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<document id="FEE2B019F2F30BDA2A4B5CA2A2A4FBC6" ID-CLB-Dataset="298390" ID-DOI="10.5194/fr-19-131-2016" ID-GBIF-Dataset="31edc4a0-986a-4bf9-ab81-60803deeb386" ID-ISSN="2193-0074" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11588541" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1716845083696" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Bravo-Cuevas, Victor Manuel, Priego-Vargas, Jaime, Cabral-Perdomo, Miguel`ngel &amp; Maldonado, Marco Antonio Pineda" docDate="2016" docId="0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E" docLanguage="en" docName="FossRec.19.2.131-141.pdf" docOrigin="Fossil Record 19 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-19-131-2016" docStyle="DocumentStyle:1B3764FFAC190C6D25C29F616DE4358D.2:FossRec.2014-2021.journal_article" docStyleId="1B3764FFAC190C6D25C29F616DE4358D" docStyleName="FossRec.2014-2021.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Panthera atrox Leidy 1853" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="139" masterDocId="FFAEDC79902AFFB4164AFFEAFFA3C83F" masterDocTitle="First occurrence of Panthera atrox (Felidae, Pantherinae) in the Mexican state of Hidalgo and a review of the record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico" masterLastPageNumber="141" masterPageNumber="131" pageNumber="133" updateTime="1718153806862" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="64E3642EBEAE30CD2EED269481A30A8D">First occurrence of Panthera atrox (Felidae, Pantherinae) in the Mexican state of Hidalgo and a review of the record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B7797F92D7A098B65EF1722D296260A1">Bravo-Cuevas, Victor Manuel</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2ABA8837A9E78A34BF3B30F9710B5500">Jaime Priego-Vargas &amp; Marco Antonio Pineda Maldonado &amp; Museo de Paleontología,`rea AcadØmica de Biología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, CP 42184, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="E4A9F4985EEFCF3CB34C150EB681A094">Miguel`ngel Cabral-Perdomo &amp; AcadØmica de Biología, Doctorado en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, CP 42184, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C64C88CAD7D0D76327DB3BC112E03C4B">Cabral-Perdomo, Miguel`ngel</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="8D820C1AED45C03989BE65A47E201EAF">Jaime Priego-Vargas &amp; Marco Antonio Pineda Maldonado &amp; Museo de Paleontología,`rea AcadØmica de Biología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, CP 42184, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6F10DEA6D6B7C0A8D05ED8473F994721">Maldonado, Marco Antonio Pineda</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="44BE66C3762C92BF6BBFC10E34464797">AcadØmica de Biología, Maestría en Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Ciudad del Conocimiento, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo km 4.5, CP 42184, Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="C324469C9028FFB616DDFA31FE77CDCC" box="[151,468,1499,1524]" pageId="2" pageNumber="133" type="nomenclature">
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<emphasis id="B94AC9059028FFB616DDFA31FF07CDCC" bold="true" box="[151,164,1499,1523]" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">–</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949028FFB616FBFA36FE77CDCC" authority="Leidy, 1853" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[177,468,1500,1524]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059028FFB616FBFA36FEECCDCB" box="[177,335,1500,1524]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E69028FFB6171CFA36FE77CDCC" author="Leidy, J." box="[342,468,1500,1523]" pageId="2" pageNumber="133" pagination="319 - 321" refId="ref8558" refString="Leidy, J.: Description of an extinct species of American lion: Felis atrox, T. Am. Philos. Soc. New Series, 10, 319 - 321, 1853." type="journal article" year="1853">Leidy, 1853</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8B8115179028FFB616DDF9E1FD36CE7D" blockId="2.[124,766,1547,1602]" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">
<heading id="D0C9A27B9028FFB616DDF9E1FD36CE7D" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="133" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059028FFB616DDF9E1FEFFCE1C" box="[151,348,1547,1571]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">Referred material.</emphasis>
El Barrio locality: UAHMP-4221, left lower canine; UAHMP-4222, left fifth metacarpal.
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C324469C9028FFB616DDF980FEF7CFBE" pageId="2" pageNumber="133" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8B8115179028FFB616DDF980FEF7CFBE" blockId="2.[124,767,1642,1921]" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059028FFB616DDF980FEDFCEBD" box="[151,380,1642,1666]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">Distribution and age.</emphasis>
The American lion was widely distributed across North America from Alaska (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E69028FFB61428F961FEA6CEFD" author="Whitmore Jr., F. C. &amp; Foster, H. L." pageId="2" pageNumber="133" pagination="247 - 251" refId="ref9504" refString="Whitmore Jr., F. C. and Foster, H. L.: Panthera atrox (Mammalia: Felidae) from central Alaska, J. Paleontol., 247 - 251, 1967." type="book chapter" year="1967">Whitmore and Foster, 1967</bibRefCitation>
) to southern 
<collectingCountry id="F32955879028FFB617EAF941FE52CEFD" box="[416,497,1707,1730]" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E69028FFB61449F941FE0ACEDE" author="Montellano-Ballesteros, M. &amp; Carbot-Chanona, G." pageId="2" pageNumber="133" pagination="217 - 222" refId="ref8897" refString="Montellano-Ballesteros, M. and Carbot-Chanona, G.: Panthera leo atrox (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Chiapas, Mexico, Southwest. Nat., 54, 217 - 222, 2009." type="journal article" year="2009">Montellano-Ballesteros and Carbot-Chanona, 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E69028FFB617F0F920FF5DCF3E" author="Carbot-Chanona, G. &amp; Gomez-POrez, L. E." pageId="2" pageNumber="133" pagination="83 - 89" refId="ref7769" refString="Carbot-Chanona, G. and Gomez-POrez, L. E.: Nueva evidencia de Panthera atrox (Mammalia, Felidae) en el Pleistoceno Tardio de Chiapas, Lacandonia, 8, 83 - 89, 2014." type="journal article" year="2014">Carbot-Chanona and Gómez-PØrez, 2014</bibRefCitation>
); some records from Alaska and western 
<collectingCountry id="F32955879028FFB614E5F900FD5CCF3E" box="[687,767,1770,1793]" name="Canada" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">Canada</collectingCountry>
maybe represent members that are more closely related to the cave lion (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949028FFB616A1F8C0FEF5CF7D" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[235,342,1834,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="133" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spelaea">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059028FFB616A1F8C0FEF5CF7D" box="[235,342,1834,1858]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">P. spelaea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E69028FFB61727F8C0FD9DCF7E" author="Barnett, R. &amp; Shapiro, B. &amp; Barnes, I. &amp; Ho, S. Y. W. &amp; Burger, J. &amp; Yamaguchi, N. &amp; Higham, T. F. G. &amp; Wheeler, T. &amp; Rosendhal, W. &amp; Sher, A. V. &amp; Sotnikova, M. &amp; Kuznetsova, T. &amp; Baryshnikov, G. F. &amp; Martin, L. D. &amp; Harington, C. R. &amp; Burns, J. A. &amp; Cooper, A." box="[365,574,1834,1857]" pageId="2" pageNumber="133" pagination="1668 - 1677" refId="ref7098" refString="Barnett, R., Shapiro, B., Barnes, I., Ho, S. Y. W., Burger, J., Yamaguchi, N., Higham, T. F. G., Wheeler, T., Rosendhal, W., Sher, A. V., Sotnikova, M., Kuznetsova, T., Baryshnikov, G. F., Martin, L. D., Harington, C. R., Burns, J. A., and Cooper, A.: Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo spp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity, Mol. Ecol., 18, 1668 - 1677, 2009." type="journal article" year="2009">Barnett et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
). It is a taxon limited to the Rancholabrean NALMA (Kurten and Anderson, 1980; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E69028FFB616F5F880FEEACFBE" author="Lange, I. M." box="[191,329,1898,1921]" pageId="2" pageNumber="133" refId="ref8529" refString="Lange, I. M.: Ice Age mammals of North America, Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana, 226 pp., 2002." type="book" year="2002">Lange, 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C324469C9028FFB01579FC86FB77CD6F" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="135" pageId="2" pageNumber="133" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8115179028FFB61579FC86FC51CBBB" blockId="2.[819,1010,876,900]" box="[819,1010,876,900]" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059028FFB61579FC86FC51CBBB" bold="true" box="[819,1010,876,900]" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">4.1 Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8115179028FFB61579FC47FC4FCC9C" blockId="2.[819,1463,941,1602]" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">
The canine UAHMP-4221 is large and robust (
<tableCitation id="C6BC20AC9028FFB6137DFC47FA2ACBFB" box="[1335,1417,941,964]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[124,180,177,199]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. Comparison of measurements (in mm) in UAHMP-4221 and lower canine specimens of Panthera atrox (a–d) and the extant species P. tigris (e) and P. leo (f). Rancholabrean localities: (a) El Barrio, southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico (present study); (b) Lost Chicken Creek, Alaska, United States (Whitmore and Foster, 1967: table 1, p. 250); (c) Rancho La Brea, California, United States (Merriam and Stock, 1932: table 94, p. 177); and (d) La Tejería, Chiapas, southern Mexico (Montellano-Ballesteros and Carbot-Chanona, 2009: table 1, p. 219). Abbreviations: AD, anteroposterior diameter; TD, transverse diameter." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903" pageId="2" pageNumber="133" tableUuid="DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903">Table 1</tableCitation>
). A thin layer of enamel (&lt;
<quantity id="4CC6B8F29028FFB6120BFC27FBD8CBDB" box="[1089,1147,973,996]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="133" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
thick) covers the first third of the tooth. The tip has broken anterolaterally after death (given that it does not show wear) and is subacute in shape. The specimen is moderately curved, and in cross section it is oval to oval-elongate toward to the base. The lateral surface of the tooth is slightly convex, whereas the medial surface is flattened (
<figureCitation id="130509929028FFB615D7FB66FC7CCC9C" box="[925,991,1164,1187]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[819,886,1757,1779]" captionTargetBox="[883,1395,1196,1715]" captionTargetId="figure-509@3.[876,1405,1191,1725]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Isolated left lower canine (UAHMP-4221) of Panthera atrox from the late Pleistocene of southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico. (a) Labial and (b) lingual views. Scale bar equals 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588557/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8115179028FFB61504FB46FC42CE7D" blockId="2.[819,1463,941,1602]" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">
The metacarpal UAHMP-4222 is slender and long, showing a relatively gracile appearance (
<tableCitation id="C6BC20AC9028FFB612EDFB26FB54CCDC" box="[1191,1271,1228,1251]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="3.[124,180,571,593]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 2. Comparison of measurements (in mm) between UAHMP-4222 and fifth metacarpal specimens of Panthera atrox from Rancho La Brea (RLB), late Pleistocene of California, United States (Merriam and Stock, 1932: table 62, p. 134). The observed range in the specimens from Rancho La Brea is in parentheses." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF41459F9029FFB71636FDD1FE54CAB3" pageId="2" pageNumber="133" tableUuid="DF41459F9029FFB71636FDD1FE54CAB3">Table 2</tableCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="130509929028FFB61348FB26FAE3CCDC" box="[1282,1344,1228,1251]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="4.[124,191,1027,1049]" captionTargetBox="[395,1195,215,963]" captionTargetId="figure-9@4.[339,1246,177,996]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 3. Left fifth metacarpal (UAHMP-4222) of Panthera atrox from the late Pleistocene of southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico. (a) Ventral, (b) dorsal, (c) medial, (d) lateral, (e) proximal, and (f) distal views. Scale bar equals 2 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588559/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). The shaft is oval in cross section and without sharply defined borders between the dorsal and palmar surfaces. At the proximal end, the articular surface for the unciform is narrow. The medial face presents the articular surface for metacarpal IV, formed by a large projection (“ear-shaped projection” of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E69028FFB61313FA81FC46CD9D" author="Merriam, J. C. &amp; Stock, C." pageId="2" pageNumber="133" refId="ref8836" refString="Merriam, J. C. and Stock, C.: The Felidae of Rancho La Brea: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, 231 pp., 1932." type="book" year="1932">Merriam and Stock, 1932</bibRefCitation>
) and a narrow notch placed on the palmar side. The lateral surface presents a convex tuberosity. At the distal end, the lateral tuberosity is more prominent than the medial tuberosity. The distal articulation surface is situated at a 10 
<superScript id="7C4BB85F9028FFB6152AF9E1FCC9CE28" attach="left" box="[864,874,1547,1559]" fontSize="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">◦</superScript>
angle from the axis of the shaft and a prominent palmar keel is apparent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8115179028FFB61579F980FBCDCEBD" blockId="2.[819,1134,1642,1666]" box="[819,1134,1642,1666]" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059028FFB61579F980FBCDCEBD" bold="true" box="[819,1134,1642,1666]" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">4.2 Taxonomic assessment</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8115179028FFB71579F941FE07CD22" blockId="2.[819,1462,1707,1921]" lastBlockId="3.[124,767,1191,1883]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="134" pageId="2" pageNumber="133">
The deciduous lower canine of felids is distinguished by having an accessory cusp situated on the anterolingual side of the tooth (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E69028FFB61530F900FBA0CF3E" author="Salles, L. O." box="[890,1027,1770,1793]" pageId="2" pageNumber="133" pagination="1 - 67" refId="ref9204" refString="Salles, L. O.: Felid phylogenetics: extant taxa and skull morphology (Felidae, Aeluroidea), Am. Mus. Novit., 3047, 1 - 67, 1992." type="journal article" year="1992">Salles, 1992</bibRefCitation>
). The specimen UAHMP-4221 does not show this condition, indicating that it is a permanent tooth; furthermore, it resembles the lower canine of pantherines in the absence of a lingual cavity (a widespread condition among felids), and differs from an upper canine in the absence of a lingual ridge (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E69029FFB717CEFB4DFDABCC81" author="Salles, L. O." box="[388,520,1191,1214]" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" pagination="1 - 67" refId="ref9204" refString="Salles, L. O.: Felid phylogenetics: extant taxa and skull morphology (Felidae, Aeluroidea), Am. Mus. Novit., 3047, 1 - 67, 1992." type="journal article" year="1992">Salles, 1992</bibRefCitation>
) and in being more robust. By contrast, the lower canine of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949029FFB7144EFB2CFDCBCCE1" box="[516,616,1222,1246]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB7144EFB2CFDCBCCE1" box="[516,616,1222,1246]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Smilodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is smaller and slender, strongly curved, and shows a median lateral ridge (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E69029FFB716C9FAECFE3BCD22" author="Merriam, J. C. &amp; Stock, C." box="[131,408,1286,1309]" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" refId="ref8836" refString="Merriam, J. C. and Stock, C.: The Felidae of Rancho La Brea: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, 231 pp., 1932." type="book" year="1932">Merriam and Stock, 1932</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903" ID-Table-UUID="DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" startId="3.[124,180,177,199]" targetBox="[287,1299,358,512]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8B8115179029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903" blockId="3.[124,1462,177,316]" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB71636FF5BFF6FC8F8" bold="true" box="[124,204,177,199]" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Table 1.</emphasis>
Comparison of measurements (in mm) in UAHMP-4221 and lower canine specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949029FFB71251FF5BFB0BC8F9" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[1051,1192,177,198]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB71251FF5BFB0BC8F9" box="[1051,1192,177,198]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(a–d) and the extant species 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949029FFB71636FF25FF64C8DB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[124,199,207,228]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigris">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB71636FF25FF64C8DB" box="[124,199,207,228]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">P. tigris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949029FFB71750FF25FEF3C8DB" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[282,336,207,228]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leo">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB71750FF25FEF3C8DB" box="[282,336,207,228]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">P. leo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(f). Rancholabrean localities: (a) El Barrio, southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico (present study); (b) Lost Chicken Creek, Alaska, United States (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E69029FFB717EEFF06FD16C93E" author="Whitmore Jr., F. C. &amp; Foster, H. L." box="[420,693,236,257]" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" pagination="247 - 251" refId="ref9504" refString="Whitmore Jr., F. C. and Foster, H. L.: Panthera atrox (Mammalia: Felidae) from central Alaska, J. Paleontol., 247 - 251, 1967." type="book chapter" year="1967">Whitmore and Foster, 1967</bibRefCitation>
: table 1, p. 250); (c) Rancho La Brea, California, United States (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E69029FFB7137CFF06FF52C921" author="Merriam, J. C. &amp; Stock, C." pageId="3" pageNumber="134" refId="ref8836" refString="Merriam, J. C. and Stock, C.: The Felidae of Rancho La Brea: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, 231 pp., 1932." type="book" year="1932">Merriam and Stock, 1932</bibRefCitation>
: table 94, p. 177); and (d) La Tejería, Chiapas, southern Mexico (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E69029FFB7152BFEE3FAEDC921" author="Montellano-Ballesteros, M. &amp; Carbot-Chanona, G." box="[865,1358,265,286]" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" pagination="217 - 222" refId="ref8897" refString="Montellano-Ballesteros, M. and Carbot-Chanona, G.: Panthera leo atrox (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Chiapas, Mexico, Southwest. Nat., 54, 217 - 222, 2009." type="journal article" year="2009">Montellano-Ballesteros and Carbot-Chanona, 2009</bibRefCitation>
: table 1, p. 219). Abbreviations: AD, anteroposterior diameter; TD, transverse diameter.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8115179029FFB717D1FE8CFAABCA3F" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<table id="F93EE7B79029004B1755FE8CFAB0CA3F" box="[287,1299,358,512]" gridcols="7" gridrows="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<tr id="350E17559029004B1755FE8CFAB0C944" box="[287,1299,358,379]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76DF7E299029004B1728FE8CFE4CC944" box="[354,495,358,379]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(a)</th>
<th id="76DF7E299029004B1445FE8CFD3BC944" box="[527,664,358,379]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(b)</th>
<th id="76DF7E299029004B14F2FE8CFCF0C944" box="[696,851,358,379]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(c)</th>
<th id="76DF7E299029004B1539FE8CFC50C944" box="[883,1011,358,379]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(d)</th>
<th id="76DF7E299029004B1259FE8CFB20C944" box="[1043,1155,358,379]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(e)</th>
<th id="76DF7E299029004B12E9FE8CFAB0C944" box="[1187,1299,358,379]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(f)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350E17559029004B1755FE69FAB0C9A7" box="[287,1299,387,408]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1728FE69FE4CC9A7" box="[354,495,387,408]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">UAHMP-4221</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1445FE69FD3BC9A7" box="[527,664,387,408]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">USNM-23619</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B14F2FE69FCF0C9A7" box="[696,851,387,408]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Rancho La Brea</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1539FE69FC50C9A7" box="[883,1011,387,408]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">IHNFG-2678</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1259FE69FB20C9A7" box="[1043,1155,387,408]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">OCMP-077</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B12E9FE69FAB0C9A7" box="[1187,1299,387,408]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">OCMP-080</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E17559029004B1755FE4AFAB0C989" box="[287,1299,416,438]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1728FE4AFE4CC989" box="[354,495,416,438]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Left</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1445FE4AFD3BC989" box="[527,664,416,438]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Right</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B14F2FE4AFCF0C989" box="[696,851,416,438]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
(
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB714AFFE4AFD56C98A" box="[741,757,416,437]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">N</emphasis>
= 11)
</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1539FE4AFC50C989" box="[883,1011,416,438]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Right</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1259FE4AFB20C989" box="[1043,1155,416,438]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Left</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B12E9FE4AFAB0C989" box="[1187,1299,416,438]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Right/left</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E17559029004B1755FE24FAB0C9DC" box="[287,1299,462,483]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<th id="76DF7E299029004B1755FE24FEE1C9DC" box="[287,322,462,483]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">AD</th>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1728FE24FE4CC9DC" box="[354,495,462,483]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">30.1</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1445FE24FD3BC9DC" box="[527,664,462,483]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">30.0</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B14F2FE24FCF0C9DC" box="[696,851,462,483]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">21.8–30.4</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1539FE24FC50C9DC" box="[883,1011,462,483]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">21.9</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1259FE24FB20C9DC" box="[1043,1155,462,483]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">20.8</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B12E9FE24FAB0C9DC" box="[1187,1299,462,483]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">21.0/20.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E17559029004B1755FE01FAB0CA3F" box="[287,1299,491,512]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<th id="76DF7E299029004B1755FE01FEE1CA3F" box="[287,322,491,512]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">TD</th>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1728FE01FE4CCA3F" box="[354,495,491,512]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">21.6</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1445FE01FD3BCA3F" box="[527,664,491,512]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">21.5</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B14F2FE01FCF0CA3F" box="[696,851,491,512]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">15.1–21.6</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1539FE01FC50CA3F" box="[883,1011,491,512]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">15.6</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1259FE01FB20CA3F" box="[1043,1155,491,512]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">14.2</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B12E9FE01FAB0CA3F" box="[1187,1299,491,512]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">13.9/13.7</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF41459F9029FFB71636FDD1FE54CAB3" ID-Table-UUID="DF41459F9029FFB71636FDD1FE54CAB3" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF41459F9029FFB71636FDD1FE54CAB3" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" startId="3.[124,180,571,593]" targetBox="[254,1305,694,1111]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8B8115179029FFB71636FDD1FE54CAB3" blockId="3.[124,1462,571,652]" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB71636FDD1FF6ECA6E" bold="true" box="[124,205,571,593]" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Table 2.</emphasis>
Comparison of measurements (in mm) between UAHMP-4222 and fifth metacarpal specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949029FFB712C9FDD6FAB2CA6E" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[1155,1297,572,593]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB712C9FDD6FAB2CA6E" box="[1155,1297,572,593]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Rancho La Brea (RLB), late Pleistocene of California, United States (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E69029FFB714E3FDB3FC01CA51" author="Merriam, J. C. &amp; Stock, C." box="[681,930,601,622]" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" refId="ref8836" refString="Merriam, J. C. and Stock, C.: The Felidae of Rancho La Brea: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, 231 pp., 1932." type="book" year="1932">Merriam and Stock, 1932</bibRefCitation>
: table 62, p. 134). The observed range in the specimens from Rancho La Brea is in parentheses.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8115179029FFB71565FD5CFAAFCC68" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<table id="F93EE7B79029004B16B4FD5CFABACC68" box="[254,1305,694,1111]" gridcols="4" gridrows="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<tr id="350E17559029004B16B4FD5CFABACAF4" box="[254,1305,694,715]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76DF7E299029004B1565FD5CFC1FCAF4" box="[815,956,694,715]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">UAHMP-4222</th>
<th id="76DF7E299029004B15ACFD5CFBC1CAF4" box="[998,1122,694,715]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">RLB</th>
<th id="76DF7E299029004B12D7FD5CFABACAF4" box="[1181,1305,694,715]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">RLB</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350E17559029004B16B4FD39FABACAD7" box="[254,1305,723,744]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1565FD39FC1FCAD7" box="[815,956,723,744]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Left</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B15ACFD39FBC1CAD7" box="[998,1122,723,744]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Right</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B12D7FD39FABACAD7" box="[1181,1305,723,744]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Left</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E17559029004B16B4FCEAFABACB29" box="[254,1305,768,790]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<th id="76DF7E299029004B16B4FCEAFD76CB29" box="[254,725,768,790]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Greatest length</th>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1565FCEAFC1FCB29" box="[815,956,768,790]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">105.9</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B15ACFCEAFBC1CB29" box="[998,1122,768,790]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB715ACFCEAFC51CB2A" box="[998,1010,768,789]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">x</emphasis>
= 105
</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B12D7FCEAFABACB29" box="[1181,1305,768,790]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB712D7FCEAFB0ACB2A" box="[1181,1193,768,789]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">x</emphasis>
= 106.6
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E17559029004B16B4FCF4FABACB0C" box="[254,1305,798,819]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="76DF7E299029004B15ACFCF4FBC1CB0C" box="[998,1122,798,819]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(90.6–115.3)</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B12D7FCF4FABACB0C" box="[1181,1305,798,819]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(91.7–113.0)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E17559029004B16B4FCD1FABACB6F" box="[254,1305,827,848]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<th id="76DF7E299029004B16B4FCD1FD76CB6F" box="[254,725,827,848]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Greatest transverse diameter of proximal end</th>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1565FCD1FC1FCB6F" box="[815,956,827,848]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">28.4</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B15ACFCD1FBC1CB6F" box="[998,1122,827,848]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">28.7</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B12D7FCD1FABACB6F" box="[1181,1305,827,848]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB712D7FCD1FB0ACB6F" box="[1181,1193,827,848]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">x</emphasis>
= 27.8
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E17559029004B16B4FCB2FABACB52" box="[254,1305,856,877]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="76DF7E299029004B15ACFCB2FBC1CB52" box="[998,1122,856,877]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(25.1–27.7)</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B12D7FCB2FABACB52" box="[1181,1305,856,877]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(24.9–30.0)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E17559029004B16B4FC9FFABACBB4" box="[254,1305,885,907]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<th id="76DF7E299029004B16B4FC9FFD76CBB4" box="[254,725,885,907]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Greatest dorsoventral diameter of proximal end</th>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1565FC9FFC1FCBB4" box="[815,956,885,907]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">26.8</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B15ACFC9FFBC1CBB4" box="[998,1122,885,907]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB715ACFC9FFC51CBB5" box="[998,1010,885,906]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">x</emphasis>
= 31.3
</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B12D7FC9FFABACBB4" box="[1181,1305,885,907]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB712D7FC9FFB0ACBB5" box="[1181,1193,885,906]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">x</emphasis>
= 29.8
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E17559029004B16B4FC79FABACB97" box="[254,1305,915,936]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="76DF7E299029004B15ACFC79FBC1CB97" box="[998,1122,915,936]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(27.0–30.8)</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B12D7FC79FABACB97" box="[1181,1305,915,936]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(27.3–33.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E17559029004B16B4FC5AFABACBFA" box="[254,1305,944,965]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<th id="76DF7E299029004B16B4FC5AFD76CBFA" box="[254,725,944,965]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Transverse diameter at middle of shaft</th>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1565FC5AFC1FCBFA" box="[815,956,944,965]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">17.0</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B15ACFC5AFBC1CBFA" box="[998,1122,944,965]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB715ACFC5AFC51CBFA" box="[998,1010,944,965]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">x</emphasis>
= 17.0
</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B12D7FC5AFABACBFA" box="[1181,1305,944,965]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB712D7FC5AFB0ACBFA" box="[1181,1193,944,965]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">x</emphasis>
= 16.3
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E17559029004B16B4FC27FABACBDD" box="[254,1305,973,994]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="76DF7E299029004B15ACFC27FBC1CBDD" box="[998,1122,973,994]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(14.2–15.8)</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B12D7FC27FABACBDD" box="[1181,1305,973,994]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(14.2–17.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E17559029004B16B4FC00FABACBC0" box="[254,1305,1002,1023]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<th id="76DF7E299029004B16B4FC00FD76CBC0" box="[254,725,1002,1023]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Dorsoventral diameter at middle of shaft</th>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1565FC00FC1FCBC0" box="[815,956,1002,1023]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">13.9</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B15ACFC00FBC1CBC0" box="[998,1122,1002,1023]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB715ACFC00FC51CBC0" box="[998,1010,1002,1023]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">x</emphasis>
= 15.0
</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B12D7FC00FABACBC0" box="[1181,1305,1002,1023]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB712D7FC00FB0ACBC0" box="[1181,1193,1002,1023]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">x</emphasis>
= 14.1
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E17559029004B16B4FBE2FABACC22" box="[254,1305,1032,1053]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="76DF7E299029004B15ACFBE2FBC1CC22" box="[998,1122,1032,1053]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(13.2–15.2)</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B12D7FBE2FABACC22" box="[1181,1305,1032,1053]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(12.2–15.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E17559029004B16B4FBCEFABACC05" box="[254,1305,1060,1082]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<th id="76DF7E299029004B16B4FBCEFD76CC05" box="[254,725,1060,1082]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Greatest transverse diameter at distal end of shaft</th>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B1565FBCEFC1FCC05" box="[815,956,1060,1082]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">23.5</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B15ACFBCEFBC1CC05" box="[998,1122,1060,1082]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB715ACFBCEFC51CC06" box="[998,1010,1060,1081]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">x</emphasis>
= 24.9
</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B12D7FBCEFABACC05" box="[1181,1305,1060,1082]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB712D7FBCEFB0ACC06" box="[1181,1193,1060,1081]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">x</emphasis>
= 24.8
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E17559029004B16B4FBA8FABACC68" box="[254,1305,1090,1111]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<td id="76DF7E299029004B15ACFBA8FBC1CC68" box="[998,1122,1090,1111]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(21.2–25.2)</td>
<td id="76DF7E299029004B12D7FBA8FABACC68" box="[1181,1305,1090,1111]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(22.2–25.2)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8115179029FFB716DDFACCFEE8CF64" blockId="3.[124,767,1191,1883]" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
The size of the tooth is comparable to that observed for lower canines belonging to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949029FFB717D4FAACFD98CD61" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[414,571,1350,1374]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB717D4FAACFD98CD61" box="[414,571,1350,1374]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including USNM 23619 (right lower jaw with c, p3–m1) from 
<location id="8EE143CC9029FFB71424FA8CFF1DCDA2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC9029FFB71424FA8CFF1DCDA2" country="Mexico" county="Rancho La Brea" municipality="Rancho La Brea" name="Lost Chicken Creek" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" stateProvince="Chiapas">Lost Chicken Creek</location>
, 
<location id="8EE143CC9029FFB71687FA6CFDA0CDA2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC9029FFB71687FA6CFDA0CDA2" box="[205,515,1414,1437]" country="Mexico" county="Rancho La Brea" municipality="Rancho La Brea" name="Rancholabrean of Fairbanks" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" stateProvince="Chiapas">Rancholabrean of Fairbanks</location>
, Alaska; it falls in the upper limit of the observed range in specimens from 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE58F6D9029FFB71481FA4CFEA1CDE2" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Rancho La Brea</collectingMunicipality>
, California, United States; and it is nearly 25 % larger than the specimen IHNFG-2678 (isolated lower canine) from 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF59029FFB716BDF9EFFEECCE23" box="[247,335,1541,1564]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
, southern 
<collectingCountry id="F32955879029FFB7178AF9EFFDB2CE23" box="[448,529,1541,1564]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<tableCitation id="C6BC20AC9029FFB7146AF9EFFDD1CE23" box="[544,626,1541,1564]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[124,180,177,199]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. Comparison of measurements (in mm) in UAHMP-4221 and lower canine specimens of Panthera atrox (a–d) and the extant species P. tigris (e) and P. leo (f). Rancholabrean localities: (a) El Barrio, southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico (present study); (b) Lost Chicken Creek, Alaska, United States (Whitmore and Foster, 1967: table 1, p. 250); (c) Rancho La Brea, California, United States (Merriam and Stock, 1932: table 94, p. 177); and (d) La Tejería, Chiapas, southern Mexico (Montellano-Ballesteros and Carbot-Chanona, 2009: table 1, p. 219). Abbreviations: AD, anteroposterior diameter; TD, transverse diameter." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" tableUuid="DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903">Table 1</tableCitation>
). The difference in size between the specimens from 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF59029FFB71473F9CFFD2CCE03" box="[569,655,1573,1596]" country="Mexico" name="Hidalgo" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Hidalgo</collectingRegion>
and 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF59029FFB71489F9CFFF3CCE63" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
could be explained by intraspecific variation (related to age and/or sex), considering that UAHMP-4221 shows dimensions comparable to the larger lower canines from 
<collectingCounty id="62E06D9B9029FFB71481F96FFEA6CE83" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Rancho La Brea</collectingCounty>
, whereas the dimensions of IHNFG-2678 correspond to those of the smaller ones (
<tableCitation id="C6BC20AC9029FFB7145EF92FFDC6CEE3" box="[532,613,1733,1756]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[124,180,177,199]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. Comparison of measurements (in mm) in UAHMP-4221 and lower canine specimens of Panthera atrox (a–d) and the extant species P. tigris (e) and P. leo (f). Rancholabrean localities: (a) El Barrio, southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico (present study); (b) Lost Chicken Creek, Alaska, United States (Whitmore and Foster, 1967: table 1, p. 250); (c) Rancho La Brea, California, United States (Merriam and Stock, 1932: table 94, p. 177); and (d) La Tejería, Chiapas, southern Mexico (Montellano-Ballesteros and Carbot-Chanona, 2009: table 1, p. 219). Abbreviations: AD, anteroposterior diameter; TD, transverse diameter." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" tableUuid="DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903">Table 1</tableCitation>
). It should be stated that the specimen UAHMP-4221 is significantly larger (ca. 33 %) than lower canines of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949029FFB717A9F8EEFDCFCF23" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[483,620,1796,1820]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leo">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB717A9F8EEFDCFCF23" box="[483,620,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Panthera leo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949029FFB714E9F8EEFD54CF23" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[675,759,1796,1820]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigris">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB714E9F8EEFD54CF23" box="[675,759,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">P. tigris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; however, the size of this tooth between those extant species is similar (
<tableCitation id="C6BC20AC9029FFB716A6F8AEFE9FCF64" box="[236,316,1860,1883]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[124,180,177,199]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. Comparison of measurements (in mm) in UAHMP-4221 and lower canine specimens of Panthera atrox (a–d) and the extant species P. tigris (e) and P. leo (f). Rancholabrean localities: (a) El Barrio, southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico (present study); (b) Lost Chicken Creek, Alaska, United States (Whitmore and Foster, 1967: table 1, p. 250); (c) Rancho La Brea, California, United States (Merriam and Stock, 1932: table 94, p. 177); and (d) La Tejería, Chiapas, southern Mexico (Montellano-Ballesteros and Carbot-Chanona, 2009: table 1, p. 219). Abbreviations: AD, anteroposterior diameter; TD, transverse diameter." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" tableUuid="DF41459F9029FFB71636FF5BFCFAC903">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF41459F9029FFB71579F937FA39CF12" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588557" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11588557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588557/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" startId="3.[819,886,1757,1779]" targetBox="[883,1395,1196,1715]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8115179029FFB71579F937FA39CF12" blockId="3.[819,1462,1757,1837]" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB71579F937FC31CECC" bold="true" box="[819,914,1757,1779]" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Isolated left lower canine (UAHMP-4221) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949029FFB71315F937FCC7CF30" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="134" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB71315F937FCC7CF30" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the late Pleistocene of southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico. 
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB715C2F8FDFC07CF12" bold="true" box="[904,932,1815,1837]" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(a)</emphasis>
Labial and 
<emphasis id="B94AC9059029FFB7125FF8FDFB91CF12" bold="true" box="[1045,1074,1815,1837]" pageId="3" pageNumber="134">(b)</emphasis>
lingual views. Scale bar equals 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF41459F902EFFB01636FBE9FB88CC09" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588559" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11588559" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588559/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" startId="4.[124,191,1027,1049]" targetBox="[395,1195,215,963]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B811517902EFFB01636FBE9FB88CC09" blockId="4.[124,1462,1027,1078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902EFFB01636FBE9FF7ACC26" bold="true" box="[124,217,1027,1049]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Left fifth metacarpal (UAHMP-4222) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902EFFB01438FBEEFCA1CC26" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[626,770,1028,1049]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902EFFB01438FBEEFCA1CC26" box="[626,770,1028,1049]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the late Pleistocene of southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico. 
<emphasis id="B94AC905902EFFB013D0FBE9FA15CC26" bold="true" box="[1434,1462,1027,1049]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">(a)</emphasis>
Ventral, 
<emphasis id="B94AC905902EFFB01687FBCAFF49CC09" bold="true" box="[205,234,1056,1078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">(b)</emphasis>
dorsal, 
<emphasis id="B94AC905902EFFB0177DFBCAFEF2CC09" bold="true" box="[311,337,1056,1078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">(c)</emphasis>
medial, 
<emphasis id="B94AC905902EFFB017EEFBCAFE62CC09" bold="true" box="[420,449,1056,1078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">(d)</emphasis>
lateral, 
<emphasis id="B94AC905902EFFB01445FBCAFD8ACC09" bold="true" box="[527,553,1056,1078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">(e)</emphasis>
proximal, and 
<emphasis id="B94AC905902EFFB014F0FBCAFD71CC09" bold="true" box="[698,722,1056,1078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">(f)</emphasis>
distal views. Scale bar equals 2 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B811517902EFFB016DDFB90FCDACC8E" blockId="4.[124,767,1146,1870]" lastBlockId="4.[819,1462,1146,1360]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">
Among felids, the morphology of the limb elements is somewhat homogeneous, including the metacarpals. In general, the metacarpal bones of felids are characterized by being short and robust with a broad and curved diaphysis as well as broad proximal and narrow distal ends (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902EFFB014D7FB13FE46CD0F" author="Morales-Mejia, F. M. &amp; Arroyo-Cabrales, J." pageId="4" pageNumber="135" pagination="75 - 84" refId="ref8999" refString="Morales-Mejia, F. M. and Arroyo-Cabrales, J.: Estudio comparativo de algunos elementos de las extremidades de las familias Felidae y Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora), Rev. Esp. Cienc. Quimico- Biologicas, 15, 75 - 84, 2012." type="journal article" year="2012">Morales-Mejía and Arroyo-Cabrales, 2012</bibRefCitation>
). All these features are observed in the specimen UAHMP-4222, indicating its felid condition. In particular, the fifth metacarpal from Hidalgo resembles those of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902EFFB0171AFA92FE53CDAF" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[336,496,1400,1424]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902EFFB0171AFA92FE53CDAF" box="[336,496,1400,1424]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the following characters: (1) well-developed projection on the palmar side at the proximal end; (2) the articulating surface for the unciform is narrow; (3) the diaphysis is relatively slender; (4) the notch on the articulating surface for the fourth metacarpal is narrow; and (5) the diaphysis at the middle is oval in cross section (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902EFFB016F2F9D2FE78CE70" author="Merriam, J. C. &amp; Stock, C." box="[184,475,1592,1615]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" refId="ref8836" refString="Merriam, J. C. and Stock, C.: The Felidae of Rancho La Brea: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, 231 pp., 1932." type="book" year="1932">Merriam and Stock, 1932</bibRefCitation>
). Furthermore, the size of UAHMP-4222 (greatest length = 105.9 mm) is within the observed range of fifth metacarpals of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902EFFB01450F99DFDC8CEB0" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[538,619,1655,1679]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902EFFB01450F99DFDC8CEB0" box="[538,619,1655,1679]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">P. atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Rancho La Brea, 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902EFFB016A9F972FEF1CE90" box="[227,338,1688,1711]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">California</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F3295587902EFFB01715F972FE4CCE90" box="[351,495,1688,1711]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">United States</collectingCountry>
(
<tableCitation id="C6BC20AC902EFFB0144AF972FDF5CE90" box="[512,598,1688,1711]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="3.[124,180,571,593]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 2. Comparison of measurements (in mm) between UAHMP-4222 and fifth metacarpal specimens of Panthera atrox from Rancho La Brea (RLB), late Pleistocene of California, United States (Merriam and Stock, 1932: table 62, p. 134). The observed range in the specimens from Rancho La Brea is in parentheses." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF41459F9029FFB71636FDD1FE54CAB3" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" tableUuid="DF41459F9029FFB71636FDD1FE54CAB3">Table 2</tableCitation>
); however, it is about 25 % larger than the fifth metacarpal of OCMP-077 belonging to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902EFFB016A5F93DFEE2CED0" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[239,321,1751,1775]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tigris">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902EFFB016A5F93DFEE2CED0" box="[239,321,1751,1775]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">P. tigris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(greatest length = 80.3 mm). It should be noted that the fifth metacarpal of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902EFFB017A0F91DFDEDCF30" box="[490,590,1783,1807]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902EFFB017A0F91DFDEDCF30" box="[490,590,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">Smilodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished in having a poorly developed projection on the palmar side at the proximal end, a broad articulating surface for the unciform, and a relatively stout diaphysis (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902EFFB01295FB90FCCFCC8E" author="Merriam, J. C. &amp; Stock, C." pageId="4" pageNumber="135" refId="ref8836" refString="Merriam, J. C. and Stock, C.: The Felidae of Rancho La Brea: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, 231 pp., 1932." type="book" year="1932">Merriam and Stock, 1932</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B811517902EFFB01504FB50FB77CD6F" blockId="4.[819,1462,1146,1360]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">
The comparative study indicates that the size and morphology of dental and postcranial remains from 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902EFFB01372FB33FA2DCCCF" box="[1336,1422,1241,1264]" country="Mexico" name="Hidalgo" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">Hidalgo</collectingRegion>
are closely comparable to those observed in specimens belonging to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902EFFB01532FAF3FBB5CD0E" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[888,1046,1305,1329]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902EFFB01532FAF3FBB5CD0E" box="[888,1046,1305,1329]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Hence, the studied sample is formally assigned to that large-sized cat species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C324469C902EFFB11579FA67FA29CD02" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="136" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B811517902EFFB01579FA67FB33CD9A" blockId="4.[819,1168,1421,1445]" box="[819,1168,1421,1445]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">
<heading id="D0C9A27B902EFFB01579FA67FB33CD9A" bold="true" box="[819,1168,1421,1445]" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902EFFB01579FA67FB33CD9A" bold="true" box="[819,1168,1421,1445]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">5 Paleobiological significance</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B811517902EFFB01579FA22FBA2CDDF" blockId="4.[819,1025,1480,1504]" box="[819,1025,1480,1504]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902EFFB01579FA22FBA2CDDF" bold="true" box="[819,1025,1480,1504]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">5.1 Paleoecology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B811517902EFFB01579F9E9FC73CF46" blockId="4.[819,1462,1539,1913]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">
The American lion was one of the largest cats that inhabited North America during the late Pleistocene (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902EFFB01340F9C9FC62CE65" author="KurtOn, B. &amp; Anderson, E." pageId="4" pageNumber="135" refId="ref8500" refString="KurtOn, B. and Anderson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of North America, Columbia University Press, New York, 442 pp., 1980." type="book" year="1980">KurtØn and Anderson, 1980</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902EFFB01584F9A9FBF9CE65" author="Lange, I. M." box="[974,1114,1603,1626]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" refId="ref8529" refString="Lange, I. M.: Ice Age mammals of North America, Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana, 226 pp., 2002." type="book" year="2002">Lange, 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Body size estimations indicate that this felid had a mean body mass of 
<quantity id="4CC6B8F2902EFFB0129DF989FA83CE45" box="[1239,1312,1635,1658]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" unit="kg" value="300.0">300 kg</quantity>
, ranging from 
<quantity id="4CC6B8F2902EFFB01579F969FC67CEA5" box="[819,964,1667,1690]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" unit="kg" value="300.0" valueMax="400.0" valueMin="200.0">200 to 400 kg</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902EFFB0159AF969FAAACEA5" author="Van Valkenburgh, B. &amp; Hayward, M. W. &amp; Ripple, W. J. &amp; Meloro, C. &amp; Roth, V. L." box="[976,1289,1667,1690]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" pagination="862 - 867" refId="ref9444" refString="Van Valkenburgh, B., Hayward, M. W., Ripple, W. J., Meloro, C., and Roth, V. L.: The impact of large terrestrial carnivores on Pleistocene ecosystems, Proc. Natl. A. Sci., 113, 862 - 867, 2016." type="journal article" year="2016">Van Valkenburgh et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
). It has been observed that prey body size tends to increase with the predator size (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902EFFB01526F928FBE5CEE6" author="Sinclair, A. R. E. &amp; Mduma, S. &amp; Brashares, J. S." box="[876,1094,1730,1753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" pagination="288 - 290" refId="ref9269" refString="Sinclair, A. R. E., Mduma, S., and Brashares, J. S.: Patterns of predation in a diverse predator-prey system, Nature, 425, 288 - 290, 2003." type="journal article" year="2003">Sinclair et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Therefore, it should be expected that large mammalian herbivores were common prey of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902EFFB013CEF908FC0BCF25" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902EFFB013CEF908FC0BCF25" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="135">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902EFFB015FFF8E8FB4ECF26" author="Van Valkenburgh, B. &amp; Hayward, M. W. &amp; Ripple, W. J. &amp; Meloro, C. &amp; Roth, V. L." box="[949,1261,1794,1817]" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" pagination="862 - 867" refId="ref9444" refString="Van Valkenburgh, B., Hayward, M. W., Ripple, W. J., Meloro, C., and Roth, V. L.: The impact of large terrestrial carnivores on Pleistocene ecosystems, Proc. Natl. A. Sci., 113, 862 - 867, 2016." type="journal article" year="2016">Van Valkenburgh et al. (2016</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 2, p. 865) predicted a typical prey size ranging from 
<quantity id="4CC6B8F2902EFFB01295F8C8FAC5CF06" box="[1247,1382,1826,1849]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.8" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" unit="kg" value="480.0" valueMax="900.0" valueMin="60.0">60 to 900 kg</quantity>
for the American lion, and the maximum prey size could have been about 
<quantity id="4CC6B8F2902EFFB0153FF888FC6ECF46" box="[885,973,1890,1913]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="135" unit="kg" value="1000.0">1000 kg</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF41459F902FFFB11636FC39FED7CC1C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588563" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11588563" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588563/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" startId="5.[124,191,979,1001]" targetBox="[339,1246,177,946]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B811517902FFFB11636FC39FED7CC1C" blockId="5.[124,1462,979,1059]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB11636FC39FF7BCBD6" bold="true" box="[124,216,979,1001]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Potential common prey-size range for 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902FFFB1141AFC3EFD7CCBD6" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[592,735,980,1001]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB1141AFC3EFD7CCBD6" box="[592,735,980,1001]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the late Pleistocene of southeastern Hidalgo, including the herbivores that have been reported at the El Barrio locality (HGO-47). Diamond and line indicate the mean and observed range of body mass (from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902FFFB113DBFC1BFECACC1C" author="Van Valkenburgh, B. &amp; Hayward, M. W. &amp; Ripple, W. J. &amp; Meloro, C. &amp; Roth, V. L." pageId="5" pageNumber="136" pagination="862 - 867" refId="ref9444" refString="Van Valkenburgh, B., Hayward, M. W., Ripple, W. J., Meloro, C., and Roth, V. L.: The impact of large terrestrial carnivores on Pleistocene ecosystems, Proc. Natl. A. Sci., 113, 862 - 867, 2016." type="journal article" year="2016">Van Valkenburgh et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B811517902FFFB116DDFB8DFF12CEE3" blockId="5.[124,767,1127,1916]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
Given the above and considering the taxonomic mammalian composition known at the El Barrio locality, it seems that potential prey for 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902FFFB1173EFB4CFDB6CC81" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[372,533,1190,1214]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB1173EFB4CFDB6CC81" box="[372,533,1190,1214]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in that site could include adult individuals of llamas (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902FFFB1144CFB2CFD5CCCE1" authorityName="Meachen" authorityYear="2005" box="[518,767,1222,1246]" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Hemiauchenia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB1144CFB2CFD5CCCE1" box="[518,767,1222,1246]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Hemiauchenia gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902FFFB116E3FB0CFE99CCC2" box="[169,314,1254,1278]" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB116E3FB0CFEB0CCC1" box="[169,275,1254,1278]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Camelops</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
), deer (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902FFFB117C1FB0CFD06CCC1" baseAuthorityName="Zimmermann" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[395,677,1254,1278]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Odocoileus" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="virginianus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB117C1FB0CFDA7CCC1" box="[395,516,1254,1278]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Odocoileus</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB11467FB0CFD06CCC1" box="[557,677,1254,1278]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">virginianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), horses (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902FFFB116CFFAECFEFACD21" baseAuthorityName="Owen" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[133,345,1286,1310]" class="Mammalia" family="Equidae" genus="Equus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="conversidens">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB116CFFAECFEFACD21" box="[133,345,1286,1310]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Equus conversidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and even bison (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902FFFB1146EFAECFD29CD22" box="[548,650,1286,1310]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB1146EFAECFDC2CD21" box="[548,609,1286,1310]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Bison</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
); the body mass among these herbivores is estimated to have been 
<quantity id="4CC6B8F2902FFFB1149DFACCFF40CD62" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" unit="kg" value="550.0" valueMax="900.0" valueMin="200.0">200 to 900 kg</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="13050992902FFFB116BCFAACFE9FCD62" box="[246,316,1350,1373]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="5.[124,191,979,1001]" captionTargetBox="[339,1246,177,946]" captionTargetId="figure-9@5.[339,1246,177,948]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 4. Potential common prey-size range for Panthera atrox from the late Pleistocene of southeastern Hidalgo, including the herbivores that have been reported at the El Barrio locality (HGO-47). Diamond and line indicate the mean and observed range of body mass (from Van Valkenburgh et al., 2016)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588563" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588563/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Hunting in groups increases the upper range of available prey size; consequently, it has been suggested that large-sized Pleistocene cats (such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902FFFB114D4FA6FFF10CD82" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB114D4FA6FFF10CD82" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) were able to kill prey with a body mass of about 
<quantity id="4CC6B8F2902FFFB11636FA2CFF72CDE2" box="[124,209,1478,1501]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" unit="kg" value="6000.0">6000 kg</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902FFFB11694FA2CFDB4CDE2" author="Van Valkenburgh, B. &amp; Hayward, M. W. &amp; Ripple, W. J. &amp; Meloro, C. &amp; Roth, V. L." box="[222,535,1478,1501]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" pagination="862 - 867" refId="ref9444" refString="Van Valkenburgh, B., Hayward, M. W., Ripple, W. J., Meloro, C., and Roth, V. L.: The impact of large terrestrial carnivores on Pleistocene ecosystems, Proc. Natl. A. Sci., 113, 862 - 867, 2016." type="journal article" year="2016">Van Valkenburgh et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
). Assuming a hunting group behavior and potential presence of other individuals belonging to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902FFFB11741F9EFFE08CE22" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[267,427,1541,1565]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB11741F9EFFE08CE22" box="[267,427,1541,1565]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at southeastern 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902FFFB11411F9EFFD12CE23" box="[603,689,1541,1564]" country="Mexico" name="Hidalgo" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Hidalgo</collectingRegion>
during the late Pleistocene, it is also probable that adult individuals of glyptodonts (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902FFFB1171FF9AFFDD3CE62" baseAuthorityName="Simpson" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[341,624,1605,1629]" class="Mammalia" family="Glyptodontidae" genus="Glyptotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cingulata" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floridanum">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB1171FF9AFFDD3CE62" box="[341,624,1605,1629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Glyptotherium floridanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and ground sloths (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902FFFB11687F98EFE79CE43" baseAuthorityName="Owen" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[205,474,1636,1660]" class="Mammalia" family="Mylodontidae" genus="Paramylodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harlani">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB11687F98EFEF8CE43" box="[205,347,1636,1660]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Paramylodon</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB117C6F98EFE79CE43" box="[396,474,1636,1660]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">harlani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), as well as young and/or subadult individuals of proboscideans (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902FFFB1146DF96EFD6CCEA3" box="[551,719,1668,1692]" class="Mammalia" family="Gomphotheriidae" genus="Cuvieronius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB1146DF96EFD0BCEA3" box="[551,680,1668,1692]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Cuvieronius</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902FFFB11636F94EFE8BCE83" box="[124,296,1700,1724]" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Mammuthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB11636F94EFF5CCE83" box="[124,255,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Mammuthus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
), could represent other, perhaps occasional prey.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B811517902FFFB116DDF90EFA29CD02" blockId="5.[124,767,1127,1916]" lastBlockId="5.[819,1463,1127,1342]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
The American lion was the second largest carnivore in the late Pleistocene ecosystems of North America, exceeded by only the short-faced bear 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902FFFB117C2F8CEFF52CF64" authority="(KurtOn and Anderson, 1980)" baseAuthorityName="KurtOn and Anderson" baseAuthorityYear="1980" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Arctodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB117C2F8CEFD89CF03" box="[392,554,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Arctodus simus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902FFFB1147CF8CEFF4BCF64" author="KurtOn, B. &amp; Anderson, E." pageId="5" pageNumber="136" refId="ref8500" refString="KurtOn, B. and Anderson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of North America, Columbia University Press, New York, 442 pp., 1980." type="book" year="1980">KurtØn and Anderson, 1980</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The large size and restricted dietary behavior of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902FFFB11636F88EFEB9CF43" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[124,282,1892,1916]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB11636F88EFEB9CF43" box="[124,282,1892,1916]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(a carnivore that feeds mostly on meat, i.e., a hypercarnivore) suggest that this extinct cat occupied the top of the trophic chain, considering that both conditions are typical of extant top predators (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902FFFB1122EFB4DFA2ACC81" author="Ritchie, E. G. &amp; Johnson, C. N." box="[1124,1417,1191,1214]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" pagination="982 - 998" refId="ref9126" refString="Ritchie, E. G. and Johnson, C. N.: Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation, Ecol. Lett., 12, 982 - 998, 2009." type="journal article" year="2009">Ritchie and Johnson, 2009</bibRefCitation>
). At the El Barrio locality, it is probable that the individual of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902FFFB113E9FB2CFCC9CCC1" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB113E9FB2CFCC9CCC1" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">P. atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described here had the ecological role of the top predator, displacing other carnivores of small to medium size, such as the dire wolf (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902FFFB115ADFACCFBC0CD01" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1858" box="[999,1123,1318,1342]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dirus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB115ADFACCFBC0CD01" box="[999,1123,1318,1342]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Canis dirus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to the mesopredator guild.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C324469C902FFFB21579FA83FB3FCEB0" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B811517902FFFB11579FA83FB22CDBE" blockId="5.[819,1153,1385,1409]" box="[819,1153,1385,1409]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB11579FA83FB22CDBE" bold="true" box="[819,1153,1385,1409]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">5.2 Geographic distribution</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B811517902FFFB11579FA46FA0DCFBE" blockId="5.[819,1462,1452,1921]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
By the late Pleistocene, the American lion was widely distributed from Alaska to southern 
<collectingCountry id="F3295587902FFFB112DAFA21FB47CDDD" box="[1168,1252,1483,1506]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Mexico</collectingCountry>
. The earliest known occurrences are from the Sangamonian interglacial stage, including localities in the western of the 
<collectingCountry id="F3295587902FFFB1129AF9E1FAC2CE1D" box="[1232,1377,1547,1570]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">United States</collectingCountry>
, as well as northern and central 
<collectingCountry id="F3295587902FFFB11260F9C1FBD8CE7D" box="[1066,1147,1579,1602]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902FFFB112CDF9C1FA12CE7D" author="KurtOn, B. &amp; Anderson, E." box="[1159,1457,1579,1602]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" refId="ref8500" refString="KurtOn, B. and Anderson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of North America, Columbia University Press, New York, 442 pp., 1980." type="book" year="1980">KurtØn and Anderson, 1980</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902FFFB11579F9A1FBF5CE5D" author="Van Devender, T. R. &amp; Rea, A. M. &amp; Smith, M. L." box="[819,1110,1611,1634]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" pagination="23 - 55" refId="ref9388" refString="Van Devender, T. R., Rea, A. M., and Smith, M. L.: The Sangamon interglacial vertebrate fauna from Rancho la Brisca, Sonora, Mexico, T. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 21, 23 - 55, 1985." type="journal article" year="1985">Van Devender et al., 1985</bibRefCitation>
), indicating that this large-sized cat reached regions of southern temperate North America in a relatively short time. Subsequently, the American lion spread its distribution to the Great Plains, the Great Basin, the California Coast, the Gulf Coast, and 
<collectingCountry id="F3295587902FFFB112FBF920FAA1CEDE" box="[1201,1282,1738,1761]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Mexico</collectingCountry>
during the Wisconsinan (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902FFFB115D5F900FB6ECF3E" author="KurtOn, B. &amp; Anderson, E." box="[927,1229,1770,1793]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" refId="ref8500" refString="KurtOn, B. and Anderson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of North America, Columbia University Press, New York, 442 pp., 1980." type="book" year="1980">KurtØn and Anderson, 1980</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902FFFB11293F900FAC0CF3E" author="Lange, I. M." box="[1241,1379,1770,1793]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" refId="ref8529" refString="Lange, I. M.: Ice Age mammals of North America, Mountain Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana, 226 pp., 2002." type="book" year="2002">Lange, 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Based on the known geographic distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902FFFB112BCF8E0FA34CF1D" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[1270,1431,1802,1826]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902FFFB112BCF8E0FA34CF1D" box="[1270,1431,1802,1826]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it seems that it was a common inhabitant of temperate areas of central-western North America, although it was able to reach tropical areas that now are part of southern 
<collectingCountry id="F3295587902FFFB1134BF880FAF1CFBE" box="[1281,1362,1898,1921]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="13050992902FFFB1132AF880FA02CFBE" box="[1376,1441,1898,1921]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="6.[124,191,859,881]" captionTargetBox="[136,756,180,825]" captionTargetId="figure-9@6.[132,759,177,828]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 5. Geographic distribution of Panthera atrox in North America during the late Pleistocene (main source: KurtØn and Anderson, 1980). The gray silhouette indicates the record from southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588567/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF41459F902CFFB21636FCB1FECFCBF7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588567" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11588567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588567/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" startId="6.[124,191,859,881]" targetBox="[136,756,180,825]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B811517902CFFB21636FCB1FECFCBF7" blockId="6.[124,767,859,968]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902CFFB21636FCB1FF75CB4E" bold="true" box="[124,214,859,881]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Geographic distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902CFFB21791FCB1FDC4CB4F" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[475,615,859,880]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902CFFB21791FCB1FDC4CB4F" box="[475,615,859,880]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in North America during the late Pleistocene (main source: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902CFFB21461FC93FF13CB94" author="KurtOn, B. &amp; Anderson, E." pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refId="ref8500" refString="KurtOn, B. and Anderson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of North America, Columbia University Press, New York, 442 pp., 1980." type="book" year="1980">KurtØn and Anderson, 1980</bibRefCitation>
). The gray silhouette indicates the record from southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B811517902CFFB216DDFBE7FEFFCE9D" blockId="6.[124,767,1037,1921]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<location id="8EE143CC902CFFB216DDFBE7FF50CC1B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC902CFFB216DDFBE7FF50CC1B" box="[151,243,1037,1060]" country="Mexico" county="It" latitude="24.0" municipality="The" name="Previous" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" stateProvince="Sonora">Previous</location>
to this study, the 
<location id="8EE143CC902CFFB217F0FBE7FD80CC1B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC902CFFB217F0FBE7FD80CC1B" box="[442,547,1037,1060]" country="Mexico" county="It" latitude="24.0" municipality="The" name="American" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" stateProvince="Sonora">American</location>
lion 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902CFFB21414FBE7FD5CCC1A" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[606,767,1037,1061]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902CFFB21414FBE7FD5CCC1A" box="[606,767,1037,1061]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been reported from nine 
<location id="8EE143CC902CFFB217F2FBC7FDB6CC7B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC902CFFB217F2FBC7FDB6CC7B" box="[440,533,1069,1092]" country="Mexico" county="It" latitude="24.0" municipality="The" name="Mexican" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" stateProvince="Sonora">Mexican</location>
localities in northern (
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<location id="8EE143CC902CFFB216C9FBA7FF4DCC5B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC902CFFB216C9FBA7FF4DCC5B" box="[131,238,1101,1124]" country="Mexico" county="It" latitude="24.0" municipality="The" name="La Brisca" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" stateProvince="Sonora">La Brisca</location>
</collectorName>
(
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902CFFB216B5FBA7FEF3CC5B" box="[255,336,1101,1124]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Sonora</collectingRegion>
); 
<location id="8EE143CC902CFFB2172CFBA7FDBBCC5B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC902CFFB2172CFBA7FDBBCC5B" box="[358,536,1101,1124]" country="Mexico" county="It" latitude="24.0" municipality="The" name="Arroyo-Cabrales" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" stateProvince="Sonora">Arroyo-Cabrales</location>
et al., 2005), central (
<location id="8EE143CC902CFFB216C9FB87FEADCCBB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC902CFFB216C9FB87FEADCCBB" box="[131,270,1133,1156]" country="Mexico" county="It" latitude="24.0" municipality="The" name="San Josecito" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" stateProvince="Sonora">San Josecito</location>
(
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902CFFB21755FB87FE0FCCBB" box="[287,428,1133,1156]" country="Mexico" name="Nuevo Leon" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Nuevo León</collectingRegion>
), 
<collectorName id="26CB70C1902CFFB21789FB87FD8FCCBB" box="[451,556,1133,1156]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<location id="8EE143CC902CFFB21789FB87FD8FCCBB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC902CFFB21789FB87FD8FCCBB" box="[451,556,1133,1156]" country="Mexico" county="It" latitude="24.0" municipality="The" name="El Cedral" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" stateProvince="Sonora">El Cedral</location>
</collectorName>
(
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902CFFB21474FB87FD57CCBB" box="[574,756,1133,1156]" country="Mexico" name="San Luis Potosi" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">San Luis Potosí</collectingRegion>
), 
<collectorName id="26CB70C1902CFFB21636FB67FF50CC9B" box="[124,243,1165,1188]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<location id="8EE143CC902CFFB21636FB67FF50CC9B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC902CFFB21636FB67FF50CC9B" box="[124,243,1165,1188]" country="Mexico" county="It" latitude="24.0" municipality="The" name="El Cedazo" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" stateProvince="Sonora">El Cedazo</location>
</collectorName>
(
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902CFFB21742FB67FE0CCC9B" box="[264,431,1165,1188]" country="Mexico" name="Aguascalientes" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Aguascalientes</collectingRegion>
), 
<location id="8EE143CC902CFFB21783FB67FD2CCC9B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC902CFFB21783FB67FD2CCC9B" box="[457,655,1165,1188]" country="Mexico" county="It" latitude="24.0" municipality="The" name="Chapala - Zacoalco" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" stateProvince="Sonora">Chapala–Zacoalco</location>
(
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902CFFB214EFFB67FD51CC9B" box="[677,754,1165,1188]" country="Mexico" name="Jalisco" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Jalisco</collectingRegion>
), 
<location id="8EE143CC902CFFB21636FB47FF5CCCFB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC902CFFB21636FB47FF5CCCFB" box="[124,255,1197,1220]" country="Mexico" county="It" latitude="24.0" municipality="The" name="Tequixquiac" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" stateProvince="Sonora">Tequixquiac</location>
(
<location id="8EE143CC902CFFB21744FB47FEE6CCFB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC902CFFB21744FB47FEE6CCFB" box="[270,325,1197,1220]" country="Mexico" county="It" latitude="24.0" municipality="The" name="State" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" stateProvince="Sonora">State</location>
of 
<collectingCountry id="F3295587902CFFB21721FB47FE62CCFB" box="[363,449,1197,1220]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Mexico</collectingCountry>
); 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902CFFB2179EFB47FD02CCFB" author="Freudenberg, W." box="[468,673,1197,1220]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" pagination="195 - 231" refId="ref8191" refString="Freudenberg, W.: Die saugetierfauna des Pliocans und post-Pliocans von Mexiko. 1. Carnivoren, Geol. und Palaont. Abhandlungen, 9, 195 - 231, 1910." type="journal article" year="1910">Freudenberg, 1910</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902CFFB214E7FB47FEEDCCDC" author="Mooser, O. &amp; Dalquest, W. W." pageId="6" pageNumber="137" pagination="781 - 820" refId="ref8966" refString="Mooser, O. and Dalquest, W. W.: Pleistocene mammals from Aguascalientes, central Mexico, J. Mammal., 56, 781 - 820, 1975." type="journal article" year="1975">Mooser and Dalquest, 1975</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902CFFB21710FB26FD3ECCDC" author="Lorenzo, J. L. &amp; Mirambell, L." box="[346,669,1228,1251]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" pagination="11112 - 11124" refId="ref8623" refString="Lorenzo, J. L. and Mirambell, L.: El Cedral, S. L. P., Mexico: Un sitio con presencia humana de mAEs de 30,000 aP, in: X Congreso de la Union Internacional de Ciencias Prehistoricas y Protohistoricas: Comision XII: El Poblamiento de AmOrica. Coloquio: Evidencia arqueologica de ocupacion humana en AmOrica anterior a 11,500 aaeos a. p., edited by: Bryan, A. L., Union Internacional de Ciencias Prehistoricas y Protohistoricas, MOxico, 18 - 24 October 1981, 11112 - 11124, 1981." type="book chapter" year="1981">Lorenzo and Mirambell, 1981</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902CFFB214E3FB26FE35CD3C" author="Arroyo-Cabrales, J. &amp; Polaco, O. J." pageId="6" pageNumber="137" pagination="273 - 291" refId="ref6892" refString="Arroyo-Cabrales, J. and Polaco, O. J.: Caves and the Pleistocene vertebrate paleontology of Mexico, in: Ice age cave faunas of North America, edited by: Schubert, B. W., Mead, J. I., and Graham, R. W., Indiana University Press and Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, Colorado, 273 - 291, 2003." type="book chapter" year="2003">Arroyo-Cabrales and Polaco, 2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<location id="8EE143CC902CFFB217EAFB06FDF1CD3C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC902CFFB217EAFB06FDF1CD3C" box="[416,594,1260,1283]" country="Mexico" county="It" latitude="24.0" municipality="The" name="Arroyo-Cabrales" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" stateProvince="Sonora">Arroyo-Cabrales</location>
et al., 2005; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902CFFB21492FB06FF4ACD1C" author="Lucas, S. G." pageId="6" pageNumber="137" pagination="39 - 49" refId="ref8730" refString="Lucas, S. G.: Late Cenozoic fossil mammals from the Chapala rift basin, Jalisco, Mexico, in: Neogene mammals: New Mexico, USA, edited by: Lucas, S. G., Morgan, G. S., Spielmann, J. A., and Prothero, D. R., New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 44, 39 - 49, 2008." type="journal article" year="2008">Lucas, 2008</bibRefCitation>
), and southern (
<collectorName id="26CB70C1902CFFB217D4FAE6FD8BCD1C" box="[414,552,1292,1315]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<location id="8EE143CC902CFFB217D4FAE6FD8BCD1C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC902CFFB217D4FAE6FD8BCD1C" box="[414,552,1292,1315]" country="Mexico" county="It" latitude="24.0" municipality="The" name="La Simpatia" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" stateProvince="Sonora">La Simpatía</location>
</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="26CB70C1902CFFB2147DFAE6FD04CD1C" box="[567,679,1292,1315]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<location id="8EE143CC902CFFB2147DFAE6FD04CD1C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC902CFFB2147DFAE6FD04CD1C" box="[567,679,1292,1315]" country="Mexico" county="It" latitude="24.0" municipality="The" name="La Tejeria" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" stateProvince="Sonora">La Tejería</location>
</collectorName>
y 
<location id="8EE143CC902CFFB21481FAE6FF1ECD7C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC902CFFB21481FAE6FF1ECD7C" country="Mexico" county="It" latitude="24.0" municipality="The" name="Villa Corzo" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" stateProvince="Sonora">Villa Corzo</location>
(
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902CFFB21684FAC6FE89CD7C" box="[206,298,1324,1347]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
); 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902CFFB21775FAC6FE64CD7C" author="Aviaea, C. E." box="[319,455,1324,1347]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref7066" refString="Aviaea, C. E.: Nota sobre carnivoros fosiles del Pleistoceno de MOxico, Departamento de Prehistoria, INAH, Paleoecologia, 5, 1 - 20, 1969." type="journal article" year="1969">Aviaea, 1969</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902CFFB2179FFAC6FED0CD5C" author="Montellano-Ballesteros, M. &amp; Carbot-Chanona, G." pageId="6" pageNumber="137" pagination="217 - 222" refId="ref8897" refString="Montellano-Ballesteros, M. and Carbot-Chanona, G.: Panthera leo atrox (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Chiapas, Mexico, Southwest. Nat., 54, 217 - 222, 2009." type="journal article" year="2009">Montellano-Ballesteros and Carbot-Chanona, 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902CFFB217CAFAA6FF10CDBC" author="Carbot-Chanona, G. &amp; Gomez-POrez, L. E." pageId="6" pageNumber="137" pagination="83 - 89" refId="ref7769" refString="Carbot-Chanona, G. and Gomez-POrez, L. E.: Nueva evidencia de Panthera atrox (Mammalia, Felidae) en el Pleistoceno Tardio de Chiapas, Lacandonia, 8, 83 - 89, 2014." type="journal article" year="2014">Carbot-Chanona and Gómez-PØrez, 2014</bibRefCitation>
) areas of the country. 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE58F6D902CFFB217F9FA86FE7FCDBC" box="[435,476,1388,1411]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">The</collectingMunicipality>
record reported here supplements its presence in central 
<collectingCountry id="F3295587902CFFB21795FA66FD90CD9C" box="[479,563,1420,1443]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, specifically in areas that now are part of southeastern 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902CFFB2144EFA46FDFECDFC" box="[516,605,1452,1475]" country="Mexico" name="Hidalgo" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Hidalgo</collectingRegion>
. 
<collectingCounty id="62E06D9B902CFFB2142DFA46FDD4CDFC" box="[615,631,1452,1475]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">It</collectingCounty>
is noted that most of the localities where 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902CFFB217E9FA21FDE3CDDC" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[419,576,1483,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902CFFB217E9FA21FDE3CDDC" box="[419,576,1483,1507]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been reported are located in central 
<collectingCountry id="F3295587902CFFB21714FA01FE11CE3D" box="[350,434,1515,1538]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, between 19 and 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0A73D0902CFFB2142DFA01FD07CE3D" box="[615,676,1515,1538]" degrees="24" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" precision="55555" value="24.0">
24 
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N
</geoCoordinate>
at an altitude from 
<elevation id="0013F224902CFFB216BDF9E1FE73CE1D" box="[247,464,1547,1570]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.875" metricValueMax="2.25" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" unit="m" value="1875.0" valueMax="2250.0" valueMin="1500.0">
<quantity id="4CC6B8F2902CFFB216BDF9E1FE38CE1D" box="[247,411,1547,1570]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.875" metricValueMax="2.25" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" unit="m" value="1875.0" valueMax="2250.0" valueMin="1500.0">1500 to 2250 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
(including 
<collectorName id="26CB70C1902CFFB21402F9E1FD0ACE1D" box="[584,681,1547,1570]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">El Barrio</collectorName>
locality at 
<elevation id="0013F224902CFFB216DCF9C1FEB9CE7D" box="[150,282,1579,1602]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.184" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" unit="m" value="2184.0">
<quantity id="4CC6B8F2902CFFB216DCF9C1FF47CE7D" box="[150,228,1579,1602]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.184" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" unit="m" value="2184.0">2184 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902CFFB2176DF9C1FEDECE7D" box="[295,381,1579,1602]" country="Mexico" name="Hidalgo" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Hidalgo</collectingRegion>
(present study)), whereas the occurrences in northern (
<collectorName id="26CB70C1902CFFB2171FF9A1FE67CE5D" box="[341,452,1611,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">La Brisca</collectorName>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902CFFB2179BF9A1FDBDCE5D" box="[465,542,1611,1634]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Sonora</collectingRegion>
) and southern (Chiapasan localities) 
<collectingCountry id="F3295587902CFFB2170AF981FE32CEBD" box="[320,401,1643,1666]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Mexico</collectingCountry>
are located at a mean altitude of 
<elevation id="0013F224902CFFB21636F961FF51CE9D" box="[124,242,1675,1698]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" unit="m" value="750.0">
<quantity id="4CC6B8F2902CFFB21636F961FF1ECE9D" box="[124,189,1675,1698]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" unit="m" value="750.0">750 m</quantity>
a.s.l.
</elevation>
(
<figureCitation id="13050992902CFFB2174BF961FEF3CE9D" box="[257,336,1675,1698]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[819,886,1143,1165]" captionTargetBox="[827,1454,177,1111]" captionTargetId="figure-285@6.[827,1454,177,1112]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Mexican Pleistocene localities with records of Panthera atrox, considering (a) a hypsometric base and (b) the Mexican biogeographic corridors (sensu Ceballos et al., 2010). Diamond indicates the record from southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico. Biogeographic corridors: 1, eastern US–Sierra Madre Oriental; 2, western US–Baja California; 3, Rocky Mountains–Sierra Madre Occidental; 4, central US–northern Mexico; 5, Transvolcanic Belt– Sierra Madre del Sur; 6, Tamaulipas–Central America Gulf Lowlands; and 7, Sonora–Central America Pacific Lowlands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588571/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Fig. 6a</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF41459F902CFFB21579FB9DFAF0CD48" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588571" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11588571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588571/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" startId="6.[819,886,1143,1165]" targetBox="[827,1454,177,1111]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B811517902CFFB21579FB9DFAF0CD48" blockId="6.[819,1462,1143,1399]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902CFFB21579FB9DFC33CCB2" bold="true" box="[819,912,1143,1165]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Mexican Pleistocene localities with records of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902CFFB21315FB9DFCC7CC95" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902CFFB21315FB9DFCC7CC95" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, considering 
<emphasis id="B94AC905902CFFB215ADFB7EFBA1CC95" bold="true" box="[999,1026,1172,1194]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">(a)</emphasis>
a hypsometric base and 
<emphasis id="B94AC905902CFFB212A5FB7EFAAFCC95" bold="true" box="[1263,1292,1172,1194]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">(b)</emphasis>
the Mexican biogeographic corridors (sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902CFFB21203FB58FAB5CCF8" author="Ceballos, G. &amp; Arroyo-Cabrales, J. &amp; Ponce, E." box="[1097,1302,1202,1223]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" pagination="464 - 473" refId="ref7808" refString="Ceballos, G., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., and Ponce, E.: Effects of Pleistocene environmental changes on the distribution and community structure of the mammalian fauna of Mexico, Quaternary Res., 73, 464 - 473, 2010." type="journal article" year="2010">Ceballos et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Diamond indicates the record from southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico. Biogeographic corridors: 1, eastern US–Sierra Madre Oriental; 2, western US–Baja California; 3, Rocky Mountains–Sierra Madre Occidental; 4, central US–northern Mexico; 5, Transvolcanic Belt– Sierra Madre del Sur; 6, Tamaulipas–Central America Gulf Lowlands; and 7, Sonora–Central America Pacific Lowlands.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B811517902CFFB216DDF941FB3FCEB0" blockId="6.[124,767,1037,1921]" lastBlockId="6.[819,1462,1465,1679]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
According to the major biogeographic corridors of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902CFFB21492F941FEF9CEDE" author="Ceballos, G. &amp; Arroyo-Cabrales, J. &amp; Ponce, E." pageId="6" pageNumber="137" pagination="464 - 473" refId="ref7808" refString="Ceballos, G., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., and Ponce, E.: Effects of Pleistocene environmental changes on the distribution and community structure of the mammalian fauna of Mexico, Quaternary Res., 73, 464 - 473, 2010." type="journal article" year="2010">Ceballos et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
, the records of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902CFFB21453F920FD1DCEDD" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[537,702,1738,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902CFFB21453F920FD1DCEDD" box="[537,702,1738,1762]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from northwestern and central 
<collectingCountry id="F3295587902CFFB217E3F900FE59CF3E" box="[425,506,1770,1793]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(including the Hidalgoan record considered in the present study) indicate that this felid used the corridors of the Rocky Mountains– Sierra Madre Occidental and/or central 
<collectingCountry id="F3295587902CFFB21478F8A0FDF1CF5E" box="[562,594,1866,1889]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">US</collectingCountry>
–northern 
<collectingCountry id="F3295587902CFFB2148FF8A0FF3CCFBE" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, which correspond to the southern Rocky Mountains– Sierra Madre Occidental branch and to the Great Plains– western 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902CFFB215D9FA33FBA5CDCF" box="[915,1030,1497,1520]" country="Mexico" name="Chihuahua" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Chihuahua</collectingRegion>
/Central Plateau corridors, respectively (after 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902CFFB21533FA13FB59CE2F" author="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I. &amp; Arroyo-Cabrales, J. &amp; HernAEndez, E. &amp; Gama-Castro, J. &amp; Ruiz-GonzAElez, J. &amp; Polaco, O. J. &amp; Johnson, E." box="[889,1274,1529,1552]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" pagination="53 - 104" refId="ref8093" refString="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Martinez- HernAEndez, E., Gama-Castro, J., Ruiz-GonzAElez, J., Polaco, O. J., and Johnson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: A critical review of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeographic provinciality, Quatern. Int., 217, 53 - 104, 2010." type="journal article" year="2010">Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
). Furthermore, it used the corridor of the 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902CFFB2127CF9F3FB13CE0F" box="[1078,1200,1561,1584]" country="Mexico" name="Tamaulipas" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Tamaulipas</collectingRegion>
– Central America Gulf Lowlands (i.e., Gulf Coastal Plain corridor (after 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902CFFB21371F9D3FB84CE4F" author="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I. &amp; Arroyo-Cabrales, J. &amp; HernAEndez, E. &amp; Gama-Castro, J. &amp; Ruiz-GonzAElez, J. &amp; Polaco, O. J. &amp; Johnson, E." pageId="6" pageNumber="137" pagination="53 - 104" refId="ref8093" refString="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Martinez- HernAEndez, E., Gama-Castro, J., Ruiz-GonzAElez, J., Polaco, O. J., and Johnson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: A critical review of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeographic provinciality, Quatern. Int., 217, 53 - 104, 2010." type="journal article" year="2010">Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
)) for reaching southern tropical areas of the Mexican territory (
<figureCitation id="13050992902CFFB2120AF992FB2CCEB0" box="[1088,1167,1656,1679]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="6.[819,886,1143,1165]" captionTargetBox="[827,1454,177,1111]" captionTargetId="figure-285@6.[827,1454,177,1112]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 6. Mexican Pleistocene localities with records of Panthera atrox, considering (a) a hypsometric base and (b) the Mexican biogeographic corridors (sensu Ceballos et al., 2010). Diamond indicates the record from southeastern Hidalgo, central Mexico. Biogeographic corridors: 1, eastern US–Sierra Madre Oriental; 2, western US–Baja California; 3, Rocky Mountains–Sierra Madre Occidental; 4, central US–northern Mexico; 5, Transvolcanic Belt– Sierra Madre del Sur; 6, Tamaulipas–Central America Gulf Lowlands; and 7, Sonora–Central America Pacific Lowlands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588571/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Fig. 6b</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C324469C902CFFBC1579F924FF62CE5E" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B811517902CFFB21579F924FC0DCF39" blockId="6.[819,1416,1742,1798]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
<heading id="D0C9A27B902CFFB21579F924FC0DCF39" bold="true" fontSize="10" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902CFFB21579F924FC0DCF39" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
6 Review of the felid record from the Pleistocene of 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902CFFB21511F904FC0DCF39" box="[859,942,1774,1798]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Mexico</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B811517902CFFB31579F8C0FEC9CCB3" blockId="6.[819,1462,1834,1921]" lastBlockId="7.[124,767,918,1898]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
In 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902CFFB21513F8C0FC0ECF7E" box="[857,941,1834,1857]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Mexico</collectingRegion>
, Pleistocene felid fossils are uncommon and fragmentary. Nevertheless, this group of carnivores was relatively diverse, including seven genera (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902CFFB21354F883FAF2CFBE" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1310,1361,1897,1921]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902CFFB21354F883FAF2CFBE" box="[1310,1361,1897,1921]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Felis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902CFFB3132FF883FF18CB91" authorityName="Adams" authorityYear="1979" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Miracinonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="138" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902CFFB3132FF883FF18CB91" italics="true" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Miracinonyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31685FC7CFE8CCB91" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1816" box="[207,303,918,942]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31685FC7CFE8CCB91" box="[207,303,918,942]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Panthera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31709FC7CFE22CB91" authorityName="Jardine" authorityYear="1834" box="[323,385,918,942]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31709FC7CFE22CB91" box="[323,385,918,942]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Puma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB317DEFC7CFE64CB91" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[404,455,918,942]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB317DEFC7CFE64CB91" box="[404,455,918,942]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Lynx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31790FC7CFDE8CB91" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1842" box="[474,587,918,942]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31790FC7CFDE8CB91" box="[474,587,918,942]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Leopardus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB314DBFC7CFD56CB91" box="[657,757,918,942]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB314DBFC7CFD56CB91" box="[657,757,918,942]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Smilodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and 11 species (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31764FC5CFE52CBF1" baseAuthorityName="Stephens" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[302,497,950,974]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rexroadensis">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31764FC5CFE52CBF1" box="[302,497,950,974]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Felis rexroadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB3144AFC5CFF38CBD1" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1895" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Miracinonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inexpectatus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB3144AFC5CFF38CBD1" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Miracinonyx inexpectatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB316E1FC3CFEEFCBD1" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[171,332,982,1006]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB316E1FC3CFEEFCBD1" box="[171,332,982,1006]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31716FC3CFE59CBD1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[348,506,982,1006]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="onca">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31716FC3CFE59CBD1" box="[348,506,982,1006]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Panthera onca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31440FC3CFD13CBD1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[522,688,982,1006]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31440FC3CFD13CBD1" box="[522,688,982,1006]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Puma concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB3148BFC3CFEB3CC32" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1803" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yagouaroundi">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB3148BFC3CFEB3CC32" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Puma yagouaroundi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31768FC1FFE34CC32" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[290,407,1013,1037]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31768FC1FFE34CC32" box="[290,407,1013,1037]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Lynx rufus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB317E2FC1FFDDFCC32" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[424,636,1013,1037]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pardalis">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB317E2FC1FFDDFCC32" box="[424,636,1013,1037]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Leopardus pardalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB314C4FC1FFF1ECC12" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wiedii">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB314C4FC1FFF1ECC12" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Leopardus wiedii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31684FBFFFEDCCC12" baseAuthorityName="Leidy" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[206,383,1045,1069]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fatalis">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31684FBFFFEDCCC12" box="[206,383,1045,1069]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Smilodon fatalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB3178BFBFFFD22CC12" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[449,641,1045,1069]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB3178BFBFFFD22CC12" box="[449,641,1045,1069]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Smilodon gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<tableCitation id="C6BC20AC902DFFB314D1FBFCFD52CC12" box="[667,753,1046,1069]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="7.[124,180,177,199]" captionTargetBox="[153,1428,473,841]" captionTargetId="graphics-169@7.[139,1441,462,851]" captionText="Table 3. The record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico. The morphotectonic provinces are those of Ferrusquía-Villafranca (1993). Morphotectonic provinces: NW, Northwestern Plains and Sierras; CH-CO, Chihuahua–Coahuila Plateaus and Ranges; SMOr, Sierra Madre Oriental; CeP, Central Plateau; TMVB, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt; GCP, Gulf Coastal Plain; SMS, Sierra Madre del Sur; CHI, Sierra Madre de Chiapas; YPL, Yucatan Platform. Localities: 1, El Golfo (Sonora); 2, La Brisca (Sonora); 3, Terapa (Sonora); 4, Cuatro CiØnegas (Coahuila); 5, Cueva de JimØnez (Chihuahua); 6, Cueva de San Josecito (Nuevo León); 7, El Cedral (San Luis Potosí); 8, Mina San Antonio (San Luis Potosí); 9, El Cedazo (Aguascalientes); 10, Chapala–Zacoalco (Jalisco); 11, Tequixquiac (State of Mexico); 12, Tlapacoya (State of Mexico); 13, Tlailotlacan (State of Mexico); 14, El Barrio (Hidalgo, present study); 15, Valsequillo (Puebla); 16, Mixtequilla (Veracruz); 17, San Agustín (Oaxaca); 18, La Simpatía (Chiapas); 19, La Tejería (Chiapas); 20, Villa Corzo (Chiapas); 21, Cueva de Loltoen (YucatAEn); 22, Hoyo Negro (Quintana Roo)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF41459F902DFFB31636FF5BFE1BC98E" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" tableUuid="DF41459F902DFFB31636FF5BFE1BC98E">Table 3</tableCitation>
). The Mexican record of Pleistocene felids includes 87.5 % and 73.3 % of generic and specific diversity known for North America, respectively.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF41459F902DFFB31636FF5BFE1BC98E" ID-Table-UUID="DF41459F902DFFB31636FF5BFE1BC98E" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF41459F902DFFB31636FF5BFE1BC98E" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" startId="7.[124,180,177,199]" targetBox="[153,1428,473,841]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8B811517902DFFB31636FF5BFE1BC98E" blockId="7.[124,1463,177,433]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31636FF5BFF6DC8F8" bold="true" box="[124,206,177,199]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Table 3.</emphasis>
The record of felids from the Pleistocene of Mexico. The morphotectonic provinces are those of Ferrusquía-Villafranca (1993). Morphotectonic provinces: NW, Northwestern Plains and Sierras; CH-CO, Chihuahua–Coahuila Plateaus and Ranges; SMOr, Sierra Madre Oriental; CeP, Central Plateau; TMVB, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt; GCP, Gulf Coastal Plain; SMS, Sierra Madre del Sur; CHI, Sierra Madre de Chiapas; YPL, Yucatan Platform. Localities: 1, El Golfo (Sonora); 2, La Brisca (Sonora); 3, Terapa (Sonora); 4, Cuatro CiØnegas (Coahuila); 5, Cueva de JimØnez (Chihuahua); 6, Cueva de San Josecito (Nuevo León); 7, El Cedral (San Luis Potosí); 8, Mina San Antonio (San Luis Potosí); 9, El Cedazo (Aguascalientes); 10, Chapala–Zacoalco (Jalisco); 11, Tequixquiac (State of Mexico); 12, Tlapacoya (State of Mexico); 13, Tlailotlacan (State of Mexico); 14, El Barrio (Hidalgo, present study); 15, Valsequillo (Puebla); 16, Mixtequilla (Veracruz); 17, San Agustín (Oaxaca); 18, La Simpatía (Chiapas); 19, La Tejería (Chiapas); 20, Villa Corzo (Chiapas); 21, Cueva de Loltoen (YucatAEn); 22, Hoyo Negro (Quintana Roo).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B811517902DFFB317ECFE33FE36CB76" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<table id="F93EE7B7902D004B16D3FE33FA37CB76" box="[153,1428,473,841]" gridcols="23" gridrows="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<tr id="350E1755902D004B16D3FE33FA37C9D4" box="[153,1428,473,491]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-20="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B17ECFE33FE6BC9D4" box="[422,456,473,491]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">NW</th>
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B144EFE33FDE0C9D4" box="[516,579,473,491]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">CH-CO</th>
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B1415FE33FD61C9D4" box="[607,706,473,491]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">SMOr</th>
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B1497FE33FD5CC9D4" box="[733,767,473,491]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">CeP</th>
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B1530FE33FC1DC9D4" box="[890,958,473,491]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="12" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">TMVB</th>
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B1273FE33FBC2C9D4" box="[1081,1121,473,491]" gridcol="16" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">GCP</th>
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B1236FE33FB06C9D4" box="[1148,1189,473,491]" gridcol="17" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">SMS</th>
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B12A3FE33FAAFC9D4" box="[1257,1292,473,491]" gridcol="19" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">CHI</th>
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B131AFE33FA37C9D4" box="[1360,1428,473,491]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="21" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">YPL</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350E1755902D004B16D3FE15FA37CA2E" box="[153,1428,511,529]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B16D3FE15FEC8CA2E" box="[153,363,511,529]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Taxa</th>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B17CCFE15FE36CA2E" box="[390,405,511,529]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">1</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B17ECFE15FE6BCA2E" box="[422,456,511,529]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">2</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1793FE15FE4BCA2E" box="[473,488,511,529]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">3</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B144EFE15FDB0CA2E" box="[516,531,511,529]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">4</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B147BFE15FDE0CA2E" box="[561,579,511,529]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">5</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1415FE15FDCDCA2E" box="[607,622,511,529]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">6</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B14C3FE15FD3BCA2E" box="[649,664,511,529]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">7</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B14F9FE15FD61CA2E" box="[691,706,511,529]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">8</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1497FE15FD5CCA2E" box="[733,767,511,529]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">9</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1551FE15FC8CCA2E" box="[795,815,511,529]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">10</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1501FE15FCFCCA2E" box="[843,863,511,529]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">11</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1530FE15FC2DCA2E" box="[890,910,511,529]" gridcol="12" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">12</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B15E0FE15FC1DCA2E" box="[938,958,511,529]" gridcol="13" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">13</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1593FE15FC4ECA2E" box="[985,1005,511,529]" gridcol="14" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">14</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1242FE15FBBFCA2E" box="[1032,1052,511,529]" gridcol="15" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">15</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1273FE15FBC2CA2E" box="[1081,1121,511,529]" gridcol="16" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">16</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1236FE15FB06CA2E" box="[1148,1189,511,529]" gridcol="17" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">17</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B128BFE15FB76CA2E" box="[1217,1237,511,529]" gridcol="18" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">18</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B12A3FE15FAAFCA2E" box="[1257,1292,511,529]" gridcol="19" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">19</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B136AFE15FA97CA2E" box="[1312,1332,511,529]" gridcol="20" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">20</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B131AFE15FAC7CA2E" box="[1360,1380,511,529]" gridcol="21" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">21</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B13CAFE15FA37CA2E" box="[1408,1428,511,529]" gridcol="22" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">22</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E1755902D004B16D3FDCFFA37CA08" box="[153,1428,549,567]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-21="1" rowspan-22="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B16D3FDCFFEC8CA08" box="[153,363,549,567]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB316D3FDCFFEB1CA08" box="[153,274,549,567]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B17ECFDCFFE6BCA08" box="[422,456,549,567]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1415FDCFFDCDCA08" box="[607,622,549,567]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B14C3FDCFFD3BCA08" box="[649,664,549,567]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1497FDCFFD5CCA08" box="[733,767,549,567]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1551FDCFFC8CCA08" box="[795,815,549,567]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1501FDCFFCFCCA08" box="[843,863,549,567]" gridcol="11" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1593FDCFFC4ECA08" box="[985,1005,549,567]" gridcol="14" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B128BFDCFFB76CA08" box="[1217,1237,549,567]" gridcol="18" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B12A3FDCFFAAFCA08" box="[1257,1292,549,567]" gridcol="19" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B136AFDCFFA97CA08" box="[1312,1332,549,567]" gridcol="20" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E1755902D004B16D3FDD4FA37CA6F" box="[153,1428,574,592]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-20="1" rowspan-21="1" rowspan-22="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B16D3FDD4FEC8CA6F" box="[153,363,574,592]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB316D3FDD4FEB3CA6F" box="[153,272,574,592]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Panthera onca</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B17ECFDD4FE6BCA6F" box="[422,456,574,592]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B144EFDD4FDB0CA6F" box="[516,531,574,592]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1415FDD4FDCDCA6F" box="[607,622,574,592]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B14F9FDD4FD61CA6F" box="[691,706,574,592]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1497FDD4FD5CCA6F" box="[733,767,574,592]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1551FDD4FC8CCA6F" box="[795,815,574,592]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E1755902D004B16D3FDBDFA37CA56" box="[153,1428,599,617]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-20="1" rowspan-21="1" rowspan-22="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B16D3FDBDFEC8CA56" box="[153,363,599,617]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB316D3FDBDFF40CA56" box="[153,227,599,617]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Panthera</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31748FDBDFE9ECA56" box="[258,317,599,617]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. onca</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B17CCFDBDFE36CA56" box="[390,405,599,617]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E1755902D004B16D3FD85FA37CABD" box="[153,1428,623,642]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-20="1" rowspan-22="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B16D3FD85FEC8CABD" box="[153,363,623,642]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB316D3FD85FEB6CABE" box="[153,277,623,641]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Puma concolor</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B144EFD85FDB0CABD" box="[516,531,623,642]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B147BFD85FDE0CABD" box="[561,579,623,642]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1415FD85FDCDCABD" box="[607,622,623,642]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1551FD85FC8CCABD" box="[795,815,623,642]" gridcol="10" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1501FD85FCFCCABD" box="[843,863,623,642]" gridcol="11" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1273FD85FBC2CABD" box="[1081,1121,623,642]" gridcol="16" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1236FD85FB06CABD" box="[1148,1189,623,642]" gridcol="17" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B131AFD85FAC7CABD" box="[1360,1380,623,642]" gridcol="21" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E1755902D004B16D3FD62FA37CAA4" box="[153,1428,648,667]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-20="1" rowspan-22="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B16D3FD62FEC8CAA4" box="[153,363,648,667]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB316D3FD62FE9DCAA5" box="[153,318,648,666]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Puma yagouaroundi</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1415FD62FDCDCAA4" box="[607,622,648,667]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B131AFD62FAC7CAA4" box="[1360,1380,648,667]" gridcol="21" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E1755902D004B16D3FD4BFA37CA8B" box="[153,1428,673,692]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-20="1" rowspan-21="1" rowspan-22="1" rowspan-7="1">
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B16D3FD4BFEC8CA8B" box="[153,363,673,692]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB316D3FD4BFF4CCA8C" box="[153,239,673,691]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Lynx rufus</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1793FD4BFE4BCA8B" box="[473,488,673,692]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B144EFD4BFDB0CA8B" box="[516,531,673,692]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B147BFD4BFDE0CA8B" box="[561,579,673,692]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1415FD4BFDCDCA8B" box="[607,622,673,692]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B14F9FD4BFD61CA8B" box="[691,706,673,692]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1497FD4BFD5CCA8B" box="[733,767,673,692]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1501FD4BFCFCCA8B" box="[843,863,673,692]" gridcol="11" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1530FD4BFC2DCA8B" box="[890,910,673,692]" gridcol="12" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E1755902D004B16D3FD50FA37CAF3" box="[153,1428,698,716]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-20="1" rowspan-22="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B16D3FD50FEC8CAF3" box="[153,363,698,716]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB316D3FD50FE94CAF3" box="[153,311,698,716]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Leopardus pardalis</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B131AFD50FAC7CAF3" box="[1360,1380,698,716]" gridcol="21" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E1755902D004B16D3FD39FA37CADA" box="[153,1428,723,741]" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-20="1" rowspan-21="1" rowspan-22="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B16D3FD39FEC8CADA" box="[153,363,723,741]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB316D3FD39FE85CADA" box="[153,294,723,741]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Leopardus wiedii</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B15E0FD39FC1DCADA" box="[938,958,723,741]" gridcol="13" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E1755902D004B16D3FD06FA37CAC1" box="[153,1428,748,766]" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-20="1" rowspan-21="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B16D3FD06FEC8CAC1" box="[153,363,748,766]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB316D3FD06FEBDCAC1" box="[153,286,748,766]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Smilodon fatalis</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1415FD06FDCDCAC1" box="[607,622,748,766]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1497FD06FD5CCAC1" box="[733,767,748,766]" gridcol="9" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1551FD06FC8CCAC1" box="[795,815,748,766]" gridcol="10" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1501FD06FCFCCAC1" box="[843,863,748,766]" gridcol="11" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B13CAFD06FA37CAC1" box="[1408,1428,748,766]" gridcol="22" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E1755902D004B16D3FCEFFA37CB28" box="[153,1428,773,791]" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-20="1" rowspan-21="1" rowspan-22="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B16D3FCEFFEC8CB28" box="[153,363,773,791]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB316D3FCEFFF45CB28" box="[153,230,773,791]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Smilodon</emphasis>
sp.
</th>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B1242FCEFFBBFCB28" box="[1032,1052,773,791]" gridcol="15" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E1755902D004B16D3FCF7FA37CB0F" box="[153,1428,797,816]" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-20="1" rowspan-21="1" rowspan-22="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B16D3FCF7FEC8CB0F" box="[153,363,797,816]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB316D3FCF7FE8FCB10" box="[153,300,797,815]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Felis rexroadensis</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B17CCFCF7FE36CB0F" box="[390,405,797,816]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350E1755902D004B16D3FCDCFA37CB76" box="[153,1428,822,841]" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-16="1" rowspan-17="1" rowspan-18="1" rowspan-19="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-20="1" rowspan-21="1" rowspan-22="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76DF7E29902D004B16D3FCDCFEC8CB76" box="[153,363,822,841]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB316D3FCDCFEC8CB77" box="[153,363,822,840]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Miracinonyx inexpectatus</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76DF7E29902D004B17CCFCDCFE36CB76" box="[390,405,822,841]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">X</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B811517902DFFB316DDFB7FFD8CCD94" blockId="7.[124,767,918,1898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
As far as we know, the only record of felids from the early Pleistocene of 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902DFFB3172AFB5FFE12CCF3" box="[352,433,1205,1228]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Mexico</collectingRegion>
consists of three species (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31496FB5FFE80CCD2" baseAuthorityName="Stephens" baseAuthorityYear="1959" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rexroadensis">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31496FB5FFE80CCD2" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Felis rexroadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB3177AFB3FFDE1CCD2" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[304,578,1237,1261]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Miracinonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inexpectatus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB3177AFB3FFDE1CCD2" box="[304,578,1237,1261]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Miracinonyx inexpectatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31436FB3FFD7FCCD2" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1816" box="[636,732,1237,1261]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31436FB3FFD7FCCD2" box="[636,732,1237,1261]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Panthera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cf. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31636FB1EFF6FCD33" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[124,204,1268,1292]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="onca">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31636FB1EFF6FCD33" box="[124,204,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. onca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from 
<collectorName id="26CB70C1902DFFB31750FB1FFEDFCD33" box="[282,380,1269,1292]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">El Golfo</collectorName>
, State of 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902DFFB317AFFB1FFD90CD33" box="[485,563,1269,1292]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Sonora</collectingRegion>
, in the 
<location id="8EE143CC902DFFB314CDFB1FFF48CD13" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC902DFFB314CDFB1FFF48CD13" name="Northwestern Plains" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" stateProvince="Mexico">Northwestern Plains</location>
and Sierras morphotectonic province (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB314E8FAFFFF17CD73" author="Lindsay, E. H." pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="208 - 215" refId="ref8594" refString="Lindsay, E. H.: Late Cenozoic mammals from northwestern Mexico: J. Vertebr. Paleontol., 4, 208 - 215, 1984." type="journal article" year="1984">Lindsay, 1984</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB31689FADFFE60CD73" author="Croxen III, F. W. &amp; Shaw, C. A. &amp; Sussman, D. R." box="[195,451,1333,1356]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="84 - 89" refId="ref7976" refString="Croxen III, F. W., Shaw, C. A., and Sussman, D. R.: Pleistocene Geology and Paleontology of the Colorado River Delta at Golfo de Santa Clara, Sonora, Mexico, Wild, Scenic and Rapid: A Trip Down the Colorado River Trough, 84 - 89, 2007." type="book chapter" year="2007">Croxen III et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
). By contrast, the late Pleistocene record of Mexican felids is represented by at least eight species whose material has been recovered from several localities across the country (
<figureCitation id="13050992902DFFB317ABFA7EFD81CD94" box="[481,546,1428,1451]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="8.[124,191,798,820]" captionTargetBox="[303,1285,177,767]" captionTargetId="figure-9@8.[302,1285,177,767]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 7. Mexican Pleistocene localities with records of felids. The map is regionalized in the morphotectonic provinces of Ferrusquía- Villafranca (1993). Abbreviations of the morphotectonic provinces as in Table 3. Squares indicate the early Pleistocene localities and circles the late Pleistocene localities. The felid record includes the following species: A: Panthera atrox; B: Panthera onca; C: Puma concolor; D: Puma yagouaroundi; E: Lynx rufus; F: Leopardus pardalis; G: Leopardus wiedii; H: Smilodon fatalis; I: Smilodon cf. S. gracilis; J: Felis rexroadensis; K: Miracinonyx inexpectatus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588577/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B811517902DFFB316DDFA5EFC70CD53" blockId="7.[124,767,918,1898]" lastBlockId="7.[819,1463,918,1898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
Fossil material that has been referred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31417FA5EFD5CCDF3" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[605,767,1460,1484]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31417FA5EFD5CCDF3" box="[605,767,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the American lion), 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31738FA3EFE6BCDD3" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[370,456,1492,1516]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="onca">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31738FA3EFE6BCDD3" box="[370,456,1492,1516]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. onca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(jaguar), 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31475FA3EFD14CDD3" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[575,695,1492,1516]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31475FA3EFD14CDD3" box="[575,695,1492,1516]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Lynx rufus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(bobcat), 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB316FEFA1EFEFACE33" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[180,345,1524,1548]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB316FEFA1EFEFACE33" box="[180,345,1524,1548]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Puma concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cougar), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB317B6FA1EFD0FCE33" baseAuthorityName="Leidy" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[508,684,1524,1548]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fatalis">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB317B6FA1EFD0FCE33" box="[508,684,1524,1548]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Smilodon fatalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sabertoothed cat) is somewhat numerous. These species are known from several late Pleistocene localities in the following morphotectonic provinces: 
<location id="8EE143CC902DFFB31730F9BEFDF6CE54" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC902DFFB31730F9BEFDF6CE54" box="[378,597,1620,1643]" country="Mexico" county="Sierra Madre del Sur" municipality="Central Plateau" name="Northwestern Plains" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" stateProvince="Chihuahua">Northwestern Plains</location>
and Sierras (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB314A1F9B9FF10CEB4" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB314A1F9B9FF10CEB4" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB316A2F999FE95CEB4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[232,310,1651,1675]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="onca">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB316A2F999FE95CEB4" box="[232,310,1651,1675]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. onca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Arroyo-Cabrales et al., 2005; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB314CEF99EFEDACE95" author="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I. &amp; Arroyo-Cabrales, J. &amp; HernAEndez, E. &amp; Gama-Castro, J. &amp; Ruiz-GonzAElez, J. &amp; Polaco, O. J. &amp; Johnson, E." pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="53 - 104" refId="ref8093" refString="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Martinez- HernAEndez, E., Gama-Castro, J., Ruiz-GonzAElez, J., Polaco, O. J., and Johnson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: A critical review of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeographic provinciality, Quatern. Int., 217, 53 - 104, 2010." type="journal article" year="2010">Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902DFFB317C4F979FDA2CE95" box="[398,513,1683,1706]" country="Mexico" name="Chihuahua" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Chihuahua</collectingRegion>
– 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902DFFB31445F979FDCDCE95" box="[527,622,1683,1706]" country="Mexico" name="Coahuila de Zaragoza" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Coahuila</collectingRegion>
Plateaus and Ranges (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31696F959FE8FCEF4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[220,300,1715,1739]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="onca">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31696F959FE8FCEF4" box="[220,300,1715,1739]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. onca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31771F959FE32CEF4" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[315,401,1715,1739]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31771F959FE32CEF4" box="[315,401,1715,1739]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">L. rufus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31785F959FDEACEF4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[463,585,1715,1739]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31785F959FDEACEF4" box="[463,585,1715,1739]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB31410F959FD59CEF5" author="Gilmore, R. M." box="[602,762,1715,1738]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="147 - 165" refId="ref8224" refString="Gilmore, R. M.: Report on a collection of mammal bones from archeologic cave-sites in Coahuila, Mexico, J. Mamma., 28 (2), 147 - 165, 1947." type="journal article" year="1947">Gilmore, 1947</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB31636F939FE82CED5" author="Messing, H. J." box="[124,289,1747,1770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="277 - 288" refId="ref8868" refString="Messing, H. J.: A late Pleistocene-Holocene fauna from Chihuahua, Mexico, Southwest. Nat., 31, 277 - 288, 1986." type="journal article" year="1986">Messing, 1986</bibRefCitation>
), Sierra Madre Oriental (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31474F939FD37CED4" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[574,660,1747,1771]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31474F939FD37CED4" box="[574,660,1747,1771]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB314ECF939FD5BCED4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[678,760,1747,1771]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="onca">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB314ECF939FD5BCED4" box="[678,760,1747,1771]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. onca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31636F919FF70CF34" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[124,211,1779,1803]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31636F919FF70CF34" box="[124,211,1779,1803]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">L. rufus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB316AFF919FEC2CF34" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[229,353,1779,1803]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB316AFF919FEC2CF34" box="[229,353,1779,1803]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB317EFF919FDA5CF34" baseAuthorityName="Leidy" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[421,518,1779,1803]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fatalis">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB317EFF919FDA5CF34" box="[421,518,1779,1803]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">S. fatalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB31452F919FF53CF15" author="Lorenzo, J. L. &amp; Mirambell, L." pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="11112 - 11124" refId="ref8623" refString="Lorenzo, J. L. and Mirambell, L.: El Cedral, S. L. P., Mexico: Un sitio con presencia humana de mAEs de 30,000 aP, in: X Congreso de la Union Internacional de Ciencias Prehistoricas y Protohistoricas: Comision XII: El Poblamiento de AmOrica. Coloquio: Evidencia arqueologica de ocupacion humana en AmOrica anterior a 11,500 aaeos a. p., edited by: Bryan, A. L., Union Internacional de Ciencias Prehistoricas y Protohistoricas, MOxico, 18 - 24 October 1981, 11112 - 11124, 1981." type="book chapter" year="1981">Lorenzo and Mirambell, 1981</bibRefCitation>
; Arroyo-Cabrales and`lvarez, 2003; Arroyo-Cabrales et al., 2005, 2010; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB31788F8D9FF16CF55" author="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I. &amp; Arroyo-Cabrales, J. &amp; HernAEndez, E. &amp; Gama-Castro, J. &amp; Ruiz-GonzAElez, J. &amp; Polaco, O. J. &amp; Johnson, E." pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="53 - 104" refId="ref8093" refString="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Martinez- HernAEndez, E., Gama-Castro, J., Ruiz-GonzAElez, J., Polaco, O. J., and Johnson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: A critical review of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeographic provinciality, Quatern. Int., 217, 53 - 104, 2010." type="journal article" year="2010">Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE58F6D902DFFB31686F8B9FED0CF55" box="[204,371,1875,1898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Central Plateau</collectingMunicipality>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB317CDF8B8FE7FCF55" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[391,476,1874,1898]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB317CDF8B8FE7FCF55" box="[391,476,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB317A7F8B8FDE3CF55" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[493,576,1874,1898]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="onca">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB317A7F8B8FDE3CF55" box="[493,576,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. onca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB3141BF8B8FD0BCF55" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[593,680,1874,1898]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB3141BF8B8FD0BCF55" box="[593,680,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">L. rufus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB314A1F8B8FCD6CB91" baseAuthorityName="Leidy" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[747,885,918,1898]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fatalis">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB314A1F8B8FCD6CB91" box="[747,885,918,1898]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">S. fatalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB315CCFC7CFBBDCB92" author="Mooser, O." box="[902,1054,918,941]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="409 - 452" refId="ref8935" refString="Mooser, O.: La fauna &quot; Cedazo &quot; del Pleistoceno en Aguascalientes, Ann. Inst. Biol. MOxico, 29, 409 - 452, 1959." type="journal article" year="1959">Mooser, 1959</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB31266FC7CFAFFCB92" author="Mooser, O. &amp; Dalquest, W. W." box="[1068,1372,918,941]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="781 - 820" refId="ref8966" refString="Mooser, O. and Dalquest, W. W.: Pleistocene mammals from Aguascalientes, central Mexico, J. Mammal., 56, 781 - 820, 1975." type="journal article" year="1975">Mooser and Dalquest, 1975</bibRefCitation>
), Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB3127CFC5CFB24CBF1" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[1078,1159,950,974]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB3127CFC5CFB24CBF1" box="[1078,1159,950,974]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB312DEFC5CFB41CBF1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1172,1250,950,974]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="onca">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB312DEFC5CFB41CBF1" box="[1172,1250,950,974]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. onca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB312A5FC5CFAC4CBF1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[1263,1383,950,974]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB312A5FC5CFAC4CBF1" box="[1263,1383,950,974]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB313E8FC5CFCD6CBD1" baseAuthorityName="Leidy" baseAuthorityYear="1868" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fatalis">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB313E8FC5CFCD6CBD1" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">S. fatalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB315CCFC3CFBF1CBD2" author="Freudenberg, W." box="[902,1106,982,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="195 - 231" refId="ref8191" refString="Freudenberg, W.: Die saugetierfauna des Pliocans und post-Pliocans von Mexiko. 1. Carnivoren, Geol. und Palaont. Abhandlungen, 9, 195 - 231, 1910." type="journal article" year="1910">Freudenberg, 1910</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB31215FC3CFB46CBD2" author="Aviaea, C. E." box="[1119,1253,982,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref7066" refString="Aviaea, C. E.: Nota sobre carnivoros fosiles del Pleistoceno de MOxico, Departamento de Prehistoria, INAH, Paleoecologia, 5, 1 - 20, 1969." type="journal article" year="1969">Aviaea, 1969</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB312B8FC3CFA20CBD2" author="Rufolo, S. J." box="[1266,1411,982,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" refId="ref9162" refString="Rufolo, S. J.: Taxonomy and significance of the fossil mammals of Lake Chapala, Jalisco, Mexico, M. S. thesis, Provo, Utah, Brigham Young University, 146 pp., 1998." type="book" year="1998">Rufolo, 1998</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB313DAFC3CFC38CC32" author="Lucas, S. G." pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="39 - 49" refId="ref8730" refString="Lucas, S. G.: Late Cenozoic fossil mammals from the Chapala rift basin, Jalisco, Mexico, in: Neogene mammals: New Mexico, USA, edited by: Lucas, S. G., Morgan, G. S., Spielmann, J. A., and Prothero, D. R., New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 44, 39 - 49, 2008." type="journal article" year="2008">Lucas, 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB315EDFC1CFAB8CC32" author="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I. &amp; Arroyo-Cabrales, J. &amp; HernAEndez, E. &amp; Gama-Castro, J. &amp; Ruiz-GonzAElez, J. &amp; Polaco, O. J. &amp; Johnson, E." box="[935,1307,1014,1037]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="53 - 104" refId="ref8093" refString="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Martinez- HernAEndez, E., Gama-Castro, J., Ruiz-GonzAElez, J., Polaco, O. J., and Johnson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: A critical review of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeographic provinciality, Quatern. Int., 217, 53 - 104, 2010." type="journal article" year="2010">Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
), Gulf Coastal Plain (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31533FBFFFC52CC12" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[889,1009,1045,1069]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31533FBFFFC52CC12" box="[889,1009,1045,1069]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Arroyo-Cabrales et al., 2005; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB31371FBFCFBE3CC72" author="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I. &amp; Arroyo-Cabrales, J. &amp; HernAEndez, E. &amp; Gama-Castro, J. &amp; Ruiz-GonzAElez, J. &amp; Polaco, O. J. &amp; Johnson, E." pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="53 - 104" refId="ref8093" refString="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Martinez- HernAEndez, E., Gama-Castro, J., Ruiz-GonzAElez, J., Polaco, O. J., and Johnson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: A critical review of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeographic provinciality, Quatern. Int., 217, 53 - 104, 2010." type="journal article" year="2010">Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCounty id="62E06D9B902DFFB31210FBDCFAEDCC72" box="[1114,1358,1078,1101]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Sierra Madre del Sur</collectingCounty>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB3132FFBDFFCC8CC52" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1771" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB3132FFBDFFCC8CC52" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Arroyo-Cabrales et al., 2005; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB3128CFBBCFC0ECCB3" author="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I. &amp; Arroyo-Cabrales, J. &amp; HernAEndez, E. &amp; Gama-Castro, J. &amp; Ruiz-GonzAElez, J. &amp; Polaco, O. J. &amp; Johnson, E." pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="53 - 104" refId="ref8093" refString="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Martinez- HernAEndez, E., Gama-Castro, J., Ruiz-GonzAElez, J., Polaco, O. J., and Johnson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: A critical review of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeographic provinciality, Quatern. Int., 217, 53 - 104, 2010." type="journal article" year="2010">Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
), Sierra Madre de 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902DFFB3123AFB9FFB65CCB3" box="[1136,1222,1141,1164]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB3129EFB9FFA86CCB2" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[1236,1317,1141,1165]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB3129EFB9FFA86CCB2" box="[1236,1317,1141,1165]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB31379FB9FFB73CC93" author="Montellano-Ballesteros, M. &amp; Carbot-Chanona, G." pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="217 - 222" refId="ref8897" refString="Montellano-Ballesteros, M. and Carbot-Chanona, G.: Panthera leo atrox (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in Chiapas, Mexico, Southwest. Nat., 54, 217 - 222, 2009." type="journal article" year="2009">Montellano-Ballesteros and Carbot-Chanona, 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB31290FB7FFBA9CCF3" author="Carbot-Chanona, G. &amp; Gomez-POrez, L. E." pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="83 - 89" refId="ref7769" refString="Carbot-Chanona, G. and Gomez-POrez, L. E.: Nueva evidencia de Panthera atrox (Mammalia, Felidae) en el Pleistoceno Tardio de Chiapas, Lacandonia, 8, 83 - 89, 2014." type="journal article" year="2014">Carbot-Chanona and Gómez-PØrez, 2014</bibRefCitation>
), and 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902DFFB31203FB5FFB3CCCF3" box="[1097,1183,1205,1228]" country="Mexico" name="Yucatan" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Yucatan</collectingRegion>
Platform (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB3135BFB5FFA2ACCF2" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[1297,1417,1205,1229]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB3135BFB5FFA2ACCF2" box="[1297,1417,1205,1229]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">P. concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31579FB3FFC30CCD2" baseAuthorityName="Leidy" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[819,915,1237,1261]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fatalis">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31579FB3FFC30CCD2" box="[819,915,1237,1261]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">S. fatalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;`lvarez and Polaco, 1982; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB31299FB3FFA08CCD3" author="Collins, S. V. &amp; Reinhardt, E. G. &amp; Rissolo, D. &amp; Chatters, J. C. &amp; Blank, A. N. &amp; Erreguerena, P. L." box="[1235,1451,1237,1260]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="68 - 83" refId="ref7901" refString="Collins, S. V., Reinhardt, E. G., Rissolo, D., Chatters, J. C., Blank, A. N., and Erreguerena, P. L.: Reconstructing water level in Hoyo Negro, Quintana Roo, Mexico, implications for early Paleoamerican and faunal access, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 124, 68 - 83, 2015." type="journal article" year="2015">Collins et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
). The present study adds an occurrence of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB312AAFB1EFADECD33" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[1248,1405,1268,1292]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB312AAFB1EFADECD33" box="[1248,1405,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from a late Pleistocene locality in southeastern 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902DFFB3134DFAFFFAFCCD13" box="[1287,1375,1301,1324]" country="Mexico" name="Hidalgo" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Hidalgo</collectingRegion>
, central 
<collectingCountry id="F3295587902DFFB31579FADFFC24CD73" box="[819,903,1333,1356]" name="Mexico" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt morphotectonic province.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B811517902DFFB31504FA9EFCDACEF5" blockId="7.[819,1463,918,1898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
The species 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31591FA9EFB1BCDB3" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[987,1208,1396,1420]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yagouaroundi">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31591FA9EFB1BCDB3" box="[987,1208,1396,1420]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Puma yagouaroundi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(jaguarondi) is known from the Sierra Madre Oriental and 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902DFFB312F5FA7EFAB6CD94" box="[1215,1301,1428,1451]" country="Mexico" name="Yucatan" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Yucatan</collectingRegion>
Platform morphotectonic provinces (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB31266FA5EFA12CDF4" author="Arroyo-Cabrales, J. &amp; Johnson, E." box="[1068,1457,1460,1483]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="120 - 126" refId="ref6807" refString="Arroyo-Cabrales, J. and Johnson, E.: 1998, La Cueva de San Josecito, Nuevo Leon, MOxico: Una primera interpretacion paleoambiental, in: Avances en Investigacion, Publicacion Especial 1. Paleontologia de Vertebrados, edited by: Carranza-Castaaeeda, O. and Cordoba-MOndez, D. A., Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra, Pachuca, Hidalgo, MOxico, 120 - 126, 1998." type="book chapter" year="1998">Arroyo-Cabrales and Johnson, 1998</bibRefCitation>
; Arroyo-Cabrales and`lvarez, 2003). By the same token, the species 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB315C6FA1EFBC3CE33" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[908,1120,1524,1548]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pardalis">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB315C6FA1EFBC3CE33" box="[908,1120,1524,1548]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Leopardus pardalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ocelot) and a saber-tooth cat with an uncertain specific identity (referred to as 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31318F9F9FA15CE14" box="[1362,1462,1555,1579]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31318F9F9FA15CE14" box="[1362,1462,1555,1579]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Smilodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cf. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31511F9D9FC6FCE74" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[859,972,1587,1611]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31511F9D9FC6FCE74" box="[859,972,1587,1611]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) have single occurrences from localities in the 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902DFFB31510F9BEFC13CE54" box="[858,944,1620,1643]" country="Mexico" name="Yucatan" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Yucatan</collectingRegion>
Platform and Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt morphotectonic provinces, respectively (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB312F5F99EFAF0CEB4" author="KurtOn, B." box="[1215,1363,1652,1675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="173 - 178" refId="ref8439" refString="KurtOn, B.: Prariew und Sabelzahntiger aus dem Pleistozan des Valsequillo, Mexiko, Quarter, 18, 173 - 178, 1967." type="journal article" year="1967">KurtØn, 1967</bibRefCitation>
; Arroyo-Cabrales and`lvarez, 2003; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E6902DFFB31231F979FCCECEF5" author="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I. &amp; Arroyo-Cabrales, J. &amp; HernAEndez, E. &amp; Gama-Castro, J. &amp; Ruiz-GonzAElez, J. &amp; Polaco, O. J. &amp; Johnson, E." pageId="7" pageNumber="138" pagination="53 - 104" refId="ref8093" refString="Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Martinez- HernAEndez, E., Gama-Castro, J., Ruiz-GonzAElez, J., Polaco, O. J., and Johnson, E.: Pleistocene mammals of Mexico: A critical review of regional chronofaunas, climate change response and biogeographic provinciality, Quatern. Int., 217, 53 - 104, 2010." type="journal article" year="2010">Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B811517902DFFBC1504F939FD25CC7C" blockId="7.[819,1463,918,1898]" lastBlockId="8.[124,767,1004,1633]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">
There is a report of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31254F939FB76CED4" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1054,1237,1747,1771]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wiedii">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31254F939FB76CED4" box="[1054,1237,1747,1771]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Leopardus wiedii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from a site known as Tlailotlacan, late Pleistocene of the State of 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF5902DFFB3134BF919FAF1CF35" box="[1281,1362,1779,1802]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Mexico</collectingRegion>
(Arroyo-Cabrales et al., 2005, 2010). Furthermore, there are mentions of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB3151AF8D8FC78CF75" box="[848,987,1842,1866]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB3151AF8D8FC17CF75" box="[848,948,1842,1866]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Smilodon</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB315AFF8D8FBCFCF75" box="[997,1132,1842,1866]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB315AFF8D8FBE6CF75" box="[997,1093,1842,1866]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Panthera</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB312EEF8D8FB58CF75" box="[1188,1275,1842,1866]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB312EEF8D8FB74CF75" box="[1188,1239,1842,1866]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Lynx</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
from localities in the Sierra Madre Oriental (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E94902DFFB31219F8B8FB7DCF55" box="[1107,1246,1874,1898]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94AC905902DFFB31219F8B8FB14CF55" box="[1107,1207,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="138">Smilodon</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
; Arroyo-Cabrales et al., 2005) and Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt morphotectonic provinces (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC16B8FBE1FEDFCC1C" box="[242,380,1035,1059]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC16B8FBE1FEF5CC1C" box="[242,342,1035,1059]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Smilodon</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC17CDFBE1FDADCC1C" box="[391,526,1035,1059]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC17CDFBE1FE44CC1C" box="[391,487,1035,1059]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Panthera</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC140FFBE1FD3DCC1C" box="[581,670,1035,1059]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC140FFBE1FDDBCC1C" box="[581,632,1035,1059]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Lynx</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
; Arroyo-Cabrales et al., 2005; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF68E69022FFBC172EFBC6FDD8CC7C" author="Bravo-Cuevas, V. M. &amp; Cabral-Perdomo M. A. &amp; Ortiz-Caballero E. &amp; Priego Vargas J." box="[356,635,1068,1091]" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" pagination="85 - 96" refId="ref7507" refString="Bravo-Cuevas, V. M., Cabral-Perdomo M. A., Ortiz-Caballero E., and Priego Vargas J.: La Megafauna del Pleistoceno, in: Los Fosiles del Estado de Hidalgo, edited by: GonzAElez-Rodriguez, K. A., Cuevas-Cardona, C., and Castillo-Ceron, J. M., Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, MOxico, 85 - 96, 2009." type="book chapter" year="2009">Bravo-Cuevas et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF41459F9022FFBC1636FCF4FDBFCB96" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11588577" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11588577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11588577/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" startId="8.[124,191,798,820]" targetBox="[303,1285,177,767]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8115179022FFBC1636FCF4FDBFCB96" blockId="8.[124,1463,798,937]" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC1636FCF4FF79CB0B" bold="true" box="[124,218,798,820]" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Mexican Pleistocene localities with records of felids. The map is regionalized in the morphotectonic provinces of Ferrusquía-Villafranca (1993). Abbreviations of the morphotectonic provinces as in Table 3. Squares indicate the early Pleistocene localities and circles the late Pleistocene localities. The felid record includes the following species: A: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC15C4FCB3FBBECB51" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[910,1053,857,878]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC15C4FCB3FBBECB51" box="[910,1053,857,878]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Panthera atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; B: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC120DFCB3FB70CB51" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1095,1235,857,878]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="onca">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC120DFCB3FB70CB51" box="[1095,1235,857,878]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Panthera onca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; C: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC12B7FCB3FA32CB51" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[1277,1425,857,878]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC12B7FCB3FA32CB51" box="[1277,1425,857,878]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Puma concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; D: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC1636FC9CFEE3CBB4" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[124,320,886,907]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yagouaroundi">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC1636FC9CFEE3CBB4" box="[124,320,886,907]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Puma yagouaroundi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; E: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC1721FC9CFE71CBB4" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[363,466,886,907]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC1721FC9CFE71CBB4" box="[363,466,886,907]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Lynx rufus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; F: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC17B6FC9CFD1BCBB4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[508,696,886,907]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pardalis">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC17B6FC9CFD1BCBB4" box="[508,696,886,907]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Leopardus pardalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; G: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC14ACFC9CFC2ECBB4" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[742,909,886,907]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wiedii">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC14ACFC9CFC2ECBB4" box="[742,909,886,907]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Leopardus wiedii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; H: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC15F1FC9CFBFACBB4" baseAuthorityName="Leidy" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[955,1113,886,907]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fatalis">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC15F1FC9CFBFACBB4" box="[955,1113,886,907]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Smilodon fatalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; I: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC1237FC9CFB74CBB4" box="[1149,1239,886,907]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC1237FC9CFB74CBB4" box="[1149,1239,886,907]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Smilodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cf. 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC134AFC9CFAC1CBB4" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1880" box="[1280,1378,886,907]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC134AFC9CFAC1CBB4" box="[1280,1378,886,907]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; J: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC13C2FC9CFF56CB97" baseAuthorityName="Stephens" baseAuthorityYear="1959" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rexroadensis">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC13C2FC9CFF56CB97" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Felis rexroadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; K: 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC176AFC79FDB5CB97" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[288,534,915,936]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Miracinonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inexpectatus">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC176AFC79FDB5CB97" box="[288,534,915,936]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Miracinonyx inexpectatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8115179022FFBC16DDFBA1FF62CE5E" blockId="8.[124,767,1004,1633]" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
Clearly, felids were more diverse and widespread in their geographic distribution across the Mexican territory during the late Pleistocene. There are several areas in northern, central, and southern 
<collectingCountry id="F32955879022FFBC1704FB41FE3CCCFD" box="[334,415,1195,1218]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Mexico</collectingCountry>
that testify to the presence of three to four species of felids, including Cuatro CiØnegas, 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF59022FFBC1636FB01FF7FCD3D" box="[124,220,1259,1282]" country="Mexico" name="Coahuila de Zaragoza" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Coahuila</collectingRegion>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC16BAFB00FEE1CD3D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[240,322,1258,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="onca">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC16BAFB00FEE1CD3D" box="[240,322,1258,1282]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">P. onca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC1719FB00FE73CD3D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[339,464,1258,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC1719FB00FE73CD3D" box="[339,464,1258,1282]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">P. concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC1459FB00FDC8CD3D" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[531,619,1258,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC1459FB00FDC8CD3D" box="[531,619,1258,1282]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">L. rufus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); 
<collectorName id="26CB70C19022FFBC14CCFB01FD59CD3D" box="[646,762,1259,1282]" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">El Cedazo</collectorName>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF59022FFBC1636FAE1FEBECD1D" box="[124,285,1291,1314]" country="Mexico" name="Aguascalientes" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Aguascalientes</collectingRegion>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC177AFAE0FE27CD1D" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[304,388,1290,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC177AFAE0FE27CD1D" box="[304,388,1290,1314]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">P. atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC17DFFAE0FE45CD1D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[405,486,1290,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="onca">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC17DFFAE0FE45CD1D" box="[405,486,1290,1314]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">P. onca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC17BCFAE0FDEECD1D" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1777" box="[502,589,1290,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC17BCFAE0FDEECD1D" box="[502,589,1290,1314]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">L. rufus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC14C4FAE0FD4DCD1D" baseAuthorityName="Leidy" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[654,750,1290,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fatalis">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC14C4FAE0FD4DCD1D" box="[654,750,1290,1314]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">S. fatalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); Chapala–Zacoalco, 
<collectingRegion id="49FADBF59022FFBC171EFAC1FE3FCD7D" box="[340,412,1323,1346]" country="Mexico" name="Jalisco" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Jalisco</collectingRegion>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC17FAFAC0FDA6CD7D" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[432,517,1322,1346]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC17FAFAC0FDA6CD7D" box="[432,517,1322,1346]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">P. atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC145DFAC0FDCACD7D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[535,617,1322,1346]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="onca">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC145DFAC0FDCACD7D" box="[535,617,1322,1346]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">P. onca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC1431FAC0FD54CD7D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1771" box="[635,759,1322,1346]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC1431FAC0FD54CD7D" box="[635,759,1322,1346]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">P. concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC16E3FAA0FEA6CD5D" baseAuthorityName="Leidy" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[169,261,1354,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fatalis">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC16E3FAA0FEA6CD5D" box="[169,261,1354,1378]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">S. fatalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Tequixquiac, State of 
<collectingCountry id="F32955879022FFBC144EFAA1FDF6CD5D" box="[516,597,1355,1378]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC142EFAA0FD16CD5D" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1853" box="[612,693,1354,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrox">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC142EFAA0FD16CD5D" box="[612,693,1354,1378]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">P. atrox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC1488FAA0FF38CDBD" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1777" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC1488FAA0FF38CDBD" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">L. rufus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC1690FA80FE9ACDBD" baseAuthorityName="Leidy" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[218,313,1386,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Smilodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fatalis">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC1690FA80FE9ACDBD" box="[218,313,1386,1410]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">S. fatalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); and 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BE58F6D9022FFBC17CBFA80FD9ACDBE" box="[385,569,1386,1409]" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">
Cueva 
<collectorName id="26CB70C19022FFBC1787FA80FD9ACDBE" box="[461,569,1386,1409]" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">de Loltoen</collectorName>
</collectingMunicipality>
, YucatAEn, (
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC14F9FA80FF17CD9D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1771" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC14F9FA80FF17CD9D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">P. concolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC168EFA60FED6CD9D" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[196,373,1418,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yagouaroundi">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC168EFA60FED6CD9D" box="[196,373,1418,1442]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">P. yagouaroundi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E6E949022FFBC17FFFA60FD8FCD9D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[437,556,1418,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pardalis">
<emphasis id="B94AC9059022FFBC17FFFA60FD8FCD9D" box="[437,556,1418,1442]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="139">L. pardalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<location id="8EE143CC9022FFBC140FFA60FF11CDFE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0397A4019028FFBC16DDFA31FF62CE5E:8EE143CC9022FFBC140FFA60FF11CDFE" country="Mexico" municipality="Cueva de Loltoen" name="The San Josecito Cave" pageId="8" pageNumber="139" stateProvince="Coahuila de Zaragoza">The San Josecito Cave</location>
locality testifies to the presence of six species of felids. It is probable that the high diversity recorded there should be related to the nature of the site, which functioned as a shelter for maternity, resting, and/or feeding of several carnivore groups, including felids (Arroyo-Cabrales and`lvarez, 2003).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>