBFC5DF8D0FBC0D528" author="KOOPMAN, K. F." box="[926,1111,1816,1839]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" refId="ref5790" refString="KOOPMAN, K. F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137 - 241 in Mammal species of the world, a taxonomical and geographical reference (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). 2 nd ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1993">Koopman (1993)</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56AFFDBFB51F8D0FAD0D528" author="SIMMONS, N. B." box="[1170,1351,1816,1839]" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" refId="ref7701" refString="SIMMONS, N. B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 313 - 529 in Mammal species of the world, a taxonomical and geographical reference (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). 3 rd ed. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="2005">Simmons (2005)</bibRefCitation>
have all treated it as a valid species. The generic name 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56BFFDAFDD3FF03FDFBD2E5" baseAuthorityName="Tirira" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[528,620,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFDD3FF03FDFBD2E5" box="[528,620,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Artibeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is compounded from the Greek words: 
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFEBAFF23FE37D305" box="[377,416,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">arti</emphasis>
, straight, exactly fitted; and 
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFD2BFF23FC86D305" box="[744,785,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">bao</emphasis>
, to walk (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFF12FEC3FECAD325" author="PALMER, T. S." box="[209,349,267,290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" pagination="1 - 974" refId="ref7043" refString="PALMER, T. S. 1904. Index generum mammalium: a list of the genera and families of mammals. North American Fauna 23: 1 - 974." type="journal article" year="1904">Palmer 1904</bibRefCitation>
). Latin derivation of 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56BFFDAFD8CFEC3FD53D325" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[591,708,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFD8CFEC3FD53D325" box="[591,708,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, comes from 
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFF72FEE3FF78D345" box="[177,239,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">frater</emphasis>
(brother) and 
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFE66FEE3FE49D345" box="[421,478,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">culus</emphasis>
(diminutive suffix = little brother), which refers to 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56BFFDAFEBAFE83FD9AD365" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[377,525,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFEBAFE83FE1ED365" box="[377,393,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFE54FE83FD9AD365" box="[407,525,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being the smallest in the group of the large 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56BFFDAFE82FEA3FDAFD385" authority="(Tirira 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Tirira" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[321,568,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFE82FEA3FE0AD385" box="[321,413,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Artibeus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFE6CFEA3FDBBD385" author="TIRIRA, D." box="[431,556,363,386]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refId="ref7988" refString="TIRIRA, D. 2004. Nombres de los mamiferos del Ecuador. Ediciones Murcielago Blanco y Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, Publicacion especial sobre los mamiferos del Ecuador 5, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="2004">Tirira 2004</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Common names in Spanish are murciélago frutero fraternal or murciélago frutero del suroccidente (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFEF3FE63FE3DD3C5" author="TIRIRA, D." box="[304,426,427,450]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refId="ref7988" refString="TIRIRA, D. 2004. Nombres de los mamiferos del Ecuador. Ediciones Murcielago Blanco y Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, Publicacion especial sobre los mamiferos del Ecuador 5, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="2004">Tirira 2004</bibRefCitation>
); in English, the names are western artibeus or fraternal fruit-eating bat (Marques-Aguiar 1994; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFFAEFE23FE86D005" author="SIMMONS, N. B." box="[109,273,491,514]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refId="ref7701" refString="SIMMONS, N. B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 313 - 529 in Mammal species of the world, a taxonomical and geographical reference (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). 3 rd ed. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="2005">Simmons 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSection id="EE2B2F2DA56BFFDAFEB2FD8EFE94D726" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="CFBE654DA56BFFDAFEB2FD8EFE94D726" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56BFFDAFEB2FD8EFD83D067" blockId="1.[369,532,582,608]" box="[369,532,582,608]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">
<heading id="DC5381AAA56BFFDAFEB2FD8EFD83D067" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[369,532,582,608]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFEB2FD8EFD83D067" bold="true" box="[369,532,582,608]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56BFFDAFF5BFD42FE94D726" blockId="1.[108,794,650,1313]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56BFFDAFF5BFD42FEE7D0A6" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[152,368,650,673]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFF5BFD42FEE7D0A6" box="[152,368,650,673]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from others species of 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56BFFDAFF7AFD62FE84D0C6" baseAuthorityName="Tirira" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[185,275,682,705]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFF7AFD62FE84D0C6" box="[185,275,682,705]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Artibeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that occur in its geographic range by differences in coloration, facial stripe features, and size. Its dorsum is dark gray to grayish brown and overall size is smaller (length of forearm, 
<quantity id="405C9B23A56BFFDAFF66FCC2FE8AD126" box="[165,285,778,801]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.55" metricValueMax="5.9" metricValueMin="5.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="55.5" valueMax="59.0" valueMin="52.0">52–59 mm</quantity>
; length of skull, 
<quantity id="405C9B23A56BFFDAFE12FCC2FD88D126" box="[465,543,778,801]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="26.0">26 mm</quantity>
) than Anderson’s fruiteating bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56BFFDAFF27FCE2FDDCD146" authority="Andersen, 1906" authorityName="Andersen" authorityYear="1906" box="[228,587,810,833]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequatorialis">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFF27FCE2FE04D146" box="[228,403,810,833]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">A. aequatorialis</emphasis>
Andersen, 1906
</taxonomicName>
, which has a dark gray to blackish gray dorsum (length of forearm, 
<quantity id="405C9B23A56BFFDAFD59FC82FC83D166" box="[666,788,842,865]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="6.8" metricValueMin="5.7" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="62.5" valueMax="68.0" valueMin="57.0">57–68 mm</quantity>
; length of skull, 
<quantity id="405C9B23A56BFFDAFED1FCA2FEC9D186" box="[274,350,874,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
), and the great fruit-eating bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56BFFDAFD63FCA2FE91D1A6" authority="(Olfers, 1818)" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFD63FCA2FC80D186" box="[672,791,874,897]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">A. lituratus</emphasis>
(Olfers, 1818)
</taxonomicName>
which has a brown, cinnamon brown, or yellowish gray dorsum (length of forearm, 
<quantity id="405C9B23A56BFFDAFE37FC62FDFCD1C6" box="[500,619,938,961]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.15" metricValueMax="7.8" metricValueMin="6.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="71.5" valueMax="78.0" valueMin="65.0">65–78 mm</quantity>
; length of skull, 
<quantity id="405C9B23A56BFFDAFFADFC02FF2DD1E6" box="[110,186,970,993]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="31.0">31 mm</quantity>
). Facial lines in 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56BFFDAFEA0FC02FE63D1E6" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[355,500,970,993]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFEA0FC02FE63D1E6" box="[355,500,970,993]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">A. fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are faint and barely visible, and in some specimens the lower stripes are scarcely perceptible or inconspicuous (
<figureCitation id="1F9F2A43A56BFFDAFEA6FBC2FE30D626" box="[357,423,1034,1057]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[839,874,1668,1689]" captionTargetBox="[868,1492,1113,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-481@0.[868,1492,1113,1655]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig. 1.—An adult male Artibeus fraterculus from Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco, Guayas, Ecuador. Photograph by Jaime A. Salas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573531/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), whereas in 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56BFFDAFD80FBC2FD65D626" authorityName="Andersen" authorityYear="1906" box="[579,754,1034,1057]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequatorialis">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFD80FBC2FD65D626" box="[579,754,1034,1057]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">A. aequatorialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all facial lines are clearly visible and thin, and in 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56BFFDAFDA9FBE2FD73D646" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[618,740,1066,1089]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFDA9FBE2FD73D646" box="[618,740,1066,1089]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">A. lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
they are very prominent or conspicuous. It also varies from the flatfaced fruit-eating bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56BFFDAFE94FBA2FD17D686" authority="(Spix, 1823)" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[343,640,1130,1153]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFE94FBA2FE67D686" box="[343,496,1130,1153]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">A. planirostris</emphasis>
(Spix, 1823)
</taxonomicName>
, which exhibits conspicuous facial lines and grayish dorsum with bases of hairs pale, length of forearm 
<quantity id="405C9B23A56BFFDAFE6CFB62FDB1D6C6" box="[431,550,1194,1217]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" metricValueMax="7.3" metricValueMin="6.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="67.5" valueMax="73.0" valueMin="62.0">62–73 mm</quantity>
, and the length of the skull, 
<quantity id="405C9B23A56BFFDAFF72FB02FE85D6E6" box="[177,274,1226,1249]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="30.5">30.5 mm</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFEE7FB02FDBDD6E6" author="ORTIZ DE LA PUENTE, D. J." box="[292,554,1226,1249]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref6822" refString="ORTIZ DE LA PUENTE, D. J. 1951. Estudio monografico de los quiropteros de Lima y sus alrededores. Publicaciones del Museo de Historia Natural &quot; Javier Prado &quot;. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Serie Zoologia 7: 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1951">Ortiz de la Puente 1951</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFDFAFB02FD28D6E6" author="ALBUJA, L." box="[569,703,1226,1249]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refId="ref4682" refString="ALBUJA, L. 1999. Murcielagos del Ecuador. Segunda Edicion. Cicetronic Cia Ltda. Offset, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="1999">Albuja 1999</bibRefCitation>
; Ortega and Castro-Arellano 2001; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFE5BFB22FD80D706" author="HOLLIS, L." box="[408,535,1258,1281]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref5504" refString="HOLLIS, L. 2005. Artibeus planirostris. Mammalian Species 775: 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="2005">Hollis 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFDE4FB22FD36D706" author="TIRIRA, D." box="[551,673,1258,1281]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refId="ref8024" refString="TIRIRA, D. 2007. Guia de campo de los mamiferos del Ecuador. Ediciones Murcielago Blanco, Publicacion especial sobre los mamiferos del Ecuador 6, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="2007">Tirira 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFD71FB22FF64D726" author="AGUIAR, S. A." pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refId="ref6341" refString="MARQUES- AGUIAR, S. A. 2008. Genus Artibeus Leach, 1821. Pp. 301 - 321 in Mammals of South America: volume 1. Marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats (A. L. Gardner, ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2008">MarquesAguiar 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<subSection id="EE2B2F2DA56BFFDAFED2FAA0FBC4D5A5" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="CFBE654DA56BFFDAFED2FAA0FBC4D5A5" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" type="description">
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56BFFDAFED2FAA0FDE2D785" blockId="1.[273,629,1384,1410]" box="[273,629,1384,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">
<heading id="DC5381AAA56BFFDAFED2FAA0FDE2D785" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[273,629,1384,1410]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFED2FAA0FDE2D785" bold="true" box="[273,629,1384,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">GENERAL CHARACTERS</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56BFFDAFF5BFA63FA09D305" blockId="1.[109,794,1451,1954]" lastBlockId="1.[839,1525,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56BFFDAFF5BFA63FEE4D7C5" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[152,371,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFF5BFA63FEE4D7C5" box="[152,371,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the smallest species in the group of large 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56BFFDAFF0CFA03FEBED7E5" baseAuthorityName="Tirira" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[207,297,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFF0CFA03FEBED7E5" box="[207,297,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Artibeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFEFDFA03FE56D7E5" author="PATTEN, D. R." box="[318,449,1483,1506]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refId="ref7124" refString="PATTEN, D. R. 1971. A review of the large species of Artibeus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from western South America. Ph. D. dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University, College Station." type="book" year="1971">Patten 1971</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFE17FA03FDC3D7E5" author="OWEN, R. D." box="[468,596,1483,1506]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" pagination="1 - 65" refId="ref6870" refString="OWEN, R. D. 1987. Phylogenetic analyses of the bat subfamily Stenodermatinae (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 26: 1 - 65." type="journal article" year="1987">Owen 1987</bibRefCitation>
; Marques-Aguiar 2008), similar to 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56BFFDAFEEFFA23FE4DD405" authorityName="Andersen" authorityYear="1906" box="[300,474,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequatorialis">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFEEFFA23FE4DD405" box="[300,474,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">A. aequatorialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but much smaller in overall size (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFF6AF9C3FED8D425" author="KOOPMAN, K. F." box="[169,335,1547,1570]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref5758" refString="KOOPMAN, K. F. 1978. Zoogeography of Peruvian bats, with special emphasis on the role of the Andes. American Museum Novitates 2651: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1978">Koopman 1978</bibRefCitation>
). The head is large with a relatively long rostrum (rostral index ≥ 0.29); the nose leaf is large and well developed, longer than wide (ratio of about 1.57), more or less elliptical, with a longitudinal rhomboidal keel. The horseshoe of nose leaf is free. The lower lip has about 15 rounded papillae; ears, nose leaf, forearm, tibia, metacarpals, and phalanges are pale brown, contrasting with dark blackish patagium. The tragus varies from gray to dark gray, with a pointed projection on inner margin near tip (
<figureCitation id="1F9F2A43A56BFFDAFEEAF8C3FEFCD525" box="[297,363,1803,1826]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[839,874,1668,1689]" captionTargetBox="[868,1492,1113,1655]" captionTargetId="figure-481@0.[868,1492,1113,1655]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig. 1.—An adult male Artibeus fraterculus from Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco, Guayas, Ecuador. Photograph by Jaime A. Salas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573531/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). The propatagium extends up to joint of the 1st phalanx of the thumb, patagium extends to near the base of the toes; feet and uropatagium are dark brown. The wing membrane is blackish gray; interfemoral membrane is broad (≥ 10.0 mm); uropatagium with a central notch, slightly hairy and fringed medially; tail absent (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFB50FF03FA09D2E5" author="ORTIZ DE LA PUENTE, D. J." box="[1171,1438,203,226]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref6822" refString="ORTIZ DE LA PUENTE, D. J. 1951. Estudio monografico de los quiropteros de Lima y sus alrededores. Publicaciones del Museo de Historia Natural &quot; Javier Prado &quot;. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Serie Zoologia 7: 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1951">Ortiz de la Puente 1951</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFA73FF03FCEAD305" author="PATTEN, D. R." pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refId="ref7124" refString="PATTEN, D. R. 1971. A review of the large species of Artibeus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from western South America. Ph. D. dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University, College Station." type="book" year="1971">Patten 1971</bibRefCitation>
; Marques-Aguiar 1994; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFB47FF23FA9FD305" author="ALBUJA, L." box="[1156,1288,235,258]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refId="ref4682" refString="ALBUJA, L. 1999. Murcielagos del Ecuador. Segunda Edicion. Cicetronic Cia Ltda. Offset, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="1999">Albuja 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFAD5FF23FA1AD305" author="TIRIRA, D." box="[1302,1421,235,258]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refId="ref7860" refString="TIRIRA, D. 1999. Mamiferos del Ecuador. Museo de Zoologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador y SIMBIOE, Publicacion Especial 2, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="1999">Tirira 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56BFFDAFCB0FEC3FAFFD025" blockId="1.[839,1525,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56BFFDAFCB0FEC3FBC6D325" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[883,1105,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFCB0FEC3FBC6D325" box="[883,1105,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the palest of the South American 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56BFFDAFC8BFEE3FC35D345" baseAuthorityName="Tirira" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[840,930,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFC8BFEE3FC35D345" box="[840,930,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Artibeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, presents a dichromatic appearance, occurring in both grayish brown and yellowish brown color phases. The pelage is soft and velvety; dorsal pelage is dark gray to grayish brown; fur on the back (mid-dorsum) is short (≤ 8.0 mm). The ventral pelage is pale, with the tips of individual hairs appearing sil-very gray giving it a frosted appearance; base of both dorsal and ventral surfaces of forearm is hairy (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFB1CFE23FAECD005" author="ANTHONY, H. E." box="[1247,1403,491,514]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref4836" refString="ANTHONY, H. E. 1924. Preliminary report on Ecuadorean mammals. No. 4. American Museum Novitates 114: 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1924">Anthony 1924</bibRefCitation>
; MarquesAguiar 1994, 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFC19FDC3FBC9D025" author="ALBUJA, L." box="[986,1118,523,546]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refId="ref4682" refString="ALBUJA, L. 1999. Murcielagos del Ecuador. Segunda Edicion. Cicetronic Cia Ltda. Offset, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="1999">Albuja 1999</bibRefCitation>
; Marques-Aguiar 2008).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56BFFDAFCB0FDE3FC5BD105" blockId="1.[839,1525,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">
Ranges (mm or g, sexes combined) for standard morphological features and mass of 
<specimenCount id="91A2FD4FA56BFFDAFB47FD83FAB3D065" box="[1156,1316,587,610]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" type="generic">122 specimens</specimenCount>
from 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A56BFFDAFAA9FD83FA54D065" box="[1386,1475,587,610]" name="Ecuador" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A56BFFDAFC8BFDA3FCEED085" box="[840,889,619,642]" name="Peru" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Peru</collectingCountry>
were: total length, 64–76; length of ear, 15–21; length of nose leaf, 11–14; length of forearm, 52–59; length of hind foot, 12–16; body mass, 30–55 (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFBB9FD63FA80D0C5" author="ANTHONY, H. E." box="[1146,1303,683,706]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref4836" refString="ANTHONY, H. E. 1924. Preliminary report on Ecuadorean mammals. No. 4. American Museum Novitates 114: 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1924">Anthony 1924</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFAEAFD63FA7CD0C5" author="HERSHKOVITZ, P." box="[1321,1515,683,706]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" pagination="429 - 454" refId="ref5469" refString="HERSHKOVITZ, P. 1949. Mammals of northern Colombia. Preliminary reports no. 5: bats (Chiroptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 99: 429 - 454." type="journal article" year="1949">Hershkovitz 1949</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFC8BFD03FBD1D0E5" author="ORTIZ DE LA PUENTE, D. J." box="[840,1094,715,738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref6822" refString="ORTIZ DE LA PUENTE, D. J. 1951. Estudio monografico de los quiropteros de Lima y sus alrededores. Publicaciones del Museo de Historia Natural &quot; Javier Prado &quot;. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Serie Zoologia 7: 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1951">Ortiz de la Puente 1951</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFB97FD03FB44D0E5" author="PATTEN, D. R." box="[1108,1235,715,738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refId="ref7124" refString="PATTEN, D. R. 1971. A review of the large species of Artibeus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from western South America. Ph. D. dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University, College Station." type="book" year="1971">Patten 1971</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFB23FD03FAF2D0E5" author="ALBUJA, L." box="[1248,1381,715,738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refId="ref4682" refString="ALBUJA, L. 1999. Murcielagos del Ecuador. Segunda Edicion. Cicetronic Cia Ltda. Offset, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="1999">Albuja 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFAB0FD03FA7CD0E5" author="TIRIRA, D." box="[1395,1515,715,738]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refId="ref8024" refString="TIRIRA, D. 2007. Guia de campo de los mamiferos del Ecuador. Ediciones Murcielago Blanco, Publicacion especial sobre los mamiferos del Ecuador 6, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="2007">Tirira 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFC8BFD23FC2BD105" author="SALAS, J." box="[840,956,747,770]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refId="ref7570" refString="SALAS, J. 2010. Diversidad y ecologia de los quiropteros (Chiroptera), como indicadores del estado de conservacion de la Reserva de Produccion de Fauna &quot; Manglares El Salado &quot;. Master in science thesis, Universidad de Guayaquil / Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Guayaquil, Ecuador. http: // repositorio. ug. edu. ec / handle / redug / 738. Accessed 30 July 2014." type="url" year="2010">Salas 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56BFFDAFCB0FCC3FC48D6E5" blockId="1.[839,1525,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">
The skull of 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56BFFDAFC3FFCC3FB18D125" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[1020,1167,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFC3FFCC3FB18D125" box="[1020,1167,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">A. fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is short with a low sagittal crest; anterior portion of skull is depressed, the palatal is wide, and the brain case is enlarged (
<figureCitation id="1F9F2A43A56BFFDAFB80FC83FB14D165" box="[1091,1155,843,866]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[109,144,1390,1411]" captionTargetBox="[139,763,200,1377]" captionTargetId="figure-370@2.[139,763,200,1377]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull and lateral view of mandible of an adult male of Artibeus fraterculus (MUSM [Museo de Historia Natural San Marcos] 24623) from Coina, Otuzco, La Libertad, Peru. Greatest length of skull is 26.5 mm. Photographs by Víctor Pacheco." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573537/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The preorbital process is poorly developed, postorbital process and interorbital ridges moderately developed, supraorbital ridges converge posteriorly, and the postorbital constriction is immediately behind postorbital process. The zygomatic arch is well ossified and subparallel and the paraoccipital process moderately developed; mesopterygoid fossa not constricted posteriorly on basicranium; anterior shape of mesopterygoid fossa U-shaped resulting in curved lateral borders; condylar process not prominent, projecting slightly from ramus; angular process narrow. The nasals are planar; the teeth are large, with a broad occlusal area, and molars are well developed (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFC08FB63FB48D6C5" author="ORTIZ DE LA PUENTE, D. J." box="[971,1247,1195,1218]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref6822" refString="ORTIZ DE LA PUENTE, D. J. 1951. Estudio monografico de los quiropteros de Lima y sus alrededores. Publicaciones del Museo de Historia Natural &quot; Javier Prado &quot;. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Serie Zoologia 7: 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1951">Ortiz de la Puente 1951</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFB30FB63FAEFD6C5" author="PATTEN, D. R." box="[1267,1400,1195,1218]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" refId="ref7124" refString="PATTEN, D. R. 1971. A review of the large species of Artibeus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from western South America. Ph. D. dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University, College Station." type="book" year="1971">Patten 1971</bibRefCitation>
; Marques- Aguiar 1994).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56BFFDAFCB0FB23FBC4D5A5" blockId="1.[839,1525,203,1954]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">
Means, 
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56BFFDAFC05FB23FC70D705" box="[966,999,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">SD</emphasis>
s, and ranges (mm) of cranial and dental measurements for 
<specimenCount id="91A2FD4FA56BFFDAFC78FAC3FB89D725" box="[955,1054,1291,1314]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" type="male">11 males</specimenCount>
and 
<specimenCount id="91A2FD4FA56BFFDAFB9AFAC3FB46D725" box="[1113,1233,1291,1314]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" type="female">16 females</specimenCount>
(in parentheses) collected from different localities in 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A56BFFDAFBB1FAE3FB5CD745" box="[1138,1227,1323,1346]" name="Ecuador" pageId="1" pageNumber="68">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56BFFDAFB1EFAE3FA32D745" author="LARSEN, P. A. &amp; RIVADENEIRA, AND &amp; R. J. BAKER" box="[1245,1445,1323,1346]" pageId="1" pageNumber="68" pagination="45 - 60" refId="ref5885" refString="LARSEN, P. A., M. R. MARCHaN- RIVADENEIRA, AND R. J. BAKER. 2010. Taxonomic status of Andersen's fruit-eating bat (Artibeus jamaicensis aequatorialis) and revised classification of Artibeus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Zootaxa 2648: 45 - 60." type="journal article" year="2010">Larsen et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
) were: greatest skull length, 26.78 ± 0.50, 25.80–27.65 (26.56 ± 0.32, 26.13–27.21); condyloincisive length, 23.59 ± 0.65, 22.16– 24.71 (23.45 ± 0.39, 22.65–24.17); height of skull, 11.92 ± 0.40, 11.40–12.57 (11.82 ± 0.34, 11.29–12.45); mastoid breadth, 14.50 ± 0.30, 13.95–14.84 (14.33 ± 0.38, 13.44–14.88); greatest width of braincase, 13.15 ± 0.27, 12.67–13.48 (13.06 ± 0.19, 12.79–13.39); breadth of zygomatic arch, 16.27 ± 0.35, 15.55– 16.88 (16.09 ± 0.26, 15.54–16.46); width of postorbital constriction, 6.61 ± 0.23, 6.27–6.96 (6.58 ± 0.17, 6.21–6.81); breadth across upper canines, 7.48 ± 0.21, 7.06–7.73 (7.37 ± 0.16, 7.09–7.71); breadth across outer edges of 2nd upper molars, 11.88 ± 0.33, 11.30–12.26 (11.81 ± 0.28, 11.35–12.34); palatal length, 12.43 ± 0.52, 11.50–13.21 (12.27 ± 0.30, 11.60– 12.86); length of maxillary toothrow, 9.30 ± 0.32, 8.61–9.59 (9.26 ± 0.22, 8.80–9.66); mandible length, 16.88 ± 0.53, 15.67–17.57 (16.87 ± 0.25, 16.42–17.42); length of mandibular toothrow, 10.39 ± 0.32, 9.75–10.91 (10.25 ± 0.22, 9.95– 10.65); and breadth across lower canines, 4.32 ± 0.21, 4.07–4.63 (4.30 ± 0.16, 4.07–4.71).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<caption id="D3DB664EA568FFD9FC8BFBCBFA9AD632" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573535" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573535" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573535/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" startId="2.[840,875,1027,1048]" targetBox="[870,1492,200,1012]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="871B36C6A568FFD9FC8BFBCBFA9AD632" blockId="2.[840,1523,1027,1077]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A568FFD9FC8BFBCBFC1CD61F" bold="true" box="[840,907,1027,1048]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
—Geographic distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A568FFD9FB77FBCBFAEFD61F" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[1204,1400,1027,1048]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A568FFD9FB77FBCBFAEFD61F" box="[1204,1400,1027,1048]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
redrawn by Christian Loaiza from Marques-Aguiar (2008).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D3DB664EA568FFD9FFAEFAA6FE90D7FE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573537" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573537/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" startId="2.[109,144,1390,1411]" targetBox="[139,763,200,1377]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="871B36C6A568FFD9FFAEFAA6FE90D7FE" blockId="2.[109,792,1390,1529]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A568FFD9FFAEFAA6FF3AD784" bold="true" box="[109,173,1390,1411]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull and lateral view of mandible of an adult male of 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A568FFD9FE6CFA44FDE7D7A6" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[431,624,1420,1441]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A568FFD9FE6CFA44FDE7D7A6" box="[431,624,1420,1441]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MUSM [Museo de Historia Natural San Marcos] 24623) from Coina, Otuzco, La Libertad, Peru. Greatest length of skull is 26.5 mm. Photographs by Víctor Pacheco.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSection id="EE2B2F2DA568FFD9FE95F988FAEBD4C2" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="CFBE654DA568FFD9FE95F988FAEBD4C2" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="871B36C6A568FFD9FE95F988FDB9D45D" blockId="2.[342,558,1600,1626]" box="[342,558,1600,1626]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
<heading id="DC5381AAA568FFD9FE95F988FDB9D45D" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[342,558,1600,1626]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A568FFD9FE95F988FDB9D45D" bold="true" box="[342,558,1600,1626]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A568FFD9FF5BF94CFAEBD4C2" blockId="2.[109,792,1668,1947]" lastBlockId="2.[840,1524,1134,1733]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A568FFD9FF5BF94CFEFBD49C" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[152,364,1668,1691]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A568FFD9FF5BF94CFEFBD49C" box="[152,364,1668,1691]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs only in 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A568FFD9FDC8F94CFDF3D49C" box="[523,612,1668,1691]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A568FFD9FD56F94CFD51D49C" box="[661,710,1668,1691]" name="Peru" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Peru</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="1F9F2A43A568FFD9FD17F94CFC98D49C" box="[724,783,1668,1691]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[840,875,1027,1048]" captionTargetBox="[870,1492,200,1012]" captionTargetId="figure-418@2.[869,1493,200,1013]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 3.—Geographic distribution of Artibeus fraterculus redrawn by Christian Loaiza from Marques-Aguiar (2008)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573535" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573535/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FFAEF96CFF62D4BC" author="ALBUJA, L." box="[109,245,1700,1723]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" refId="ref4682" refString="ALBUJA, L. 1999. Murcielagos del Ecuador. Segunda Edicion. Cicetronic Cia Ltda. Offset, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="1999">Albuja 1999</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FEC4F96CFEABD4BC" author="ALBUJA, L." box="[263,316,1700,1723]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" refId="ref4705" refString="ALBUJA, L. 2002. Mamiferos del Ecuador. Pp. 271 - 327 in Diversidad y conservacion de los mamiferos Neotropicales (G. Cevallos and J. A. Simonetti, eds.). CONABIO-UNAM, Mexico, D. F." type="book" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FE8CF96CFE7FD4BC" author="PACHECO, V." box="[335,488,1700,1723]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" refId="ref6905" refString="PACHECO, V. 2002. Mamiferos del Peru. Pp. 503 - 549 in Diversidad y conservacion de los mamiferos Neotropicales (G. Cevallos and J. A. Simonetti, eds.). CONABIO-UNAM, Mexico, D. F." type="book" year="2002">Pacheco 2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FE39F96CFD08D4BC" author="SIMMONS, N. B." box="[506,671,1700,1723]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" refId="ref7701" refString="SIMMONS, N. B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 313 - 529 in Mammal species of the world, a taxonomical and geographical reference (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). 3 rd ed. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="2005">Simmons 2005</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FD71F96CFF61D4DC" author="AGUIAR, S. A." pageId="2" pageNumber="69" refId="ref6341" refString="MARQUES- AGUIAR, S. A. 2008. Genus Artibeus Leach, 1821. Pp. 301 - 321 in Mammals of South America: volume 1. Marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats (A. L. Gardner, ed.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2008">Marques-Aguiar 2008</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A568FFD9FEF3F90CFE1CD4DC" box="[304,395,1732,1755]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
, it inhabits the central and southern coast, and the southwestern foothills of the Andes (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FD52F92CFC9FD4FC" author="TIRIRA, D." box="[657,776,1764,1787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" refId="ref8024" refString="TIRIRA, D. 2007. Guia de campo de los mamiferos del Ecuador. Ediciones Murcielago Blanco, Publicacion especial sobre los mamiferos del Ecuador 6, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="2007">Tirira 2007</bibRefCitation>
), from sea level to about 
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in elevation and occupies mangroves, desert scrubland, and deciduous and semideciduous forests, where it can be very common (Parker and Carr 1992; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FFAEF8ACFF66D57C" author="ALBUJA, L." box="[109,241,1892,1915]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" refId="ref4682" refString="ALBUJA, L. 1999. Murcielagos del Ecuador. Segunda Edicion. Cicetronic Cia Ltda. Offset, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="1999">Albuja 1999</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FF3DF8ACFEA4D57C" author="ALBUJA, L." box="[254,307,1892,1915]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" refId="ref4705" refString="ALBUJA, L. 2002. Mamiferos del Ecuador. Pp. 271 - 327 in Diversidad y conservacion de los mamiferos Neotropicales (G. Cevallos and J. A. Simonetti, eds.). CONABIO-UNAM, Mexico, D. F." type="book" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
; Albuja and Muñoz 2000; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FD8CF8ACFD51D57C" author="TIRIRA, D." box="[591,710,1892,1915]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" refId="ref7890" refString="TIRIRA, D. 2001. Evaluacion ecologica rapida de la mastofauna en los bosques secos de La Ceiba y Cordillera Aranitas, Provincia de Loja, Ecuador. Pp. 73 - 88 in Biodiversidad en los Bosques Secos del Suroccidente de la Provincia de Loja: Un reporte de las evaluaciones ecologicas y socioeconomicas rapidas (M. A. Vasquez, M. Larrea, L. Suarez, and P. Ojeda, eds.). Ecociencia, Ministerio del Ambiente, Herbario LOJA y Proyecto Bosque Seco, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="2001">Tirira 2001</bibRefCitation>
; Boada and Román 2005; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FEFDF84CFE21D59C" author="SALAS, J." box="[318,438,1924,1947]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" pagination="397 - 402" refId="ref7544" refString="SALAS, J. 2008. Murcielagos del bosque protector Cerro Blanco (Guayas - Ecuador). Chiroptera Neotropical 14: 397 - 402." type="journal article" year="2008">Salas 2008</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FE0BF84CFE6AD59C" author="SALAS, J." box="[456,509,1924,1947]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" refId="ref7570" refString="SALAS, J. 2010. Diversidad y ecologia de los quiropteros (Chiroptera), como indicadores del estado de conservacion de la Reserva de Produccion de Fauna &quot; Manglares El Salado &quot;. Master in science thesis, Universidad de Guayaquil / Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Guayaquil, Ecuador. http: // repositorio. ug. edu. ec / handle / redug / 738. Accessed 30 July 2014." type="url" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
; Tirira 2012; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FD5EF84CFCEAD682" author="PINTO, C. M. &amp; RIVADENEIRA, E. &amp; TAPIA, J. P. &amp; CARRERA, AND &amp; R. J. BAKER" box="[669,893,1134,1947]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" pagination="85 - 94" refId="ref7289" refString="PINTO, C. M., M. R. MARCHaN- RIVADENEIRA, E. TAPIA, J. P. CARRERA, AND R. J. BAKER. 2013. Distribution, abundance and roosts of the fruit bat Artibeus fraterculus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Acta Chiropterologica 15: 85 - 94." type="journal article" year="2013">Pinto et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FC4CFBA6FBDED682" author="SALAS, J. A. &amp; S. F. BURNEO &amp; F. VITERI &amp; R. CARVAJAL" box="[911,1097,1134,1157]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" pagination="1218 - 1222" refId="ref7645" refString="SALAS, J. A., S. F. BURNEO, F. VITERI, AND R. CARVAJAL. 2014. First record of the pale-faced bat Phylloderma stenops Peters 1865 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in the province of Guayas, Southwest Ecuador. Check List 10: 1218 - 1222." type="journal article" year="2014">Salas et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
). It can also occur in some wet areas but it is less abundant in these areas (Albuja and Mena 2004; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FC8BFB66FC56D6C2" author="TIRIRA, D." box="[840,961,1198,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" refId="ref8056" refString="TIRIRA, D. 2008. Mamiferos de los bosques humedos del noroccidente del Ecuador. Ediciones Murcielago Blanco y Proyecto Primenet, Publicacion especial sobre los mamiferos del Ecuador 7, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="2008">Tirira 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FC13FB66FB46D6C2" author="MCDONOUGH, M. M. &amp; A. W. FERGUSON &amp; L. K. AMMERMAN &amp; VIZCAINO, S. F. &amp; BURNEO, AND &amp; R. J. BAKER" box="[976,1233,1198,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 28" refId="ref6398" refString="MCDONOUGH, M. M., A. W. FERGUSON, L. K. AMMERMAN, C. GRANJA- VIZCAINO, S. F. BURNEO, AND R. J. BAKER. 2011. Molecular verification of bat species collected in Ecuador: results of a country-wide survey. Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University 301: 1 - 28." type="journal article" year="2011">McDonough et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FB23FB66FA04D6C2" author="PINTO, C. M. &amp; RIVADENEIRA, E. &amp; TAPIA, J. P. &amp; CARRERA, AND &amp; R. J. BAKER" box="[1248,1427,1198,1221]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" pagination="85 - 94" refId="ref7289" refString="PINTO, C. M., M. R. MARCHaN- RIVADENEIRA, E. TAPIA, J. P. CARRERA, AND R. J. BAKER. 2013. Distribution, abundance and roosts of the fruit bat Artibeus fraterculus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Acta Chiropterologica 15: 85 - 94." type="journal article" year="2013">Pinto et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FA69FB66FC18D6E2" author="LOAIZA, C. R." pageId="2" pageNumber="69" pagination="78 - 84" refId="ref6152" refString="LOAIZA, C. R. 2010. Primer registro de Artibeus fraterculus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) en una zona de matorral humedo montano en la provincia de Loja, Ecuador. Boletin Tecnico 9, Serie Zoologica 6: 78 - 84." type="journal article" year="2010">Loaiza (2010)</bibRefCitation>
reported an unusual record in humid montane scrub near 
<quantity id="405C9B23A568FFD9FC8BFB26FC37D702" box="[840,928,1262,1285]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.064" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="2064.0">2,064 m</quantity>
in 
<collectingRegion id="4560F824A568FFD9FC02FB26FC65D702" box="[961,1010,1262,1285]" country="Ecuador" name="Loja" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Loja</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A568FFD9FC3CFB26FBC9D702" box="[1023,1118,1262,1285]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
). In 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A568FFD9FB4FFB26FB57D702" box="[1164,1216,1262,1285]" name="Peru" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Peru</collectingCountry>
, it has been recorded west of the Andes in the departments of 
<collectingRegion id="4560F824A568FFD9FB77FAC6FA9BD722" box="[1204,1292,1294,1317]" country="Peru" name="Tumbes" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Tumbes</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="4560F824A568FFD9FADAFAC6FAC3D722" box="[1305,1364,1294,1317]" country="Peru" name="Piura" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Piura</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="4560F824A568FFD9FAA1FAC6FA78D722" box="[1378,1519,1294,1317]" country="Peru" name="Lambayeque" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Lambayeque</collectingRegion>
, and 
<collectingRegion id="4560F824A568FFD9FCBFFAE6FC0AD742" box="[892,925,1326,1349]" country="Peru" name="Ica" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Ica</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FC71FAE6FBA4D742" author="TUTTLE, M. D." box="[946,1075,1326,1349]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" pagination="45 - 86" refId="ref8271" refString="TUTTLE, M. D. 1970. Distribution and zoogeography of Peruvian bats, with comments on natural history. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin 49: 45 - 86." type="journal article" year="1970">Tuttle 1970</bibRefCitation>
; Thomas and 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FB1DFAE6FAE1D742" author="THOMAS, R. &amp; K. R. THOMAS" box="[1246,1398,1326,1349]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" pagination="131 - 132" refId="ref7812" refString="THOMAS, R., AND K. R. THOMAS. 1977. A small vertebrate thanatocenosis from northern Peru. Biotropica 9: 131 - 132." type="journal article" year="1977">Thomas 1977</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FA49FAE6FCEAD762" author="KOOPMAN, K. F." pageId="2" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref5758" refString="KOOPMAN, K. F. 1978. Zoogeography of Peruvian bats, with special emphasis on the role of the Andes. American Museum Novitates 2651: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1978">Koopman 1978</bibRefCitation>
; Velázquez 1992; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FB88FA86FAB5D762" author="PACHECO, V., R. &amp; CADENILLAS, S. &amp; VELAZCO, E. &amp; SALAS, AND &amp; U. FAJARDO" box="[1099,1314,1358,1381]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" pagination="409 - 422" refId="ref6994" refString="PACHECO, V., R. CADENILLAS, S. VELAZCO, E. SALAS, AND U. FAJARDO. 2007. Noteworthy bat records from the Pacific tropical rainforest region and adjacent dry forest in northwestern Peru. Acta Chiropterologica 9: 409 - 422." type="journal article" year="2007">Pacheco et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
) and also reported in arid and isolated arid portions of the Amazon basin, in the departments of 
<collectingRegion id="4560F824A568FFD9FC36FA46FBF0D7A2" box="[1013,1127,1422,1445]" country="Peru" name="Cajamarca" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Cajamarca</collectingRegion>
and 
<collectingRegion id="4560F824A568FFD9FB63FA46FA86D7A2" box="[1184,1297,1422,1445]" country="Peru" name="Amazonas" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Amazonas</collectingRegion>
(East of the Antes), where 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A568FFD9FC52FA66FBB4D7C2" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[913,1059,1454,1477]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A568FFD9FC52FA66FBB4D7C2" box="[913,1059,1454,1477]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">A. fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
extends through the Huancabamba depression (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FC46FA06FB12D7E2" author="ORTIZ DE LA PUENTE, D. J." box="[901,1157,1486,1509]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref6822" refString="ORTIZ DE LA PUENTE, D. J. 1951. Estudio monografico de los quiropteros de Lima y sus alrededores. Publicaciones del Museo de Historia Natural &quot; Javier Prado &quot;. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Serie Zoologia 7: 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1951">Ortiz de la Puente 1951</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FB57FA06FA84D7E2" author="PATTEN, D. R." box="[1172,1299,1486,1509]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" refId="ref7124" refString="PATTEN, D. R. 1971. A review of the large species of Artibeus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from western South America. Ph. D. dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University, College Station." type="book" year="1971">Patten 1971</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FAE0FA06FA5FD7E2" author="KOOPMAN, K. F." box="[1315,1480,1486,1509]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref5758" refString="KOOPMAN, K. F. 1978. Zoogeography of Peruvian bats, with special emphasis on the role of the Andes. American Museum Novitates 2651: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1978">Koopman 1978</bibRefCitation>
), at 
<quantity id="405C9B23A568FFD9FC8AFA26FC35D402" box="[841,930,1518,1541]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.145" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" unit="m" value="2145.0">2,145 m</quantity>
, which forms both a biogeographic connection between the lowland forests of the Pacific coast and the Amazon basin (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FC92F9E6FC66D442" author="WEIGEND, M." box="[849,1009,1582,1605]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" pagination="38 - 54" refId="ref8325" refString="WEIGEND, M. 2002. Observations on the biogeography of the Amotape- Huancabamba Zone in northern Peru. The Botanical Review 68: 38 - 54." type="journal article" year="2002">Weigend 2002</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A568FFD9FBCDF9E6FB30D442" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[1038,1191,1582,1605]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A568FFD9FBCDF9E6FB89D442" box="[1038,1054,1582,1605]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A568FFD9FBF0F9E6FB30D442" box="[1075,1191,1582,1605]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in the 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A568FFD9FA95F9E6FA38D442" box="[1366,1455,1582,1605]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
Arid, Sechura Desert, Tumbes-Piura, and Western 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A568FFD9FAFEF986FA01D462" box="[1341,1430,1614,1637]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
biogeographic provinces, in both 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A568FFD9FBB2F9A6FB5DD482" box="[1137,1226,1646,1669]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
and northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A568FFD9FA5BF9A6FA5BD482" box="[1432,1484,1646,1669]" name="Peru" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Peru</collectingCountry>
, an area collectively known as the Tumbesian Center of endemism (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FC92F966FC7DD4C2" author="MORRONE, J. J." box="[849,1002,1710,1733]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" refId="ref6652" refString="MORRONE, J. J. 2001. Biogeografia de America Latina y el Caribe. Vol. 3. Manuales y Tesis, Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, Zaragoza, Spain." type="book" year="2001">Morrone 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FC3BF966FBEBD4C2" author="LOAIZA, C. R." box="[1016,1148,1710,1733]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" pagination="4 - 10" refId="ref6197" refString="LOAIZA, C. R. 2013. The Tumbesian center of endemism: biogeography, diversity and conservation. Bulletin of the Systematic and Evolutionary Biogeographical Association 6: 4 - 10." type="journal article" year="2013">Loaiza 2013</bibRefCitation>
). No fossils are known.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<subSubSection id="CFBE654DA568FFD8FC3FF8C8FED0D776" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" type="description">
<subSection id="EE2B2F2DA568FFD8FC3FF8C8FEE5D165" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="871B36C6A568FFD9FC3FF8C8FAA9D51D" blockId="2.[1020,1342,1792,1818]" box="[1020,1342,1792,1818]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
<heading id="DC5381AAA568FFD9FC3FF8C8FAA9D51D" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1020,1342,1792,1818]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A568FFD9FC3FF8C8FAA9D51D" bold="true" box="[1020,1342,1792,1818]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">FORM AND FUNCTION</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A568FFD8FCB0F88BFDCED085" blockId="2.[840,1523,1859,1946]" lastBlockId="3.[108,794,203,866]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">
The dental formula for 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A568FFD9FBA8F88CFAD7D55C" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[1131,1344,1860,1883]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A568FFD9FBA8F88CFAD7D55C" box="[1131,1344,1860,1883]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="69">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is: i 2/2, c 1/1, p 2/2, m 2/3, total 30 (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FBEFF8ABFB51D57D" author="ANTHONY, H. E." box="[1068,1222,1891,1914]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref4836" refString="ANTHONY, H. E. 1924. Preliminary report on Ecuadorean mammals. No. 4. American Museum Novitates 114: 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1924">Anthony 1924</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FB14F8ABFAC1D57D" author="PATTEN, D. R." box="[1239,1366,1891,1914]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" refId="ref7124" refString="PATTEN, D. R. 1971. A review of the large species of Artibeus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from western South America. Ph. D. dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University, College Station." type="book" year="1971">Patten 1971</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A568FFD9FAA6F8ABFA7CD57D" author="ALBUJA, L." box="[1381,1515,1891,1914]" pageId="2" pageNumber="69" refId="ref4682" refString="ALBUJA, L. 1999. Murcielagos del Ecuador. Segunda Edicion. Cicetronic Cia Ltda. Offset, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="1999">Albuja 1999</bibRefCitation>
; Marques-Aguiar 2008). M2 is moderately close to M1 and posterior edge of M1 is straight (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FE0DFF03FDDBD2E5" author="PATTEN, D. R." box="[462,588,203,226]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" refId="ref7124" refString="PATTEN, D. R. 1971. A review of the large species of Artibeus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from western South America. Ph. D. dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University, College Station." type="book" year="1971">Patten 1971</bibRefCitation>
). The shape of M1 is almost triangular in occlusal view, and the hypocone of M1 is well developed, a character unique to 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FDCDFEC3FD37D325" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[526,672,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FDCDFEC3FD37D325" box="[526,672,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">A. fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Maxillary toothrows converge anteriorly (V-shaped); crowns of I1 bilobed and not pointed; lingual cusp of P4 moderately to well developed; metacone and metaconule of M2 not separated as distinct lobes from rest of tooth (Marques-Aguiar 1994, 2008). The configuration of the cranium in 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FE6BFE63FDABD3C5" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[424,572,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FE6BFE63FDABD3C5" box="[424,572,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">A. fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including the wide palate, short rostrum, deep dentary, enlarged brain case, and well-developed molars, is very close to congeners such as the Jamaican fruit bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FEECFDC3FE5DD025" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[303,458,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FEECFDC3FE5DD025" box="[303,458,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">A. jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FE14FDC3FDDBD025" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[471,588,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FE14FDC3FDDBD025" box="[471,588,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">A. lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the dark fruiteating bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FF1EFDE3FECDD045" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[221,346,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FF1EFDE3FECDD045" box="[221,346,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">A. obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and reflects an adaptive response to consumption of hard fruits such as figs (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FE32FD83FD31D065" author="KALKO, E. K. V. &amp; E. A. HERRE &amp; C. O. HANDLEY, Jr." box="[497,678,587,610]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="565 - 576" refId="ref5707" refString="KALKO, E. K. V., E. A. HERRE, AND C. O. HANDLEY, Jr. 1996. Relation of fig fruit characteristics to fruit-eating bats in the New and Old World tropics. Journal of Biogeography 23: 565 - 576." type="journal article" year="1996">Kalko et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FD76FD83FF4AD085" author="NOGUEIRA, M. R. &amp; A. L. PERACCHI &amp; L. R. MONTEIRO" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="715 - 723" refId="ref6709" refString="NOGUEIRA, M. R., A. L. PERACCHI, AND L. R. MONTEIRO. 2009. Morphological correlates of bite force and diet in the skull and mandible of phyllostomid bats. Functional Ecology 23: 715 - 723." type="journal article" year="2009">Nogueira et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
; Marchán-Rivadeneira et al. 2010).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A569FFD8FF5BFD43FEE5D165" blockId="3.[108,794,203,866]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
Parameters (in KHz) of a search-phase frequency-modulated (FM) echolocation call taken from an individual in Rumi Wilco in Vilcabamba (
<collectingRegion id="4560F824A569FFD8FEDEFD03FEC5D0E5" box="[285,338,715,738]" country="Ecuador" name="Loja" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Loja</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A569FFD8FEA3FD03FE2CD0E5" box="[352,443,715,738]" name="Ecuador" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
) on 
<date id="F31A1006A569FFD8FE31FD03FD03D0E5" box="[498,660,715,738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="2013-08-09">9 August 2013</date>
included: a starting frequency of 95.76 (89.45–103.99), ending frequency of 62.28 (59.18–67.96), frequency of maximum energy 74.39 (67.92–84.09); duration 1.61 ms; and exhibited 3 harmonics (Pinto and Boada 2015).
</paragraph>
</subSection>
<subSection id="EE2B2F2DA569FFD8FF0CFC5EFED0D776" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="871B36C6A569FFD8FF0CFC5EFD21D1B7" blockId="3.[207,694,918,944]" box="[207,694,918,944]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<heading id="DC5381AAA569FFD8FF0CFC5EFD21D1B7" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[207,694,918,944]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FF0CFC5EFD21D1B7" bold="true" box="[207,694,918,944]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A569FFD8FF5BFC12FED0D776" blockId="3.[108,794,986,1393]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FF5BFC12FEF8D1F6" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[152,367,986,1009]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FF5BFC12FEF8D1F6" box="[152,367,986,1009]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibits seasonal bimodal polyestrous, with parturition occurring during both the dry and wet seasons, with peaks in February and May (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FE3FFBD2FD04D636" author="GRAHAM, G. L." box="[508,659,1050,1073]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" refId="ref5317" refString="GRAHAM, G. L. 1989. Seasonality of reproduction in Peruvian bats. Pp. 173 - 189 in Studies in Neotropical mammalogy: essays in honor of Philip Hershkovitz (B. D. Patterson and R. M. Timm, eds.). Fieldiana Zoology, 39." type="book" year="1989">Graham 1989</bibRefCitation>
; Mena and Williams de Castro 2002; Marques-Aguiar 2008). Based on Ecuadorian material housed in the National Museum of Natural History (USMNH), Marques-Aguiar (2008) reported pregnant females in October and November and lactating females in July and November. 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FE93FB72FE4FD6D6" author="SALAS, J." box="[336,472,1210,1233]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" refId="ref7570" refString="SALAS, J. 2010. Diversidad y ecologia de los quiropteros (Chiroptera), como indicadores del estado de conservacion de la Reserva de Produccion de Fauna &quot; Manglares El Salado &quot;. Master in science thesis, Universidad de Guayaquil / Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Guayaquil, Ecuador. http: // repositorio. ug. edu. ec / handle / redug / 738. Accessed 30 July 2014." type="url" year="2010">Salas (2010)</bibRefCitation>
captured 
<specimenCount id="91A2FD4FA569FFD8FD84FB72FD0CD6D6" box="[583,667,1210,1233]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
with testes descended and 
<specimenCount id="91A2FD4FA569FFD8FECDFB12FEFED6F6" box="[270,361,1242,1265]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
with nipples developed in the dry season (
<date id="F31A1006A569FFD8FFB0FB32FEBFD716" box="[115,296,1274,1297]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="2007-09">September 2007</date>
) in mangroves and dry tropical forest; there are records of 4 pregnant females during the wet season (
<date id="F31A1006A569FFD8FD1DFAD2FF31D756" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" value="2014-04">April 2014</date>
) in semideciduous forest in 
<collectingRegion id="4560F824A569FFD8FE33FAF2FD39D756" box="[496,686,1338,1361]" country="Ecuador" name="Guayas" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Guayas Province</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A569FFD8FD7CFAF2FC8FD756" box="[703,792,1338,1361]" name="Ecuador" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(W. Guillén, in litt.).
</paragraph>
</subSection>
</subSubSection>
<subSection id="EE2B2F2DA569FFDFFEBBFA60FC8FD325" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="CFBE654DA569FFDFFEBBFA60FC8FD325" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="871B36C6A569FFD8FEBBFA60FD99D7C5" blockId="3.[376,526,1448,1474]" box="[376,526,1448,1474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<heading id="DC5381AAA569FFD8FEBBFA60FD99D7C5" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[376,526,1448,1474]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FEBBFA60FD99D7C5" bold="true" box="[376,526,1448,1474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">ECOLOGY</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A569FFD8FF5BFA23FDBBD545" blockId="3.[109,794,1515,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FF5BFA23FEE3D405" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[152,372,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FF5BFA23FEE3D405" box="[152,372,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inhabits natural roosts such as hollow trees, shrubs, caves, termite mounds, and artificial structures including bridges, churches, houses, gardens, and mines (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FFB5F983FF6ED465" author="ALBUJA, L." box="[118,249,1611,1634]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" refId="ref4682" refString="ALBUJA, L. 1999. Murcielagos del Ecuador. Segunda Edicion. Cicetronic Cia Ltda. Offset, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="1999">Albuja 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FEC5F983FEEAD465" author="TIRIRA, D." box="[262,381,1611,1634]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" refId="ref8024" refString="TIRIRA, D. 2007. Guia de campo de los mamiferos del Ecuador. Ediciones Murcielago Blanco, Publicacion especial sobre los mamiferos del Ecuador 6, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="2007">Tirira 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FE48F983FDD9D465" author="CARRERA, J. P." box="[395,590,1611,1634]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref5247" refString="CARRERA, J. P., ET AL. 2010. Bats of the tropical lowlands of western Ecuador. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 57: 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2010">Carrera et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FD9FF983FC90D465" author="PINTO, C. M. &amp; RIVADENEIRA, E. &amp; TAPIA, J. P. &amp; CARRERA, AND &amp; R. J. BAKER" box="[604,775,1611,1634]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="85 - 94" refId="ref7289" refString="PINTO, C. M., M. R. MARCHaN- RIVADENEIRA, E. TAPIA, J. P. CARRERA, AND R. J. BAKER. 2013. Distribution, abundance and roosts of the fruit bat Artibeus fraterculus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Acta Chiropterologica 15: 85 - 94." type="journal article" year="2013">Pinto et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Individuals have been reported to occur in clusters ranging from 9 individuals in a termite nest (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FE7CF943FD1ED4A5" author="CARRERA, J. P." box="[447,649,1675,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref5247" refString="CARRERA, J. P., ET AL. 2010. Bats of the tropical lowlands of western Ecuador. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 57: 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2010">Carrera et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
) to 709 individuals in an active coal mine (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FE7DF963FDE7D4C5" author="PINTO, C. M. &amp; RIVADENEIRA, E. &amp; TAPIA, J. P. &amp; CARRERA, AND &amp; R. J. BAKER" box="[446,624,1707,1730]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="85 - 94" refId="ref7289" refString="PINTO, C. M., M. R. MARCHaN- RIVADENEIRA, E. TAPIA, J. P. CARRERA, AND R. J. BAKER. 2013. Distribution, abundance and roosts of the fruit bat Artibeus fraterculus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Acta Chiropterologica 15: 85 - 94." type="journal article" year="2013">Pinto et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FD45F963FC8FD4C5" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[646,792,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FD45F963FD01D4C5" box="[646,662,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FD67F963FC8FD4C5" box="[676,792,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is present in forests, disturbed habitats, and crop and urban areas (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FFB5F923FEECD505" author="ORTIZ DE LA PUENTE, D. J." box="[118,379,1771,1794]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref6822" refString="ORTIZ DE LA PUENTE, D. J. 1951. Estudio monografico de los quiropteros de Lima y sus alrededores. Publicaciones del Museo de Historia Natural &quot; Javier Prado &quot;. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Serie Zoologia 7: 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1951">Ortiz de la Puente 1951</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FE49F923FD87D505" author="ALBUJA, L." box="[394,528,1771,1794]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" refId="ref4682" refString="ALBUJA, L. 1999. Murcielagos del Ecuador. Segunda Edicion. Cicetronic Cia Ltda. Offset, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="1999">Albuja 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<collectingRegion id="4560F824A569FFD8FDE2F923FDC9D505" box="[545,606,1771,1794]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Mena</collectingRegion>
and Williams de Castro 2002; Albuja and 
<collectingRegion id="4560F824A569FFD8FEBEF8C3FE2DD525" box="[381,442,1803,1826]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Mena</collectingRegion>
2004; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FDC5F8C3FDECD525" author="SALAS, J." box="[518,635,1803,1826]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="397 - 402" refId="ref7544" refString="SALAS, J. 2008. Murcielagos del bosque protector Cerro Blanco (Guayas - Ecuador). Chiroptera Neotropical 14: 397 - 402." type="journal article" year="2008">Salas 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FD48F8C3FF34D545" author="CARRERA, J. P." pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref5247" refString="CARRERA, J. P., ET AL. 2010. Bats of the tropical lowlands of western Ecuador. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 57: 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2010">Carrera et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FF72F8E3FEC8D545" author="PINTO, C. M. &amp; RIVADENEIRA, E. &amp; TAPIA, J. P. &amp; CARRERA, AND &amp; R. J. BAKER" box="[177,351,1835,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="85 - 94" refId="ref7289" refString="PINTO, C. M., M. R. MARCHaN- RIVADENEIRA, E. TAPIA, J. P. CARRERA, AND R. J. BAKER. 2013. Distribution, abundance and roosts of the fruit bat Artibeus fraterculus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Acta Chiropterologica 15: 85 - 94." type="journal article" year="2013">Pinto et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FEADF8E3FD8BD545" author="SALAS, J. A. &amp; S. F. BURNEO &amp; F. VITERI &amp; R. CARVAJAL" box="[366,540,1835,1858]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="1218 - 1222" refId="ref7645" refString="SALAS, J. A., S. F. BURNEO, F. VITERI, AND R. CARVAJAL. 2014. First record of the pale-faced bat Phylloderma stenops Peters 1865 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in the province of Guayas, Southwest Ecuador. Check List 10: 1218 - 1222." type="journal article" year="2014">Salas et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A569FFD8FF5BF883FA49D3E5" blockId="3.[109,794,1515,1954]" lastBlockId="3.[838,1525,203,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FF5BF883FEF9D565" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[152,366,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FF5BF883FEF9D565" box="[152,366,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a generalist frugivore, its diet is varied and includes 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FEEBF8A3FD08D585" box="[296,671,1899,1922]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Mangifera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FEEBF8A3FE72D585" box="[296,485,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Mangifera indica</emphasis>
(Anacardiaceae)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FD6FF8A3FF48D5A5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Brosimum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alicastrum">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FD6FF8A3FF48D5A5" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Brosimum alicastrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FF3FF843FE04D5A5" authorityName="Schott" authorityYear="1827" box="[252,403,1931,1954]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="eximia">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FF3FF843FE04D5A5" box="[252,403,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Ficus eximia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FE6CF843FDDDD5A5" box="[431,586,1931,1954]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="guianensis">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FE6CF843FDDDD5A5" box="[431,586,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">F. guianensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FDA4F843FD73D5A5" box="[615,740,1931,1954]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="maxima">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FDA4F843FD73D5A5" box="[615,740,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">F. maxima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FCC2F843FBD3D2E5" box="[769,1092,203,1954]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="obtusifolia">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FCC2F843FC86D5A5" box="[769,785,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">F</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FC8BFF03FC2DD2E5" box="[840,954,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">obtusifolia</emphasis>
(Moraceae)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FB96FF03FA78D2E5" box="[1109,1519,203,226]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Muntingiaceae" genus="Muntingia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="calabura">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FB96FF03FAB8D2E5" box="[1109,1327,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Muntingia calabura</emphasis>
(Muntingiaceae)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FC8BFF23FB93D305" box="[840,1028,235,258]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Psidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Magnoliopsida" rank="species" species="guajava">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FC8BFF23FB93D305" box="[840,1028,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Psidium guajava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FBDBFF23FAFCD305" box="[1048,1387,235,258]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="jambos">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FBDBFF23FB4FD305" box="[1048,1240,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Syzygium jambos</emphasis>
(Myrtaceae)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FABDFF23FBB0D325" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Eriobotrya" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FABDFF23FC32D325" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Eriobotrya japonica</emphasis>
(Rosaceae)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FBF5FEC3FA8FD325" box="[1078,1304,267,290]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Acnistus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arborescens">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FBF5FEC3FA8FD325" box="[1078,1304,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Acnistus arborescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FAEBFEC3FC43D345" authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crinitipes">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FAEBFEC3FA64D325" box="[1320,1523,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Solanum crinitipes</emphasis>
(Solanaceae)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FC1CFEE3FAD0D345" box="[991,1351,299,322]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Styracaceae" genus="Styrax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="subargentea">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FC1CFEE3FB3AD345" box="[991,1197,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Styrax subargentea</emphasis>
(Styracaceae)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FA91FEE3FC1CD365" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Cecropia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="obtusifolia">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FA91FEE3FC1CD365" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Cecropia obtusifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FC5BFE83FBE8D365" box="[920,1151,331,354]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Cecropia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polystachya">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FC5BFE83FBE8D365" box="[920,1151,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Cecropia polystachya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Urticaceae—Loaiza 2010; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FA6EFE83FC55D385" author="NOVOA, S. &amp; R. CADENILLAS &amp; V. PACHECO" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="81 - 93" refId="ref6755" refString="NOVOA, S., R. CADENILLAS, AND V. PACHECO. 2011. Dispersion de semillas por murcielagos frugivoros en bosques del Parque Nacional Cerros de Amotape, Tumbes, Peru. Mastozoologia Neotropical 18: 81 - 93." type="journal article" year="2011">Novoa et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FC15FEA3FB03D385" author="PINTO, C. M. &amp; RIVADENEIRA, E. &amp; TAPIA, J. P. &amp; CARRERA, AND &amp; R. J. BAKER" box="[982,1172,363,386]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="85 - 94" refId="ref7289" refString="PINTO, C. M., M. R. MARCHaN- RIVADENEIRA, E. TAPIA, J. P. CARRERA, AND R. J. BAKER. 2013. Distribution, abundance and roosts of the fruit bat Artibeus fraterculus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Acta Chiropterologica 15: 85 - 94." type="journal article" year="2013">Pinto et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FB73FEA3FA19D385" author="NOVOA, S. &amp; R. CADENILLAS &amp; V. PACHECO" box="[1200,1422,363,386]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="81 - 93" refId="ref6755" refString="NOVOA, S., R. CADENILLAS, AND V. PACHECO. 2011. Dispersion de semillas por murcielagos frugivoros en bosques del Parque Nacional Cerros de Amotape, Tumbes, Peru. Mastozoologia Neotropical 18: 81 - 93." type="journal article" year="2011">Novoa et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
reported insect remains in feces at Parque Nacional Cerros de Amotape (Tumbes-Peru), and 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FBE0FE63FB2ED3C5" author="ALBUJA, L." box="[1059,1209,427,450]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" refId="ref4682" refString="ALBUJA, L. 1999. Murcielagos del Ecuador. Segunda Edicion. Cicetronic Cia Ltda. Offset, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="1999">Albuja (1999)</bibRefCitation>
also mentioned that this species feeds on insects, but detailed information is not available.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A569FFD8FCB0FE23FBE9D105" blockId="3.[838,1525,203,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
Ectoparasites recorded from 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FB6DFE23FAD5D005" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[1198,1346,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FB6DFE23FAD5D005" box="[1198,1346,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">A. fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include streblid bat flies (
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FC6EFDC3FBB7D025" authorityName="Kolenati" authorityYear="1863" box="[941,1056,523,546]" class="Insecta" family="Streblidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Streblidae</taxonomicName>
): 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FBF6FDC3FACDD025" baseAuthorityName="Perty" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1077,1370,523,546]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Aspidoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phyllostomatis">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FBF6FDC3FACDD025" box="[1077,1370,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Aspidoptera phyllostomatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FAAAFDC3FC04D045" baseAuthorityName="Coquillett" baseAuthorityYear="1899" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Megistopoda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aranea">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FAAAFDC3FC04D045" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Megistopoda aranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FC67FDE3FB2CD045" authorityName="Coquillett" authorityYear="1907" box="[932,1211,555,578]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Metelasmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudopterus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FC67FDE3FB2CD045" box="[932,1211,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Metelasmus pseudopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FB0FFDE3FA01D045" authorityName="Kessel" authorityYear="1925" box="[1228,1430,555,578]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Speiseria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambigua">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FB0FFDE3FA01D045" box="[1228,1430,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Speiseria ambigua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FA64FDE3FC02D065" baseAuthorityName="Garcia &amp; Casal" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Strebla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guajiro">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FA64FDE3FC02D065" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Strebla guajiro</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FC6EFD83FAD2D065" authority="(Stamper 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Stamper" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[941,1349,587,610]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Trichobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="joblingi">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FC6EFD83FB15D065" box="[941,1154,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Trichobius joblingi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FB5FFD83FAADD065" author="STAMPER, E. A." box="[1180,1338,587,610]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" refId="ref7759" refString="STAMPER, E. A. 2012. Host specificity of Ecuadorian bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae). Honors College Capstone Experience / Thesis Projects. Paper 358. http: // digitalcommons. wku. edu / sth _ hon _ theses / 358. Accessed 15 December 2014." type="journal volume" year="2012">Stamper 2012</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and the mite (
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FC8CFDA3FC79D085" box="[847,1006,619,642]" class="Arachnida" family="Spinturnicidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Spinturnicidae</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FBC5FDA3FBC0D0A5" authority="(Mendoza-Uribe and Chavez Chorocco 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Mendoza-Uribe and Chavez Chorocco" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Arachnida" family="Spinturnicidae" genus="Periglischrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iheringi">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FBC5FDA3FB6FD085" box="[1030,1272,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Periglischrus iheringi</emphasis>
(Mendoza-Uribe and Chávez Chorocco 2003)
</taxonomicName>
. Endoparasites include 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FAA1FD43FCEAD0C5" class="Kinetoplastea" family="Trypanosomatidae" genus="Trypanosoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trypanosomatida" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Euglenozoa" rank="species" species="cruzi">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FAA1FD43FCEAD0C5" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Trypanosoma cruzi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Order 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FC10FD63FBE4D0C5" box="[979,1139,683,706]" order="Kinetoplastida" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" rank="order">Kinetoplastida</taxonomicName>
), with high infection levels (90.1%) reported in individuals collected in Bella María Chica (
<collectingRegion id="4560F824A569FFD8FA03FD03FA64D0E5" box="[1472,1523,715,738]" country="Ecuador" name="Loja" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Loja</collectingRegion>
province—Pinto et al. 2015).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A569FFD8FCB0FCC3FB39D665" blockId="3.[838,1525,203,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
Only the barn owl (
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FB8AFCC3FB38D125" baseAuthorityName="Scopoli" baseAuthorityYear="1769" box="[1097,1199,779,802]" class="Aves" family="Tytonidae" genus="Tyto" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FB8AFCC3FB38D125" box="[1097,1199,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Tyto alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) has been reported as a predator of 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FC67FCE3FBA9D145" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[932,1086,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FC67FCE3FBA9D145" box="[932,1086,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">A. fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Thomas and 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FB2EFCE3FA1FD145" author="THOMAS, R. &amp; K. R. THOMAS" box="[1261,1416,811,834]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="131 - 132" refId="ref7812" refString="THOMAS, R., AND K. R. THOMAS. 1977. A small vertebrate thanatocenosis from northern Peru. Biotropica 9: 131 - 132." type="journal article" year="1977">Thomas 1977</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FA5EFCE3FCE9D165" author="MORENO, P. A." pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="87 - 90" refId="ref6614" refString="MORENO, P. A. 2010. Mamiferos presentes en la dieta de la lechuza de campanario (Tyto alba) en Valdivia, provincia de Guayas, Ecuador. Avances 2: 87 - 90." type="journal article" year="2010">Moreno 2010</bibRefCitation>
), but potential predators would include other owls (spectacled owl 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FBC3FCA3FAFCD185" authority=", Peruvian" authorityName="Peruvian" box="[1024,1387,875,898]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Pulsatrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perspicillata">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FBC3FCA3FB6ED185" box="[1024,1273,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Pulsatrix perspicillata</emphasis>
, Peruvian
</taxonomicName>
pygmy owl 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FC8BFC43FB45D1A5" authority=", Peruvian" authorityName="Peruvian" box="[840,1234,907,930]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Glaucidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peruvianum">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FC8BFC43FBCDD1A5" box="[840,1114,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Glaucidium peruvianum</emphasis>
, Peruvian
</taxonomicName>
screech owl 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FAB9FC43FC26D1C5" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Megascops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="roburatus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FAB9FC43FC26D1C5" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Megascops roburatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, black-and-white owl 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FB03FC63FA1ED1C5" baseAuthorityName="P.L.Sclater" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[1216,1417,939,962]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Strix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigrolineata">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FB03FC63FA1ED1C5" box="[1216,1417,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Strix nigrolineata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, mottled owl 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FCB4FC03FC76D1E5" baseAuthorityName="Cassin" baseAuthorityYear="1849" box="[887,993,971,994]" class="Aves" family="Strigidae" genus="Strix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strigiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="virgata">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FCB4FC03FC76D1E5" box="[887,993,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">S. virgata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and the bat falcon (
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FB09FC03FA15D1E5" authorityName="Daudin" authorityYear="1800" box="[1226,1410,971,994]" class="Aves" family="Falconidae" genus="Falco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Falconiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufigularis">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FB09FC03FA15D1E5" box="[1226,1410,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Falco rufigularis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
—Ridgely and Greenfield 2006; J. Sócola, in litt.). The false vampire bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FC8AFBC3FBBBD625" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[841,1068,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Vampyrum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spectrum">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FC8AFBC3FBBBD625" box="[841,1068,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Vampyrum spectrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
given its known predation on fig-eating bats is a possible predator of 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FB71FBE3FAD9D645" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[1202,1358,1067,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FB71FBE3FB55D645" box="[1202,1218,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FB1BFBE3FAD9D645" box="[1240,1358,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Navarro and Wilson 1982; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FC21FB83FB0AD665" author="KALKO, E. K. V. &amp; E. A. HERRE &amp; C. O. HANDLEY, Jr." box="[994,1181,1099,1122]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="565 - 576" refId="ref5707" refString="KALKO, E. K. V., E. A. HERRE, AND C. O. HANDLEY, Jr. 1996. Relation of fig fruit characteristics to fruit-eating bats in the New and Old World tropics. Journal of Biogeography 23: 565 - 576." type="journal article" year="1996">Kalko et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A569FFDFFCB0FBA3FC8FD325" blockId="3.[838,1525,203,1954]" lastBlockId="4.[109,792,203,290]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FCB0FBA3FBDDD685" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[883,1098,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FCB0FBA3FBDDD685" box="[883,1098,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs sympatrically with 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FAB7FBA3FC17D6A5" authorityName="Andersen" authorityYear="1906" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequatorialis">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FAB7FBA3FC17D6A5" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">A. aequatorialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FC70FB43FBBDD6A5" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[947,1066,1163,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FC70FB43FBBDD6A5" box="[947,1066,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">A. lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
throughout most of its distribution (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FA69FB43FC21D6C5" author="LARSEN, P. A. &amp; RIVADENEIRA, AND &amp; R. J. BAKER" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="45 - 60" refId="ref5885" refString="LARSEN, P. A., M. R. MARCHaN- RIVADENEIRA, AND R. J. BAKER. 2010. Taxonomic status of Andersen's fruit-eating bat (Artibeus jamaicensis aequatorialis) and revised classification of Artibeus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Zootaxa 2648: 45 - 60." type="journal article" year="2010">Larsen et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
), but how resources are partitioned is unknown. It has been captured in association with other species of bats including: 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FCBAFB23FC66D705" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[889,1009,1259,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FCBAFB23FC66D705" box="[889,1009,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">A. lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FC3DFB23FB3DD705" authorityName="Andersen" authorityYear="1906" box="[1022,1194,1259,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequatorialis">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FC3DFB23FB3DD705" box="[1022,1194,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">A. aequatorialis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, silky short-tailed bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FA59FB23FC28D725" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Carollia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicauda">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FA59FB23FC28D725" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Carollia brevicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, hairy big-eyed bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FB6EFAC3FA02D725" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" box="[1197,1429,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FB6EFAC3FA02D725" box="[1197,1429,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Chiroderma villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, woolly false vampire bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FBD0FAE3FB60D745" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1043,1271,1323,1346]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chrotopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auritus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FBD0FAE3FB60D745" box="[1043,1271,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Chrotopterus auritus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, common vampire bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FC8BFA83FBB6D765" baseAuthorityName="E.Geoffroy Saint Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[840,1057,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FC8BFA83FBB6D765" box="[840,1057,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Desmodus rotundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, vevelty fruit-eating bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FAF8FA83FCC9D785" class="Arachnida" family="Spinturnicidae" genus="Enchistenes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hartii">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FAF8FA83FCC9D785" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Enchistenes hartii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, harmless serotine 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FBECFAA3FB60D785" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[1071,1271,1387,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Eptesicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="innoxius">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FBECFAA3FB60D785" box="[1071,1271,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Eptesicus innoxius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Wilson’s bonneted bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FC8AFA43FC65D7A5" box="[841,1010,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Eumops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wilsoni">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FC8AFA43FC65D7A5" box="[841,1010,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Eumops wilsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, common long-tongued bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FAE1FA43FCFDD7C5" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="soricina">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FAE1FA43FCFDD7C5" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Glossophaga soricina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, southern red bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FBF9FA63FA82D7C5" baseAuthorityName="Lesson &amp; Garnot" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[1082,1301,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Lasiurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blossevillii">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FBF9FA63FA82D7C5" box="[1082,1301,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Lasiurus blossevillii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, little big-eared bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FC8BFA03FBDBD7E5" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[840,1100,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalotis">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FC8BFA03FBDBD7E5" box="[840,1100,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Micronycteris megalotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, common mastiff bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FAFCFA03FCFDD405" authority="molossus" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Molossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molossus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FAFCFA03FCFDD405" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Molossus molossus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, black myotis 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FBCAFA23FB2AD405" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1033,1213,1515,1538]" class="Arachnida" family="Spinturnicidae" genus="Myotis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigricans">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FBCAFA23FB2AD405" box="[1033,1213,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Myotis nigricans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, pale-faced bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FAA9FA23FC0FD425" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1865" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phylloderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stenops">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FAA9FA23FC0FD425" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Phylloderma stenops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, greater spear-nosed bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FB28F9C3FC3AD445" authority=", Matapalo" authorityName="Matapalo" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hastatus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FB28F9C3FA7BD425" box="[1259,1516,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Phyllostomus hastatus</emphasis>
, Matapalo
</taxonomicName>
broad-nosed bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FBB1F9E3FA07D445" authorityName="Velazco" authorityYear="2005" box="[1138,1424,1579,1602]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Platyrrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="matapalensis">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FBB1F9E3FA07D445" box="[1138,1424,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Platyrrhinus matapalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Baker’s yellow-shouldered bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FBF5F983FB40D465" authorityName="Velazco &amp; Patterson" authorityYear="2014" box="[1078,1239,1611,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sturnira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bakeri">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FBF5F983FB40D465" box="[1078,1239,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Sturnira bakeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and common tent-making bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FCACF9A3FBC7D485" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1866" box="[879,1104,1643,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Uroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilobatum">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FCACF9A3FBC7D485" box="[879,1104,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Uroderma bilobatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in several localities of mangroves, dry forest, semideciduous forest, and scrubs (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FAD6F943FA0AD4A5" author="ALBUJA, L." box="[1301,1437,1675,1698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" refId="ref4682" refString="ALBUJA, L. 1999. Murcielagos del Ecuador. Segunda Edicion. Cicetronic Cia Ltda. Offset, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="1999">Albuja 1999</bibRefCitation>
; Boada and Román 2005; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FBCAF963FB44D4C5" author="PACHECO, V., R. &amp; CADENILLAS, S. &amp; VELAZCO, E. &amp; SALAS, AND &amp; U. FAJARDO" box="[1033,1235,1707,1730]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="409 - 422" refId="ref6994" refString="PACHECO, V., R. CADENILLAS, S. VELAZCO, E. SALAS, AND U. FAJARDO. 2007. Noteworthy bat records from the Pacific tropical rainforest region and adjacent dry forest in northwestern Peru. Acta Chiropterologica 9: 409 - 422." type="journal article" year="2007">Pacheco et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FB22F963FAC3D4C5" author="SALAS, J." box="[1249,1364,1707,1730]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="397 - 402" refId="ref7544" refString="SALAS, J. 2008. Murcielagos del bosque protector Cerro Blanco (Guayas - Ecuador). Chiroptera Neotropical 14: 397 - 402." type="journal article" year="2008">Salas 2008</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FAA2F963FA01D4C5" author="SALAS, J." box="[1377,1430,1707,1730]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" refId="ref7570" refString="SALAS, J. 2010. Diversidad y ecologia de los quiropteros (Chiroptera), como indicadores del estado de conservacion de la Reserva de Produccion de Fauna &quot; Manglares El Salado &quot;. Master in science thesis, Universidad de Guayaquil / Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Guayaquil, Ecuador. http: // repositorio. ug. edu. ec / handle / redug / 738. Accessed 30 July 2014." type="url" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FA60F963FC28D4E5" author="CARRERA, J. P." pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref5247" refString="CARRERA, J. P., ET AL. 2010. Bats of the tropical lowlands of western Ecuador. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 57: 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2010">Carrera et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FC12F903FB0FD4E5" author="NOVOA, S. &amp; R. CADENILLAS &amp; V. PACHECO" box="[977,1176,1739,1762]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="81 - 93" refId="ref6755" refString="NOVOA, S., R. CADENILLAS, AND V. PACHECO. 2011. Dispersion de semillas por murcielagos frugivoros en bosques del Parque Nacional Cerros de Amotape, Tumbes, Peru. Mastozoologia Neotropical 18: 81 - 93." type="journal article" year="2011">Novoa et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FB69F903FAF0D4E5" author="TIRIRA, D. &amp; S. F. BURNEO &amp; D. VALLE" box="[1194,1383,1739,1762]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" refId="ref8170" refString="TIRIRA, D., S. F. BURNEO, AND D. VALLE. 2012. Extension de la distribucion de Chrotopterus auritus (Peters, 1856) (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) para el suroccidente de Ecuador. Pp. 195 - 200 in Investigacion y conservacion sobre murcielagos en el Ecuador (D. G. Tirira and S. F. Burneo, eds.). Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, Fundacion Mamiferos y Conservacion y Asociacion Ecuatoriana de Mastozoologia, Publicacion especial sobre los mamiferos del Ecuador 9, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="2012">Tirira et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FABAF903FCEAD505" author="PINTO, C. M. &amp; RIVADENEIRA, E. &amp; TAPIA, J. P. &amp; CARRERA, AND &amp; R. J. BAKER" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="85 - 94" refId="ref7289" refString="PINTO, C. M., M. R. MARCHaN- RIVADENEIRA, E. TAPIA, J. P. CARRERA, AND R. J. BAKER. 2013. Distribution, abundance and roosts of the fruit bat Artibeus fraterculus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Acta Chiropterologica 15: 85 - 94." type="journal article" year="2013">Pinto et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A569FFD8FC48F923FBA2D505" author="SALAS, J. A. &amp; S. F. BURNEO &amp; F. VITERI &amp; R. CARVAJAL" box="[907,1077,1771,1794]" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" pagination="1218 - 1222" refId="ref7645" refString="SALAS, J. A., S. F. BURNEO, F. VITERI, AND R. CARVAJAL. 2014. First record of the pale-faced bat Phylloderma stenops Peters 1865 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in the province of Guayas, Southwest Ecuador. Check List 10: 1218 - 1222." type="journal article" year="2014">Salas et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
). The geographic distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FA53F923FC17D525" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FA53F923FA37D505" box="[1424,1440,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FA6DF923FC17D525" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
coincides with other endemic bat species such as molossids (Cabrera’s free-tailed bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FB51F8E3FA51D545" authorityName="Cabrera" authorityYear="1917" box="[1170,1478,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Cabreramops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequatorianus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FB51F8E3FA51D545" box="[1170,1478,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Cabreramops aequatorianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and Blunt-eared bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FC38F883FB3FD565" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1900" box="[1019,1192,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Tomopeas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ravus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FC38F883FB3FD565" box="[1019,1192,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Tomopeas ravus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); phyllostomids (western nectar bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FC5BF8A3FB18D585" authorityName="G. M. Allen" authorityYear="1908" box="[920,1167,1899,1922]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Lonchophylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperia">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FC5BF8A3FB18D585" box="[920,1167,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Lonchophylla hesperia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and Long-snouted Bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A569FFD8FA51F8A3FC44D5A5" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1928" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Platalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="70" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="genovensium">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A569FFD8FA51F8A3FC44D5A5" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="70">Platalina genovensium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), vespertilionids (Ecuadorian little yellow bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFFAEFF03FEBAD2E5" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1903" box="[109,301,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Rhogeessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="velilla">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFFAEFF03FEBAD2E5" box="[109,301,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Rhogeessa velilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and furipterid (Smoky bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFDB6FF03FF59D305" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1877" class="Mammalia" family="Furipteridae" genus="Amorphochilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schnablii">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFDB6FF03FF59D305" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Amorphochilus schnablii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
— 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFF2AFF23FEE8D305" author="GARDNER, A. L." box="[233,383,235,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" refId="ref5282" refString="GARDNER, A. L. 2008. Mammals of South America: vol. 1. Marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2008">Gardner 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFE4CFF23FDD2D305" author="PINTO, C. M. &amp; RIVADENEIRA, E. &amp; TAPIA, J. P. &amp; CARRERA, AND &amp; R. J. BAKER" box="[399,581,235,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="85 - 94" refId="ref7289" refString="PINTO, C. M., M. R. MARCHaN- RIVADENEIRA, E. TAPIA, J. P. CARRERA, AND R. J. BAKER. 2013. Distribution, abundance and roosts of the fruit bat Artibeus fraterculus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Acta Chiropterologica 15: 85 - 94." type="journal article" year="2013">Pinto et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
); all these bat species occur in the Tumbesian Center of endemism (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFD47FEC3FC9FD325" author="LOAIZA, C. R." box="[644,776,267,290]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="4 - 10" refId="ref6197" refString="LOAIZA, C. R. 2013. The Tumbesian center of endemism: biogeography, diversity and conservation. Bulletin of the Systematic and Evolutionary Biogeographical Association 6: 4 - 10." type="journal article" year="2013">Loaiza 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<subSection id="EE2B2F2DA56EFFDFFEB4FE95FE5ED49F" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="CFBE654DA56EFFDFFEB4FE95FE5ED49F" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" type="description">
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56EFFDFFEB4FE95FD98D370" blockId="4.[375,527,349,375]" box="[375,527,349,375]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
<heading id="DC5381AAA56EFFDFFEB4FE95FD98D370" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[375,527,349,375]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFEB4FE95FD98D370" bold="true" box="[375,527,349,375]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">GENETICS</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56EFFDFFF5BFE69FC8FD09F" blockId="4.[108,793,417,1688]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
Both male and female 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFE6BFE69FD12D3BF" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[424,645,417,440]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFE6BFE69FD12D3BF" box="[424,645,417,440]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a diploid number (2n) of 30 chromosomes (Lavrenchenko and Dmitriev1994), which is identical to the pygmy fruit-eating bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFF5AFDC9FECED01F" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[153,345,513,536]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phaeotis">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFF5AFDC9FECED01F" box="[153,345,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Artibeus phaeotis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFE4BFDC9FD6BD01F" authority="Miller, 1902" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1902" box="[392,764,513,536]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Dermanura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phaeotis">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFE4BFDC9FDFED01F" box="[392,617,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Dermanura phaeotis</emphasis>
Miller, 1902
</taxonomicName>
— 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFFAEFDE9FEBBD03F" author="BAKER, R. J. &amp; M. W. HAIDUK &amp; L. W. ROBBINS &amp; A. CADENA &amp; B. F. KOOP" box="[109,300,545,568]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="303 - 327" refId="ref4913" refString="BAKER, R. J., M. W. HAIDUK, L. W. ROBBINS, A. CADENA, AND B. F. KOOP. 1982. Chromosomal studies of South American bats and their systematic implications. Special Publication Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology 6: 303 - 327." type="journal article" year="1982">Baker et al. 1982</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFEFEFDE9FE2BD03F" author="TIMM, R. M." box="[317,444,545,568]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref7841" refString="TIMM, R. M. 1985. Artibeus phaeotis. Mammalian Species 235: 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1985">Timm 1985</bibRefCitation>
), whereas several other species of 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFF4CFD89FF7ED05F" baseAuthorityName="Tirira" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[143,233,577,600]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFF4CFD89FF7ED05F" box="[143,233,577,600]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Artibeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFF3DFD89FEEDD05F" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[254,378,577,600]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFF3DFD89FEEDD05F" box="[254,378,577,600]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. lituratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFE4EFD89FDBAD05F" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[397,557,577,600]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFE4EFD89FDBAD05F" box="[397,557,577,600]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFDB2FD89FC98D05F" baseAuthorityName="Spix" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[625,783,577,600]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFDB2FD89FC98D05F" box="[625,783,577,600]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. planirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) exhibit sexual variation in diploid number with females having a 2n = 30 (XX) and males a 2n = 31 (XY1Y2— 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFD97FD49FC9FD09F" author="BAKER, R. J. &amp; M. W. HAIDUK &amp; L. W. ROBBINS &amp; A. CADENA &amp; B. F. KOOP" box="[596,776,641,664]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="303 - 327" refId="ref4913" refString="BAKER, R. J., M. W. HAIDUK, L. W. ROBBINS, A. CADENA, AND B. F. KOOP. 1982. Chromosomal studies of South American bats and their systematic implications. Special Publication Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology 6: 303 - 327." type="journal article" year="1982">Baker et al. 1982</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56EFFDFFF5BFD69FC8FD17F" blockId="4.[108,793,417,1688]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
The divergence of 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFE9EFD69FE79D0BF" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[349,494,673,696]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFE9EFD69FE79D0BF" box="[349,494,673,696]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was about 2.3 million years ago, following the closure of the Panamanian land bridge (ca. 3–4 million years ago). The uplifting of the Andes Mountains played an important role in the diversification of South American species of 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFF1CFCE9FEAED13F" baseAuthorityName="Tirira" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[223,313,801,824]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFF1CFCE9FEAED13F" box="[223,313,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Artibeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFEACFCE9FD96D13F" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[367,513,801,824]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFEACFCE9FD96D13F" box="[367,513,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is regarded as representative of a historical connection between Middle America and the Western Andean Slope (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFEA8FCA9FDA8D17F" author="PATTERSON, B. D. &amp; V. PACHECO &amp; M. V. ASHLEY" box="[363,575,865,888]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="189 - 205" refId="ref7165" refString="PATTERSON, B. D., V. PACHECO, AND M. V. ASHLEY. 1992. On the origins of the western slope region of endemism: systematics of fig-eating bats, genus Artibeus. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Lima), Memorias del Museo de Historia Natural 21: 189 - 205." type="journal article" year="1992">Patterson et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFD8EFCA9FC90D17F" author="LARSEN, P. A. &amp; RIVADENEIRA, AND &amp; R. J. BAKER" box="[589,775,865,888]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" refId="ref5937" refString="LARSEN, P. A., M. R. MARCHaN- RIVADENEIRA, AND R. J. BAKER. 2013. Speciation dynamics of the fruit-eating bats (genus Artibeus): with evidence of ecological divergence in Central American populations. Pp. 315 - 339 in Bat evolution, ecology, and conservation (R. A. Adams and S. C. Pedersen, eds.). Springer-Verlag, New York." type="book" year="2013">Larsen et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56EFFDFFF5BFC49FC80D61F" blockId="4.[108,793,417,1688]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
Sequence variation of 2 mitochondrial genes (ATPase 8 and ATPase 6) was examined among 3 populations (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFDBAFC69FF36D1DF" author="PATTERSON, B. D. &amp; V. PACHECO &amp; M. V. ASHLEY" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="189 - 205" refId="ref7165" refString="PATTERSON, B. D., V. PACHECO, AND M. V. ASHLEY. 1992. On the origins of the western slope region of endemism: systematics of fig-eating bats, genus Artibeus. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Lima), Memorias del Museo de Historia Natural 21: 189 - 205." type="journal article" year="1992">Patterson et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
). Sequence divergence between populations from the west and east of the Andes (Marañón Valley) was very low (&lt;1%), suggesting that 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFF26FBC9FEE7D61F" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[229,368,1025,1048]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFF26FBC9FEE7D61F" box="[229,368,1025,1048]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is capable of dispersing across theAndes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56EFFDFFF5BFBE9FE5ED49F" blockId="4.[108,793,417,1688]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
Although 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFEC1FBE9FE06D63F" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[258,401,1057,1080]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFEC1FBE9FE06D63F" box="[258,401,1057,1080]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has consistently been included in the 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFFAFFB89FE9CD65F" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1821" box="[108,267,1089,1112]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFFAFFB89FE9CD65F" box="[108,267,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. jamaicensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFE42FB89FDD6D65F" author="HERSHKOVITZ, P." box="[385,577,1089,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="429 - 454" refId="ref5469" refString="HERSHKOVITZ, P. 1949. Mammals of northern Colombia. Preliminary reports no. 5: bats (Chiroptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 99: 429 - 454." type="journal article" year="1949">Hershkovitz 1949</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFD92FB89FF35D67F" author="ORTIZ DE LA PUENTE, D. J." pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref6822" refString="ORTIZ DE LA PUENTE, D. J. 1951. Estudio monografico de los quiropteros de Lima y sus alrededores. Publicaciones del Museo de Historia Natural &quot; Javier Prado &quot;. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Serie Zoologia 7: 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1951">Ortiz de la Puente 1951</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFF72FBA9FED6D67F" author="CABRERA, A." box="[177,321,1121,1144]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 307" refId="ref5140" refString="CABRERA, A. 1958. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. Revista del Museo Argentina de Ciencias Naturales &quot; Bernardino Rivadavia &quot; (Ciencias Zoologicas) 4: 1 - 307." type="journal article" year="1958">Cabrera 1958</bibRefCitation>
), 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFE9BFBA9FE7FD67F" author="PATTEN, D. R." box="[344,488,1121,1144]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" refId="ref7124" refString="PATTEN, D. R. 1971. A review of the large species of Artibeus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from western South America. Ph. D. dissertation, Texas A &amp; M University, College Station." type="book" year="1971">Patten (1971)</bibRefCitation>
found greater affinities with the hairy fruit-eating bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFE42FB49FD7ED69F" authority="Andersen, 1906" authorityName="Andersen" authorityYear="1906" box="[385,745,1153,1176]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirsutus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFE42FB49FDADD69F" box="[385,570,1153,1176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Artibeus hirsutus</emphasis>
Andersen, 1906
</taxonomicName>
and the Honduran fruit-eating bat 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFE00FB69FF61D6DF" authority="Davis and Carter, 1964" authorityName="Davis and Carter" authorityYear="1964" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inopinatus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFE00FB69FD0CD6BF" box="[451,667,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Artibeus inopinatus</emphasis>
Davis and Carter, 1964
</taxonomicName>
, based on analyses of morphological and morphometric data. A cladistic analysis by 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFE33FB29FDE9D6FF" author="OWEN, R. D." box="[496,638,1249,1272]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 65" refId="ref6870" refString="OWEN, R. D. 1987. Phylogenetic analyses of the bat subfamily Stenodermatinae (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 26: 1 - 65." type="journal article" year="1987">Owen (1987)</bibRefCitation>
, using 22 discrete-state external, cranial, mandibular, and dental characters resulted in an unresolved polytomy of 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFDDBFAE9FD3ED73F" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[536,681,1313,1336]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFDDBFAE9FD3ED73F" box="[536,681,1313,1336]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFD7AFAE9FF1BD75F" authorityName="Andersen" authorityYear="1906" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirsutus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFD7AFAE9FF1BD75F" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. hirsutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFF0FFA89FEC9D75F" authorityName="Davis and Carter" authorityYear="1964" box="[204,350,1345,1368]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inopinatus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFF0FFA89FEC9D75F" box="[204,350,1345,1368]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. inopinatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFEAEFA89FDDED75F" author="HOOFER, S. R. &amp; S. SOLARI &amp; P. A. LARSEN &amp; R. D. BRADLEY &amp; R. J. BAKER" box="[365,585,1345,1368]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref5560" refString="HOOFER, S. R., S. SOLARI, P. A. LARSEN, R. D. BRADLEY, AND R. J. BAKER. 2008. Phylogenetics of the fruit-eating bats (Phyllostomidae: Artibeina) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University 277: 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2008">Hoofer et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
, based on mtDNA data, documented a well-supported sister relationship between 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFFAEFA49FF76D79F" authorityName="Andersen" authorityYear="1906" box="[109,225,1409,1432]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirsutus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFFAEFA49FF76D79F" box="[109,225,1409,1432]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. hirsutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a clade composed of 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFE35FA49FD10D79F" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[502,647,1409,1432]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFE35FA49FD10D79F" box="[502,647,1409,1432]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFD78FA49FF30D7BF" authorityName="Davis and Carter" authorityYear="1964" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inopinatus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFD78FA49FF30D7BF" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. inopinatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This is consistent with phylogenetic analyses based on cytochrome- 
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFF37FA09FE96D7DF" box="[244,257,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">b</emphasis>
mitochondrial gene (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFE37FA09FD32D7DF" author="LIM, B. K. &amp; M. D. ENGSTROM &amp; T. E. LEE &amp; J. C. PATTON &amp; J. W. BICKHAM" box="[500,677,1473,1496]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref6089" refString="LIM, B. K., M. D. ENGSTROM, T. E. LEE, J. C. PATTON, AND J. W. BICKHAM. 2004. Molecular differentiation of large species of fruit-eating bats (Artibeus) and phylogenetic relationships based on the cytochrome- b gene. Acta Chiropterologica 6: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="2004">Lim et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFD7BFA09FF76D7FF" author="GUERRERO, J. A. &amp; J. ORTEGA &amp; D. GONZaLEZ &amp; J. E. MALDONADO" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" refId="ref5371" refString="GUERRERO, J. A., J. ORTEGA, D. GONZaLEZ, AND J. E. MALDONADO. 2008. Molecular phylogenetics and taxonomy of the fruit-eating bats of the genus Artibeus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Pp. 125 - 146 in Avances en el estudio de los mamiferos de Mexico (C. Lorenzo, E. Espinoza, and J. Ortega, eds.). Publicaciones Especiales, Vol. II. Asociacion Mexicana de Mastozoologia, A. C., Mexico, D. F." type="book" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="4560F824A56EFFDFFD7BFA09FC8FD7DF" box="[696,792,1473,1496]" country="Mexico" name="Guerrero" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Guerrero</collectingRegion>
et al. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFF33FA29FE5BD7FF" author="REDONDO, R. A. &amp; L. P. BRINA &amp; R. F. SILVA &amp; ITCHFIELD, AND &amp; F. R. SANTOS" box="[240,460,1505,1528]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="44 - 58" refId="ref7392" refString="REDONDO, R. A., L. P. BRINA, R. F. SILVA, A. D. D ITCHFIELD, AND F. R. SANTOS. 2008. Molecular systematics of the genus Artibeus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49: 44 - 58." type="journal article" year="2008">Redondo et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
) which place 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFDABFA29FD6CD7FF" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[616,763,1505,1528]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFDABFA29FD6CD7FF" box="[616,763,1505,1528]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as sister species of either 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFE98F9C9FE59D41F" authorityName="Andersen" authorityYear="1906" box="[347,462,1537,1560]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirsutus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFE98F9C9FE59D41F" box="[347,462,1537,1560]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. hirsutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFE2CF9C9FDEBD41F" authorityName="Davis and Carter" authorityYear="1964" box="[495,636,1537,1560]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inopinatus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFE2CF9C9FDEBD41F" box="[495,636,1537,1560]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. inopinatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These latter 2 taxa are distributed in xeric regions along the western and southern coasts of Middle America and thus 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFDD0F989FD32D45F" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[531,677,1601,1624]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFDD0F989FD32D45F" box="[531,677,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represents a South American radiation of this lineage that is isolated, both geographically and ecologically.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
<subSection id="EE2B2F2DA56EFFDFFE8CF90EFC5DD6C5" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" type="multiple">
<subSubSection id="CFBE654DA56EFFDFFE8CF90EFC5DD6C5" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56EFFDFFE8CF90EFDA1D4E7" blockId="4.[335,566,1734,1760]" box="[335,566,1734,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
<heading id="DC5381AAA56EFFDFFE8CF90EFDA1D4E7" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[335,566,1734,1760]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" reason="6">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFE8CF90EFDA1D4E7" bold="true" box="[335,566,1734,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">CONSERVATION</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56EFFDFFF5BF8C2FAFFD0E5" blockId="4.[109,792,1802,1953]" lastBlockId="4.[838,1525,203,1218]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFF5BF8C2FEE3D526" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[152,372,1802,1825]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFF5BF8C2FEE3D526" box="[152,372,1802,1825]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the most common bat species in many localities of southwestern 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A56EFFDFFE0BF8E2FDB6D546" box="[456,545,1834,1857]" name="Ecuador" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
and north-central 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A56EFFDFFD24F8E2FC8FD546" box="[743,792,1834,1857]" name="Peru" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Peru</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFFB5F882FF65D566" author="TUTTLE, M. D." box="[118,242,1866,1889]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="45 - 86" refId="ref8271" refString="TUTTLE, M. D. 1970. Distribution and zoogeography of Peruvian bats, with comments on natural history. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin 49: 45 - 86." type="journal article" year="1970">Tuttle 1970</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFEC2F882FE31D566" author="KOOPMAN, K. F." box="[257,422,1866,1889]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref5758" refString="KOOPMAN, K. F. 1978. Zoogeography of Peruvian bats, with special emphasis on the role of the Andes. American Museum Novitates 2651: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1978">Koopman 1978</bibRefCitation>
; Parker and Carr 1992; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFD6FF882FF35D586" author="VELaSQUEZ, V." pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="19 - 20" refId="ref8304" refString="VELaSQUEZ, V. 1992. Murcielagos del valle de Ica. Boletin de Lima 84: 19 - 20." type="journal article" year="1992">Velásquez 1992</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFF6CF8A2FEA5D586" author="ALBUJA, L." box="[175,306,1898,1921]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" refId="ref4682" refString="ALBUJA, L. 1999. Murcielagos del Ecuador. Segunda Edicion. Cicetronic Cia Ltda. Offset, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="1999">Albuja 1999</bibRefCitation>
; Albuja and Muñoz 2000; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFD8CF8A2FD51D586" author="TIRIRA, D." box="[591,710,1898,1921]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" refId="ref7890" refString="TIRIRA, D. 2001. Evaluacion ecologica rapida de la mastofauna en los bosques secos de La Ceiba y Cordillera Aranitas, Provincia de Loja, Ecuador. Pp. 73 - 88 in Biodiversidad en los Bosques Secos del Suroccidente de la Provincia de Loja: Un reporte de las evaluaciones ecologicas y socioeconomicas rapidas (M. A. Vasquez, M. Larrea, L. Suarez, and P. Ojeda, eds.). Ecociencia, Ministerio del Ambiente, Herbario LOJA y Proyecto Bosque Seco, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="2001">Tirira 2001</bibRefCitation>
; Boada and Román 2005; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFEF9F842FD86D5A6" author="PACHECO, V., R. &amp; CADENILLAS, S. &amp; VELAZCO, E. &amp; SALAS, AND &amp; U. FAJARDO" box="[314,529,1930,1953]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="409 - 422" refId="ref6994" refString="PACHECO, V., R. CADENILLAS, S. VELAZCO, E. SALAS, AND U. FAJARDO. 2007. Noteworthy bat records from the Pacific tropical rainforest region and adjacent dry forest in northwestern Peru. Acta Chiropterologica 9: 409 - 422." type="journal article" year="2007">Pacheco et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFDE1F842FDC0D5A6" author="PACHECO, V., R. &amp; CADENILLAS, E. &amp; SALAS, C. &amp; TELLO, AND &amp; H. ZEBALLOS" box="[546,599,1930,1953]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="5 - 32" refId="ref6951" refString="PACHECO, V., R. CADENILLAS, E. SALAS, C. TELLO, AND H. ZEBALLOS. 2009. Diversidad y endemismo de los mamiferos del Peru. Revista Peruana de Biologia 16: 5 - 32." type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
; Marques-Aguiar 2008; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFC48FF03FC68D2E5" author="SALAS, J." box="[907,1023,203,226]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="397 - 402" refId="ref7544" refString="SALAS, J. 2008. Murcielagos del bosque protector Cerro Blanco (Guayas - Ecuador). Chiroptera Neotropical 14: 397 - 402." type="journal article" year="2008">Salas 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFBCEFF03FB44D2E5" author="CARRERA, J. P." box="[1037,1235,203,226]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref5247" refString="CARRERA, J. P., ET AL. 2010. Bats of the tropical lowlands of western Ecuador. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 57: 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2010">Carrera et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFB21FF03FAF1D2E5" author="LOAIZA, C. R." box="[1250,1382,203,226]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="78 - 84" refId="ref6152" refString="LOAIZA, C. R. 2010. Primer registro de Artibeus fraterculus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) en una zona de matorral humedo montano en la provincia de Loja, Ecuador. Boletin Tecnico 9, Serie Zoologica 6: 78 - 84." type="journal article" year="2010">Loaiza 2010</bibRefCitation>
; Tirira 2012; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFC8BFF23FC6DD305" author="SALAS, J. A. &amp; S. F. BURNEO &amp; F. VITERI &amp; R. CARVAJAL" box="[840,1018,235,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="1218 - 1222" refId="ref7645" refString="SALAS, J. A., S. F. BURNEO, F. VITERI, AND R. CARVAJAL. 2014. First record of the pale-faced bat Phylloderma stenops Peters 1865 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in the province of Guayas, Southwest Ecuador. Check List 10: 1218 - 1222." type="journal article" year="2014">Salas et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
; Au Hing and Salas 2016), and apparently has no major threats (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFBCEFEC3FB4CD325" author="CARRERA, J. P. &amp; C. R. LOAIZA &amp; J. SALAS &amp; J. S. TELLO &amp; D. G. TIRIRA" box="[1037,1243,267,290]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" refId="ref5176" refString="CARRERA, J. P., C. R. LOAIZA, M. R. MARCHaN, J. SALAS, J. S. TELLO, AND D. G. TIRIRA. 2011. Murcielago frutero fraternal (Artibeus fraterculus) on Libro rojo de los mamiferos del Ecuador. Version 2011.1. http: // librorojo. mamiferosdelecuador. com. Accessed 14 June 2018." type="url" year="2011">Carrera et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A56EFFDFFAD7FEC3FAF8D325" box="[1300,1391,267,290]" name="Ecuador" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
, it has been recorded in many protected areas such as Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco, Estación Científica Pedro Franco Dávila, Área Nacional de Recreación 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A56EFFDFFB5FFEA3FB54D385" box="[1180,1219,363,386]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Isla</collectingCountry>
Santay, Reserva Ecológica Manglares Churute, Reserva de Producción de Fauna Manglares El Salado, Área Provincial de Productividad y Conservación El Retiro de Pucón, Ramsar Wetland Manglares Don Goyo, and Jardín Botánico de Guayaquil (Parker and Carr 1992; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFA68FE23FCEAD025" author="ALBUJA, L." pageId="4" pageNumber="71" refId="ref4682" refString="ALBUJA, L. 1999. Murcielagos del Ecuador. Segunda Edicion. Cicetronic Cia Ltda. Offset, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="1999">Albuja 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFC4DFDC3FB93D025" author="SALAS, J." box="[910,1028,523,546]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="73 - 81" refId="ref7493" refString="SALAS, J. 2007. Actualizacion y revision taxonomica de la coleccion de quiropteros y otros ordenes de mamiferos (Clase Mammalia), del Museo de CCNN de la Universidad de Guayaquil hasta el ano 2005. Revista de la Universidad de Guayaquil 104: 73 - 81." type="journal article" year="2007">Salas 2007</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFBD7FDC3FBDED025" author="SALAS, J." box="[1044,1097,523,546]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="397 - 402" refId="ref7544" refString="SALAS, J. 2008. Murcielagos del bosque protector Cerro Blanco (Guayas - Ecuador). Chiroptera Neotropical 14: 397 - 402." type="journal article" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFB9AFDC3FB19D025" author="SALAS, J." box="[1113,1166,523,546]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" refId="ref7570" refString="SALAS, J. 2010. Diversidad y ecologia de los quiropteros (Chiroptera), como indicadores del estado de conservacion de la Reserva de Produccion de Fauna &quot; Manglares El Salado &quot;. Master in science thesis, Universidad de Guayaquil / Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Guayaquil, Ecuador. http: // repositorio. ug. edu. ec / handle / redug / 738. Accessed 30 July 2014." type="url" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFB5DFDC3FAFCD025" author="CARRERA, J. P." box="[1182,1387,523,546]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref5247" refString="CARRERA, J. P., ET AL. 2010. Bats of the tropical lowlands of western Ecuador. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 57: 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2010">Carrera et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFAB8FDC3FCEAD045" author="SALAS, J. A. &amp; S. F. BURNEO &amp; F. VITERI &amp; R. CARVAJAL" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="1218 - 1222" refId="ref7645" refString="SALAS, J. A., S. F. BURNEO, F. VITERI, AND R. CARVAJAL. 2014. First record of the pale-faced bat Phylloderma stenops Peters 1865 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in the province of Guayas, Southwest Ecuador. Check List 10: 1218 - 1222." type="journal article" year="2014">Salas et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
), Parque Nacional Machalilla (Albuja and Muñoz 2000), Bosque Petrificado de Puyango y Reserva Ecológica Arenillas (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFC92FDA3FBBCD085" author="CARRERA, J. P." box="[849,1067,619,642]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref5247" refString="CARRERA, J. P., ET AL. 2010. Bats of the tropical lowlands of western Ecuador. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 57: 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="2010">Carrera et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
), Reserva Yunguilla (unpublished data), Reserva Natural Tumbezia - La Ceiba (Loja) (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFAFFFD43FA23D0A5" author="TIRIRA, D." box="[1340,1460,651,674]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" refId="ref7890" refString="TIRIRA, D. 2001. Evaluacion ecologica rapida de la mastofauna en los bosques secos de La Ceiba y Cordillera Aranitas, Provincia de Loja, Ecuador. Pp. 73 - 88 in Biodiversidad en los Bosques Secos del Suroccidente de la Provincia de Loja: Un reporte de las evaluaciones ecologicas y socioeconomicas rapidas (M. A. Vasquez, M. Larrea, L. Suarez, and P. Ojeda, eds.). Ecociencia, Ministerio del Ambiente, Herbario LOJA y Proyecto Bosque Seco, Quito, Ecuador." type="book" year="2001">Tirira 2001</bibRefCitation>
), and Reserva Laipuna; in 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A56EFFDFFBE0FD63FBC3D0C5" box="[1059,1108,683,706]" name="Peru" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Peru</collectingCountry>
at Parque Nacional Cerros de Amotape (
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) (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFC7DFD03FB1AD0E5" author="PACHECO, V., R. &amp; CADENILLAS, S. &amp; VELAZCO, E. &amp; SALAS, AND &amp; U. FAJARDO" box="[958,1165,715,738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="409 - 422" refId="ref6994" refString="PACHECO, V., R. CADENILLAS, S. VELAZCO, E. SALAS, AND U. FAJARDO. 2007. Noteworthy bat records from the Pacific tropical rainforest region and adjacent dry forest in northwestern Peru. Acta Chiropterologica 9: 409 - 422." type="journal article" year="2007">Pacheco et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFB58FD03FAC0D0E5" author="NOVOA, S. &amp; R. CADENILLAS &amp; V. PACHECO" box="[1179,1367,715,738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" pagination="81 - 93" refId="ref6755" refString="NOVOA, S., R. CADENILLAS, AND V. PACHECO. 2011. Dispersion de semillas por murcielagos frugivoros en bosques del Parque Nacional Cerros de Amotape, Tumbes, Peru. Mastozoologia Neotropical 18: 81 - 93." type="journal article" year="2011">Novoa et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="871B36C6A56EFFDFFCB0FD23FC5DD6C5" blockId="4.[838,1525,203,1218]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">
Currently, this species is listed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red List of Threatened Species as “Least Concern” because of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category (Molinari and Aguirre 2015). Although 
<collectingCountry id="FFB37656A56EFFDFFC84FC63FC37D1C5" box="[839,928,939,962]" name="Ecuador" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
also listed it as “Least Concern” (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFADBFC63FA74D1C5" author="CARRERA, J. P. &amp; C. R. LOAIZA &amp; J. SALAS &amp; J. S. TELLO &amp; D. G. TIRIRA" box="[1304,1507,939,962]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" refId="ref5176" refString="CARRERA, J. P., C. R. LOAIZA, M. R. MARCHaN, J. SALAS, J. S. TELLO, AND D. G. TIRIRA. 2011. Murcielago frutero fraternal (Artibeus fraterculus) on Libro rojo de los mamiferos del Ecuador. Version 2011.1. http: // librorojo. mamiferosdelecuador. com. Accessed 14 June 2018." type="url" year="2011">Carrera et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
), one recent survey determined concentrations of lead (Pb) in several urban bat species, in Guayaquil (Guayas-Ecuador), and have found high values in 
<taxonomicName id="40A44D45A56EFFDFFBDCFBC3FB39D625" authorityName=": Marques-Aguiar" authorityYear="1994" box="[1055,1198,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFBDCFBC3FB39D625" box="[1055,1198,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">A. fraterculus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from soft tissue such as lungs, heart, liver, pancreas, and kidneys (
<emphasis id="B5D0EAD4A56EFFDFFB02FBE4FA8FD645" box="[1217,1304,1067,1091]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="71">X ± SD</emphasis>
) (5.7 ± 
<quantity id="405C9B23A56EFFDFFAA9FBE3FA55D645" box="[1386,1474,1067,1090]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.96" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" unit="mg" value="1.96">1.96 mg</quantity>
/kg), and single individual presented an extraordinarily high value of 128,52 mg/kg in bone tissue (
<bibRefCitation id="E3354B37A56EFFDFFB53FBA3FAABD685" author="BAQUERIZO, M." box="[1168,1340,1131,1154]" pageId="4" pageNumber="71" refId="ref4968" refString="BAQUERIZO, M. 2016. Cuantificacion de Plomo (Pb) en el ensamble de Murcielagos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) de la ciudad de Guayaquil y zonas aledanas (Guayas-Ecuador). Bachelor thesis, Universidad de Guayaquil / Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Guayaquil, Ecuador. http: // repositorio. ug. edu. ec / handle / redug / 13527. Accessed 3 May 2018." type="url" year="2016">Baquerizo 2016</bibRefCitation>
), so the concentration of heavy metals should be considered as a new threat for this species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</subSection>
</treatment>
</document>