treatments-xml/data/03/BB/87/03BB87B1FF800F3743D5FB19FD2DFE5E.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5258.4.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7784322" ID-ZooBank="73F90E50-168F-4441-8B68-8DDFFF8E17D4" checkinTime="1680164509918" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Fedler, Matthew T., Enge, Kevin M. &amp; Moler, Paul E." docDate="2023" docId="03BB87B1FF800F3743D5FB19FD2DFE5E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5258.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5258 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5258.4.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Siren sphagnicola Fedler &amp; Enge &amp; Moler 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="368" masterDocId="FF82FFC9FF8F0F264342FFEAFFDAFF8F" masterDocTitle="Unraveling Siren (Caudata: Sirenidae) systematics and description of a small seepage specialist" masterLastPageNumber="378" masterPageNumber="351" pageNumber="366" updateTime="1680189431920" updateUser="diego" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title>Unraveling Siren (Caudata: Sirenidae) systematics and description of a small seepage specialist</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Fedler, Matthew T.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-4200-2341</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and WildlifeConservation Commission, 1105 SW Williston Road, Gainesville, FL, USA. matthew. fedler @ MyFWC. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4200 - 2341</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Enge, Kevin M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0009-0006-2404-5088</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and WildlifeConservation Commission, 1105 SW Williston Road, Gainesville, FL, USA. matthew. fedler @ MyFWC. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4200 - 2341 &amp; kevin. enge @ MyFWC. com; https: // orcid. org / 0009 - 0006 - 2404 - 5088</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Moler, Paul E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0009-0007-3185-8703</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and WildlifeConservation Commission, 1105 SW Williston Road, Gainesville, FL, USA. matthew. fedler @ MyFWC. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4200 - 2341 &amp; paul. moler @ MyFWC. com; https: // orcid. org / 0009 - 0007 - 3185 - 8703</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2023-03-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number>5258</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5258.4.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection box="[151,471,1266,1293]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" type="nomenclature">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,471,1266,1293]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" reason="1">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,471,1266,1293]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">
<taxonomicName authority="Fedler &amp; Enge &amp; Moler, 2023" authorityName="Fedler &amp; Enge &amp; Moler" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,371,1266,1293]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,371,1266,1293]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Siren sphagnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[378,471,1267,1293]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="366" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="15.[151,507,1266,1365]" box="[151,357,1303,1329]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">
(
<figureCitation box="[159,267,1303,1329]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="4.[152,255,1973,1997]" captionStartId-1="7.[152,255,1329,1353]" captionStartId-2="8.[152,255,965,989]" captionStartId-3="8.[152,255,1825,1849]" captionStartId-4="9.[152,255,1430,1454]" captionStartId-5="11.[152,255,998,1022]" captionTargetBox-0="[209,1391,453,1942]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,561,1306]" captionTargetBox-2="[163,1422,193,936]" captionTargetBox-3="[166,1421,1058,1794]" captionTargetBox-4="[163,1425,426,1398]" captionTargetBox-5="[177,1403,190,969]" captionTargetId-0="figure-156@4.[197,1391,453,1950]" captionTargetId-1="figure-206@7.[151,1436,561,1306]" captionTargetId-2="figure-20@8.[151,1436,181,941]" captionTargetId-3="figure-53@8.[158,1429,1050,1801]" captionTargetId-4="figure-127@9.[154,1434,417,1406]" captionTargetId-5="figure-18@11.[165,1423,181,974]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionTargetPageId-5="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Bayesian probability tree of concatenated 16S and ND4 regions inferred using BEAST2. Individual specimen labels include voucher ID or GenBank number if no voucher, state, county, and lineage." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Median joining networks of Siren haplotypes for RAG1 (left) and NCX1 (right) regions made using PopART." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Box plots with points colored by sex showing distribution of tail proportions of Siren lineages. Outliers are noted with red triangles on the associated box plot." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Box plots with points representing specimens per showing distribution of costal groove counts of Siren lineages." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Box plots of the distributions of snout-vent length and the five size-corrected linear measurements compared using linear discriminant analysis." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Results from our linear discriminant function analysis based on the five size-corrected linear measurements taken from 396 Siren specimens. Except for S. reticulata, each lineage failed to create meaningful separation." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784326" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784328" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784330" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784332" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784334" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784336" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7784326/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7784328/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7784330/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/7784332/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/7784334/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/7784336/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Figs. 1‒6</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[279,349,1303,1329]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 11" captionStart-1="FIGURE 12" captionStart-2="FIGURE 13" captionStart-3="FIGURE 14" captionStartId-0="21.[152,255,1888,1912]" captionStartId-1="22.[152,255,1785,1809]" captionStartId-2="23.[152,255,1704,1728]" captionStartId-3="24.[152,255,906,930]" captionTargetBox-0="[195,1393,185,1859]" captionTargetBox-1="[155,1432,186,1758]" captionTargetBox-2="[155,1432,601,1676]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,181,882]" captionTargetId-0="figure-18@21.[190,1397,181,1864]" captionTargetId-1="figure-20@22.[151,1436,181,1762]" captionTargetId-2="figure-198@23.[151,1436,597,1680]" captionTargetId-3="figure-20@24.[151,1436,181,882]" captionTargetPageId-0="21" captionTargetPageId-1="22" captionTargetPageId-2="23" captionTargetPageId-3="24" captionText-0="FIGURE 11. Live Siren sphagnicola specimens.A Holotype specimen from Okaloosa Co., Florida (UF Herp 185209). B Dorsal view of an adult found in shallow water where specimens were buried in the sandy bottom. C Dorsolateral view of an adult found in a deeper creek with deep muck deposits where specimens were found by digging through sphagnum root masses and fluid muck. D Juvenile from a shallow, sand-bottomed creek. E Adult hypertrophic male with a partially regenerated tail." captionText-1="FIGURE 12. Siren sphagnicola habitats. A Type locality at Junior Walton Pond, Okaloosa Co., Florida, showing the feeding stream channel lined with thick muck and vegetation. B Type locality at Junior Walton Pond, Okaloosa Co., Florida, showing sphagnum mats and assorted vegetation covering a thick layer of muck and root masses. C Surface of a sphagnum bog on Bull Pen Branch, Okaloosa Co., Florida, where dense vegetation and 60 cm of muck provide ideal habitat for S. sphagnicola. D Seep at the head of Krul Lake, Santa Rosa Co., Florida, where shallow surface water flows over 15‒90 cm of fluid muck covered by grassy vegetation and sphagnum mats. E &amp; F Hillside seepage pools along Carr Spring Branch, Okaloosa Co., Florida, where intermittent pools are deceptively deep and filled with fluid muck, like many other localities inhabited by S. sphagnicola." captionText-2="FIGURE 13. A comparison of larval and juvenile sirens. A Larval lineage B Siren intermedia from Escambia Co., Florida. B Larval S. lacertina from Jefferson Co., Florida (UF Herp 188601). C Larval lineage A S. intermedia from Liberty Co., Florida, that is slightly farther along in development than UF Herp 188601. D Larval Pseudobranchus striatus spheniscus from Jefferson Co., Florida (UF Herp 188600). E Juvenile S. sphagnicola (~3 cm TL) from Okaloosa Co., Florida, no voucher. F Juvenile S. lacertina from Walton Co., Florida (UF Herp 188739). G Juvenile lineage B S. intermedia from Washington Co., Florida (UF Herp 188735). H Head of a juvenile S. sphagnicola from Okaloosa Co., Florida (UF Herp 185068. I Juvenile lineage B S. intermedia from Escambia Co., Florida (UF Herp 185073 &amp; UF Herp 185074)." captionText-3="FIGURE 14. Distribution map of specimens assigned to Siren sphagnicola. Red triangles represent localities with museum voucher specimens. Species of these specimens were determined using sequence data if tissue samples were available or by comparing costal groove counts and patterns to data from sequenced specimens. The yellow triangle represents a locality with genetic data only." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784346" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784348" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784352" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784354" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7784346/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7784348/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7784352/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/7784354/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">11–14</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,341,1338,1365]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Common name.</emphasis>
Seepage 
<taxonomicName box="[448,507,1339,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Siren</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph blockId="15.[151,1437,1410,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2019-01-18" collectionCode="UF" country="United States of America" county="Junior Walton Pond in Okaloosa Co." elevation="30" latitude="30.6927" location="Herp" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-86.4725" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Florida" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,267,1411,1437]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">
<typeStatus box="[151,262,1411,1437]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode box="[277,313,1411,1437]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BB87B1FF800F3743D5FB19FD2DFE5E:8ECD607CFF800F294206FA69FEA6FA12" box="[324,380,1411,1437]" country="United States of America" county="Junior Walton Pond in Okaloosa Co." latitude="30.6927" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-86.4725" name="Herp" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" stateProvince="Florida">Herp</location>
185209 (
<figureCitation box="[493,598,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="21.[152,255,1888,1912]" captionTargetBox="[195,1393,185,1859]" captionTargetId="figure-18@21.[190,1397,181,1864]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 11. Live Siren sphagnicola specimens.A Holotype specimen from Okaloosa Co., Florida (UF Herp 185209). B Dorsal view of an adult found in shallow water where specimens were buried in the sandy bottom. C Dorsolateral view of an adult found in a deeper creek with deep muck deposits where specimens were found by digging through sphagnum root masses and fluid muck. D Juvenile from a shallow, sand-bottomed creek. E Adult hypertrophic male with a partially regenerated tail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784346/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
), adult female from 
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, 
<collectingRegion box="[1283,1367,1411,1437]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Florida</collectingRegion>
, 
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(
<geoCoordinate box="[159,300,1447,1473]" degrees="30.69270" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" precision="1" value="30.6927">30.69270°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[315,458,1446,1473]" degrees="86.47250" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" precision="1" value="-86.4725">86.47250°W</geoCoordinate>
, datum WGS84, elev. 
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<elevation box="[725,787,1447,1473]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</elevation>
</quantity>
) (
<figureCitation box="[815,1022,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,186,1758]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[151,1436,181,1762]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Siren sphagnicola habitats. A Type locality at Junior Walton Pond, Okaloosa Co., Florida, showing the feeding stream channel lined with thick muck and vegetation. B Type locality at Junior Walton Pond, Okaloosa Co., Florida, showing sphagnum mats and assorted vegetation covering a thick layer of muck and root masses. C Surface of a sphagnum bog on Bull Pen Branch, Okaloosa Co., Florida, where dense vegetation and 60 cm of muck provide ideal habitat for S. sphagnicola. D Seep at the head of Krul Lake, Santa Rosa Co., Florida, where shallow surface water flows over 15‒90 cm of fluid muck covered by grassy vegetation and sphagnum mats. E &amp; F Hillside seepage pools along Carr Spring Branch, Okaloosa Co., Florida, where intermittent pools are deceptively deep and filled with fluid muck, like many other localities inhabited by S. sphagnicola." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784348/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Fig. 12 A &amp; 12B</figureCitation>
). Collected on 
<date box="[1204,1397,1447,1473]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" value="2019-01-18">
<collectingDate box="[1204,1397,1447,1473]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" value="2019-01-18">18 January 2019</collectingDate>
</date>
by Matthew Fedler, Paul Moler, and Pierson Hill.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[151,1437,1410,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">
<materialsCitation collectionCode="UF" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,326,1519,1545]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">
<typeStatus box="[199,321,1519,1545]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode box="[335,371,1519,1545]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
Herp 161516, 162498, 162568, 163271, 164240, 164241, 164242, 164243, 184285, 185195, 185200, 185201, 185208, 185209, 185214, 185215, 188766, 188767, 190036, 190037, 185205, 185216, 185197, 185198, 185210. Locality information for the various paratype localities is available via FLMNH’s
</materialsCitation>
<collectionCode box="[1254,1290,1591,1617]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" type="Museum">UF</collectionCode>
Herpetology database (http://specifyportal.flmnh.ufl.edu/herps/).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="366" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="15.[151,1437,1410,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,487,1662,1689]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">
Description of 
<typeStatus box="[377,482,1663,1689]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
The 
<typeStatus box="[546,644,1663,1689]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">holotype</typeStatus>
has 32 costal grooves and faint black dorsal spots extending from the head to the forelimbs. It lacks approximately 
<quantity box="[664,730,1699,1725]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
of its tail tip. In life, it was mouse gray on its venter and sides with a grayish brown dorsum. Sensory pits on the head are well defined and beige in color. Measurements are 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" unit="mm" value="97.0">97 mm</quantity>
SVL, 
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TaL, 
<quantity box="[416,503,1771,1797]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" unit="mm" value="3.9">3.9 mm</quantity>
interorbital distance, 
<quantity box="[748,835,1771,1797]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" unit="mm" value="7.1">7.1 mm</quantity>
head width, 
<quantity box="[981,1081,1771,1797]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1099999999999999" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" unit="mm" value="11.1">11.1 mm</quantity>
head length, 
<quantity box="[1233,1320,1771,1797]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" unit="mm" value="3.6">3.6 mm</quantity>
eye-snout distance, and 
<quantity box="[304,390,1807,1833]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" unit="mm" value="4.4">4.4 mm</quantity>
chest width.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="368" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="15.[151,1437,1410,2013]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="367" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,322,1842,1868]" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fedler &amp; Enge &amp; Moler" authorityYear="2023" box="[331,536,1843,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
<emphasis box="[331,536,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Siren sphagnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has typical 
<taxonomicName box="[678,736,1843,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[678,736,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Siren</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
characteristics: external gills with three fimbriate gill stalks, three associated gill slits, four toes on the forelimbs, lack of pelvic girdle and hindlimbs, and a thin, pigment-bearing mucus layer that overlies the keratinized skin. A combination of traits distinguishes it from other members of the genus. It has 30‒33 costal grooves (
<figureCitation box="[561,628,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[152,255,965,989]" captionTargetBox="[163,1422,193,936]" captionTargetId="figure-20@8.[151,1436,181,941]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Box plots with points colored by sex showing distribution of tail proportions of Siren lineages. Outliers are noted with red triangles on the associated box plot." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784330" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784330/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) and a mouse gray base color with occasionally a light, grayish brown sheen on the dorsum (
<figureCitation box="[402,485,1987,2013]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="21.[152,255,1888,1912]" captionTargetBox="[195,1393,185,1859]" captionTargetId="figure-18@21.[190,1397,181,1864]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 11. Live Siren sphagnicola specimens.A Holotype specimen from Okaloosa Co., Florida (UF Herp 185209). B Dorsal view of an adult found in shallow water where specimens were buried in the sandy bottom. C Dorsolateral view of an adult found in a deeper creek with deep muck deposits where specimens were found by digging through sphagnum root masses and fluid muck. D Juvenile from a shallow, sand-bottomed creek. E Adult hypertrophic male with a partially regenerated tail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784346/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="366">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). Small juveniles in the post-macrocephalic larval stage, which is&gt;2 months of age according to diagrams of growth/transition rates of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1942" box="[723,836,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nettingi">
<emphasis box="[723,836,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S. nettingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
provided by 
<bibRefCitation author="Noble, G. K. &amp; Marshall, B. C." box="[982,1268,151,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref15637" refString="Noble, G. K. &amp; Marshall, B. C. (1932) The validity of Siren intermedia Le Conte, with observations on its life history. American Museum Novitates, 532, 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="1932">Noble &amp; Marshall (1932)</bibRefCitation>
, have the same gray coloration as adults (
<figureCitation box="[448,529,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="21.[152,255,1888,1912]" captionTargetBox="[195,1393,185,1859]" captionTargetId="figure-18@21.[190,1397,181,1864]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 11. Live Siren sphagnicola specimens.A Holotype specimen from Okaloosa Co., Florida (UF Herp 185209). B Dorsal view of an adult found in shallow water where specimens were buried in the sandy bottom. C Dorsolateral view of an adult found in a deeper creek with deep muck deposits where specimens were found by digging through sphagnum root masses and fluid muck. D Juvenile from a shallow, sand-bottomed creek. E Adult hypertrophic male with a partially regenerated tail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
) and lack the orange, red, or yellow highlights present on other 
<taxonomicName box="[1268,1326,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1268,1326,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Siren</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
juveniles of similar age (
<figureCitation box="[331,418,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="23.[152,255,1704,1728]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,601,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-198@23.[151,1436,597,1680]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 13. A comparison of larval and juvenile sirens. A Larval lineage B Siren intermedia from Escambia Co., Florida. B Larval S. lacertina from Jefferson Co., Florida (UF Herp 188601). C Larval lineage A S. intermedia from Liberty Co., Florida, that is slightly farther along in development than UF Herp 188601. D Larval Pseudobranchus striatus spheniscus from Jefferson Co., Florida (UF Herp 188600). E Juvenile S. sphagnicola (~3 cm TL) from Okaloosa Co., Florida, no voucher. F Juvenile S. lacertina from Walton Co., Florida (UF Herp 188739). G Juvenile lineage B S. intermedia from Washington Co., Florida (UF Herp 188735). H Head of a juvenile S. sphagnicola from Okaloosa Co., Florida (UF Herp 185068. I Juvenile lineage B S. intermedia from Escambia Co., Florida (UF Herp 185073 &amp; UF Herp 185074)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784352/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
). A few adult specimens examined have small, well-defined black spotting on the head and occasionally on the dorsum (
<figureCitation box="[528,611,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="21.[152,255,1888,1912]" captionTargetBox="[195,1393,185,1859]" captionTargetId="figure-18@21.[190,1397,181,1864]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 11. Live Siren sphagnicola specimens.A Holotype specimen from Okaloosa Co., Florida (UF Herp 185209). B Dorsal view of an adult found in shallow water where specimens were buried in the sandy bottom. C Dorsolateral view of an adult found in a deeper creek with deep muck deposits where specimens were found by digging through sphagnum root masses and fluid muck. D Juvenile from a shallow, sand-bottomed creek. E Adult hypertrophic male with a partially regenerated tail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). Sensory pits on the head are more visible than those on heads of other 
<taxonomicName box="[151,299,295,321]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">
<emphasis box="[151,209,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Siren</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
and are typically ivory to beige colored, which may denote an absence of gray pigment rather than the presence of chromatophores (
<figureCitation box="[527,609,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="21.[152,255,1888,1912]" captionTargetBox="[195,1393,185,1859]" captionTargetId="figure-18@21.[190,1397,181,1864]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 11. Live Siren sphagnicola specimens.A Holotype specimen from Okaloosa Co., Florida (UF Herp 185209). B Dorsal view of an adult found in shallow water where specimens were buried in the sandy bottom. C Dorsolateral view of an adult found in a deeper creek with deep muck deposits where specimens were found by digging through sphagnum root masses and fluid muck. D Juvenile from a shallow, sand-bottomed creek. E Adult hypertrophic male with a partially regenerated tail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). This species lacks the yellow labial stripe present in young 
<taxonomicName box="[1306,1436,331,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacertina">
<emphasis box="[1306,1436,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S. lacertina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[159,358,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="23.[152,255,1704,1728]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,601,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-198@23.[151,1436,597,1680]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 13. A comparison of larval and juvenile sirens. A Larval lineage B Siren intermedia from Escambia Co., Florida. B Larval S. lacertina from Jefferson Co., Florida (UF Herp 188601). C Larval lineage A S. intermedia from Liberty Co., Florida, that is slightly farther along in development than UF Herp 188601. D Larval Pseudobranchus striatus spheniscus from Jefferson Co., Florida (UF Herp 188600). E Juvenile S. sphagnicola (~3 cm TL) from Okaloosa Co., Florida, no voucher. F Juvenile S. lacertina from Walton Co., Florida (UF Herp 188739). G Juvenile lineage B S. intermedia from Washington Co., Florida (UF Herp 188735). H Head of a juvenile S. sphagnicola from Okaloosa Co., Florida (UF Herp 185068. I Juvenile lineage B S. intermedia from Escambia Co., Florida (UF Herp 185073 &amp; UF Herp 185074)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784352/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Figs. 13B &amp; 13F</figureCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Noble &amp; Marshall" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[381,532,367,393]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis box="[381,532,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[550,878,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="23.[152,255,1704,1728]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,601,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-198@23.[151,1436,597,1680]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 13. A comparison of larval and juvenile sirens. A Larval lineage B Siren intermedia from Escambia Co., Florida. B Larval S. lacertina from Jefferson Co., Florida (UF Herp 188601). C Larval lineage A S. intermedia from Liberty Co., Florida, that is slightly farther along in development than UF Herp 188601. D Larval Pseudobranchus striatus spheniscus from Jefferson Co., Florida (UF Herp 188600). E Juvenile S. sphagnicola (~3 cm TL) from Okaloosa Co., Florida, no voucher. F Juvenile S. lacertina from Walton Co., Florida (UF Herp 188739). G Juvenile lineage B S. intermedia from Washington Co., Florida (UF Herp 188735). H Head of a juvenile S. sphagnicola from Okaloosa Co., Florida (UF Herp 185068. I Juvenile lineage B S. intermedia from Escambia Co., Florida (UF Herp 185073 &amp; UF Herp 185074)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784352/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Figs. 13A, 13C, 13G, &amp; 13I</figureCitation>
), and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1942" box="[951,1067,367,393]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nettingi">
<emphasis box="[951,1067,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S. nettingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined from the Mobile Bay drainage. Some juvenile 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Noble &amp; Marshall" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[428,576,403,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis box="[428,576,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in eastern populations also lack the light labial stripe. A few small juvenile 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fedler &amp; Enge &amp; Moler" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S. sphagnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have yellow spots or a short, broken stripe where a labial stripe is present in other species (
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="23.[152,255,1704,1728]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,601,1676]" captionTargetId="figure-198@23.[151,1436,597,1680]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 13. A comparison of larval and juvenile sirens. A Larval lineage B Siren intermedia from Escambia Co., Florida. B Larval S. lacertina from Jefferson Co., Florida (UF Herp 188601). C Larval lineage A S. intermedia from Liberty Co., Florida, that is slightly farther along in development than UF Herp 188601. D Larval Pseudobranchus striatus spheniscus from Jefferson Co., Florida (UF Herp 188600). E Juvenile S. sphagnicola (~3 cm TL) from Okaloosa Co., Florida, no voucher. F Juvenile S. lacertina from Walton Co., Florida (UF Herp 188739). G Juvenile lineage B S. intermedia from Washington Co., Florida (UF Herp 188735). H Head of a juvenile S. sphagnicola from Okaloosa Co., Florida (UF Herp 185068. I Juvenile lineage B S. intermedia from Escambia Co., Florida (UF Herp 185073 &amp; UF Herp 185074)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784352/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Figs. 13E &amp; 13H</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fedler &amp; Enge &amp; Moler" authorityYear="2023" box="[223,426,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
<emphasis box="[223,426,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Siren sphagnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also lacks the post-cranial yellow or gold flecking found in many 
<taxonomicName box="[1178,1308,475,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lacertina">
<emphasis box="[1178,1192,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1207,1308,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">lacertina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[1324,1392,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1976,2000]" captionTargetBox="[209,1378,781,1951]" captionTargetId="figure-322@14.[206,1381,777,1953]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. A Subadult Siren lacertina from McIntosh Co., Georgia (UF Herp 190368). B Subadult S. lacertina from Alachua Co., Florida. C Large juvenile S. lacertina from Alachua Co., Florida. D Adult S. lacertina from Levy Co., Florida." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784340" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784340/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Noble &amp; Marshall" baseAuthorityYear="1932" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[287,368,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1532,1556]" captionTargetBox="[155,1433,350,1505]" captionTargetId="figure-98@20.[151,1437,345,1509]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10. Live Siren intermedia specimens belonging to mtDNA lineages B and C. A Lineage C from Berkeley Co., South Carolina (UF Herp 188612). B Lineage C from Berkeley Co., South Carolina (UF Herp 188613). C Lineage B from Holmes Co., Florida (UF Herp 188769). D Lineage B from Jackson Co., Florida (UF Herp 188901). E Head of lineage B specimen from Holmes Co., Florida (UF Herp 188769). F Head of lineage C specimen from Berkeley Co., South Carolina (UF Herp 188612) (lineage C). G Head of lineage C specimen from Berkeley Co., South Carolina (UF Herp 188613). The latter two specimens are from the same locality but differ dramatically in pattern and coloration." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784344" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784344/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
), and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1942" box="[434,547,511,537]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nettingi">
<emphasis box="[434,547,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S. nettingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Gill stalk coloration is typically rosy pink to red in recently captured specimens but fades to grayish pink in captivity, likely due to changes in acidity or oxygenation of water. Intact tail tips are rounded, whereas partially regenerated tails (frequently observed) often taper to an abrupt point after the tail fin blade (
<figureCitation box="[227,309,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="21.[152,255,1888,1912]" captionTargetBox="[195,1393,185,1859]" captionTargetId="figure-18@21.[190,1397,181,1864]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 11. Live Siren sphagnicola specimens.A Holotype specimen from Okaloosa Co., Florida (UF Herp 185209). B Dorsal view of an adult found in shallow water where specimens were buried in the sandy bottom. C Dorsolateral view of an adult found in a deeper creek with deep muck deposits where specimens were found by digging through sphagnum root masses and fluid muck. D Juvenile from a shallow, sand-bottomed creek. E Adult hypertrophic male with a partially regenerated tail." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784346" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784346/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). Regenerated portions of the tail seem to lack the density of gray pigment found in non-regenerated portions; thus, the regenerated portion is easily distinguished by its pinkish gray hue. Regenerated portions of the tail of other 
<taxonomicName box="[289,435,691,717]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">
<emphasis box="[289,347,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Siren</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
examined match the normal body coloration or have a brownish hue.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,254,726,752]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Size.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fedler &amp; Enge &amp; Moler" authorityYear="2023" box="[261,463,727,753]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
<emphasis box="[261,463,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Siren sphagnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the smallest known species in the genus 
<taxonomicName box="[946,1004,727,753]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[946,1004,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Siren</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Additionally, all specimens examined are shorter than the maximum length given for both species of 
<taxonomicName box="[904,1091,763,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Pseudobranchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[904,1091,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Pseudobranchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Moler, P. E." box="[1109,1264,763,789]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" pagination="124 - 126" refId="ref15405" refString="Moler, P. E. (2019 b) Pseudobranchus axanthus Nettingi and Goin 1942, Southern Dwarf Siren. In: Krysko, K. L., Enge, K. M. &amp; Moler, P. E. (Eds.), Amphibians and Reptiles of Florida. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida, pp. 124 - 126." type="book chapter" year="2019">Moler 2019b</bibRefCitation>
, c), making 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fedler &amp; Enge &amp; Moler" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S. sphagnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the smallest member of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[563,669,799,825]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Sirenidae</taxonomicName>
based on our current understanding. The largest specimen examined (AUM 27973) had an SVL of 
<quantity box="[504,602,835,861]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" unit="mm" value="126.0">126 mm</quantity>
, but it lacked a complete tail. The largest specimen with a complete tail (AUM 8960) had an SVL of 
<quantity box="[474,567,871,897]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" unit="mm" value="120.0">120 mm</quantity>
and a TaL of 
<quantity box="[720,799,871,897]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" unit="mm" value="76.0">76 mm</quantity>
(
<quantity box="[814,908,871,897]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.96" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" unit="mm" value="196.0">196 mm</quantity>
TL). We attributed these AUM specimens to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fedler &amp; Enge &amp; Moler" authorityYear="2023" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S. sphagnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based upon costal groove count, lack of labial striping and gold flecking found on sympatric 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Goin" authorityYear="1942" box="[1323,1437,907,933]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nettingi">
<emphasis box="[1323,1437,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S. nettingi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Noble &amp; Marshall" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[200,350,943,969]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis box="[200,350,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and presence of beige-colored facial pores. Reproductive females have been found as small as 
<quantity box="[151,231,979,1005]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" unit="mm" value="71.0">71 mm</quantity>
SVL (
<quantity box="[306,399,979,1005]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1099999999999999" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" unit="mm" value="111.0">111 mm</quantity>
TL). When comparing measurement distributions of 
<taxonomicName box="[1003,1061,979,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1003,1061,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Siren</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lineages, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fedler &amp; Enge &amp; Moler" authorityYear="2023" box="[1175,1341,979,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
<emphasis box="[1175,1341,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S. sphagnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not distinct from any other single lineage in, at most, two of seven measurements (Table 4).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,589,1050,1077]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Natural history and distribution.</emphasis>
Based on our surveys in 
<collectingRegion box="[866,950,1051,1077]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Florida</collectingRegion>
, populations appear to be robust and widely distributed in suitable microhabitats in the Blackwater and Yellow river drainages and the western two-thirds of Eglin Air Force Base, including several streams that flow into the western side of Choctawhatchee Bay (
<figureCitation box="[1338,1423,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="24.[152,255,906,930]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,882]" captionTargetId="figure-20@24.[151,1436,181,882]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 14. Distribution map of specimens assigned to Siren sphagnicola. Red triangles represent localities with museum voucher specimens. Species of these specimens were determined using sequence data if tissue samples were available or by comparing costal groove counts and patterns to data from sequenced specimens. The yellow triangle represents a locality with genetic data only." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784354" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784354/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
). This suspected microhabitat specialist has been found in headwater seepage areas of steephead streams, mucky seeps farther downstream, muddy and/or densely vegetated seepage bogs, shallow-water depressions lined with dense sphagnum moss or filled with leaves along seepage-fed streamside terraces, and other 
<typeStatus box="[1152,1211,1231,1257]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">types</typeStatus>
of shallow streams with mucky, detrital, or sandy bottoms (
<bibRefCitation author="Enge, K. M." box="[600,725,1266,1293]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" pagination="657 - 678" refId="ref13551" refString="Enge, K. M. (2005) Herpetofaunal drift-fence surveys of steephead ravines in the Florida panhandle. Southeastern Naturalist, 4 (4), 657 - 678. https: // doi. org / 10.1656 / 1528 - 7092 (2005) 004 [0657: HDSOSR] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2005">Enge 2005</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation box="[748,831,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1785,1809]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,186,1758]" captionTargetId="figure-20@22.[151,1436,181,1762]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Siren sphagnicola habitats. A Type locality at Junior Walton Pond, Okaloosa Co., Florida, showing the feeding stream channel lined with thick muck and vegetation. B Type locality at Junior Walton Pond, Okaloosa Co., Florida, showing sphagnum mats and assorted vegetation covering a thick layer of muck and root masses. C Surface of a sphagnum bog on Bull Pen Branch, Okaloosa Co., Florida, where dense vegetation and 60 cm of muck provide ideal habitat for S. sphagnicola. D Seep at the head of Krul Lake, Santa Rosa Co., Florida, where shallow surface water flows over 15‒90 cm of fluid muck covered by grassy vegetation and sphagnum mats. E &amp; F Hillside seepage pools along Carr Spring Branch, Okaloosa Co., Florida, where intermittent pools are deceptively deep and filled with fluid muck, like many other localities inhabited by S. sphagnicola." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784348" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784348/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). In contrast, 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Noble &amp; Marshall" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[986,1136,1267,1293]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis box="[986,1136,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected at localities near (&lt;
<quantity box="[174,249,1303,1329]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
) 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fedler &amp; Enge &amp; Moler" authorityYear="2023" box="[265,431,1303,1329]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
<emphasis box="[265,431,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S. sphagnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found in leaf packs not associated with seeps and adjacent to deeper water. Incised (gully-eroded) first- and second-order streams (
<bibRefCitation author="Strahler, A. N." box="[687,843,1339,1365]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" pagination="39 - 76" refId="ref16386" refString="Strahler, A. N. (1964) Section 4 - II. Geology. Part II. Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks. In: Te Chow, V. (Ed.), Handbook of Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, pp. 39 - 76." type="book chapter" year="1964">Strahler 1964</bibRefCitation>
) lack the microhabitats used by 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fedler &amp; Enge &amp; Moler" authorityYear="2023" box="[1212,1378,1339,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
<emphasis box="[1212,1378,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S. sphagnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(and many other salamander species), because accumulations of leaf litter and other detritus are constantly flushed from streams and scoured from surface pools by heavy rainfall events. Common, syntopic amphibian species are the Southern Cricket Frog (
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Le Conte" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[414,557,1447,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Acris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gryllus">
<emphasis box="[414,557,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Acris gryllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[Le Conte]), Bronze Frog (
<taxonomicName authority="Latreille" authorityName="Latreille" box="[860,1197,1447,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Lithobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clamitans">
<emphasis box="[860,1093,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Lithobates clamitans</emphasis>
Latreille
</taxonomicName>
), Southern Two-lined Salamander (
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[299,500,1483,1508]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cirrigera">
<emphasis box="[299,500,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Eurycea cirrigera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[Green]), and Southern Red Salamander (
<taxonomicName authority="Bishop" authorityName="Bishop" authorityYear="1928" box="[972,1362,1483,1509]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Pseudotriton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ruber" subSpecies="vioscai">
<emphasis box="[972,1271,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Pseudotriton ruber vioscai</emphasis>
Bishop
</taxonomicName>
). Onetoed 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Garden in Smith" authorityYear="1821" box="[206,332,1519,1545]" class="Amphibia" family="Amphiumidae" genus="Amphiuma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Amphiuma</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName authority="Neill" authorityName="Neill" authorityYear="1964" box="[350,640,1519,1545]" class="Amphibia" family="Amphiumidae" genus="Amphiuma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pholeter">
<emphasis box="[350,573,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Amphiuma pholeter</emphasis>
Neill
</taxonomicName>
) and Two-toed 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Garden in Smith" authorityYear="1821" box="[819,945,1519,1545]" class="Amphibia" family="Amphiumidae" genus="Amphiuma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Amphiuma</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName authority="Garden" authorityName="Garden" box="[963,1160,1519,1545]" class="Amphibia" family="Amphiumidae" genus="Amphiuma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="means">
<emphasis box="[963,1068,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">A. means</emphasis>
Garden
</taxonomicName>
) may be present but are less abundant than the aforementioned species (
<bibRefCitation author="Enge, K. M." box="[685,812,1554,1581]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" pagination="657 - 678" refId="ref13551" refString="Enge, K. M. (2005) Herpetofaunal drift-fence surveys of steephead ravines in the Florida panhandle. Southeastern Naturalist, 4 (4), 657 - 678. https: // doi. org / 10.1656 / 1528 - 7092 (2005) 004 [0657: HDSOSR] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2005">Enge 2005</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">
Deep, steephead ravine systems (
<bibRefCitation author="Means, D. B." box="[590,737,1591,1617]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref15100" refString="Means, D. B. (1981) Steepheads: Florida's little-known canyon lands. ENFO (Florida Conservation Foundation), 81 (6), 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1981">Means 1981</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Means, D. B." box="[754,812,1591,1617]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" pagination="287 - 302" refId="ref15132" refString="Means, D. B. (2000) Southeastern U. S. Coastal Plain habitats of the Plethodontidae: the importance of relief, ravines, and seepage. In: Bruce, R. C., Jaeger, R. J. &amp; Houck, L. D. (Eds.), The Biology of Plethodontid Salamanders. Plenum, New York, New York, pp. 287 - 302. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 4255 - 1 _ 14" type="book chapter" year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
) and more shallow-gradient, seepage bogs in upland habitats near the Gulf of 
<collectingRegion box="[432,518,1627,1653]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Mexico</collectingRegion>
may have served as “evolutionary engines” during periods of elevated sea levels, producing the 
<collectingRegion box="[311,392,1663,1689]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Florida</collectingRegion>
Bog Frog (
<taxonomicName authority="Moler, 1985" authorityName="Moler" authorityYear="1985" box="[519,903,1662,1689]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Lithobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="okaloosae">
<emphasis box="[519,758,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Lithobates okaloosae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Moler, P. E." box="[763,903,1662,1689]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" pagination="379 - 383" refId="ref15294" refString="Moler, P. E. (1985) A new species of frog (Ranidae: Rana) from northwestern Florida. Copeia, 1985 (2), 379 - 383. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1444847" type="journal article" year="1985">Moler, 1985</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), Bog Dwarf Salamander (
<taxonomicName authority="Wray, Means, &amp; Steppan, 2017" authorityName="Wray, Means, &amp; Steppan" authorityYear="2017" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
<emphasis box="[1200,1436,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Eurycea sphagnicola</emphasis>
Wray, Means, &amp; Steppan, 2017
</taxonomicName>
), and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wray, Means, &amp; Steppan" authorityYear="2017" box="[583,750,1699,1725]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
<emphasis box="[583,750,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S. sphagnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A sea level rise of only 
<quantity box="[1040,1113,1698,1725]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" unit="m" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2‒5 m</quantity>
would have led to saltwater inundation of the mouths of these deep steephead valleys, thus isolating ancestral populations of freshwater species (
<bibRefCitation author="Means, D. B." box="[159,304,1771,1797]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" pagination="287 - 302" refId="ref15132" refString="Means, D. B. (2000) Southeastern U. S. Coastal Plain habitats of the Plethodontidae: the importance of relief, ravines, and seepage. In: Bruce, R. C., Jaeger, R. J. &amp; Houck, L. D. (Eds.), The Biology of Plethodontid Salamanders. Plenum, New York, New York, pp. 287 - 302. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 4255 - 1 _ 14" type="book chapter" year="2000">Means 2000</bibRefCitation>
). We suspect the range of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wray, Means, &amp; Steppan" authorityYear="2017" box="[599,765,1771,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
<emphasis box="[599,765,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">S. sphagnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to that of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wray, Means, &amp; Steppan" authorityYear="2017" box="[994,1162,1771,1797]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Eurycea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
<emphasis box="[994,1162,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">E. sphagnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which also inhabits the sphagnum-lined margins of streams and associated seepage habitats (
<bibRefCitation author="Wray, K. P. &amp; Means, D. B. &amp; Steppan, S. J." box="[925,1119,1807,1833]" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" pagination="18 - 46" refId="ref16567" refString="Wray, K. P., Means, D. B. &amp; Steppan, S. J. (2017) Revision of the Eurycea quadridigitata (Holbrook 1842) complex of dwarf salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliinae) with a description of two new species. Herpetological Monographs, 31 (1), 18 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00011" type="journal article" year="2017">
Wray 
<emphasis box="[995,1051,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="16.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,151,465]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="368" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fedler &amp; Enge &amp; Moler" authorityYear="2023" box="[199,403,1843,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sphagnicola">
<emphasis box="[199,403,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Siren sphagnicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a smaller geographic distribution than other 
<taxonomicName box="[966,1121,1843,1869]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis box="[966,1024,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Siren</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
Most specimens have been found in the Blackwater,Yellow, and Escambia/Conecuh river drainages of 
<collectingRegion box="[972,1053,1879,1905]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Florida</collectingRegion>
and 
<collectingRegion box="[1101,1202,1879,1905]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Alabama</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation box="[1214,1295,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="24.[152,255,906,930]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,882]" captionTargetId="figure-20@24.[151,1436,181,882]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 14. Distribution map of specimens assigned to Siren sphagnicola. Red triangles represent localities with museum voucher specimens. Species of these specimens were determined using sequence data if tissue samples were available or by comparing costal groove counts and patterns to data from sequenced specimens. The yellow triangle represents a locality with genetic data only." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784354" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784354/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
). Elsewhere, its range is poorly known, but we believe it is restricted to the environs of sandy, seepage-fed creeks in the lower Gulf Coastal Plain as far west as the 
<collectingRegion box="[584,665,1951,1977]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Florida</collectingRegion>
Parishes of 
<collectingRegion box="[810,920,1951,1977]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation box="[938,1024,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="24.[152,255,906,930]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,882]" captionTargetId="figure-20@24.[151,1436,181,882]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 14. Distribution map of specimens assigned to Siren sphagnicola. Red triangles represent localities with museum voucher specimens. Species of these specimens were determined using sequence data if tissue samples were available or by comparing costal groove counts and patterns to data from sequenced specimens. The yellow triangle represents a locality with genetic data only." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784354" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784354/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
). Locality information from outside 
<collectingRegion box="[151,232,1987,2013]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="16" pageNumber="367">Florida</collectingRegion>
is entirely based on preserved AUM specimens and sequence data from a GenBank specimen that match both mtDNA and scnDNA markers. Few 
<taxonomicName box="[618,676,151,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="17" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[618,676,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Siren</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
museum vouchers with genetic material exist from 
<collectingRegion box="[1264,1392,151,177]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
(42 total specimens via Vertnet search and only one with available tissue, which we sequenced) and the 
<collectingRegion box="[1256,1337,187,213]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Florida</collectingRegion>
Parishes of 
<collectingRegion box="[181,291,223,249]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
(63 total via Vertnet search; one of two tissues requested yielded DNA), and we did not examine most museum specimens from this area that lacked tissue samples.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="368" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="17.[151,1437,151,465]" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,561,295,321]" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Etymology and common name.</emphasis>
The specific epithet is derived from 
<emphasis box="[963,1079,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Sphagnum</emphasis>
, the generic name for sphagnum moss, and the Latin suffix -cola, meaning inhabitant or dweller. The species epithet is used as noun in apposition. This siren is frequently found in and under mats of 
<emphasis box="[647,763,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Sphagnum</emphasis>
in and along streams and the margins of other bodies of water. Because of its affinity for seepage-fed streams and wetlands, we suggest Seepage 
<taxonomicName box="[1051,1109,403,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Sirenidae" genus="Siren" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="17" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Siren</taxonomicName>
as the common name.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="17.[151,1437,151,465]" box="[199,759,438,465]" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,454,438,464]" pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Specimens examined.</emphasis>
See Supplemental 
<tableCitation box="[669,753,439,465]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,245,548,572]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Primers used for PCR and sequencing gene fragments." pageId="17" pageNumber="368">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>