700 lines
115 KiB
XML
700 lines
115 KiB
XML
<document id="A2CF82D60EDE6657A7650490EDE3E5AB" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.194942" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ebd5aa3c-6d5b-4720-a5a8-f6ebaf3dff66" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="194942" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460219771126" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="De, Francisco J." docDate="2010" docId="03F787AFFFAC8911D582FDD87D6AC7CC" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02440p017.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2440" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis De, 2010, comb. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="FFCEFFD7FFAF891DD515FFA57E0CC52E" masterDocTitle="Morphological and systematic reassessment of † Knightia brasiliensis Woodward, 1939 (Teleostei: Clupeiformes) from the Pliocene of Parnaíba Basin, northeastern Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="17" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1698237521598" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="11A9B90D018427C102A40D2B20F5F22C">Morphological and systematic reassessment of † Knightia brasiliensis Woodward, 1939 (Teleostei: Clupeiformes) from the Pliocene of Parnaíba Basin, northeastern Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="517460E0AEA8AC731CD5B7C1372AF66D" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="94A3BEA320658DA2DF69102C8846915F">De, Francisco J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="0A7395ACEEA05FD481EED17F2C17CF58">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="D3B968D10F66B4D0DDEB19222A8488FD">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="904A22532B231E733AA4A1D93DE2DAC0">
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<mods:date id="F5A64A655D5C9BBACCD4856D79A2CE70">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="6779D26E78A601EFDA764D0C593FCE7A" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="A8EAC3BA7F424DA75FB6F03F3BB60689">2440</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="0ACC5B3B74C8FE6B00A74AD3513B7DD2">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="4DFDC8BA8BB5431A2641D251DEA89174">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6FC960A3D9581FD5A1295C6EDBC977B8" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.194942</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6DAD8420163F6F35A946AA41590F1E35" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="89D389C3D964B355BBE7BF2FF777ABDF" type="Zenodo-Dep">194942</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F787AFFFAC8911D582FDD87D6AC7CC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6200377" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119385079" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6200377" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F787AFFFAC8911D582FDD87D6AC7CC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F787AFFFAC8911D582FDD87D6AC7CC" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection id="C3446532FFAC891ED582FDD87F39C794" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAC891ED582FDD87C86C7B9" blockId="3.[151,650,637,698]" box="[151,650,637,663]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<heading id="D0A981D5FFAC891ED582FDD87C86C7B9" bold="true" box="[151,650,637,663]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED582FDD87C86C7B9" bold="true" box="[151,650,637,663]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFAC891ED5B0FDD87FFAC7B9" box="[165,502,637,663]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Paleopiquitinga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis" status="comb. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED5B0FDD87FFAC7B9" bold="true" box="[165,502,637,663]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21957D0FFAC891ED711FDD87C86C7B9" box="[516,650,637,663]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAC891ED582FD057F39C794" blockId="3.[151,650,637,698]" box="[151,309,672,698]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFAC891ED58AFD057F20C794" box="[159,300,672,698]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStart-6="FIGURE 7" captionStart-7="FIGURE 8" captionStart-8="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="4.[151,255,1271,1295]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionStartId-3="5.[151,258,1411,1435]" captionStartId-4="6.[151,255,1300,1324]" captionStartId-5="7.[151,255,1045,1069]" captionStartId-6="7.[151,255,1588,1612]" captionStartId-7="8.[151,255,1003,1027]" captionStartId-8="8.[151,255,1901,1925]" captionTargetBox-0="[415,1174,197,1247]" captionTargetBox-1="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetBox-2="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetBox-3="[438,1149,894,1382]" captionTargetBox-4="[285,1295,281,1270]" captionTargetBox-5="[437,1151,204,1014]" captionTargetBox-6="[451,1141,1160,1558]" captionTargetBox-7="[515,1070,461,969]" captionTargetBox-8="[363,1222,1105,1865]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetId-3="figure@5.[432,1156,893,1389]" captionTargetId-4="figure@6.[278,1308,269,1280]" captionTargetId-5="figure@7.[430,1157,197,1022]" captionTargetId-6="figure@7.[443,1144,1152,1566]" captionTargetId-7="figure@8.[511,1076,448,977]" captionTargetId-8="figure@8.[352,1234,1079,1880]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="5" captionTargetPageId-4="6" captionTargetPageId-5="7" captionTargetPageId-6="7" captionTargetPageId-7="8" captionTargetPageId-8="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. A. Photo of DGM 50. Scale bar = 1 cm; B. Photo of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 1 cm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Restoration of posterior neurocranium showing recessus lateralis and associated structures, scale bar = 0.3 cm." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Neurocranium, suspensorium, and hyoidean bones of DGM 44, scale bar = 0.3 cm." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Vertebral column and associated structures in the abdominal region as seen in DGM 32, scale bar = 0.5 cm." captionText-6="FIGURE 7. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Dorsal fin and endoskeletal support of DGM 32, scale bar = 0.3 cm." captionText-7="FIGURE 8. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Preural vertebrae and anal fin of DGM 33, scale bar = 0.3 cm." captionText-8="FIGURE 9. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Restoration of caudal endoeskeleton, based on DGM 37, scale bar = 0.1 cm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/194943/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/194946/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/194947/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/194948/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/194949/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/194950/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/194951/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figures 1–9</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3446532FFAC891ED582FD4F7F6BC62F" box="[151,359,746,769]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAC891ED582FD4F7F6BC62F" blockId="3.[151,1005,746,929]" box="[151,359,746,769]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Selected synonymy</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3446532FFAC891ED582FCAF7DE1C68F" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAC891ED582FCAF7CB7C66F" blockId="3.[151,1005,746,929]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4E1197FFAC891ED582FCAF7CB7C66F" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFAC891ED5B1FCAF7C75C60F" authority="Woodward, 1939: 450" authorityName="Woodward" authorityPageNumber="450" authorityYear="1939" box="[164,633,778,801]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" genus="Knightia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
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<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED5B1FCAF7F8FC60F" box="[164,387,778,801]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Knightia brasiliensis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFF10A8FFAC891ED49FFCAF7C75C60F" author="Woodward" box="[394,633,778,801]" page="450" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1939">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFAC891ED49FFCAF7C48C60F" author="Woodward" box="[394,580,778,801]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" refString="Woodward, A. S. (1939) Tertiary fossil fishes from Maranhao, Brazil. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 11 (3), 450 - 453." type="journal article" year="1939">Woodward, 1939</bibRefCitation>
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: 450
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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–451, Pl. 16, figures 1 e 2. †
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFAC891ED5B1FC8F7C3AC66F" authority="Santos, 1946: 1" authorityName="Santos" authorityPageNumber="1" authorityYear="1946" box="[164,566,810,833]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" genus="Knightia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
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<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED5B1FC8F7F8FC66F" box="[164,387,810,833]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Knightia brasiliensis</emphasis>
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:
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<treatmentCitation id="0AFF10A8FFAC891ED484FC8F7C3AC66F" author="Santos" box="[401,566,810,833]" page="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1946">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFAC891ED484FC8F7C12C66F" author="Santos" box="[401,542,810,833]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" refString="Santos, R. S. (1946) Uma nova especie de characideo do Terciario do Maranhao, Brasil. Notas Preliminares e Estudos DGM, Rio de Janeiro, 36, 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1946">Santos, 1946</bibRefCitation>
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: 1
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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(quotation).
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAC891ED582FCEF7CE0C64F" blockId="3.[151,1005,746,929]" box="[151,748,842,865]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFAC891ED5B1FCEF7C64C64F" authority="Schaeffer, 1947: 20" authorityName="Schaeffer" authorityPageNumber="20" authorityYear="1947" box="[164,616,842,865]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" genus="Knightia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
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<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED5B1FCEF7F8FC64F" box="[164,387,842,865]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Knightia brasiliensis</emphasis>
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: Schaeffer, 1947: 20
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</taxonomicName>
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(quotation).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAC891ED582FCCF7DE1C68F" blockId="3.[151,1005,746,929]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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†
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<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED5B1FCCF7F99C6AF" box="[164,405,874,897]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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‘Knightia’
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFAC891ED40FFCCF7F99C6AF" authority="Grande, 1982: 15" authorityName="Grande" authorityPageNumber="15" authorityYear="1982" box="[282,405,874,897]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" genus="Knightia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFAC891ED4B6FCCF7C34C6AF" author="Grande" box="[419,568,874,897]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" refString="Grande, L. (1982) A revision of the fossil genus † Knightia, with a description of a new genus from the Green River Formation (Teleostei, Clupeidae). American Museum Novitates, 2731, 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1982">Grande, 1982</bibRefCitation>
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: 15 (comments on taxonomic position). †‘
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFAC891ED5B8FC2F7F06C68F" ID-CoL="58KN" box="[173,266,906,929]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" genus="Knightia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED5B8FC2F7F06C68F" box="[173,266,906,929]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Knightia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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’
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFAC891ED40FFC2F7C66C68F" authority="Grande, 1985: 319" authorityName="Grande" authorityPageNumber="319" authorityYear="1985" box="[282,618,906,929]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" genus="Knightia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
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<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED40FFC2F7F99C68F" box="[282,405,906,929]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">brasiliensis</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFAC891ED4B6FC2F7C34C68F" author="Grande" box="[419,568,906,929]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" refString="Grande, L. (1985) Recent and fossil clupeomorph fishes with materials for revision of the subgroups of clupeoids. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 181, 231 - 372." type="journal article" year="1985">Grande, 1985</bibRefCitation>
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: 319
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</taxonomicName>
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(comments on taxonomic position).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3446532FFAC891ED582FC6A7FBFC6C4" box="[151,435,975,1002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAC891ED582FC6A7FBFC6C4" blockId="3.[151,1437,975,1972]" box="[151,435,975,1002]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED582FC6A7F1BC6C7" bold="true" box="[151,279,975,1001]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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as for genus.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3446532FFAC891ED5D3FC507D4EC121" box="[198,834,1013,1039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAC891ED5D3FC507D4EC121" blockId="3.[151,1437,975,1972]" box="[198,834,1013,1039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED5D3FC507FA2C121" bold="true" box="[198,430,1013,1039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Referred material.</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED4FAE7CFFAC891ED4A3FC507FF6C121" box="[438,506,1013,1039]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/k5hr-hisv" name="Divisao de Geologia c Mineralogia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">DGM</collectionCode>
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32,
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<collectionCode id="ED4FAE7CFFAC891ED738FC507C7DC121" box="[557,625,1013,1039]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/k5hr-hisv" name="Divisao de Geologia c Mineralogia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">DGM</collectionCode>
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33,
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<collectionCode id="ED4FAE7CFFAC891ED7B0FC507CE6C121" box="[677,746,1013,1039]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/k5hr-hisv" name="Divisao de Geologia c Mineralogia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">DGM</collectionCode>
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45–59.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3446532FFAC8911D5D3FBBF7D6AC7CC" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAC891ED5D3FBBF7A19C18A" blockId="3.[151,1437,975,1972]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED5D3FBBF7F4CC11A" bold="true" box="[198,320,1050,1076]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Remarks.</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFAC891ED45CFBBF7C2CC11A" author="Woodward" box="[329,544,1050,1076]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" refString="Woodward, A. S. (1939) Tertiary fossil fishes from Maranhao, Brazil. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 11 (3), 450 - 453." type="journal article" year="1939">Woodward (1939)</bibRefCitation>
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figured only two specimens (DGM 32 and 33) in his original description, but he did not designate a
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<typeStatus id="54E5881BFFAC891ED4DEFBE57C39C174" box="[459,565,1088,1114]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
. It is not possible to determine which specimens he effectively used in the original description. Therefore, DGM 33 is considered herein as
|
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<typeStatus id="54E5881BFFAC891ED6D5FBC07A3DC151" box="[960,1073,1125,1151]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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and all remaining specimens collected by the late geologist Josalfredo Borges, in 1936, as
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<typeStatus id="54E5881BFFAC891ED671FB2F7A1DC18A" box="[868,1041,1162,1188]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAC891ED5D3FB0A7D7FC084" blockId="3.[151,1437,975,1972]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED5D3FB0A7C02C1E7" bold="true" box="[198,526,1199,1225]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Locality and stratigraphy.</emphasis>
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The precise site where the specimens were collected is uncertain. According to
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFAC891ED5ADFB707F97C1C1" author="Woodward" box="[184,411,1237,1263]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" refString="Woodward, A. S. (1939) Tertiary fossil fishes from Maranhao, Brazil. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 11 (3), 450 - 453." type="journal article" year="1939">Woodward (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, it was on left bank of Parnaíba River at Vila de Nova Iorque, State of Maranhão. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFAC891ED40CFB5F7FD3C03A" author="Oliveira" box="[281,479,1274,1300]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" refString="Oliveira, P. E. de. (1936) Relatorio annual do Diretor; anno de 1936. Ministerio da Agricultura, Departamento Nacional da Producao Mineral, Rio de Janeiro, 148 pp." type="book" year="1936">Oliveira (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
furnished more complete information based on field notes of the geologist Josalfredo Borges who collected all specimens available. He described the outcrop as having an extension of approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CA69B5CFFAC891ED44BFAE07F9AC071" box="[350,406,1349,1375]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="35.0">35m</quantity>
|
||
and composed of a sequence of five distinct beds. In a lower bed (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED003FAE07B33C070" box="[1302,1343,1349,1374]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CA69B5CFFAC891ED05DFAE07B83C071" box="[1352,1423,1349,1375]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="0.8">0,8m</quantity>
|
||
), corresponding to the third (top to bottom) bed of that sequence, composed of greenish shales, many smallsized fishes were found, mainly †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFAC891ED734FA357D60C087" box="[545,876,1424,1449]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Paleopiquitinga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED734FA357D60C087" box="[545,876,1424,1449]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAC891ED5D1FA107B15C0DA" blockId="3.[151,1437,975,1972]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFAC891ED5D1FA107F72C0E1" author="Oliveira" box="[196,382,1461,1487]" pageId="3" pageNumber="17" refString="Oliveira, P. E. de. (1936) Relatorio annual do Diretor; anno de 1936. Ministerio da Agricultura, Departamento Nacional da Producao Mineral, Rio de Janeiro, 148 pp." type="book" year="1936">Oliveira (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported “lots of specimens” were obtained from the Nova Iorque beds. So far, 65% of this collection have been assigned to the clupeid †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFAC891ED7F7FA7E7B18C0DA" authority="Melo et al., 2005" authorityName="Melo et al." authorityYear="2005" box="[738,1300,1498,1524]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Paleopiquitinga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED7F7FA7E7A21C0DA" box="[738,1069,1499,1524]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFAC891ED128FA7F7B00C0DA" author="Melo" box="[1085,1292,1498,1524]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" refString="Melo, D. J. de; Silva, R. C. G. da; Moura, A. A. P.; Cassab, R. T. & Carvalho, M. S. S. de. (2005) Fosseis da localidade de Nova Iorque, Maranhao, no acervo do Museu de Ciencias da Terra / Departamento Nacional da Producao Mineral. Anuario do Instituto de Geociencias-UFRJ, 28 (1), 181 - 182." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Melo
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED191FA7E7ABBC0DA" box="[1156,1207,1499,1524]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAC891ED5D1F9A57B15C3D4" blockId="3.[151,1437,975,1972]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFAC891ED428F9A57C15C334" box="[317,537,1536,1562]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" refString="Melo, D. J. de; Silva, R. C. G. da; Moura, A. A. P.; Cassab, R. T. & Carvalho, M. S. S. de. (2005) Fosseis da localidade de Nova Iorque, Maranhao, no acervo do Museu de Ciencias da Terra / Departamento Nacional da Producao Mineral. Anuario do Instituto de Geociencias-UFRJ, 28 (1), 181 - 182." type="journal article">
|
||
Melo
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED491F9A57FCEC337" box="[388,450,1536,1561]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
claimed MCTer/DNPM housed all material coming from the Nova Iorque beds, according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFAC891ED46DF9807C12C311" author="Grande" box="[376,542,1573,1599]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" refString="Grande, L. (1982) A revision of the fossil genus † Knightia, with a description of a new genus from the Green River Formation (Teleostei, Clupeidae). American Museum Novitates, 2731, 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1982">Grande (1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFAC891ED73EF9807C6BC311" author="Grande" box="[555,615,1573,1599]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" refString="Grande, L. (1985) Recent and fossil clupeomorph fishes with materials for revision of the subgroups of clupeoids. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 181, 231 - 372." type="journal article" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) eight specimens of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFAC891ED678F9807A69C310" box="[877,1125,1573,1598]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Knigthia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED678F9807A69C310" box="[877,1125,1573,1598]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Knigthia brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are currently deposited in the paleontological collection of the Natural History Museum of London. This may be due to the fact that the material was donated to institution by the late Eusebio Paulo de Oliveira (Director of DNPM in the 1930s) in a reward for valuable contributions by Arthur Smith Woodward to Brazilian paleontology, particularly in describing taxa coming from Maranhão. More recently, some researchers have obtained stratigraphic data from pollen indicating a Pliocene age for the Nova Iorque beds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFAC891ED69CF9457A19C3D4" author="Lima" box="[905,1045,1760,1786]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" refString="Lima, M. R. (1991) Estudo palinologico das " camadas Nova Iorque ", Terciario do Estado do Maranhao. In: Congresso Brasileiro de Paleontologia. 12. Boletim dos Resumos, Sao Paulo. 45 p." type="book" year="1991">Lima, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFAC891ED134F9457B00C3D4" author="Goes" box="[1057,1292,1760,1786]" pageId="3" pageNumber="16" refString="Goes, A. M. O. & Feijo, F. J. (1994) Bacia do Parnaiba. Boletim de Geociencias da Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro, 8 (1), 57 - 68." type="journal article" year="1994">Góes & Feijó, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAC891ED5D3F8A07DF7C29A" blockId="3.[151,1437,975,1972]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAC891ED5D3F8A07CB9C231" bold="true" box="[198,693,1797,1823]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Descriptive morphology. Cranial bones</emphasis>
|
||
. Although many specimens were examined, DGM 38, 44 and 50 show the best skull preservation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFAC891ED77DF88F7CEFC26A" box="[616,739,1834,1860]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="4.[151,255,1271,1295]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionStartId-3="5.[151,258,1411,1435]" captionStartId-4="6.[151,255,1300,1324]" captionTargetBox-0="[415,1174,197,1247]" captionTargetBox-1="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetBox-2="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetBox-3="[438,1149,894,1382]" captionTargetBox-4="[285,1295,281,1270]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetId-3="figure@5.[432,1156,893,1389]" captionTargetId-4="figure@6.[278,1308,269,1280]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="5" captionTargetPageId-4="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. A. Photo of DGM 50. Scale bar = 1 cm; B. Photo of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 1 cm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Restoration of posterior neurocranium showing recessus lateralis and associated structures, scale bar = 0.3 cm." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Neurocranium, suspensorium, and hyoidean bones of DGM 44, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/194943/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/194946/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/194947/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 1–5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ethmoidal region comprises a relatively elongate mesethmoid bone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFAC891ED463F8F57FB7C244" box="[374,443,1872,1898]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) bearing a pair of prominent bell-shaped lateral processes forwardly inclined to meet the palatine. There is a short and prominent anterodorsal spine-like process separating deep lateral fossae for lodging the ascending process of premaxilla and articular head of maxilla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF216631FFAB8919D582FB527FAAC001" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194943/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[415,1174,197,1247]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAB8919D582FB527FAAC001" blockId="4.[151,1436,1271,1327]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAB8919D582FB527F14C021" bold="true" box="[151,280,1271,1295]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFAB8919D439FB5D7C55C021" box="[300,601,1272,1295]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Paleopiquitinga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAB8919D439FB5D7C55C021" box="[300,601,1272,1295]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A.Photo of DGM 50. Scale bar=1cm; B. Photo of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar=1cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF216631FFAB8919D582F8387F58C2FA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAB8919D582F8387F58C2FA" blockId="4.[151,1435,1949,2004]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAB8919D582F8387F15C29B" bold="true" box="[151,281,1949,1973]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFAB8919D438F83B7C56C29B" box="[301,602,1950,1973]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Paleopiquitinga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAB8919D438F83B7C56C29B" box="[301,602,1950,1973]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar= 0,5cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF216631FFAA8918D582FC967DF7C664" box="[151,1019,819,843]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAA8918D582FC967DF7C664" blockId="5.[151,1019,819,843]" box="[151,1019,819,843]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAA8918D582FC967F15C665" bold="true" box="[151,281,819,843]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFAA8918D421FC967C6DC664" box="[308,609,819,842]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Paleopiquitinga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAA8918D421FC967C6DC664" box="[308,609,819,842]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF216631FFAA8918D582FA267C48C094" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194946/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[438,1149,894,1382]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAA8918D582FA267C48C094" blockId="5.[151,1436,1411,1466]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAA8918D582FA267F13C0B5" bold="true" box="[151,287,1411,1435]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFAA8918D429FA267C74C0B4" box="[316,632,1411,1434]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Paleopiquitinga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAA8918D429FA267C74C0B4" box="[316,632,1411,1434]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Restoration of posterior neurocranium showing
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFAA8918D1BFFA267B60C0B4" box="[1194,1388,1411,1434]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">recessus lateralis</emphasis>
|
||
and associated structures, scale bar = 0.3cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAA8918D5D1FA467A75C30C" blockId="5.[151,1437,1507,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The vomer is partially known in lateral view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFAA8918D7EEFA467D4BC0D3" box="[763,839,1507,1533]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is edentulous. The sharp posterior process is lodged in an anteroventral groove of parasphenoid placed anterior to lateral ethmoid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAA8918D5D1F98B7C84C396" blockId="5.[151,1437,1507,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The lateral ethmoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFAA8918D4AAF98B7C19C366" box="[447,533,1582,1608]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFAA8918D737F98B7C3EC366" box="[546,562,1582,1608]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFAA8918D754F98B7C5CC366" box="[577,592,1582,1608]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1300,1324]" captionTargetBox="[285,1295,281,1270]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[278,1308,269,1280]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Neurocranium, suspensorium, and hyoidean bones of DGM 44, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194947/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">5</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a delicate anvil-shaped bone corresponding to a large perichondral shield. It forms the anterior limit of the orbit and tapers in a sharp posteroventral process. The bone does not reach the level of the parasphenoid so that among mesethmoid, lateral ethmoid and vomer there is a large space probably filled with cartilage in life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAA8918D5D1F9667D1FC206" blockId="5.[151,1437,1507,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The nasal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFAA8918D45FF9667F93C3F3" box="[330,415,1731,1757]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFAA8918D4BBF9667FB1C3F3" box="[430,445,1731,1757]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a short and tubular bone flanking the mesethmoid along most of its extension. Practically, it is reduced to a neurodermal component, showing a thin longitudinal tubular relief containing the anteriormost portion of the supraorbital sensory canal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFAA8918D5D1F8967B90C2CC" blockId="5.[151,1437,1507,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The skull roof is relatively long and wide, and lacks anterior and posterior fontanels at the midline. A pair of frontals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFAA8918D435F8FD7F83C25C" box="[288,399,1880,1906]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,258,1411,1435]" captionStartId-3="6.[151,255,1300,1324]" captionTargetBox-0="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetBox-1="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetBox-2="[438,1149,894,1382]" captionTargetBox-3="[285,1295,281,1270]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[432,1156,893,1389]" captionTargetId-3="figure@6.[278,1308,269,1280]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Restoration of posterior neurocranium showing recessus lateralis and associated structures, scale bar = 0.3 cm." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Neurocranium, suspensorium, and hyoidean bones of DGM 44, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/194946/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/194947/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2–5</figureCitation>
|
||
) corresponds to the main tectorial component of the orbit. Each one is narrow above the orbit, becoming widely expanded behind it to produce an extensive temporal shield, which covers a large part of the otic region and separates autosphenotic of pterotic externally. The midline region between frontals is depressed and smooth whereas underlying parts are deeper and ornamented with delicate longitudinal ridges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA9891BD582FF3D7D1DC5F9" blockId="6.[151,1436,152,215]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Frontal extends backwards until reach supraoccipital and parietals. Each frontal forms together with parietal the medial limit of a deeply excavated temporal fossa.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF216631FFA9891BD582FAB17EECC062" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194947/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[285,1295,281,1270]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA9891BD582FAB17EECC062" blockId="6.[151,1436,1300,1356]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA9891BD582FAB17F16C002" bold="true" box="[151,282,1300,1324]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFA9891BD420FAB07C6FC002" box="[309,611,1301,1324]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Paleopiquitinga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA9891BD420FAB07C6FC002" box="[309,611,1301,1324]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Neurocranium, suspensorium, and hyoidean bones of DGM 44, scale bar = 0.3cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA9891BD5D1FAD07DCCC0F4" blockId="6.[151,1437,1397,2020]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Anterior to orbit, the supraorbital sensory canal extends along the frontal in a deep groove. Above the orbit, the trajectory of canal is hardly noted on surface by an obscure longitudinal tube. Posterior to orbit, the canal is totally bone-enclosed and does not show any exit on surface.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA9891BD5D1FA407F99C341" blockId="6.[151,1437,1397,2020]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The parietals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA9891BD464FA407FCAC0D1" box="[369,454,1509,1535]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA9891BD4C1FA407FE9C0D1" box="[468,485,1509,1535]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,258,1411,1435]" captionTargetBox="[438,1149,894,1382]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[432,1156,893,1389]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Restoration of posterior neurocranium showing recessus lateralis and associated structures, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194946/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4</figureCitation>
|
||
, and 5) are transversely subrectangular bones weakly ornamented of striae and grooves radiating from the centers of growth. Medially, they are separated by an outgrowth of supraoccipital and each one meets the pterotic laterally. The parietal forms, together with the pterotic, the posterolateral limit of the temporal fossa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA9891BD5D1F9DF7C65C22A" blockId="6.[151,1437,1397,2020]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The posterolateral portion of parietal meets the epioccipital through a long and sinuous contact. Both contribute to the limits of a pre-epioccipital fossa whose structural pattern resembles that of the alosine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFA9891BD582F9607F19C3F0" box="[151,277,1733,1758]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Brevoortia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA9891BD582F9607F19C3F0" box="[151,277,1733,1758]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brevoortia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(pers. obs.). The supratemporal commissure extends along a great part of the parietal near surface continuing into supraoccipital medially.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA9891BD5D1F8B57FDDC2B4" blockId="6.[151,1437,1397,2020]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The autosphenotic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA9891BD4A1F8B57C06C204" box="[436,522,1808,1834]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA9891BD70DF8B57C26C204" box="[536,554,1808,1834]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,258,1411,1435]" captionTargetBox="[438,1149,894,1382]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[432,1156,893,1389]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Restoration of posterior neurocranium showing recessus lateralis and associated structures, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194946/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4</figureCitation>
|
||
, and 5) is a large and falcate bone forming the posterodorsal limit of the orbit. Posterolaterally the bone produces a deflected autosphenotic spine. This bone contributes with a small part for the anterior hyomandibular facet. The site corresponding to the dilator fossa is very expanded and totally exposed on surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA9891BD5D1F8007A0CC2CA" blockId="6.[151,1437,1397,2020]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The pterotic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA9891BD472F8007FA3C291" box="[359,431,1957,1983]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a trapezoid bone in lateral view. Medially, it meets the parietal for producing an anterior flange, which contributes to the lateral limit of the temporal fossa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF216631FFA8891AD582FBB07FE5C163" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194948/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[437,1151,204,1014]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA8891AD582FBB07FE5C163" blockId="7.[151,1436,1045,1101]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA8891AD582FBB07F17C103" bold="true" box="[151,283,1045,1069]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFA8891AD423FBB37C69C103" box="[310,613,1046,1069]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Paleopiquitinga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA8891AD423FBB37C69C103" box="[310,613,1046,1069]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Vertebral column and associated structures in the abdominal region as seen in DGM 32, scale bar = 0.5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF216631FFA8891AD582F9917B31C365" box="[151,1341,1588,1612]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194949/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[451,1141,1160,1558]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA8891AD582F9917B31C365" blockId="7.[151,1341,1588,1612]" box="[151,1341,1588,1612]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA8891AD582F9917F15C362" bold="true" box="[151,281,1588,1612]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFA8891AD438F9917C56C365" box="[301,602,1588,1611]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Paleopiquitinga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA8891AD438F9917C56C365" box="[301,602,1588,1611]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Dorsal fin and endoskeletal support of DGM 32, scale bar = 0.3 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA8891AD5D1F9317A9AC247" blockId="7.[151,1436,1684,2009]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3497629FFA8891AD5D1F9317EE9C380" box="[196,229,1684,1710]" name="American Samoa" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
in other clupeoids, the temporal sensory canal runs most of pterotic in a dilated bony tube near lateral border that promptly makes confluence with a large inner chamber, the so-called
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA8891AD145F91F7B10C3FD" box="[1104,1308,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">recessus lateralis</emphasis>
|
||
. From this chamber (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA8891AD41EF97A7F5FC3D7" box="[267,339,1759,1785]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,258,1411,1435]" captionTargetBox="[438,1149,894,1382]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[432,1156,893,1389]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Restoration of posterior neurocranium showing recessus lateralis and associated structures, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194946/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), there is an anterior opening for the temporal sensory canal (partially covered by frontal) that makes anastomosis with the infraorbital sensory canal. Nearby, there is a second opening, the so-called middle opening of the temporal sensory canal, which joins the preopercular sensory canal. The posterior opening of the temporal sensory canal for
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA8891AD714F8EA7CC0C246" box="[513,716,1871,1896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">recessus lateralis</emphasis>
|
||
is large and grooved anteroposteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA8891AD5D1F8D17D95C2F7" blockId="7.[151,1436,1684,2009]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The supraoccipital (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA8891AD4BAF8D17C0FC2A0" box="[431,515,1908,1934]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA8891AD705F8D17C2DC2A0" box="[528,545,1908,1934]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,258,1411,1435]" captionTargetBox="[438,1149,894,1382]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[432,1156,893,1389]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Restoration of posterior neurocranium showing recessus lateralis and associated structures, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194946/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">4</figureCitation>
|
||
, and 5) is a small subtriangular bone. It produces a very short and laminate anterior outgrowth but the supraoccipital process is unconspicuous. In DGM 35 and 50 this bone is better seen because it is slightly displaced from its usual anatomical position.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA78915D5D1FF3D7A13C5D2" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,402]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
An inverted L-shaped epioccipital (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA78915D774FF3D7CBCC59C" box="[609,688,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA78915D7FDFF3D7CF4C59C" box="[744,760,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,258,1411,1435]" captionTargetBox="[438,1149,894,1382]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[432,1156,893,1389]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Restoration of posterior neurocranium showing recessus lateralis and associated structures, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194946/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4</figureCitation>
|
||
) meets the parietal anteriorly and supraoccipital medially. In the confluence of limbs there is a reduced articular facet for receiving the anterodorsal process of posttemporal bone. Extrascapulars were not observed in any specimen examined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA78915D5D1FEAD7EE5C4BC" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,402]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The parasphenoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA78915D4BFFEAD7FF3C40C" box="[426,511,264,290]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA78915D719FEAD7C10C40C" box="[524,540,264,290]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3</figureCitation>
|
||
, and 5) is only seen in the orbital region; it is rectilinear and shafted along most of its extension, except in the posterior corner of orbit where is slightly arched. This bone lacks teeth on its oral border. A low median crest for membranous interorbital septum is visible at the midline of the orbital region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF216631FFA78915D582FC4E7B08C12C" box="[151,1284,1003,1027]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194950/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[515,1070,461,969]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA78915D582FC4E7B08C12C" blockId="8.[151,1284,1003,1027]" box="[151,1284,1003,1027]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA78915D582FC4E7F14C12D" bold="true" box="[151,280,1003,1027]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFA78915D438FC4E7C56C12C" box="[301,602,1003,1026]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Paleopiquitinga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA78915D438FC4E7C56C12C" box="[301,602,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Preural vertebrae and anal fin of DGM 33, scale bar = 0.3 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF216631FFA78915D582F8C87B96C2AA" box="[151,1434,1901,1925]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194951/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[363,1222,1105,1865]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA78915D582F8C87B96C2AA" blockId="8.[151,1434,1901,1925]" box="[151,1434,1901,1925]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA78915D582F8C87F16C2AB" bold="true" box="[151,282,1901,1925]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFA78915D438F8CB7C56C2AB" box="[301,602,1902,1925]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Paleopiquitinga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA78915D438F8CB7C56C2AB" box="[301,602,1902,1925]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Restoration of caudal endoeskeleton, based on DGM 37, scale bar = 0.1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA78914D5D3F8177A39C5F9" blockId="8.[151,1436,1970,2034]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,152,2007]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA78915D5D3F8177F7EC2E2" bold="true" box="[198,370,1970,1996]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Orbital bones</emphasis>
|
||
. The orbital region (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA78915D77FF8167CBFC2E3" box="[618,691,1971,1997]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA78915D7D5F8167CDCC2E3" box="[704,720,1971,1997]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3</figureCitation>
|
||
, and 5) is very large, corresponding to approximately 1/3 of head length. The sclerotic ring is not preserved in any specimen examined, indicating it is composed of very delicate and flimsy structures easily loss during fossilization. Yet orbital series is complete and relatively well preserved. It is composed of supraorbital, antorbital, and six infraorbital bones.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA68914D5D3FF477D7BC40C" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The lachrymal (first infraorbital,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D745FF477CAEC5D2" box="[592,674,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D7C8FF477CE0C5D2" box="[733,748,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a large and spatulate bone placed anterior to orbit and meeting an anamestic and reniform antorbital (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D7A9FEAD7D0DC40C" box="[700,769,264,290]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) dorsally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA68914D5D3FE887FEBC4BC" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The second infraorbital (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D4FBFE887C4DC469" box="[494,577,301,327]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D76BFE887C81C469" box="[638,653,301,327]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) is subrectangular; it is as long as the first infraorbital. The third infraorbital (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D439FEF77F72C442" box="[300,382,338,364]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D4ADFEF77FCBC442" box="[440,455,338,364]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) is trapezoidal, with well-developed laminar portion that reaches the dorsal border of quadrate posteroventrally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA68914D5D3FE387EFAC762" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The fourth infraorbital (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D4C9FE387C2DC499" box="[476,545,413,439]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a small and quadrangular bony plate. Although the fifth infraorbital bone is not entirely preserved in any specimen examined, judging by the gape between fourth and sixth infraorbital bones, it was probably similar in dimensions to fourth infraorbital bone. The sixth infraorbital (=dermosphenotic) is a reduced trapezoidal bone lying on the wing-like lateral outgrowth of the autosphenotic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D58AFD977EEBC762" box="[159,231,562,588]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA68914D5D1FDFD7A05C7B9" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">The infraorbital sensory canal extends along the infraorbital bones within a conspicuous bony tube near the orbital rim. There is no evidence of secondary tubules radiating from it.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA68914D5D1FD077F7FC7CC" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The supraorbital (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D48FFD077FEEC792" box="[410,482,674,700]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) is an elongate and fusiform bone lying on frontal laterally, in the anterodorsal corner of the orbit.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA68914D5D3FD487F45C602" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA68914D5D3FD487F46C629" bold="true" box="[198,330,749,775]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Upper jaw</emphasis>
|
||
. The dermal bones which form the upper jaw are: premaxilla, maxilla, and two supramaxillae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D58AFCB77EFDC602" box="[159,241,786,812]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D43CFCB77F35C602" box="[297,313,786,812]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA68914D5D1FC9D7FE3C659" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The premaxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D481FC9D7FE7C67C" box="[404,491,824,850]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D73FFC9D7C36C67C" box="[554,570,824,850]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a small triangular bone. It lacks teeth on oral border and shows a moderate symphyseal region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA68914D5D1FC277D07C6C9" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The maxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D44AFC277FBCC6B2" box="[351,432,898,924]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D4F2FC277FFAC6B2" box="[487,502,898,924]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) is very similar to that of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFA68914D624FC277A7AC6B2" authority="Arambourg, 1954" authorityName="Arambourg" authorityYear="1954" box="[817,1142,898,924]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Clupavus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pachycormiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA68914D624FC277DACC6B5" box="[817,928,898,923]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Clupavus</emphasis>
|
||
Arambourg, 1954
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFA68914D1A7FC277B51C6B2" author="Taverne" box="[1202,1373,898,924]" pageId="9" pageNumber="17" refString="Taverne, L., (1977) Osteologie de Clupavus maroccanus (Cretace Superieur du Maroc) et considerations sur la position systematique et les relations des Clupavidae au sein de l' ordre des clupeiformes sensu stricto. Geobios, 10, 697 - 722." type="journal article" year="1977">Taverne, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is short, with anterior half thin and elongate whereas posterior half is roughly elliptical. The anterior (cranial) process is relatively short as well as palatine condyle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA68914D5D1FC577B62C11C" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The anterior supramaxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D707FC577C6BC122" box="[530,615,1010,1036]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D7B1FC577CBFC122" box="[676,691,1010,1036]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a fusiform and low bone lying on anterodorsal margin of maxilla. The posterior supramaxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D75CFBBD7C96C11C" box="[585,666,1048,1074]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D7C6FBBD7CEEC11C" box="[723,738,1048,1074]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) is drop-like, with long and sharp anterodorsal process.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA68914D5D3FB987A64C1C2" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA68914D5D3FB987F46C179" bold="true" box="[198,330,1085,1111]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Lower jaw</emphasis>
|
||
. The lower jaw is relatively short and deep as usual in generalized clupeoids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D1CBFB987B2FC179" box="[1246,1315,1085,1111]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D049FB987B60C179" box="[1372,1388,1085,1111]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). In lateral view, it is composed of dentary, anguloarticular and retroarticular. The dentary (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D186FBC77AE8C152" box="[1171,1252,1122,1148]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D00BFBC77B21C152" box="[1310,1325,1122,1148]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) shows a relatively short and low symphyseal margin. Teeth are lacking on oral border. Posteriorly, the bone ascends abruptly for producing a deep coronoid process. The ventral margin of the bone is slightly convex and the mandibular sensory canal runs all its extension in a conspicuous straight bony tube.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA68914D5D1FB5D7DF7C0AC" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The anguloarticular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D4AEFB5D7C00C03C" box="[443,524,1272,1298]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D753FB5D7C59C03C" box="[582,597,1272,1298]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) has a short anterior laminate process for fitting onto posterior incisure of dentary and a deep articular facet for quadrate. The posterodorsal margin of the bone ascends abruptly producing a deep coronoid process. An outer pore for the mandibular sensory canal is visible in certain specimens (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA68914D437FACD7F40C0AF" box="[290,332,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
, DGM 38), a little beneath the articular facet for quadrate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA68914D5D1FA287D5AC0E2" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The retroarticular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D4B7FA287FF8C089" box="[418,500,1421,1447]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D738FA287C30C089" box="[557,572,1421,1447]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) is lodged in a recess of the ventral margin of anguloarticular anterior to the short and rounded postarticular process of the mandible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA68914D5D3FA727A26C34C" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA68914D5D3FA727F60C0DF" bold="true" box="[198,364,1495,1521]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Supensorium</emphasis>
|
||
. The mandibular suspensory is exposed in few specimens (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA68914D159FA7D7A62C0DF" box="[1100,1134,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">e.g</emphasis>
|
||
., DGM 44,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D01CFA7D7B58C0DC" box="[1289,1364,1496,1522]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1300,1324]" captionTargetBox="[285,1295,281,1270]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[278,1308,269,1280]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Neurocranium, suspensorium, and hyoidean bones of DGM 44, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194947/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The palatine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D41DFA587F5CC339" box="[264,336,1533,1559]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) is often hidden by the first infraorbital bone and dorsal edge of the lower jaw so that it is rarely seen. It is subtriangular, with ventral margin slightly convex and edentulous. There is a short and rounded anterodorsal process with reduced articular facet for the mesethmoid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA68914D5D1F9C87DB7C3FC" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The endopterygoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D4A4F9C87C0DC3A9" box="[433,513,1645,1671]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D72DF9C87C4BC3A9" box="[568,583,1645,1671]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1300,1324]" captionTargetBox="[285,1295,281,1270]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[278,1308,269,1280]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Neurocranium, suspensorium, and hyoidean bones of DGM 44, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194947/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a flimsy and oval shield forming the lateral floor of the orbit, flanking the parasphenoid. The underlying ectopterygoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D7EBF9377D5BC382" box="[766,855,1682,1708]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D670F9377D7AC382" box="[869,886,1682,1708]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3</figureCitation>
|
||
, and 5) is typically boomerang-shaped. It is toothless and meets the anterodorsal margin of quadrate backwardly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA68914D5D1F9787CB0C2A2" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The quadrate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D47BF9787FCEC3D9" box="[366,450,1757,1783]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D4DAF9787FD3C3D9" box="[463,479,1757,1783]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">3</figureCitation>
|
||
, and 5) is a triangular bone, well ossified, with dorsal margin almost straight and short posteroventral process. The articular condyle of quadrate is short but prominent, and it inclines forwards a little. The quadrate-mandible joint is placed beneath the anterior half of the orbit. Dorsally, the quadrate joins the large and trapezoidal metapterygoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D614F8E87D5FC249" box="[769,851,1869,1895]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1300,1324]" captionTargetBox="[285,1295,281,1270]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[278,1308,269,1280]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Neurocranium, suspensorium, and hyoidean bones of DGM 44, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194947/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). There is no fenestra between quadrate and metapterygoid as commonly found in alosines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA68914D5D1F83D7FCCC2F9" blockId="9.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The club-like symplectic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D4ECF83D7C4CC29C" box="[505,576,1944,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA68914D76FF83D7C85C29C" box="[634,649,1944,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1300,1324]" captionTargetBox="[285,1295,281,1270]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[278,1308,269,1280]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Neurocranium, suspensorium, and hyoidean bones of DGM 44, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194947/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5</figureCitation>
|
||
) is partially hidden by the dorsal margin of quadrate and is lodged in a short notch medially.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA58917D5D1FF3D7EDBC40F" blockId="10.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The hyomandibula (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA58917D4A4FF3D7C09C59C" box="[433,517,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA58917D707FF3D7C2EC59C" box="[530,546,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3</figureCitation>
|
||
, and 5) is narrow and deep, with a well-developed ventral process. It meets the otic portion of neurocranium through a unique and slightly inclined articular facet. The anterior membranous process is very reduced. The opercular process is short, stout, and placed in the upper third of the bone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA58917D5D1FE897CB5C4BF" blockId="10.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA58917D5D1FE897F81C468" bold="true" box="[196,397,300,326]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hyoidean bones</emphasis>
|
||
. Details of hyoidean bones (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA58917D7F5FE897D3EC468" box="[736,818,300,326]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA58917D678FE897D70C468" box="[877,892,300,326]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1300,1324]" captionTargetBox="[285,1295,281,1270]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[278,1308,269,1280]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Neurocranium, suspensorium, and hyoidean bones of DGM 44, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194947/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5</figureCitation>
|
||
) and associated structures are better observed in few specimens (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA58917D461FEF77F94C445" box="[372,408,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">i.e.</emphasis>
|
||
, DGM 44 and 47). The dorsal and ventral hypohyals are equidimensional and reniform bones, with external surface markedly convex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA58917D5D1FE397F70C708" blockId="10.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The anterior ceratohyal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA58917D4F2FE397C35C498" box="[487,569,412,438]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA58917D766FE397C8EC498" box="[627,642,412,438]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1300,1324]" captionTargetBox="[285,1295,281,1270]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[278,1308,269,1280]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Neurocranium, suspensorium, and hyoidean bones of DGM 44, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194947/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5</figureCitation>
|
||
) is approximately hourglass shaped and very compressed. It shows a deep longitudinal groove for lodging the hyoidean artery. Four short and spathiform branchiostegals, bearing ‘clupeoid projections’ (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFA58917D4C1FE437C91C72E" author="McAllister" box="[468,669,486,512]" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" refString="McAllister, D. E. (1968) Evolution of branchiostegals and classification of teleostome fishes. Bulletin of the National Museum of Canada, 221. 239 pp." type="book" year="1968">McAllister, 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) onto anteroventral border, insert in shallow foveae on the ventral margin of the bone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA58917D5D1FD947DEBC7BB" blockId="10.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">The posterior ceratohyal (see in DGM 47) is a small and triangular bone bearing only three elongate and falcate branchiostegals. Judging by the gape between the smooth surfaces of anterior and posterior ceratohyals, the contact between those bones probably was synchondral.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA58917D5D1FD047F15C7CE" blockId="10.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A nodular interhyal (see in DGM 47) is lodged in a notch sited on the posterodorsal corner of the posterior ceratohyal.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA58917D5D1FD4E7F60C604" blockId="10.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The urohyal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA58917D476FD4E7FA5C62B" box="[355,425,747,773]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1300,1324]" captionTargetBox="[285,1295,281,1270]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[278,1308,269,1280]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Neurocranium, suspensorium, and hyoidean bones of DGM 44, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194947/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a long shafted bone with low and capitate anterior end and a compressed and leaflike posterior one.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA58917D5D3FC907ACAC691" blockId="10.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA58917D5D3FC907F95C661" bold="true" box="[198,409,821,847]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Opercular bones</emphasis>
|
||
. The opercular series is complete (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA58917D62AFC907D85C661" box="[831,905,821,847]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA58917D682FC907DABC661" box="[919,935,821,847]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3</figureCitation>
|
||
, and 5). The preopercle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA58917D1CDFC907B2CC661" box="[1240,1312,821,847]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA58917D048FC907B60C661" box="[1373,1388,821,847]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,255,819,843]" captionTargetBox="[455,1130,219,790]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[449,1138,194,797]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Skull of DGM 38, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194945/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) is well developed, with subequal dorsal and ventral limbs. The preopercular sensory canal extends along the bone near the anterior margin in a conspicuous bony tube, which ends dorsally in a neurodermal spike. Secondary tubules derived from the main canal are not clearly distinguished on the surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA58917D5D1FC6F7AF9C127" blockId="10.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The subopercle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA58917D49EFC6F7FD8C6CA" box="[395,468,970,996]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a falcate bone; its depth is approximately one-third of the opercle depth. This bone shows an almost straight anterior border and a prominent finger-like anterodorsal process.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA58917D5D1FBB17F79C17A" blockId="10.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The interopercle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA58917D480FBB17FD7C100" box="[405,475,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a long triangular bone partially hidden by the ventral margin of the preopercle in all its extension.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA58917D5D1FBFA7CC1C1ED" blockId="10.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The opercle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA58917D476FBFA7FA6C157" box="[355,426,1119,1145]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA58917D4F0FBFA7FF8C157" box="[485,500,1119,1145]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1300,1324]" captionTargetBox="[285,1295,281,1270]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[278,1308,269,1280]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Neurocranium, suspensorium, and hyoidean bones of DGM 44, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194947/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">5</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a large and ovoid bone, of about twice deeper than long. It shows a strong vertical crest along the anterior margin and a deep notch (incisure) on anterodorsal corner like that found in many extant clupeoid fishes (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFA58917D709FB0C7CCCC1ED" author="Grande" box="[540,704,1193,1219]" pageId="10" pageNumber="16" refString="Grande, L. (1985) Recent and fossil clupeomorph fishes with materials for revision of the subgroups of clupeoids. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 181, 231 - 372." type="journal article" year="1985">Grande, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA58917D5D3FB6B7FAFC053" blockId="10.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA58917D5D3FB6B7B11C1C6" bold="true" box="[198,1309,1230,1256]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Vertebral column, pleural ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones and abdominal scutes</emphasis>
|
||
. The body was very compressed in life, judging by the fact that all specimens examined laterally preserved. There are 38 vertebrae (in contrast with 40 pointed out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFA58917D7A3FABC7D8AC01D" author="Woodward" box="[694,902,1305,1331]" pageId="10" pageNumber="17" refString="Woodward, A. S. (1939) Tertiary fossil fishes from Maranhao, Brazil. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 11 (3), 450 - 453." type="journal article" year="1939">Woodward, 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 23 abdominal and 15 caudal, including the urostyle. The vertebral column is almost straight (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA58917D7E4FA9B7D4AC076" box="[753,838,1342,1368]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1045,1069]" captionTargetBox="[437,1151,204,1014]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[430,1157,197,1022]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Vertebral column and associated structures in the abdominal region as seen in DGM 32, scale bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194948/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA58917D641FA9B7D69C076" box="[852,869,1342,1368]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1588,1612]" captionTargetBox="[451,1141,1160,1558]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[443,1144,1152,1566]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 7. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Dorsal fin and endoskeletal support of DGM 32, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194949/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">7</figureCitation>
|
||
), except for its anteriormost region, where it is clearly slightly arched.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA58917D5D1FA2C7C64C0C3" blockId="10.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Each vertebral centrum is structurally similar to an elongate spool with a well-developed median constriction. A thin sheet of autocentrum covers a thicker sheet of chordacentrum leaving a large gape corresponding to the notochordal canal.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA58917D5D1FA5D7C14C389" blockId="10.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The neural spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA58917D4BCFA5D7FFDC33C" box="[425,497,1528,1554]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1045,1069]" captionTargetBox="[437,1151,204,1014]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[430,1157,197,1022]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Vertebral column and associated structures in the abdominal region as seen in DGM 32, scale bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194948/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
) are bifid in the abdominal region, becoming medially co-ossified in a unique piece along most of caudal region. The caudal neural spines are as long and slender as haemal spines. Each parapophyses is moderately developed and bears the large proximal end of the pleural rib. The pleural ribs are very slender and slightly arched. They contact the anterodorsal margin of the sharp abdominal scutes and almost reach the ventral midline.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA58917D5D1F9177AE1C3DF" blockId="10.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">There are 11 prepelvic and eight postpelvic abdominal scutes. All scutes are triangular in shape and keeled ventrally as in generalized clupeid fishes. Posteriorly, the keel presents a short and weak spine.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA58917D5D1F9597A63C212" blockId="10.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">There are eight slender and curved supraneural bones positioned between the occiput and the origin of the dorsal fin. They lack anterior and posterior laminae as well as expanded distal edge.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA58917D5D1F8E27A02C2A8" blockId="10.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">There is a complex framework of intermuscular bones. The epineurals are thin, long, and very arched along the abdominal region. All are co-ossified to the base of neural arches.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA58917D5D1F8347DA4C2D8" blockId="10.[151,1438,152,2038]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">The epipleurals are observed in the abdominal region spanning an extension from vertebrae 15 (or 16) to 35. They are long and arched and laterally attached on the pleural ribs. The intermuscular epicentral bones were not unambiguously distinguished in the specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA48916D5D1FF3D7F91C5F9" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Detached epimeral and hypomeral intermuscular bones are very thin and hypsiloid and distributed along most of caudal region.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA48916D5D3FF477DA3C442" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA48916D5D3FF477FE7C5D2" bold="true" box="[198,491,226,252]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paired girdles and fins</emphasis>
|
||
. Most of pectoral girdle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA48916D60EFF477D6FC5D2" box="[795,867,226,252]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) is preserved in specimens examined. The posttemporal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA48916D41BFEAD7F58C40C" box="[270,340,264,290]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a large and drop-like bone in lateral view. The main body of the bone is rounded and scaly; it produces a long and sharp anterodorsal process for meeting epioccipital. The lateral line sensory canal extends along the main body of the bone through a short bony tube.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA48916D5D1FEDD7A12C499" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The supracleithrum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA48916D4D2FEDD7C1EC4BC" box="[455,530,376,402]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a spatulate bone with rounded dorsal border; it tapers downwards for meeting the spine-like process of cleithrum. There is no post-supracleithrum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA48916D5D1FE677F03C7B9" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The cleithrum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA48916D490FE677FDDC4F2" box="[389,465,450,476]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a deep and narrow bone. The ventral arm is arched and projects forwards. Medially, its anterior end produces a reduced symphyseal lamina. The dorsal arm of cleithrum is long, slender, and almost straight. It is as high as the opercle and shows a shallow vertical groove on the posterior border in which the long and narrow dorsal post-cleithrum is lodged. This bone meets the middle post-cleithrum ventrally. It is a scaly and falcate bone that covers the anterior half of a long and rod-like ventral postcleithrum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA48916D5D1FD077AA1C628" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The coracoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA48916D466FD077FB0C792" box="[371,444,674,700]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) is an expanded laminar plate in the form of an inverted “L”. The well-developed anteroventral process extends forwards to meet the cleithrum and leaving a little fenestra between them. There is a well-ossifed and oblique lateral ridge for insertion of the muscle
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA48916D6ABFD487AA1C628" box="[958,1197,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">adductor profundus.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA48916D5D1FCB77CC6C6B2" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The scapula (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA48916D471FCB77FA1C602" box="[356,429,786,812]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1949,1973]" captionTargetBox="[446,1136,1400,1910]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[440,1146,1378,1927]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Line drawing based on the peel of skull and pectoral girdle of DGM 50, scale bar = 0,5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194944/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a very reduced trapezoidal bone showing a large scapular foramen in the middle point. Posteriorly, it shows a promiment articular facet for the uppermost fin-ray of the pectoral fin and radial associated. Dorsally, scapula produces the so-called laminate scapular process for lodging modified axilar scales and allowing insertion of the pectoral fin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA48916D5D1FC0D7F2EC11C" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">The pectoral fin is moderate-sized and shows 14 fin-rays, all segmented and distally ramified. Although badly preserved in most of specimens examined, in the site of insertion of the pectoral fin there are apparently two associated sets of pectoral radials. Four proximal radials are short and club-like whereas the distal ones are nodular.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA48916D5D1FB987C22C152" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">The pelvic fin is inserted at the middle point between origin of pectoral fin and flexure region of tail (at the level of posterior end of hypurals).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA48916D5D1FB2D7B5FC03C" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
There is a fin-ray segmented but non-ramified distally and six segmented and ramified. Similar to advanced clupeoids, there is no pelvic splint in association to the fin. The design of the pelvic shield obeys the structural pattern found in most of clupeoids, with long and sharp ascending branch and large base (spiniform
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E5881BFFA48916D582FB5D7EC2C03C" box="[151,206,1272,1298]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
|
||
). The pelvic bone is often hidden by abdominal scutes so that a reliable description is not possible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA48916D5D1FAB87C02C0DC" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA48916D5D1FAB87D0FC019" bold="true" box="[196,771,1309,1335]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Dorsal and anal fins and endoskeletal support</emphasis>
|
||
. The dorsal fin is short-based and relatively low (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA48916D058FAB87B82C019" box="[1357,1422,1309,1335]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1588,1612]" captionTargetBox="[451,1141,1160,1558]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[443,1144,1152,1566]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 7. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Dorsal fin and endoskeletal support of DGM 32, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194949/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig.7</figureCitation>
|
||
). It origins at the level of the vertical line passing between 10 and 11 abdominal vertebrae. There is one nonramified ray followed by 13 to 14 distally ramified fin rays. The set is supported by a row of 14 long and slender proximal pterygiophores. The first pterygiophore is the largest; it shows a continuous keel supported by two well-ossified bars forming a sharp angle in the confluence of them. The last pterygiophore forms a relatively long post-dorsal strut.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA48916D5D1FA587C78C34C" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The anal fin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA48916D476FA587FA6C339" box="[355,426,1533,1559]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1003,1027]" captionTargetBox="[515,1070,461,969]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[511,1076,448,977]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 8. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Preural vertebrae and anal fin of DGM 33, scale bar = 0.3 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194950/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
) is composed of 15 segmented and distally ramified fin rays supported by 14 straight and slender pterygiophores. The two anteriormost pterygiophores are longer than the rest. This fin originates at the level of preural vertebrae 15 to 16.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA48916D5D1F9C87C06C232" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA48916D5D1F9C87C3BC3A9" bold="true" box="[196,567,1645,1671]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Caudal endoskeleton and fin.</emphasis>
|
||
The caudal fin is deeply forked, with upper and lower lobes subequal in size. A set composed of one non-ramified principal ray plus nine ramified rays forms the upper lobe of the caudal fin. The uppermost fin rays partially cover fifth and sixth hypurals. There is one non-ramified plus eight ramified principal fin rays below the diastema. At least four precurrent rays are visible on dorsal and ventral border of the caudal fin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA48916D5D1F88D7DD0C2A2" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
In most of specimens examined the caudal endoskeleton is relatively well preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA48916D1A9F88D7B09C26C" box="[1212,1285,1832,1858]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1901,1925]" captionTargetBox="[363,1222,1105,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[352,1234,1079,1880]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 9. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Restoration of caudal endoeskeleton, based on DGM 37, scale bar = 0.1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194951/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). The neural spine and, mainly, the neural arch of first preural centrum produce an elongate leaf-like structure (short in species of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFA48916D434F8D67F84C2A2" box="[289,392,1907,1932]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" genus="Knightia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Proteales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA48916D434F8D67F84C2A2" box="[289,392,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Knightia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on which lies the tip of a long and slender epural.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA48916D5D1F83D7FD9C2F9" blockId="11.[151,1437,152,2007]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The parhypural (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA48916D492F83D7FC1C29C" box="[391,461,1944,1970]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1901,1925]" captionTargetBox="[363,1222,1105,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[352,1234,1079,1880]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 9. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Restoration of caudal endoeskeleton, based on DGM 37, scale bar = 0.1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194951/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
) is slender and apparently not co-ossified to first preural centrum; it has a long and curved parhypurapophysis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA38911D5D1FF3D7B9AC4BC" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,738]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
There are six hypurals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA38911D4C9FF3D7C29C59C" box="[476,549,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1901,1925]" captionTargetBox="[363,1222,1105,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[352,1234,1079,1880]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 9. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Restoration of caudal endoeskeleton, based on DGM 37, scale bar = 0.1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194951/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). The first hypural is a large and long triangular plate spaced from the first preural centrum and urostyle. It is followed by a long, very slender and low second hypural. Proximally, it is apparently fused to first ural centrum as indicated by the dilated proximal end resembling the condition found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5E4D3AFFA38911D5A0FEAD7FC7C40F" box="[181,459,264,289]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Dorosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cepedianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA38911D5A0FEAD7FC7C40F" box="[181,459,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dorosoma cepedianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFA38911D71CFEAD7CA6C40C" author="Grande" box="[521,682,264,290]" pageId="12" pageNumber="16" refString="Grande, L. (1985) Recent and fossil clupeomorph fishes with materials for revision of the subgroups of clupeoids. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 181, 231 - 372." type="journal article" year="1985">Grande, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 347, Fig. 51).Yet the second ural centrum is conical and very reduced (visible in DGM 35). The remaining hypural bones are low and triangular, and gradually decrease in size towards end of the upper lobe following the slope of the main axis of vertebral column. It is not possible to determine presence (as derively found in pristigasteroideans) or not of interlobar notch in the third hypural.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA38911D5D1FE387C84C75C" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,738]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
There are three uroneurals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13652A3CFFA38911D71CFE387C43C499" box="[521,591,413,439]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1901,1925]" captionTargetBox="[363,1222,1105,1865]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[352,1234,1079,1880]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 9. † Paleopiquitinga brasiliensis. Restoration of caudal endoeskeleton, based on DGM 37, scale bar = 0.1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/194951/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
) from which the first one is longer and stronger than other of the set. It is fused to the first preural centrum forming a pleurostyle (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92AEAABFFA38911D64BFE677DACC4F5" box="[862,928,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Monod, 1968) which is almost parallel to second preural neural spine. Other uroneural bones are small and fusiform. They are in a row over the second ural centrum. The second uroneural is placed over the upper third of pleurostyle and reaches the third uroneural. Even, dorsal and ventral borders of the caudal peduncle are guarnished of dorsal and ventral scutes, respectively. They are short and lenticular.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE136B9FFA38911D5D1FDD87D6AC7CC" blockId="12.[151,1437,152,738]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The body is covered of deep and ovoid cycloid scales showing vertically arranged circuli. They span an extension from the face to the base of tail.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3497629FFA38911D79CFD077CA5C792" box="[649,681,674,700]" name="American Samoa" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF4B48FFA38911D608FD077DF9C792" author="Woodward" box="[797,1013,674,700]" pageId="12" pageNumber="17" refString="Woodward, A. S. (1939) Tertiary fossil fishes from Maranhao, Brazil. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 11 (3), 450 - 453." type="journal article" year="1939">Woodward (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, they are obscure, poorly preserved. There is no positive evidence of perforated lateral line scales.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |