172 lines
21 KiB
XML
172 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="BFA1E5EE3E622E2E126516D689745D50" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5398.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10494167" ID-ZooBank="E233F731-D5FA-4032-B3A4-CEFE5A809C49" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch,operationResults" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1705011554062" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Van Soest, Rob W. M." docDate="2024" docId="BF4E397FFFD731639786FF4FB9FD030C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5398.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5398 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5398.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.18:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docTitle="Higginsia coralloides var. liberiensis Higgin 1877" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="43774107FFE731539711FFD8BD62070B" masterDocTitle="Correcting sponge names: nomenclatural update of lower taxa level Porifera" masterLastPageNumber="122" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="49" updateTime="1706187678457" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:title id="A4E4173C04F40E5555F8ABAE684B5A32">Correcting sponge names: nomenclatural update of lower taxa level Porifera</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="150006A96CD2F49FB83DAAAAA8DDE35B">Van Soest, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="BDBA5B46ECB9A79161DC19DC5B96B9B0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="7368DFDC5CC82282E64D66012D3E3B0F">2024</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="37588869FFD731639786FF4FBF9B07BA" blockId="48.[151,761,151,178]" box="[151,761,151,178]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<heading id="6C103F05FFD731639786FF4FBF9B07BA" bold="true" box="[151,761,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="F0E7F3EAFFD731639786FF4FBF9B07BA" ID-CoL="5PDDN" authority="Higgin, 1877" authorityName="Higgin" authorityYear="1877" box="[151,761,151,178]" class="Demospongiae" family="Stelligeridae" genus="Higginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Axinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="coralloides" variety="liberiensis">
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<emphasis id="0593547BFFD731639786FF4FBF9B07BA" bold="true" box="[151,761,151,178]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis id="0593547BFFD731639786FF4FBCF807B9" bold="true" box="[151,410,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Higginsia coralloides</emphasis>
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var.
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<emphasis id="0593547BFFD7316396C6FF4FBF3107B9" bold="true" box="[471,595,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">liberiensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="5376F598FFD73163954BFF4FBF9B07BA" author="Higgin, T." box="[602,761,151,177]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="291 - 299" refId="ref97683" refString="Higgin, T. (1877) Description of some sponges obtained during a cruise of the Steam-Yacht ' Argo' in the Caribbean and neighbouring seas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 19, 291 - 299, pl. XIV. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 19241577] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937708682143" type="journal article" year="1877">Higgin, 1877</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="7FFDDBE2FFD731639786FF04BF210619" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="37588869FFD731639786FF04BE1807F8" blockId="48.[151,890,219,274]" box="[151,890,219,244]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="17F7AF47FFD731639786FF04BE1807F8" box="[151,890,219,244]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<treatmentCitation id="B646AE78FFD731639786FF04BFAC07FF" author="Higgin, T." box="[151,718,219,244]" page="293" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" year="1877">
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<taxonomicName id="F0E7F3EAFFD731639786FF04BFAC07FF" ID-CoL="5PDDN" authority="Higgin, 1877: 293" authorityName="Higgin" authorityPageNumber="293" authorityYear="1877" box="[151,718,219,244]" class="Demospongiae" family="Stelligeridae" genus="Higginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Axinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="coralloides" variety="liberiensis">
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<emphasis id="0593547BFFD731639786FF04BC1107F8" box="[151,371,219,243]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Higginsia coralloides</emphasis>
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var.
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<emphasis id="0593547BFFD7316396B4FF03BF6D07F8" box="[421,527,219,243]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">liberiensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="5376F598FFD731639504FF03BFAC07FF" author="Higgin, T." box="[533,718,219,244]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="291 - 299" refId="ref97683" refString="Higgin, T. (1877) Description of some sponges obtained during a cruise of the Steam-Yacht ' Argo' in the Caribbean and neighbouring seas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 19, 291 - 299, pl. XIV. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 19241577] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937708682143" type="journal article" year="1877">Higgin, 1877: 293</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(no illustration).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="37588869FFD731639786FF23BF210619" blockId="48.[151,890,219,274]" box="[151,579,250,274]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="17F7AF47FFD731639786FF23BF210619" box="[151,579,250,274]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="F0E7F3EAFFD731639786FF23BC090619" authorityName="Higgin" authorityYear="1877" box="[151,363,250,274]" class="Demospongiae" family="Stelligeridae" genus="Higginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Axinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="liberiensis">
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<emphasis id="0593547BFFD731639786FF23BC090619" box="[151,363,250,274]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Higginsia liberiensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="B646AE78FFD731639669FF23BF5D0619" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[376,575,250,274]" page="24" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" year="1987">
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<bibRefCitation id="5376F598FFD731639669FF23BF5D0619" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[376,575,250,274]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="13 - 28" refId="ref109800" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1987) Biogeographic and taxonomic notes on some Eastern Atlantic sponges. In: Jones, W. C. (Ed.), European contributions to the taxonomy of sponges. Publications of the Sherkin Island Marine Station, 1, pp. 13 - 28. [https: // www. sherkinmarine. ie / sponge. htm]" type="journal article" year="1987">Van Soest 1987: 24</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7FFDDBE2FFD731639786FE98B9FD030C" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="37588869FFD731639786FE98BFA1047C" blockId="48.[151,1437,320,1031]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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The variety was described by Higgin as dredged from the sea bottom off the West African locality Cape Palmas,
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<collectingCountry id="4FF0C8F9FFD731639786FEBCBD890675" box="[151,235,356,382]" name="Liberia" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Liberia</collectingCountry>
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, approximate coordinates
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<geoCoordinate id="52D3EEAEFFD731639502FEBDBF010674" box="[531,611,357,383]" degrees="4.37" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="555" value="4.37">4.37°N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="52D3EEAEFFD73163957AFEBDBFA00674" box="[619,706,357,383]" degrees="7.73" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="555" value="-7.73">7.73°W</geoCoordinate>
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, depth not recorded.
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<typeStatus id="E85C36CBFFD7316394BEFEBDBE850674" box="[943,999,357,383]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Type</typeStatus>
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material of
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<taxonomicName id="F0E7F3EAFFD731639361FEBDB86A0675" authorityName="Higgin" authorityYear="1877" box="[1136,1288,356,382]" class="Demospongiae" family="Stelligeridae" genus="Higginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Axinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="liberiensis">
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<emphasis id="0593547BFFD731639361FEBDB86A0675" box="[1136,1288,356,382]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">H. liberiensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has not been identified with certainty so far. The Natural History Museum Data Portal has
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<specimenCount id="21E143E0FFD7316394FDFE51B9E606A9" box="[1004,1156,392,419]" count="1" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
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labeled as
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<taxonomicName id="F0E7F3EAFFD7316393ECFE51BCC206CC" ID-CoL="5PDDN" authority=", BMNH" authorityName="BMNH" class="Demospongiae" family="Stelligeridae" genus="Higginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Axinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="coralloides" variety="liberiensis">
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<emphasis id="0593547BFFD7316393ECFE51B8FE06A9" box="[1277,1436,392,418]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">H. coralloides</emphasis>
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var.
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<emphasis id="0593547BFFD7316397D9FE74BC5F06CD" box="[200,317,428,454]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">liberiensis</emphasis>
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, BMNH
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</taxonomicName>
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1933.8.5.1, but it was collected in rock pools on the ‘Gold Coast’ (=
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<collectingCountry id="4FF0C8F9FFD7316393B9FE74B99706CD" box="[1192,1269,428,454]" name="Ghana" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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) by a different collector than given in Higgin’s original paper. The
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<typeStatus id="E85C36CBFFD7316395F0FE09BE7306E0" box="[737,785,465,491]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">type</typeStatus>
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material has possibly been destroyed during WWII when the Liverpool Free Museum was bombed. It was erected largely on the basis of spicule differences with the typical variety also described by
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<bibRefCitation id="5376F598FFD7316396AEFDC0BFFE0538" author="Higgin, T." box="[447,668,536,563]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="291 - 299" refId="ref97683" refString="Higgin, T. (1877) Description of some sponges obtained during a cruise of the Steam-Yacht ' Argo' in the Caribbean and neighbouring seas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 19, 291 - 299, pl. XIV. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 19241577] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937708682143" type="journal article" year="1877">Higgin (1877: 291)</bibRefCitation>
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from Carinage Harbour,
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<collectingCountry id="4FF0C8F9FFD7316394D1FDC0B9400539" box="[960,1058,536,562]" name="Grenada" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Grenada</collectingCountry>
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, Eastern Caribbean, approximate coordinates
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<geoCoordinate id="52D3EEAEFFD731639632FDE5BCE3055C" box="[291,385,573,599]" degrees="12.13" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="555" value="12.13">12.13°N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="52D3EEAEFFD73163969DFDE4BC90055D" box="[396,498,572,598]" degrees="61.76" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="555" value="-61.76">61.76°W</geoCoordinate>
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, depth not recorded but obtained “by diving” (
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<typeStatus id="E85C36CBFFD731639308FDE5B929055C" box="[1049,1099,573,599]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">type</typeStatus>
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slide BMNH 1886.12.15.92,
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<emphasis id="0593547BFFD731639786FDB8BDA30571" box="[151,193,608,634]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">fide</emphasis>
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Hooper 2002: 763). The species was also subsequently reported from Florida, North Carolina,
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<collectingCountry id="4FF0C8F9FFD73163923EFDB8B8FA0571" box="[1327,1432,608,634]" name="Bahamas" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
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, Yucatan,
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<collectingCountry id="4FF0C8F9FFD731639611FD5DBC350594" box="[256,343,645,671]" name="Guyana" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Guyana</collectingCountry>
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coast. The shape (fan-like mass of interconnected branches) is similar in both, the main skeletal spicules are similar robust oxeas of about 650 x 20–33 µm, and both have additional thin anisoxeas. However, the acanthomicroxeas of the present variety are only about half the size (averaging 75 x 6 µm) of those of the typical variety (averaging 140 x 4 µm, cf.
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<bibRefCitation id="5376F598FFD73163953CFD29BE730400" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[557,785,752,779]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 225" refId="ref110252" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (2017) Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa, 4217 (1), 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4217.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">Van Soest 2017: 55</bibRefCitation>
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). Apparently there is also a color difference between the varieties as
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<bibRefCitation id="5376F598FFD73163960CFCCCBC940424" author="Higgin, T." box="[285,502,788,815]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="291 - 299" refId="ref97683" refString="Higgin, T. (1877) Description of some sponges obtained during a cruise of the Steam-Yacht ' Argo' in the Caribbean and neighbouring seas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 19, 291 - 299, pl. XIV. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 19241577] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937708682143" type="journal article" year="1877">Higgin (1877: 293)</bibRefCitation>
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mentioned, as well as a difference in texture. In view of the geographic separation by the deep Atlantic, I confirm here as valid the casual elevation of the present variety to species level as
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<taxonomicName id="F0E7F3EAFFD73163923FFCE1BCC5047C" authority="Higgin, 1877" authorityName="Higgin" authorityYear="1877" class="Demospongiae" family="Stelligeridae" genus="Higginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Axinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="liberiensis">
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<emphasis id="0593547BFFD73163923FFCE1BC6E047D" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Higginsia liberiensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="5376F598FFD731639602FC84BCC5047C" author="Higgin, T." box="[275,423,860,887]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="291 - 299" refId="ref97683" refString="Higgin, T. (1877) Description of some sponges obtained during a cruise of the Steam-Yacht ' Argo' in the Caribbean and neighbouring seas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 19, 291 - 299, pl. XIV. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 19241577] https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937708682143" type="journal article" year="1877">Higgin, 1877</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="5376F598FFD7316396C1FC85BFDD047C" author="Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[464,703,861,887]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="13 - 28" refId="ref109800" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1987) Biogeographic and taxonomic notes on some Eastern Atlantic sponges. In: Jones, W. C. (Ed.), European contributions to the taxonomy of sponges. Publications of the Sherkin Island Marine Station, 1, pp. 13 - 28. [https: // www. sherkinmarine. ie / sponge. htm]" type="journal article" year="1987">Van Soest (1987: 24)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="37588869FFD7316397D6FC59B9FD030C" blockId="48.[151,1437,320,1031]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="5376F598FFD7316397D6FC59BCC80490" author="Burton, M." box="[199,426,896,923]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="111 - 147" refId="ref90172" refString="Burton, M. (1956) The sponges of West Africa. Atlantide Report (Scientific Results of the Danish Expedition to the Coasts of Tropical West Africa, 1945 - 1946, Copenhagen), 4, 111 - 147." type="journal article" year="1956">Burton (1956: 133)</bibRefCitation>
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assigned the present species/variety along with almost all other
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<taxonomicName id="F0E7F3EAFFD7316393BEFC59B8180491" box="[1199,1402,896,922]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<emphasis id="0593547BFFD7316393BEFC59B87F0491" box="[1199,1309,897,922]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Higginsia</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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to the synonymy of
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<taxonomicName id="F0E7F3EAFFD731639670FC7DBE6A04B4" ID-CoL="3LVWV" authority="(Lamarck, 1814)" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1814" box="[353,776,932,959]" class="Demospongiae" family="Stelligeridae" genus="Higginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Axinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="strigilata">
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<emphasis id="0593547BFFD731639670FC7DBF5D04B5" box="[353,575,932,958]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Higginsia strigilata</emphasis>
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||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5376F598FFD73163955EFC7CBE6304B4" author="Lamarck, J. B. P. De & M. C. De" box="[591,769,932,959]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="294 - 312" refId="ref99994" refString="Lamarck, J. B. P. De M. C. De (1814 [1813]) Sur les polypiers empates. Annales du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 20, 294 - 312 + 370 - 386 + 432 - 458. [https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 3553747]" type="journal article" year="1814">Lamarck, 1814</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but this conclusion has not been followed by the sponge colleague. Burton mentioned two ‘typical’ specimens from West African waters (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="52D3EEAEFFD73163931DFC11B91804E8" box="[1036,1146,969,995]" degrees="9.3833" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="5" value="9.3833">9.3833°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="52D3EEAEFFD73163936FFC10B99F04E8" box="[1150,1277,968,995]" degrees="15.1167" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="5" value="-15.1167">15.1167°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
and
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="52D3EEAEFFD731639221FC10B8FF04E9" box="[1328,1437,968,994]" degrees="9.4667" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="5" value="9.4667">9.4667°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="52D3EEAEFFD731639786FC34BC7B030D" box="[151,281,1004,1030]" degrees="14.9667" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" precision="5" value="-14.9667">14.9667°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) from depths of
|
||
<quantity id="F01F258CFFD7316396C5FC34BF58030C" box="[468,570,1004,1031]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="m" value="37.5" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="30.0">
|
||
30–
|
||
<specimenCount id="21E143E0FFD7316396EEFC34BF58030C" box="[511,570,1004,1031]" count="45" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="generic">45 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
. It is likely that his specimens belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F0E7F3EAFFD731639313FC35B9FB030D" authorityName="Higgin" authorityYear="1877" box="[1026,1177,1004,1030]" class="Demospongiae" family="Stelligeridae" genus="Higginsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Axinellida" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="liberiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0593547BFFD731639313FC35B9FB030D" box="[1026,1177,1004,1030]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">H. liberiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |