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<document id="6D4CB9ED9BFFA4750872443DA7FE3518" ID-CLB-Dataset="282875" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2023.906.2329" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c2f9b726-1083-40ff-ada7-97e6df2733ae" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10424508" ID-ZooBank="01194EAD-7129-4876-82F9-2173E49C1B0A" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1699963422416" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Delgado, Juan A. &amp; Palma, Ricardo L." docDate="2023" docId="6703879E4D010445F724B33664F7FE2A" docLanguage="en" docName="EJT.2023.906.1-71.pdf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 906" docSource="https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2329/10133" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Cholovocera Victor 1838" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="9B3AFFE64D050456F57CB11E677FFFA5" masterDocTitle="A revision of the genus Cholovocera Victor, 1838 (Coleoptera: Endomychidae)" masterLastPageNumber="71" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1703259287614" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="1927A87C0E9BA84DA4C541AC22F8975D">A revision of the genus Cholovocera Victor, 1838 (Coleoptera: Endomychidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="C4F2B412CC5E6175A54F73F5996DAB41" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="5C8C1A66C0768D327EB2914A2F0C076E">Delgado, Juan A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F5C90F351A28783C43043EBFD49CA11F">Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F7F9F4DF5E47E4194B638AD3C6C55916">Palma, Ricardo L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="240FB1D1947B0AC2C668D352B2E94186">Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, P. O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="968B1F7D12CB177B09DF7F96ECDA8AA3" type="email">RicardoP@tepapa.govt.nz</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="70D12B56FA8417A2119F8BB5FDEFF86F">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B794D4F9675D60CDA34624C3AC27F40F">
<mods:date id="138052DAB61DCEDD0C326A97B3100206">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B6FF77F4F3A5B659233BB19475FD123A">2023-11-13</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="69CB0CF59773AC6B11E20B99FB3CA13A">906</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="A7B065034D010452F724B33664A3FDE7" box="[600,988,551,578]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="EF1536884D010452F724B33664A3FDE7" blockId="4.[600,988,551,578]" box="[600,988,551,578]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="B45D81E44D010452F724B33664A3FDE7" box="[600,988,551,578]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="2">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D010452F7D6B33964A3FDE7" authority="Victor, 1838" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[682,988,551,578]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F7D6B339643CFDE7" bold="true" box="[682,835,551,578]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cholovocera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F636B33664A3FDE7" author="Victor T." box="[842,988,552,578]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="175 - 188" refId="ref42813" refString="Victor T. 1838. Coleopteres du Caucase et des Provinces transcaucasiennes recueillis et decrits. Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 11 (2): 175 - 188." type="journal article" year="1838">Victor, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A7B065034D010452F5C1B37465B7FCAA" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="EF1536884D010452F5C1B37465C9FD21" blockId="4.[189,694,618,644]" box="[189,694,618,644]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="CFBA11A64D010452F5C1B37465C9FD21" box="[189,694,618,644]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<treatmentCitation id="6E0B10994D010452F5C1B3746555FD21" author="Victor T." box="[189,554,618,644]" page="177" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1838">
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D010452F5C1B3746555FD21" authority="Victor, 1838: 177" authorityName="Victor" authorityPageNumber="177" authorityYear="1838" box="[189,554,618,644]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F5C1B374662AFD21" box="[189,341,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cholovocera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F427B3746555FD21" author="Victor T." box="[347,554,618,644]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="175 - 188" refId="ref42813" refString="Victor T. 1838. Coleopteres du Caucase et des Provinces transcaucasiennes recueillis et decrits. Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 11 (2): 175 - 188." type="journal article" year="1838">Victor, 1838: 177</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 3 fig. b.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D010452F5C1B3B264C5FD62" blockId="4.[189,1024,684,784]" box="[189,954,684,711]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="CFBA11A64D010452F5C1B3B264C5FD62" box="[189,954,684,711]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D010452F5C1B3B26637FD63" box="[189,328,684,710]" genus="Choluocera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F5C1B3B26637FD63" box="[189,328,684,710]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Choluocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F419B3B3654CFD62" author="Kraatz G." box="[357,563,684,711]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="123 - 148" refId="ref39933" refString="Kraatz G. 1858. Beitrag zur Kaferfauna Griechenlands. Staphylinidae (Schlufs), Trichopterygia, Histeridae, Phalacridae, Nitidularia, Trogositarii, Colydii, Cucujidae, Cryptophagidae, Thorictidae, Mycetophagidae, Dermestini, Byrrhii. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 2: 123 - 148." type="journal article" year="1858">Kraatz 1858: 140</bibRefCitation>
. Unnecessary replacement name.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D010452F5C1B3CF637FFD4E" blockId="4.[189,1024,684,784]" box="[189,1024,721,748]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="CFBA11A64D010452F5C1B3CF637FFD4E" box="[189,1024,721,748]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D010452F5C1B3CF6646FD4E" box="[189,313,721,747]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F5C1B3CF6646FD4E" box="[189,313,721,747]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Coluocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="6E0B10994D010452F42AB3CF65A4FD49" author="Gemminger M. &amp; Harold B. de" box="[342,731,721,748]" page="905" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1868">
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F42AB3CF65A4FD49" author="Gemminger M. &amp; Harold B. de" box="[342,731,721,748]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref39469" refString="Gemminger M. &amp; Harold B. de 1868. Catalogus coleopterorum hucusque descriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. Tom. III. Histeridae, Phalacridae, Nitidulidae, Trogositidae, Colydidae, Rhysodidae, Cucujidae, Cryptophagidae, Derodontidae, Latrididae, Othnidae, Mycetophagidae, Thorictidae, Dermestidae, Byrrhidae, Georyssidae, Parnidae, Heteroceridae, Lucanidae. Sumptu E. H. Gummi, Monachii, Paris, London." type="book" year="1868">Gemminger &amp; Harold 1868: 905</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. Unjustified emendation.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D010452F5C1B3EB65B7FCAA" blockId="4.[189,1024,684,784]" box="[189,712,757,784]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="CFBA11A64D010452F5C1B3EB65B7FCAA" box="[189,712,757,784]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D010452F5C1B3EB6639FCAA" ID-CoL="3SKC" box="[189,326,757,783]" class="Insecta" family="Latridiidae" genus="Colovocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F5C1B3EB6639FCAA" box="[189,326,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Colovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<treatmentCitation id="6E0B10994D010452F41FB3EB6555FCB5" author="Belon M. - J." box="[355,554,757,784]" page="185" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1879">
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F41FB3EB6555FCB5" author="Belon M. - J." box="[355,554,757,784]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="157 - 365" refId="ref38155" refString="Belon M. - J. 1879. Famille des Lathridiens, 1 re partie. In: Mulsant E. (ed.) Histoire naturelle des coleopteres de France. Annales de la Societe linneenne de Lyon, n. s. 26: 157 - 365." type="book chapter" year="1879">Belon 1879: 185</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. Misspelling.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A7B065034D010452F5C1B226644FFC24" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="EF1536884D010452F5C1B2266627FCF4" blockId="4.[189,344,823,850]" box="[189,344,823,850]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="B45D81E44D010452F5C1B2266627FCF4" bold="true" box="[189,344,823,850]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="3">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F5C1B2266627FCF4" bold="true" box="[189,344,823,850]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<typeStatus id="3011882A4D010452F5C1B2266785FCF7" box="[189,250,824,850]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D010452F5C1B279644FFC24" blockId="4.[189,816,871,897]" box="[189,816,871,897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D010452F5C1B279650DFC24" authority="Victor, 1838" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[189,626,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formicaria">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F5C1B27966A6FC24" box="[189,473,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cholovocera formicaria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F49CB279650DFC24" author="Victor T." box="[480,626,871,897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="175 - 188" refId="ref42813" refString="Victor T. 1838. Coleopteres du Caucase et des Provinces transcaucasiennes recueillis et decrits. Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 11 (2): 175 - 188." type="journal article" year="1838">Victor, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(by monotypy).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A7B065034D010453F5C1B2B46666FD58" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="EF1536884D010452F5C1B2B4652EFC66" blockId="4.[189,593,937,964]" box="[189,593,937,964]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="B45D81E44D010452F5C1B2B4652EFC66" bold="true" box="[189,593,937,964]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="3">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F5C1B2B4652EFC66" bold="true" box="[189,593,937,964]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Remarks concerning authorship</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D010452F5C1B2C76476FB21" blockId="4.[189,1399,985,1156]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Victor Ivanovich de Motschulsky (1810–1871) published papers under two names: “Victor, T.” and “Motschulsky, V. de” (also spelt “Motchoulsky”). However, various authors in many publications cited his name incorrectly, usually “Motschulsky” instead of “Victor”. In the case of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D010452F11BB53F6381FB9E" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[1127,1278,1057,1083]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F11BB53F6381FB9E" box="[1127,1278,1057,1083]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we agree with
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F585B55B657CFBC5" author="Sherborn C. D." box="[249,515,1093,1120]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref42224" refString="Sherborn C. D. 1926. Index animalium sive index nominum quae ab a. d. MDCCLVIII generibus et speciebus animalium imposita sunt. 2 (10). British Museum, London." type="book" year="1926">Sherborn (1926: 2483)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F747B55B647AFBFA" author="Jach M. A. &amp; Kodada J. &amp; Broje M. &amp; Shepar W. D. &amp; Ciampor F. Jr." box="[571,773,1093,1119]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref39647" refString="Jach M. A., Kodada J., Broje M., Shepar W. D. &amp; Ciampor F. Jr. 2016. World Catalogue of Insects, Volume: 14: Elmidae and Protelmidae (Coleoptera). Brill Publishers, Leiden / Boston. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004291775" type="book" year="2016">
Jäch
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F709B55865CFFBFA" box="[629,688,1093,1119]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
(2016)
</bibRefCitation>
in that “Victor” is the correct name of the author, and not “Motschulsky” as given in many publications.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D010452F5C1B5B266D9FB63" blockId="4.[189,422,1196,1222]" box="[189,422,1196,1222]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="B45D81E44D010452F5C1B5B266D9FB63" bold="true" box="[189,422,1196,1222]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="3">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F5C1B5B266D9FB63" bold="true" box="[189,422,1196,1222]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D010452F5C1B5C26464F921" blockId="4.[188,1400,1244,1669]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
The description of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D010452F4D9B5C26542FB53" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[421,573,1244,1270]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F4D9B5C26542FB53" box="[421,573,1244,1270]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F713B5C2646EFB53" author="Victor T." box="[623,785,1244,1270]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="175 - 188" refId="ref42813" refString="Victor T. 1838. Coleopteres du Caucase et des Provinces transcaucasiennes recueillis et decrits. Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 11 (2): 175 - 188." type="journal article" year="1838">Victor (1838)</bibRefCitation>
is accurate, except where he incorrectly described as bifid the last tarsomere of all legs. However, he correctly illustrated that tarsomere in his fig. b1. Conversely, although not mentioned in the text, his fig. b shows the length of all ventrites shorter than the metasternum, which is incorrect (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D010452F711B45665CFFAC6" box="[621,688,1352,1379]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-335@6.[209,1398,1033,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General aspect of a stylised female of Cholovocera Victor, 1838. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), and his fig. b3 shows ten antennomeres when, in fact, there are only eight (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D010452F417B47366B9FA22" box="[363,454,1389,1415]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[330,1319,297,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-70@8.[239,1349,276,1847]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 2. Mouth parts, antenna and distal metatarsomere of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). A. Labrum, dorsal view. B. Epypharynx, ventral view. C. Left antenna, ventral view. D. Left maxilla, ventral view. E. Left mandible, dorsal view. F. Right mandible, dorsal view. G. Labium, ventral view. H. Hypopharynx, ventral view. I. Distal metatarsomere, dorsolateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424514/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F4A6B47365AEFA22" author="Erichson W. F." box="[474,721,1388,1415]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="67 - 181" refId="ref39025" refString="Erichson W. F. 1845. Bericht uber die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen in der Naturgeschichte der Insecten, Arachniden, Crustaceen und Entomostraceen wahrend des Jahres 1844. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 11 (1 - 2): 67 - 181." type="journal article" year="1845">Erichson (1845: 125)</bibRefCitation>
included
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D010452F63DB47364A6FA22" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[833,985,1389,1415]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F63DB47364A6FA22" box="[833,985,1389,1415]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D010452F15AB473663FFA0E" authority=", Redtenbacher (1858: 380" authorityName=", Redtenbacher" authorityYear="1858" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Coccinellidae,
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F1A9B473663FFA0E" author="Redtenbacher L." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref41171" refString="Redtenbacher L. 1858. Fauna Austriaca. Die Kafer. Carl Herold's Son, Wien." type="book" year="1858">Redtenbacher (1858: 380</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F431B48F66BAFA0E" author="Redtenbacher L." box="[333,453,1425,1451]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref41188" refString="Redtenbacher L. 1874. Fauna Austriaca. Die Kafer, Vol 1. Carl Herold's Son, Wien." type="book" year="1874">1874: 411</bibRefCitation>
) and
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F776B48F6591FA0E" author="Reitter E." box="[522,750,1425,1452]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="297 - 340" refId="ref41208" refString="Reitter E. 1875. Revision der europaischen Lathridiidae. Entomologische Zeitung 36: 297 - 340." type="journal article" year="1875">Reitter (1875: 301)</bibRefCitation>
redescribed the genus, repeating the incorrect number of ten antennomeres, an error corrected to eight by
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F657B4AB633BFA6A" author="Schaufuss L. W." box="[811,1092,1461,1487]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="393 - 400" refId="ref42052" refString="Schaufuss L. W. 1876 a. Ueber Merophysia Luc., Coluocera Mtsch. und Reitteria Led. Nunquam otiosus 2: 393 - 400." type="journal article" year="1876">Schaufuss (1876a: 394)</bibRefCitation>
and confirmed by
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F054B4AB6651FA56" author="Reitter E." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref41226" refString="Reitter E. 1877. Ueber Merophysia Luc., Coluocera Motsch. und Reitteria Leder. Mittheilungen des Munchener Entomologischen Vereins 1877: 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1877">Reitter (1877: 2)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F447B4C46536FA56" author="Des Gozis M." box="[315,585,1497,1524]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 178" refId="ref38807" refString="Des Gozis M. 1881. Revision des Latridiidae d'Europe par Edmond Reitter. Accompagnee de generalites sur l'histoire, les moeurs, la distribution geographique, la bibliographie de cette tribu avec addition des especes extra europeennes de l'ancien-monde. L'Abeille: Journal d'Entomologie 18 (6): 1 - 178." type="journal article" year="1881">Des Gozis (1881: 142)</bibRefCitation>
translated
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F7B1B4C764F7FA51" author="Reitter E." box="[717,904,1497,1524]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="297 - 340" refId="ref41208" refString="Reitter E. 1875. Revision der europaischen Lathridiidae. Entomologische Zeitung 36: 297 - 340." type="journal article" year="1875">Reitter’s (1875)</bibRefCitation>
paper into French, adding references and comments on morphology, correcting the number of antennomeres to eight, and including keys for the identification of genera and species. Both
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F7BDB73C649CF999" author="Ganglbauer L." box="[705,995,1570,1596]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref39414" refString="Ganglbauer L. 1899. Die Kafer von Mitteleuropa. Band 3 (1): Familienpeihe Staphylinoidea. 2. Theil: Scydmaenidae, Silphidae, Clambidae, Leptinidae, Platypsyllidae, Corylophidae, Sphaeriidae," type="book" year="1899">Ganglbauer (1899: 821)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F15FB73C639BF998" author="Belon M. - J." box="[1059,1252,1570,1597]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref38454" refString="Belon M. - J. 1902. Coleoptera, Clavicornia, Fam. Lathridiidae. In: Wytsman P. (ed.) Genera Insectorum: Fasc. 9: 1 - 40. M. P. Wytsman, Bruxelles." type="book chapter" year="1902">Belon (1902: 5)</bibRefCitation>
redescribed
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D010452F5C1B758662AF9C5" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[189,341,1606,1632]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F5C1B758662AF9C5" box="[189,341,1606,1632]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
again, reviewing the confusion about the number of antennomeres, and
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F1AAB7586209F9C5" author="Belon M. - J." box="[1238,1398,1606,1632]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref38454" refString="Belon M. - J. 1902. Coleoptera, Clavicornia, Fam. Lathridiidae. In: Wytsman P. (ed.) Genera Insectorum: Fasc. 9: 1 - 40. M. P. Wytsman, Bruxelles." type="book chapter" year="1902">Belon (1902)</bibRefCitation>
added a list of known species and their distribution.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D010452F5C1B7B365DCF84C" blockId="4.[189,1399,1709,2025]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F5C1B7B366CAF962" author="Rucker H. W." box="[189,437,1709,1735]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="141 - 154" refId="ref41539" refString="Rucker H. W. 1980. Bestimmungstabelle der Merophysiidae des Mittelmeerraumes und der angrenzenden Gebiete (Coleoptera: Merophysiidae). Entomologische Blatter 75 (3): 141 - 154." type="journal article" year="1980">Rücker (1980: 142)</bibRefCitation>
published the first comprehensive revision of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D010452F173B7B363D6F962" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[1039,1193,1709,1735]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F173B7B363D6F962" box="[1039,1193,1709,1735]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, comprising six species with their geographic distribution and a dichotomous key for their identification, including illustrations of male genitalia.
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F74DB7EB6400F8AA" author="Shockley F. W. &amp; Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V." box="[561,895,1781,1807]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref42306" refString="Shockley F. W., Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V. 2009 b. An annotated checklist of the handsome fungus beetles of the world (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Endomychidae). Zootaxa 1999: 1 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1999.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
Shockley
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F7D6B7E86598F8AA" box="[682,743,1781,1807]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
(2009b: 64)
</bibRefCitation>
, in their checklist of the world species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D010452F5C2B607660AF896" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[190,373,1817,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Endomychidae</taxonomicName>
, listed the species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D010452F7F8B6076461F896" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[644,798,1817,1843]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F7F8B6076461F896" box="[644,798,1817,1843]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which they recognised as valid, including some junior synonyms (see below under Species included in
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D010452F616B623637BF8F2" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[874,1028,1853,1879]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F616B623637BF8F2" box="[874,1028,1853,1879]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Recently,
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F1E0B623622FF8FD" author="Rucker W. H." box="[1180,1360,1853,1880]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref41751" refString="Rucker W. H. 2018. Latridiidae und Merophysiidae der West-Palaarktis. Selbstverlag Wolfgang H. Rucker, Neuwied." type="book" year="2018">Rücker (2018)</bibRefCitation>
, in his revision of the western Palearctic
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D010452F7F2B67C643AF8D9" box="[654,837,1890,1916]" class="Insecta" family="Merophysiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Merophysiidae</taxonomicName>
, published a key to the genera of that family, including
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D010452F446B69866ABF805" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[314,468,1926,1952]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F446B69866ABF805" box="[314,468,1926,1952]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as descriptions, illustrations and a key to identify the species he placed in this genus. As will be shown below, our concept of a valid species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D010452F1FBB6B4625EF861" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[1159,1313,1962,1988]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D010452F1FBB6B4625EF861" box="[1159,1313,1962,1988]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs greatly from that of
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D010452F4CDB6D065E0F84C" author="Rucker W. H." box="[433,671,1998,2025]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref41751" refString="Rucker W. H. 2018. Latridiidae und Merophysiidae der West-Palaarktis. Selbstverlag Wolfgang H. Rucker, Neuwied." type="book" year="2018">Rücker (2018: 568)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F5C1B0166515FE80" blockId="5.[189,618,264,293]" box="[189,618,264,293]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F5C1B0166515FE80" bold="true" box="[189,618,264,293]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Species included in
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F4BFB0166515FE80" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[451,618,264,293]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cholovocera</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F5C1B0236666FD58" blockId="5.[189,1401,316,765]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F5C1B0236575FEF2" author="Shockley F. W. &amp; Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V." box="[189,522,316,343]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref42306" refString="Shockley F. W., Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V. 2009 b. An annotated checklist of the handsome fungus beetles of the world (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Endomychidae). Zootaxa 1999: 1 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1999.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
Shockley
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F449B023660CFEF2" box="[309,371,317,343]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
(2009b: 65)
</bibRefCitation>
listed nine species in
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F660B02364CBFEF2" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[796,948,317,343]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F660B02364CBFEF2" box="[796,948,317,343]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including one which we consider to be a new junior synonym (
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F77DB07E6505FEDF" box="[513,634,352,378]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F77DB07E6505FEDF" box="[513,634,352,378]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ch. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and two which we do not regard as belonging to
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F19DB07E6206FEDF" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[1249,1401,352,378]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F19DB07E6206FEDF" box="[1249,1401,352,378]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F5BBB09D6524FE38" authority="Wasmann, 1899" authorityName="Wasmann" authorityYear="1899" box="[199,603,387,414]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beloni">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F5BBB09D66EBFE38" box="[199,404,387,413]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Coluocera beloni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F4E1B09A6524FE38" author="Wasmann E." box="[413,603,387,414]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="145 - 180" refId="ref43087" refString="Wasmann E. 1899. Neue Termitophilen und Myrmecophilen aus Indien. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1: 145 - 180." type="journal article" year="1899">Wasmann, 1899</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and “
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F7D8B09D63F1FE38" authority="Johnson, 1977" authorityName="Johnson" authorityYear="1977" box="[676,1166,387,413]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicornis">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F7D8B09D6443FE38" box="[676,828,387,413]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cholovocera</emphasis>
”
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F62DB09D64A9FE38" box="[849,982,387,413]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">brevicornis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F6A3B09D63F1FE38" author="Johnson C." box="[991,1166,387,413]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="123 - 132" refId="ref39707" refString="Johnson C. 1977. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der fauna Afghanistans. Merophysiidae and Lathriidae, Coleoptera. Acta Musei Moraviae 62: 123 - 132." type="journal article" year="1977">Johnson, 1977</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). Further,
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F075B09D66F5FE64" author="Shockley F. W. &amp; Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref42306" refString="Shockley F. W., Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V. 2009 b. An annotated checklist of the handsome fungus beetles of the world (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Endomychidae). Zootaxa 1999: 1 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1999.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
Shockley
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F5C3B0B96787FE65" box="[191,248,422,448]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
(2009b: 65)
</bibRefCitation>
regarded as junior synonyms two species which we consider valid:
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F1D5B0B866D4FE41" authority="(Rosenhauer, 1856)" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rosenhauer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F1D5B0B86209FE65" box="[1193,1398,422,448]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ch. formiceticola</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F5B9B0D766DCFE41" author="Rosenhauer W. G." box="[197,419,457,484]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref41502" refString="Rosenhauer W. G. 1856. Die Thiere Andalusiens nach dem Resultaten einer Reise zusammengestellt nebst den Beschreibungen von 249 neuen oder bis jetzt noch unbeshcreibenen Gattungen und Arten. T. Blaesing, Erlangen." type="book" year="1856">Rosenhauer, 1856</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F489B0D76411FE46" authority="(Schaufuss, 1876)" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Schaufuss" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[501,878,457,483]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallica">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F489B0D76500FE46" box="[501,639,457,483]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ch. gallica</emphasis>
(Schaufuss, 1876)
</taxonomicName>
. Considering the ten species included in
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F5C1B0F3662AFDA2" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[189,341,493,519]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F5C1B0F3662AFDA2" box="[189,341,493,519]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F4FEB0F36522FDA2" author="Rucker W. H." box="[386,605,493,519]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref41772" refString="Rucker W. H. 2020. Checkliste der Latridiidae &amp; Merophysiidae der Welt. Latridiidae und Merophysiinae 22: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="2020">Rücker (2020: 34)</bibRefCitation>
, we only agree with five of them. We do not recognise two species from the Neotropical Region (
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F755B30E6326FD8F" authority="Champion, 1913" authorityName="Champion" authorityYear="1913" box="[553,1113,528,554]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Pseudevolocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atomarioides">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F755B30E64F6FD8F" box="[553,905,528,554]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pseudevolocera atomarioides</emphasis>
Champion, 1913
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F1E4B30E66FFFDE8" authority="Wasmann, 1890" authorityName="Wasmann" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ecitonis">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F1E4B30E6207FD8F" box="[1176,1400,528,554]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Coluocera ecitonis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F5C1B32A66FFFDE8" author="Wasmann E." box="[189,384,563,590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="297 - 304" refId="ref43029" refString="Wasmann E. 1890. Verzeichniss der von Dr. August Forel (Zurich) in Sud-Tunesien und Ost-Algerien gesammelten Ameisen-Gaste. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 2: 297 - 304." type="journal article" year="1890">Wasmann, 1890</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
) and one from
<collectingCountry id="97BD76184D000453F73AB32D65AAFDE8" box="[582,725,563,589]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
(“
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F785B32D6464FDE8" box="[761,795,563,589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ch</emphasis>
”.
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F640B32D64BEFDE8" authorityName="Johnson" authorityYear="1977" box="[828,961,563,589]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicornis">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F640B32D64BEFDE8" box="[828,961,563,589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">brevicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) as belonging to
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F1DDB32D6246FDE8" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[1185,1337,563,589]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F1DDB32D6246FDE8" box="[1185,1337,563,589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and we regard
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F43CB3496595FDD5" authority="Reitter, 1887" authorityName="Reitter" authorityYear="1887" box="[320,746,598,625]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="formicaria" subSpecies="major">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F43CB349653CFDD5" box="[320,579,598,625]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Co. formicaria major</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F732B3486595FDD5" author="Reitter E." box="[590,746,598,624]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref41271" refString="Reitter E. 1887. Bestimmungs-Tabellen der europaischen Coleopteren. III Helft. II Auflage. Enthaltend die Familien: Scaphidiidae, Lathridiidae und Dermestidae. E. Reitter, M ˆ dling." type="book" year="1887">Reitter, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F656B34963B8FDD5" authority="Reitter, 1911" authorityName="Reitter" authorityYear="1911" box="[810,1223,598,625]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctata" subSpecies="sardoa">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F656B349635FFDD5" box="[810,1056,598,625]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Co. punctata sardoa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F150B34863B8FDD5" author="Reitter E." box="[1068,1223,598,624]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="70" refId="ref41338" refString="Reitter E. 1911. Coluocera punctata Mark. Subsp. sardoa nov. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 30 (1): 70." type="journal article" year="1911">Reitter, 1911</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as new junior synonyms. Furthermore, we consider as valid, three species which were listed by
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F1E6B3676209FD31" author="Rucker W. H." box="[1178,1398,633,660]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref41772" refString="Rucker W. H. 2020. Checkliste der Latridiidae &amp; Merophysiidae der Welt. Latridiidae und Merophysiinae 22: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="2020">Rücker (2020: 34)</bibRefCitation>
as junior synonyms:
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F4C6B383651DFD12" box="[442,610,669,695]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balcanica">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F4C6B383651DFD12" box="[442,610,669,695]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ch. balcanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F708B383644DFD13" author="Karaman Z." box="[628,818,668,695]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="131 - 133" refId="ref39734" refString="Karaman Z. v. 1936. Ein balkanischer Vertreter des Koleopteren-Genus Reitteria, Reit. balcanica n. sp. Glasnik (Bulletin) de la Societe scientifique de Skopje 17: 131 - 133." type="journal article" year="1936">Karaman, 1936</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F636B3836365FD12" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rosenhauer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[842,1050,669,695]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F636B3836365FD12" box="[842,1050,669,695]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ch. formiceticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F126B38363A0FD12" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Schaufuss" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[1114,1247,669,695]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallica">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F126B38363A0FD12" box="[1114,1247,669,695]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ch. gallica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Finally, we found that
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F447B3DE6509FD7F" authority="Reitter, 1902" authorityName="Reitter" authorityYear="1902" box="[315,630,704,730]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fleischeri">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F447B3DE66A8FD7F" box="[315,471,704,730]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Co. fleischeri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F4A2B3DE6509FD7F" author="Reitter E." box="[478,630,704,730]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref41305" refString="Reitter E. 1902. Neue und seltene Coleopteren, gesammelt im Jahre 1901, in der Herzegowina, in Dalmatien und Bosnien. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 21: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1902">Reitter, 1902</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is a new junior synonym of
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F6BDB3DE6334FD7F" box="[961,1099,704,730]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F6BDB3DE633AFD7F" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Schaufuss" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[961,1093,704,730]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallica">Ch. gallica</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and we describe one new species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A7B065034D000453F5C1B23B658FFAEF" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="synonymic_list">
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F5C1B23B66BDFC20" blockId="5.[188,1398,804,901]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
In conclusion, from our examination and study of 1878 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F690B23A63FBFC9B" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[1004,1156,804,830]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F690B23A63FBFC9B" box="[1004,1156,804,830]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including
<typeStatus id="3011882A4D000453F074B23B6236FC9A" box="[1288,1353,805,831]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">types</typeStatus>
, we recognise eight valid species in
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F753B25665B8FCC7" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[559,711,840,866]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F753B25665B8FCC7" box="[559,711,840,866]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: one new to science, three with new status and three junior synonyms, as follows:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F5C1B2B2650DFC63" blockId="5.[189,886,940,1354]" box="[189,626,940,966]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F5C1B2B2650DFC63" authority="Victor, 1838" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[189,626,940,966]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formicaria">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F5C1B2B266A6FC63" box="[189,473,940,966]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cholovocera formicaria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F49CB2B2650DFC63" author="Victor T." box="[480,626,940,966]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="175 - 188" refId="ref42813" refString="Victor T. 1838. Coleopteres du Caucase et des Provinces transcaucasiennes recueillis et decrits. Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 11 (2): 175 - 188." type="journal article" year="1838">Victor, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F5C1B2D165ABFC4F" blockId="5.[189,886,940,1354]" box="[189,724,975,1002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F5C1B2D165ABFC4F" authority="Motchoulsky, 1845" authorityName="Motchoulsky" authorityYear="1845" box="[189,724,975,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subterranea">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F5C1B2D16695FC4C" box="[189,490,975,1001]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cholovocera subterranea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F48DB2D165ABFC4F" author="Motchoulsky V. de" box="[497,724,975,1002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="3 - 127" refId="ref40872" refString="Motchoulsky V. de 1845. Remarques sur la collection de coleopteres russes. Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 18 (1): 3 - 127." type="journal article" year="1845">Motchoulsky, 1845</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F5C1B2ED6439FBA8" blockId="5.[189,886,940,1354]" box="[189,838,1010,1037]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F5C1B2ED65B6FBA8" authority="Reitter, 1887" authorityName="Reitter" authorityYear="1887" box="[189,713,1011,1037]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="formicaria" variety="major">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F5C1B2ED66C2FBA8" box="[189,445,1011,1037]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Coluocera formicaria</emphasis>
v.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F49CB2ED6559FBA9" box="[480,550,1011,1036]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">major</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F752B2ED65B6FBA8" author="Reitter E." box="[558,713,1011,1037]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref41271" refString="Reitter E. 1887. Bestimmungs-Tabellen der europaischen Coleopteren. III Helft. II Auflage. Enthaltend die Familien: Scaphidiidae, Lathridiidae und Dermestidae. E. Reitter, M ˆ dling." type="book" year="1887">Reitter, 1887</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F7A8B2EC6439FBA8" bold="true" box="[724,838,1010,1037]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F5C1B5086514FB94" blockId="5.[189,886,940,1354]" box="[189,619,1046,1073]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F5C1B5086514FB94" authority="Markel, 1845" authorityName="Markel" authorityYear="1845" baseAuthorityName="Markel" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[189,619,1046,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F5C1B50866B9FB95" box="[189,454,1046,1072]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cholovocera punctata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F4B1B5086514FB94" author="Markel F." box="[461,619,1046,1073]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="193 - 271" refId="ref40745" refString="Markel F. 1845. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der unter Ameisen lebenden Insekten. Zeitschrift fur die Entomologie 5: 193 - 271 [1844]." type="journal article" year="1845">Märkel, 1845</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F5C1B5276462FBF6" blockId="5.[189,886,940,1354]" box="[189,797,1081,1107]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F5C1B52765DFFBF6" authority="Reitter, 1911" authorityName="Reitter" authorityYear="1911" box="[189,672,1081,1107]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="punctata" subSpecies="sardoa">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F5C1B5276681FBF6" box="[189,510,1081,1107]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Coluocera punctata sardoa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F77AB52765DFFBF6" author="Reitter E." box="[518,672,1081,1107]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="70" refId="ref41338" refString="Reitter E. 1911. Coluocera punctata Mark. Subsp. sardoa nov. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 30 (1): 70." type="journal article" year="1911">Reitter, 1911</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F7D7B5276462FBF6" bold="true" box="[683,797,1081,1107]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F5C1B5426409FBD2" blockId="5.[189,886,940,1354]" box="[189,886,1116,1143]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F5C1B5426595FBD2" authority="(Rosenhauer, 1856)" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rosenhauer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[189,746,1116,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F5C1B5426687FBD3" box="[189,504,1116,1142]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cholovocera formiceticola</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F77BB542659FFBD2" author="Rosenhauer W. G." box="[519,736,1116,1143]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref41502" refString="Rosenhauer W. G. 1856. Die Thiere Andalusiens nach dem Resultaten einer Reise zusammengestellt nebst den Beschreibungen von 249 neuen oder bis jetzt noch unbeshcreibenen Gattungen und Arten. T. Blaesing, Erlangen." type="book" year="1856">Rosenhauer, 1856</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. New status
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F5C1B5616534FB3F" blockId="5.[189,886,940,1354]" box="[189,587,1151,1178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F5C1B5616534FB3F" authority="(Kraatz, 1858)" baseAuthorityName="Kraatz" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[189,587,1151,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attae">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F5C1B56166E6FB3C" box="[189,409,1151,1177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cholovocera attae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F4D4B59E653CFB3F" author="Kraatz G." box="[424,579,1151,1178]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="123 - 148" refId="ref39933" refString="Kraatz G. 1858. Beitrag zur Kaferfauna Griechenlands. Staphylinidae (Schlufs), Trichopterygia, Histeridae, Phalacridae, Nitidularia, Trogositarii, Colydii, Cucujidae, Cryptophagidae, Thorictidae, Mycetophagidae, Dermestini, Byrrhii. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 2: 123 - 148." type="journal article" year="1858">Kraatz, 1858</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F5C1B5BD6463FB18" blockId="5.[189,886,940,1354]" box="[189,796,1187,1213]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F5C1B5BD65F0FB18" authority="(Schaufuss, 1876)" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Schaufuss" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[189,655,1187,1213]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallica">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F5C1B5BD66CFFB18" box="[189,432,1187,1213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cholovocera gallica</emphasis>
(Schaufuss, 1876)
</taxonomicName>
. New status
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F5C1B5D865B4FB45" blockId="5.[189,886,940,1354]" box="[189,715,1222,1248]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F5C1B5D86531FB45" authority="Reitter, 1902" authorityName="Reitter" authorityYear="1902" box="[189,590,1222,1248]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fleischeri">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F5C1B5D866D3FB45" box="[189,428,1222,1248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Coluocera fleischeri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F4CFB5D86531FB45" author="Reitter E." box="[435,590,1222,1248]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref41305" refString="Reitter E. 1902. Neue und seltene Coleopteren, gesammelt im Jahre 1901, in der Herzegowina, in Dalmatien und Bosnien. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 21: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1902">Reitter, 1902</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F726B5D865B4FB45" bold="true" box="[602,715,1222,1248]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F5C1B5F7644CFAA1" blockId="5.[189,886,940,1354]" box="[189,819,1257,1284]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F5C1B5F766ACFAA6" box="[189,467,1257,1283]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balcanica">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F5C1B5F766ACFAA6" box="[189,467,1257,1283]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cholovocera balcanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F49EB5F765E2FAA6" author="Karaman Z." box="[482,669,1257,1283]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="131 - 133" refId="ref39734" refString="Karaman Z. v. 1936. Ein balkanischer Vertreter des Koleopteren-Genus Reitteria, Reit. balcanica n. sp. Glasnik (Bulletin) de la Societe scientifique de Skopje 17: 131 - 133." type="journal article" year="1936">
<collectingRegion id="2D6EF86A4D000453F49EB5F7652DFAA6" box="[482,594,1257,1283]" country="Turkey" name="Karaman" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Karaman</collectingRegion>
, 1936
</bibRefCitation>
). New status
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F5C1B412650FFA83" blockId="5.[189,886,940,1354]" box="[189,624,1292,1318]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F5C1B412650FFA83" authority="Johnson, 1977" authorityName="Johnson" authorityYear="1977" box="[189,624,1292,1318]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afghana">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F5C1B41266C0FA83" box="[189,447,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cholovocera afghana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D000453F4BAB412650FFA83" author="Johnson C." box="[454,624,1292,1318]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="123 - 132" refId="ref39707" refString="Johnson C. 1977. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der fauna Afghanistans. Merophysiidae and Lathriidae, Coleoptera. Acta Musei Moraviae 62: 123 - 132." type="journal article" year="1977">Johnson, 1977</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F5C1B431658FFAEF" blockId="5.[189,886,940,1354]" box="[189,752,1327,1354]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F5C1B43165F1FAEC" authority="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" box="[189,654,1327,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occulta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F5C1B43166CAFAEC" box="[189,437,1327,1353]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cholovocera occulta</emphasis>
Delgado &amp; Palma
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C6ED57E14D000453F7EAB42E658FFAEF" box="[662,752,1328,1354]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A7B065034D00045CF5C1B46F63C0FB2B" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F5C1B46F66BFFA2E" blockId="5.[189,448,1393,1419]" box="[189,448,1393,1419]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="B45D81E44D000453F5C1B46F66BFFA2E" bold="true" box="[189,448,1393,1419]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="3">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F5C1B46F66BFFA2E" bold="true" box="[189,448,1393,1419]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Generic descriptions</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F596B48166B2FA1F" blockId="5.[188,1398,1439,1572]" box="[234,461,1439,1466]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F596B48166B2FA1F" bold="true" box="[234,461,1439,1466]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Adults, both sexes</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F5C1B4DD64A2F986" blockId="5.[188,1398,1439,1572]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Considering the morphological similarity among all the species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D000453F6BDB4DD6326FA78" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[961,1113,1475,1501]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D000453F6BDB4DD6326FA78" box="[961,1113,1475,1501]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this generic description includes diagnostic characters which will not be repeated in the species descriptions, but which will be mentioned only when they are diagnostic for species differentiation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000453F5C1B7546552F90E" blockId="5.[189,1398,1610,1707]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Total length, average
<quantity id="28529B6D4D000453F4B8B7556550F9C0" box="[452,559,1611,1637]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.30 mm</quantity>
(range
<quantity id="28529B6D4D000453F7F3B754643EF9C0" box="[655,833,1610,1637]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="1.4" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="1.2">1.20–1.60 mm</quantity>
). Body elliptical and dorsally convex, reddishbrown, with shiny smooth surface, finely punctured and slightly pubescent; setation decumbent and more evident ventrally (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D000453F4ABB78F6564F90E" box="[471,539,1681,1707]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-335@6.[209,1398,1033,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General aspect of a stylised female of Cholovocera Victor, 1838. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D000450F5C1B7CD6231FC96" blockId="5.[188,1400,1746,2019]" lastBlockId="6.[188,1400,265,819]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<smallCapsWord id="E9F3A0544D000453F5C1B7CD6783F94E" baselines="1766,1766" box="[189,252,1747,1773]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Head" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">HEAD</smallCapsWord>
. Rounded, slightly shorter basally and retracted into prothorax behind eye level (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D000453F1BBB7CC6258F949" box="[1223,1319,1746,1772]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[364,1194,738,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[303,1284,703,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Head. A. Tentorium, ventral view. B. Tentorium, lateral view. C. Hind wing of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). D. Stylised aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424518/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). Eyes reduced to a single, prominent facet, protected by a lateral rim (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D000453F6B5B7EB6352F8B5" box="[969,1069,1781,1808]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-335@6.[209,1398,1033,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General aspect of a stylised female of Cholovocera Victor, 1838. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D000453F141B7E8631DF8B5" box="[1085,1122,1782,1808]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[364,1194,738,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[303,1284,703,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Head. A. Tentorium, ventral view. B. Tentorium, lateral view. C. Hind wing of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). D. Stylised aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424518/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D000453F10EB7E863D9F8B5" box="[1138,1190,1782,1808]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="60.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[257,1331,228,1700]" captionTargetId="figure-1@60.[257,1331,225,1744]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="Fig. 24. A. A syntype of Cholovocera formicaria Victor, 1838, dorsal view (courtesy of K.V. Makarov). B. Same specimen, ventral view (courtesy of K.V. Makarov). C. Holotype of Ch. brevicornis Johnson, 1977 (= Displotera beloni (Wasmann, 1899)), dorsal view. D. Same specimen, ocular area, lateral view. E. Ocular area of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856) (Lisbon), lateral view. F. Aedeagus of Ch. formicaria major, lectotype, ventral view. G. Same specimen, lateral view. H. Aedeagus of Co punctata sardoa, lectotype, ventral view. I. Same specimen, lateral view. Scale bars: A–C = 0.5 mm; D–I = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424576/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">24E</figureCitation>
). Antennae short, securiform, about 1/3 longer than head, eight-segmented: scape geniculate, antennomeres 1 and 2 long, 3 to 6 isodiametric, and terminal antennomere forming a subtriangular club, depressed dorsoventrally (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D000453F5BBB641665CF8DC" box="[199,291,1887,1913]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[330,1319,297,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-70@8.[239,1349,276,1847]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 2. Mouth parts, antenna and distal metatarsomere of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). A. Labrum, dorsal view. B. Epypharynx, ventral view. C. Left antenna, ventral view. D. Left maxilla, ventral view. E. Left mandible, dorsal view. F. Right mandible, dorsal view. G. Labium, ventral view. H. Hypopharynx, ventral view. I. Distal metatarsomere, dorsolateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424514/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
). Antennae inserted ventrally, and basally concealed by projections of frons, with the possibility of retracting in a ventral depression of the prothorax (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D000453F657B69C64F8F839" box="[811,903,1922,1948]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-335@6.[209,1398,1033,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General aspect of a stylised female of Cholovocera Victor, 1838. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
: hp). Fronto-clypeal ridge strongly curved laterally; clypeus transverse, flat. Epipharynx with well-developed tormae (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D000453F11AB6BB63B5F865" box="[1126,1226,1957,1984]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[330,1319,297,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-70@8.[239,1349,276,1847]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 2. Mouth parts, antenna and distal metatarsomere of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). A. Labrum, dorsal view. B. Epypharynx, ventral view. C. Left antenna, ventral view. D. Left maxilla, ventral view. E. Left mandible, dorsal view. F. Right mandible, dorsal view. G. Labium, ventral view. H. Hypopharynx, ventral view. I. Distal metatarsomere, dorsolateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424514/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). Labrum not visible from above, punctured, disc covered by sparse setae; anterior margin almost devoid of setae and lateral borders with a row of moderately long, recurved setae (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D030450F6E6B0176486FE86" box="[922,1017,265,291]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[330,1319,297,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-70@8.[239,1349,276,1847]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 2. Mouth parts, antenna and distal metatarsomere of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). A. Labrum, dorsal view. B. Epypharynx, ventral view. C. Left antenna, ventral view. D. Left maxilla, ventral view. E. Left mandible, dorsal view. F. Right mandible, dorsal view. G. Labium, ventral view. H. Hypopharynx, ventral view. I. Distal metatarsomere, dorsolateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424514/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
). Mandibles asymmetrical: right mandible with a semi-membranous, well-developed prostheca, several sclerotised teeth on its apical tip and some fringed sclerotised projections on the remainder of its external margin; penicillus well-developed (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D030450F436B06C66D7FE28" box="[330,424,370,397]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[330,1319,297,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-70@8.[239,1349,276,1847]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 2. Mouth parts, antenna and distal metatarsomere of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). A. Labrum, dorsal view. B. Epypharynx, ventral view. C. Left antenna, ventral view. D. Left maxilla, ventral view. E. Left mandible, dorsal view. F. Right mandible, dorsal view. G. Labium, ventral view. H. Hypopharynx, ventral view. I. Distal metatarsomere, dorsolateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424514/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
). Left mandible with mola narrow, curved, without sclerotised teeth, with long, slender trichomes on its external margin, bearing a brush-like penicillus (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D030450F143B08863E1FE15" box="[1087,1182,406,432]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[330,1319,297,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-70@8.[239,1349,276,1847]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 2. Mouth parts, antenna and distal metatarsomere of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). A. Labrum, dorsal view. B. Epypharynx, ventral view. C. Left antenna, ventral view. D. Left maxilla, ventral view. E. Left mandible, dorsal view. F. Right mandible, dorsal view. G. Labium, ventral view. H. Hypopharynx, ventral view. I. Distal metatarsomere, dorsolateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424514/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
). Maxillae with a terminal palpomere as long as next two palpomeres combined, subcylindrical, rounded at apex and with many distal sensilla. Galea moderately broad, approximately three times as wide as the lacinia, with long broad apical spines and a developed subapical seta. Lacinia elongate, with some mesal spines (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D030450F076B0E16217FDBC" box="[1290,1384,511,537]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[330,1319,297,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-70@8.[239,1349,276,1847]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 2. Mouth parts, antenna and distal metatarsomere of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). A. Labrum, dorsal view. B. Epypharynx, ventral view. C. Left antenna, ventral view. D. Left maxilla, ventral view. E. Left mandible, dorsal view. F. Right mandible, dorsal view. G. Labium, ventral view. H. Hypopharynx, ventral view. I. Distal metatarsomere, dorsolateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424514/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
). Labium with palpomere 1 slightly larger than palpomere 2, cylindrical, only moderately inflated; terminal palpomere subtriangular, with a row of sensilla at apex (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D030450F618B35864BAFDC5" box="[868,965,582,608]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[330,1319,297,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-70@8.[239,1349,276,1847]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 2. Mouth parts, antenna and distal metatarsomere of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). A. Labrum, dorsal view. B. Epypharynx, ventral view. C. Left antenna, ventral view. D. Left maxilla, ventral view. E. Left mandible, dorsal view. F. Right mandible, dorsal view. G. Labium, ventral view. H. Hypopharynx, ventral view. I. Distal metatarsomere, dorsolateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424514/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
).
<collectingRegion id="2D6EF86A4D030450F6A0B3586340FDC5" box="[988,1087,582,608]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mentum</collectingRegion>
transverse, with a middle large, triangular area finely punctured, disc covered with short and sparse setae (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D030450F100B37763A6FD26" box="[1148,1241,617,643]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[330,1319,297,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-70@8.[239,1349,276,1847]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 2. Mouth parts, antenna and distal metatarsomere of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). A. Labrum, dorsal view. B. Epypharynx, ventral view. C. Left antenna, ventral view. D. Left maxilla, ventral view. E. Left mandible, dorsal view. F. Right mandible, dorsal view. G. Labium, ventral view. H. Hypopharynx, ventral view. I. Distal metatarsomere, dorsolateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424514/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
). Prementum globose, membranous, with the sides of the ligula slightly lobulated (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D030450F690B3926334FD03" box="[1004,1099,652,678]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[330,1319,297,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-70@8.[239,1349,276,1847]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 2. Mouth parts, antenna and distal metatarsomere of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). A. Labrum, dorsal view. B. Epypharynx, ventral view. C. Left antenna, ventral view. D. Left maxilla, ventral view. E. Left mandible, dorsal view. F. Right mandible, dorsal view. G. Labium, ventral view. H. Hypopharynx, ventral view. I. Distal metatarsomere, dorsolateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424514/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
). Hypopharynx lobulated distally (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D030450F459B3B166F9FD6C" box="[293,390,687,713]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[330,1319,297,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-70@8.[239,1349,276,1847]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 2. Mouth parts, antenna and distal metatarsomere of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). A. Labrum, dorsal view. B. Epypharynx, ventral view. C. Left antenna, ventral view. D. Left maxilla, ventral view. E. Left mandible, dorsal view. F. Right mandible, dorsal view. G. Labium, ventral view. H. Hypopharynx, ventral view. I. Distal metatarsomere, dorsolateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424514/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2H</figureCitation>
). Tentorium (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D030450F75BB3B165D9FD6C" box="[551,678,687,713]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[364,1194,738,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[303,1284,703,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Head. A. Tentorium, ventral view. B. Tentorium, lateral view. C. Hind wing of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). D. Stylised aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424518/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3A–B</figureCitation>
) connected with base of head capsule by two inconspicuous posterior ventral pits (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D030450F4BAB3CC6558FD48" box="[454,551,722,749]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[364,1194,738,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[303,1284,703,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Head. A. Tentorium, ventral view. B. Tentorium, lateral view. C. Hind wing of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). D. Stylised aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424518/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
: vp); with anterior arms well developed (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D030450F168B3CC63E8FD48" box="[1044,1175,722,749]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[364,1194,738,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[303,1284,703,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Head. A. Tentorium, ventral view. B. Tentorium, lateral view. C. Hind wing of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). D. Stylised aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424518/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3A–B</figureCitation>
: aa); distal ends of anterior arms divergent, basal areas expanded and fused forming a laminatentorium (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D030450F1E6B3E86387FCB5" box="[1178,1272,758,784]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[364,1194,738,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[303,1284,703,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Head. A. Tentorium, ventral view. B. Tentorium, lateral view. C. Hind wing of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). D. Stylised aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424518/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
: la); dorsal arms short (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D030450F43BB20766D4FC96" box="[327,427,793,819]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[364,1194,738,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[303,1284,703,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Head. A. Tentorium, ventral view. B. Tentorium, lateral view. C. Hind wing of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). D. Stylised aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424518/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 3A</figureCitation>
: da, 3B: da); posterior arms wide (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D030450F643B20764DCFC96" box="[831,931,793,819]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[364,1194,738,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[303,1284,703,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Head. A. Tentorium, ventral view. B. Tentorium, lateral view. C. Hind wing of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). D. Stylised aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424518/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 3A</figureCitation>
: pa, 3B: pa); corpotentorium absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D030451F5C1B2456366FD03" blockId="6.[189,1399,858,991]" lastBlockId="7.[188,1399,265,678]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<smallCapsWord id="E9F3A0544D030450F5C1B2456666FCD6" baselines="878,878" box="[189,281,859,885]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Thorax" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">THORAX</smallCapsWord>
. Pronotum transverse, widest at base (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D030450F79DB244643FFCD0" box="[737,832,858,885]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-335@6.[209,1398,1033,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General aspect of a stylised female of Cholovocera Victor, 1838. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
: pr); pronotal disc convex; surface coarsely and sparsely punctured; base of pronotum with a pair of small, dark, rounded shallow cavities; anterior margin sinuous with slightly produced, blunt angles; posterior angles obtuse, lateral margins sharply carinated (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D030450F443B2DA66DDFC7B" box="[319,418,964,990]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-335@6.[209,1398,1033,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General aspect of a stylised female of Cholovocera Victor, 1838. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
). Prosternal process shaped as an hourglass (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D030450F6A3B2DA633BFC7B" box="[991,1092,964,990]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-335@6.[209,1398,1033,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General aspect of a stylised female of Cholovocera Victor, 1838. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D030450F124B2DA6316FC7B" box="[1112,1129,964,990]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[264,1318,1324,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-432@10.[187,1400,1277,1877]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 4. Prosternal processes. A. Cholovocera afghana Johnson, 1977. B. Ch. attae (Kraatz, 1858). C. Ch. balcánica (Karaman, 1936). D. Ch. gallica (Schaufuss, 1876). E. Ch. formicaria Victor, 1838. F. Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). G. Ch. occulta sp. nov. H. Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424520" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424520/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4</figureCitation>
), well developed and separating the precoxae; in natural position, the prosternal process extends anteriorly concealing the base of the head (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F4EAB032668BFEE3" box="[406,500,300,326]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-335@6.[209,1398,1033,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General aspect of a stylised female of Cholovocera Victor, 1838. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). Hypomeron wide, with a pair of cavities, where the distal antennomeres can be retracted (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F4ECB0516690FECC" box="[400,495,335,361]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-335@6.[209,1398,1033,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General aspect of a stylised female of Cholovocera Victor, 1838. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
: hp). Scutellum visible, subtriangular, with rounded vertices (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F1A0B0516241FECC" box="[1244,1342,335,361]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-335@6.[209,1398,1033,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General aspect of a stylised female of Cholovocera Victor, 1838. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
: sc). Mesosternun with an anterior depression which accommodates the posterior border of the prosternal process (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F454B08866F8FE15" box="[296,391,406,432]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-335@6.[209,1398,1033,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General aspect of a stylised female of Cholovocera Victor, 1838. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
: ms). Elytra oval, convex, finely punctured (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F6D9B0886378FE15" box="[933,1031,406,432]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-335@6.[209,1398,1033,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General aspect of a stylised female of Cholovocera Victor, 1838. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
: el); epipleuron broad at base, narrowing towards apex, incomplete apically (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F7A0B0A76447FE76" box="[732,824,441,467]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-335@6.[209,1398,1033,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General aspect of a stylised female of Cholovocera Victor, 1838. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
: ep). Hind wings highly reduced, narrow basally, without any trace of venation and with a subquadrate distal portion (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F684B0C26322FE53" box="[1016,1117,476,502]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-335@6.[209,1398,1033,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General aspect of a stylised female of Cholovocera Victor, 1838. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
: hw, 3C). Metasternum transverse (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F43AB0E166E0FDBC" box="[326,415,511,537]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-335@6.[209,1398,1033,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General aspect of a stylised female of Cholovocera Victor, 1838. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
: mt); femoral lines distinct, complete (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F61FB0E164C0FDBC" box="[867,959,511,537]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-335@6.[209,1398,1033,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General aspect of a stylised female of Cholovocera Victor, 1838. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
: fl). Legs compressed dorsoventrally: coxae circular in outline; trochanters broad and stout; femora sparsely setose; tibiae setose on the distal half, with an apical fringe of stout setae, and variable across species, from short, stout with straight sides to long, slender with sinuous sides; tarsi tri-segmented: tarsomeres elongate; claws simple; empodium (pretarsus) well developed, globose basally and pointed distally (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F6C4B3926376FD03" box="[952,1033,652,678]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-335@6.[209,1398,1033,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General aspect of a stylised female of Cholovocera Victor, 1838. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1I</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="BBD566004D030450F5C1B6B564E6F84C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" targetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="EF1536884D030450F5C1B6B564E6F84C" blockId="6.[187,1399,1963,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D030450F5C1B6B56675F860" bold="true" box="[189,266,1963,1989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
General aspect of a stylised female of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D030450F7BAB6B56487F860" authority="Victor, 1838" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[710,1016,1963,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D030450F7BAB6B56421F860" box="[710,862,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cholovocera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D030450F619B6B56487F860" author="Victor T." box="[869,1016,1963,1989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="175 - 188" refId="ref42813" refString="Victor T. 1838. Coleopteres du Caucase et des Provinces transcaucasiennes recueillis et decrits. Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 11 (2): 175 - 188." type="journal article" year="1838">Victor, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D030450F17DB6B56369F860" bold="true" box="[1025,1046,1963,1989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A</emphasis>
. Dorsal view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D030450F1C0B6B563AFF860" bold="true" box="[1212,1232,1963,1989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B</emphasis>
. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D020451F5C1B3D066E4FCF4" blockId="7.[188,1398,718,849]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<smallCapsWord id="E9F3A0544D020451F5C1B3D06653FD43" baselines="737,737" box="[189,300,718,744]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Abdomen" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ABDOMEN</smallCapsWord>
. With five visible ventrites (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F707B3D065A8FD4D" box="[635,727,718,744]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1963,1989]" captionTargetBox="[269,1323,1099,1849]" captionTargetId="figure-335@6.[209,1398,1033,1910]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 1. General aspect of a stylised female of Cholovocera Victor, 1838. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424510" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424510/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
): ventrite 1 as long as ventrites 2 and 3 together; femoral lines obsolete; ventrites 2–4 equal in length; ventrite 5 slightly longer, with expanded lateral margins and rounded distal margin in females (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F737B20A65D6FC8A" box="[587,681,788,815]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[251,1348,674,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-155@11.[220,1368,653,1840]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. Terminal abdominal segments of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856), ♀. A. Last visible ventrite, ventral view. B. Gonocoxites, paraprocts and proctiger, ventral view. C. Tergite 8, dorsal view. D. Sternite 8, ventral view. E. Proctiger, dorsal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424524/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
), but weakly depressed and slightly emarginated or truncated in males (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F453B22966F0FCF4" box="[303,399,823,849]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[187,230,1892,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-147@12.[276,1312,490,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 6. Terminal abdominal segments of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856), ♂. A. Last visible ventrite, ventral view. B. Left hemitergite, dorsal view. C. Tergite 8, dorsal view. D. Spiculum gastrale, ventral view.E. Sternite 8, ventral view. F. Hemitergites and proctiger, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424526/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D020451F5C1B267664BFBE7" blockId="7.[189,1401,889,1091]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<smallCapsWord id="E9F3A0544D020451F5C1B2676780FC34" baselines="908,908" box="[189,255,889,915]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Male" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">MALE</smallCapsWord>
<smallCapsWord id="E9F3A0544D020451F47BB26066F8FC34" baselines="908" box="[263,391,894,913]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="terminalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">TERMINALIA</smallCapsWord>
. The morphology of the terminalia is similar in all species: tergite 8 is formed by two plates, one external well sclerotised, covered by short setae, and one internal membranous (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F076B2826216FC13" box="[1290,1385,924,950]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[187,230,1892,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-147@12.[276,1312,490,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 6. Terminal abdominal segments of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856), ♂. A. Last visible ventrite, ventral view. B. Left hemitergite, dorsal view. C. Tergite 8, dorsal view. D. Spiculum gastrale, ventral view.E. Sternite 8, ventral view. F. Hemitergites and proctiger, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424526/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
). Sternite 8 is a much shorter transverse piece, well sclerotised and with a brush of long setae on its distal margin (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F463B2FC6605FC59" box="[287,378,994,1020]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[187,230,1892,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-147@12.[276,1312,490,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 6. Terminal abdominal segments of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856), ♂. A. Last visible ventrite, ventral view. B. Left hemitergite, dorsal view. C. Tergite 8, dorsal view. D. Spiculum gastrale, ventral view.E. Sternite 8, ventral view. F. Hemitergites and proctiger, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424526/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 6E</figureCitation>
). Tergite 9 is formed by two hemitergites, without setae and closely associated with the proctiger (tergite 10 of some authors) (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F7EDB51B6470FBBA" box="[657,783,1029,1055]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[187,230,1892,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-147@12.[276,1312,490,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 6. Terminal abdominal segments of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856), ♂. A. Last visible ventrite, ventral view. B. Left hemitergite, dorsal view. C. Tergite 8, dorsal view. D. Spiculum gastrale, ventral view.E. Sternite 8, ventral view. F. Hemitergites and proctiger, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424526/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 6B–F</figureCitation>
). In addition, there is a Y-shaped spiculum gastrale (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F5B4B5376659FBE7" box="[200,294,1064,1091]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[187,230,1892,1918]" captionTargetId="figure-147@12.[276,1312,490,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Fig. 6. Terminal abdominal segments of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856), ♂. A. Last visible ventrite, ventral view. B. Left hemitergite, dorsal view. C. Tergite 8, dorsal view. D. Spiculum gastrale, ventral view.E. Sternite 8, ventral view. F. Hemitergites and proctiger, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424526/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D020451F5C1B57465C3FADF" blockId="7.[188,1400,1130,1403]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<smallCapsWord id="E9F3A0544D020451F5C1B574664CFB26" baselines="1149,1150" box="[189,307,1130,1156]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Aedeagus" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">AEDEAGUS</smallCapsWord>
. Formed of two fused pieces: a basal piece or phallobase (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F699B574633BFB21" box="[997,1092,1130,1156]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[364,1194,738,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[303,1284,703,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Head. A. Tentorium, ventral view. B. Tentorium, lateral view. C. Hind wing of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). D. Stylised aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424518/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
: bp) and a median lobe or penis (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F477B5936617FB02" box="[267,360,1165,1191]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[364,1194,738,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[303,1284,703,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Head. A. Tentorium, ventral view. B. Tentorium, lateral view. C. Hind wing of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). D. Stylised aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424518/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
: ml), with only one dorsal paramere (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F660B5936406FB02" box="[796,889,1165,1191]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[364,1194,738,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[303,1284,703,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Head. A. Tentorium, ventral view. B. Tentorium, lateral view. C. Hind wing of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). D. Stylised aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424518/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
: pm). The basal piece is spherical or oval in ventral view, in some specimens slightly elongated in lateral view; it is lightly sclerotised with very thin walls, and with a very wide lumen where an entwined ejaculatory duct can be seen through transparent walls (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F476B5E96617FAB4" box="[266,360,1271,1297]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[364,1194,738,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[303,1284,703,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Head. A. Tentorium, ventral view. B. Tentorium, lateral view. C. Hind wing of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). D. Stylised aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424518/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
: ed). The duct emerges through a basal foramen (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F6DFB5E9637FFAB4" box="[931,1024,1271,1297]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[364,1194,738,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[303,1284,703,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Head. A. Tentorium, ventral view. B. Tentorium, lateral view. C. Hind wing of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). D. Stylised aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424518/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
: fo), circular or oval surrounded by a sclerotised ring, on the ventro-distal side of the basal piece (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F6B4B4046357FA91" box="[968,1064,1306,1332]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[364,1194,738,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[303,1284,703,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Head. A. Tentorium, ventral view. B. Tentorium, lateral view. C. Hind wing of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). D. Stylised aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424518/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
: sr); the foramen is a useful reference to observe the aedeagus in an uniform standard position allowing comparisons among species and avoiding differences due to orientation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D020451F5C1B4BC66F9F9EC" blockId="7.[188,1399,1442,1609]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The median lobe is an asymmetrical piece in ventral view, well sclerotised, dorso-laterally flattened and of variable size among species: relatively short with a wide base in some species, or much longer than wide and medially sinuous in others; in both cases it tapers towards its apex and bends to the right side in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F406B71566A8F983" box="[378,471,1547,1574]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[364,1194,738,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[303,1284,703,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Head. A. Tentorium, ventral view. B. Tentorium, lateral view. C. Hind wing of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). D. Stylised aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424518/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
: ml). The morphology of the median lobe is constant within species and of good taxonomic value.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D020451F5C1B76E639DF8B2" blockId="7.[188,1400,1648,1815]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
The paramere is formed of two parts: one basal, laminar, lightly sclerotised, partially surrounding the median and basal sections of the median lobe, and another part distal, conical and slightly elongated; the distal section is much more sclerotised with two areas separated by a narrow, dorsal, clear band, each area carrying several setae; the basal part has two short setae, but the distal part has a variable number of setae, between two to eight (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F777B7E36516F8B2" box="[523,617,1789,1815]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[189,232,1928,1954]" captionTargetBox="[364,1194,738,1837]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[303,1284,703,1875]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. Head. A. Tentorium, ventral view. B. Tentorium, lateral view. C. Hind wing of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). D. Stylised aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424518/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
: pm). Only
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D020451F78AB7E364BCF8B2" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rosenhauer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[758,963,1789,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D020451F78AB7E364BCF8B2" box="[758,963,1789,1815]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ch. formiceticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, lacks these distal setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D020451F5C1B62065CBF8DE" blockId="7.[189,1399,1854,1916]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">The morphology of the distal section of the aedeagus is constant within species and can be used as a useful diagnostic character among species.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D02045FF5C1B6BD6394FE53" blockId="7.[189,1400,1955,2017]" lastBlockId="9.[188,1400,265,503]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Female terminalia. The ovipositor is formed by a pair of gonocoxites (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F17EB6BD631FF81B" box="[1026,1120,1955,1982]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[251,1348,674,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-155@11.[220,1368,653,1840]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. Terminal abdominal segments of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856), ♀. A. Last visible ventrite, ventral view. B. Gonocoxites, paraprocts and proctiger, ventral view. C. Tergite 8, dorsal view. D. Sternite 8, ventral view. E. Proctiger, dorsal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424524/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
: va, st) articulated with the paraprocts or laterotergites (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D020451F73FB6D865DBF844" box="[579,676,1990,2017]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[251,1348,674,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-155@11.[220,1368,653,1840]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. Terminal abdominal segments of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856), ♀. A. Last visible ventrite, ventral view. B. Gonocoxites, paraprocts and proctiger, ventral view. C. Tergite 8, dorsal view. D. Sternite 8, ventral view. E. Proctiger, dorsal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424524/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
: pp); the gonocoxites are dorsally covered by the proctiger (tergite 10 of some authors) (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D0C045FF76EB017650BFE81" box="[530,628,265,292]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[251,1348,674,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-155@11.[220,1368,653,1840]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. Terminal abdominal segments of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856), ♀. A. Last visible ventrite, ventral view. B. Gonocoxites, paraprocts and proctiger, ventral view. C. Tergite 8, dorsal view. D. Sternite 8, ventral view. E. Proctiger, dorsal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424524/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figs 5B</figureCitation>
: pg, 5E) just above the anus, and are formed by two sections: one proximal, the valvifer (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D0C045FF4ACB0326551FEE2" box="[464,558,300,327]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[251,1348,674,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-155@11.[220,1368,653,1840]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. Terminal abdominal segments of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856), ♀. A. Last visible ventrite, ventral view. B. Gonocoxites, paraprocts and proctiger, ventral view. C. Tergite 8, dorsal view. D. Sternite 8, ventral view. E. Proctiger, dorsal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424524/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
: va) and one distal, the stylus (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D0C045FF6DEB032637FFEE2" box="[930,1024,300,327]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[251,1348,674,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-155@11.[220,1368,653,1840]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. Terminal abdominal segments of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856), ♀. A. Last visible ventrite, ventral view. B. Gonocoxites, paraprocts and proctiger, ventral view. C. Tergite 8, dorsal view. D. Sternite 8, ventral view. E. Proctiger, dorsal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424524/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
: st); the valvifer carries several distal setae, and shows slight variation across species, mainly in its width, but we do not consider it of taxonomic value; the stylus has a pair of long distal setae, but it does not vary morphologically among species. Both valvifer and stylus are dorsally covered by tergite 8 (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D0C045FF6BCB0886364FE14" box="[960,1051,406,433]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[251,1348,674,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-155@11.[220,1368,653,1840]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. Terminal abdominal segments of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856), ♀. A. Last visible ventrite, ventral view. B. Gonocoxites, paraprocts and proctiger, ventral view. C. Tergite 8, dorsal view. D. Sternite 8, ventral view. E. Proctiger, dorsal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424524/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
), which has a rounded margin and a row of marginal short setae, and ventrally covered by sternite 8 (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D0C045FF179B0A7631BFE71" box="[1029,1124,441,468]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[251,1348,674,1809]" captionTargetId="figure-155@11.[220,1368,653,1840]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 5. Terminal abdominal segments of Cholovocera formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856), ♀. A. Last visible ventrite, ventral view. B. Gonocoxites, paraprocts and proctiger, ventral view. C. Tergite 8, dorsal view. D. Sternite 8, ventral view. E. Proctiger, dorsal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424524/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
). Our detailed study of the female ovipositor has shown that it is not a diagnostic character to differentiate species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="BBD566004D0D045EF5C1B67A6221F84C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424514" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10424514" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424514/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[189,232,1892,1918]" targetBox="[330,1319,297,1766]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0D045EF5C1B67A6221F84C" blockId="8.[188,1399,1892,2025]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0D045EF5C1B67A666FF8DA" bold="true" box="[189,272,1892,1919]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
Mouth parts, antenna and distal metatarsomere of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0D045EF6F3B67B667AF806" authority="(Rosenhauer, 1856)" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rosenhauer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0D045EF6F3B67B63B0F8DA" box="[911,1231,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cholovocera formiceticola</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0D045EF198B67B6783F806" author="Rosenhauer W. G." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref41502" refString="Rosenhauer W. G. 1856. Die Thiere Andalusiens nach dem Resultaten einer Reise zusammengestellt nebst den Beschreibungen von 249 neuen oder bis jetzt noch unbeshcreibenen Gattungen und Arten. T. Blaesing, Erlangen." type="book" year="1856">Rosenhauer, 1856</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0D045EF46FB6966657F807" bold="true" box="[275,296,1928,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A</emphasis>
. Labrum, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0D045EF73EB6966529F807" bold="true" box="[578,598,1928,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B</emphasis>
. Epypharynx, ventral view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0D045EF6D0B69664BEF807" bold="true" box="[940,961,1928,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C</emphasis>
. Left antenna, ventral view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0D045EF063B696624BF807" bold="true" box="[1311,1332,1928,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D</emphasis>
. Left maxilla, ventral view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0D045EF4C2B6B566ADF860" bold="true" box="[446,466,1963,1989]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E</emphasis>
. Left mandible, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0D045EF65FB6B5644AF860" bold="true" box="[803,821,1963,1989]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">F</emphasis>
. Right mandible, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0D045EF1EBB6B563D1F860" bold="true" box="[1175,1198,1963,1989]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">G</emphasis>
. Labium, ventral view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0D045EF47FB6D06665F84D" bold="true" box="[259,282,1998,2024]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H</emphasis>
. Hypopharynx, ventral view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0D045EF70BB6D065FDF84D" bold="true" box="[631,642,1998,2024]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">I</emphasis>
. Distal metatarsomere, dorsolateral view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0C045CF5C1B30063D6FDC5" blockId="9.[189,1399,542,674]" lastBlockId="10.[187,1401,265,608]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The spermatheca is a relatively simple organ in most species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0C045FF6A5B3006322FD9D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[985,1117,542,568]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
, formed by three main parts: the reservoir, the duct and the accessory gland.
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0C045FF634B35F6367FDFE" author="De Marzo L." box="[840,1048,577,603]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="69 - 96" refId="ref38781" refString="De Marzo L. 2008. Biodiversita della spermateca nei coleotteri. Atti dell'Academia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia, Rendiconti 56: 69 - 96." type="journal article" year="2008">De Marzo (2008)</bibRefCitation>
described five main
<typeStatus id="3011882A4D0C045FF06AB35F622BFDFE" box="[1302,1364,577,603]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">types</typeStatus>
of spermathecae in beetles, depending on the absence or relative development of one of those parts. In
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0C045FF5C1B399662AFD04" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[189,341,647,673]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0C045FF5C1B399662AFD04" box="[189,341,647,673]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the spermatheca (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D0C045FF74EB3996506FD04" box="[562,633,647,673]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[301,1319,679,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-184@13.[265,1322,663,1845]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 7. Spermathecae, lateral view. A. Cholovocera afghana Johnson, 1977. B. Ch. balcánica (Karaman, 1936). C. Ch. occulta sp. nov. D. Ch. gallica (Schaufuss, 1876). E. Ch. formicaria Victor, 1838. F. Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). G. Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845). Abbreviations: See Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424528/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) has the main three parts and is similar to those of species of the family
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0F045CF473B01765FFFE86" authority="(De Marzo 2008)" baseAuthorityName="De Marzo" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[271,640,265,291]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Coccinellidae (
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0F045CF4C1B0176507FE86" author="De Marzo L." box="[445,632,265,291]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="69 - 96" refId="ref38781" refString="De Marzo L. 2008. Biodiversita della spermateca nei coleotteri. Atti dell'Academia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia, Rendiconti 56: 69 - 96." type="journal article" year="2008">De Marzo 2008</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The spermathecal duct is a simple, short tube (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D0F045CF1E5B017638AFE86" box="[1177,1269,265,291]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[301,1319,679,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-184@13.[265,1322,663,1845]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 7. Spermathecae, lateral view. A. Cholovocera afghana Johnson, 1977. B. Ch. balcánica (Karaman, 1936). C. Ch. occulta sp. nov. D. Ch. gallica (Schaufuss, 1876). E. Ch. formicaria Victor, 1838. F. Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). G. Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845). Abbreviations: See Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424528/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
: sd), which connects the spermathecal reservoir with the bursa copulatrix; the spermathecal reservoir is T-shaped with thin, soft walls, formed by a distal area called the cornu (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D0F045CF6FAB051649CFECF" box="[902,995,335,362]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[301,1319,679,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-184@13.[265,1322,663,1845]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 7. Spermathecae, lateral view. A. Cholovocera afghana Johnson, 1977. B. Ch. balcánica (Karaman, 1936). C. Ch. occulta sp. nov. D. Ch. gallica (Schaufuss, 1876). E. Ch. formicaria Victor, 1838. F. Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). G. Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845). Abbreviations: See Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424528/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
: co), slightly more sclerotised with variable morphology in different species, and a proximal area called the ramus (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D0F045CF1FCB06C639EFE28" box="[1152,1249,370,397]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[301,1319,679,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-184@13.[265,1322,663,1845]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 7. Spermathecae, lateral view. A. Cholovocera afghana Johnson, 1977. B. Ch. balcánica (Karaman, 1936). C. Ch. occulta sp. nov. D. Ch. gallica (Schaufuss, 1876). E. Ch. formicaria Victor, 1838. F. Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). G. Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845). Abbreviations: See Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424528/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
: ra), usually sacciform, with wrinkled walls allowing considerable dilation; the basal branch of the reservoir is the nodulus (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D0F045CF451B0A766F3FE76" box="[301,396,441,467]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[301,1319,679,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-184@13.[265,1322,663,1845]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 7. Spermathecae, lateral view. A. Cholovocera afghana Johnson, 1977. B. Ch. balcánica (Karaman, 1936). C. Ch. occulta sp. nov. D. Ch. gallica (Schaufuss, 1876). E. Ch. formicaria Victor, 1838. F. Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). G. Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845). Abbreviations: See Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424528/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
: no), which connects to the spermathecal duct. This is the region of the spermatheca with most morphological variability among the species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0F045CF60AB0C26371FE53" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[886,1038,476,502]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF60AB0C26371FE53" box="[886,1038,476,502]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D0F045CF162B0C26318FE53" box="[1054,1127,476,502]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[301,1319,679,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-184@13.[265,1322,663,1845]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 7. Spermathecae, lateral view. A. Cholovocera afghana Johnson, 1977. B. Ch. balcánica (Karaman, 1936). C. Ch. occulta sp. nov. D. Ch. gallica (Schaufuss, 1876). E. Ch. formicaria Victor, 1838. F. Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). G. Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845). Abbreviations: See Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424528/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). The nodulus has two parts which vary in shape, thickness and length: one distal, narrower, joining with the spermathecal duct; another proximal, wider, attached to the ramus. Between the nodulus and the ramus is the spermathecal gland (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D0F045CF472B3586612FDC5" box="[270,365,582,608]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="13.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[301,1319,679,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-184@13.[265,1322,663,1845]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 7. Spermathecae, lateral view. A. Cholovocera afghana Johnson, 1977. B. Ch. balcánica (Karaman, 1936). C. Ch. occulta sp. nov. D. Ch. gallica (Schaufuss, 1876). E. Ch. formicaria Victor, 1838. F. Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). G. Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845). Abbreviations: See Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424528/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
: sg), a long, narrow sac of uniform morphology among all the species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="BBD566004D0C045FF5C1B6966557F84C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424518" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10424518" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424518/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[189,232,1928,1954]" targetBox="[364,1194,738,1837]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0C045FF5C1B6966557F84C" blockId="9.[189,1399,1928,2025]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0C045FF5C1B6966671F807" bold="true" box="[189,270,1928,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
Head.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0C045FF414B6966602F807" bold="true" box="[360,381,1928,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A</emphasis>
. Tentorium, ventral view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0C045FF7C3B69665ACF807" bold="true" box="[703,723,1928,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
. Tentorium, lateral view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0C045FF177B696635FF807" bold="true" box="[1035,1056,1928,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C</emphasis>
. Hind wing of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0C045FF1A3B6966533F863" authority="(Rosenhauer, 1856)" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rosenhauer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0C045FF1A3B6966626F860" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cholovocera formiceticola</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0C045FF415B6B5653CF863" author="Rosenhauer W. G." box="[361,579,1963,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref41502" refString="Rosenhauer W. G. 1856. Die Thiere Andalusiens nach dem Resultaten einer Reise zusammengestellt nebst den Beschreibungen von 249 neuen oder bis jetzt noch unbeshcreibenen Gattungen und Arten. T. Blaesing, Erlangen." type="book" year="1856">Rosenhauer, 1856</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0C045FF725B6B56512F860" bold="true" box="[601,621,1963,1989]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D</emphasis>
. Stylised aedeagus, ventral view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0F045CF5C1B39966D7FD04" blockId="10.[187,1400,647,1167]" box="[189,424,647,673]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="B45D81E44D0F045CF5C1B39966D7FD04" bold="true" box="[189,424,647,673]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="3">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF5C1B39966D7FD04" bold="true" box="[189,424,647,673]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Preimaginal stages</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0F045CF5C1B3B563C0FB2B" blockId="10.[187,1400,647,1167]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0F045CF5C1B3B566F3FD60" author="Lawrence J. F." box="[189,396,683,709]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="482 - 485" refId="ref40255" refString="Lawrence J. F. 1991. Endomychidae (Cucujoidea) (Including Merophysiidae, Mycetaeidae). In: Stehr F. W. (ed.) Immature Insects. Vol. 2: 482 - 485. Kendall / Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque." type="journal article" year="1991">Lawrence (1991)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0F045CF4ACB3B465B6FD60" author="Tomaszewska W." box="[464,713,682,709]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="449 - 558" refId="ref42624" refString="Tomaszewska W. 2000. Morphology, phylogeny and classification of adult Endomychidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea). Annales Zoologici 50 (4): 449 - 558." type="journal article" year="2000">Tomaszewska (2000</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0F045CF7A7B3B56468FD60" author="Tomaszewska W." box="[731,791,683,709]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="442 - 454" refId="ref42654" refString="Tomaszewska W. 2010. 10.32. Endomychidae Leach, 1815. In: Leschen R. A. B., Beutel R. G. &amp; Lawrence J. F. (eds) Coleoptera, Beetles. Volume 2: Morphology and Systematics (Elateroidea, Bostrichiformia, Cucujiformia Partim): 442 - 454. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110911213.442" type="book chapter" year="2010">2010</bibRefCitation>
) contributed data on larvae of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0F045CF1DEB3B4622DFD61" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[1186,1362,682,708]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Endomychidae</taxonomicName>
in general, but the only information on preimaginal stages of species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0F045CF17BB3D063E0FD4D" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[1031,1183,718,744]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF17BB3D063E0FD4D" box="[1031,1183,718,744]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was published by
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0F045CF5C3B3EF6604FCAE" author="Silvestri F." box="[191,379,753,779]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="221 - 245" refId="ref42364" refString="Silvestri F. 1912. Contribuzioni alla conoscenza dei mirmecofili. II. Di alcuni mirmecofili dell'Italia meridionale e della Sicilia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria 6: 221 - 245." type="journal article" year="1912">Silvestri (1912)</bibRefCitation>
, who described the egg, larva and pupa in detail.
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0F045CF6B4B3EF63FFFCAE" author="Silvestri F." box="[968,1152,753,779]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="221 - 245" refId="ref42364" refString="Silvestri F. 1912. Contribuzioni alla conoscenza dei mirmecofili. II. Di alcuni mirmecofili dell'Italia meridionale e della Sicilia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria 6: 221 - 245." type="journal article" year="1912">Silvestri (1912)</bibRefCitation>
described the egg as white, sub-elliptical,
<quantity id="28529B6D4D0F045CF4C8B20A6554FC8A" box="[436,555,788,815]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.46" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="0.546">0.546 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="28529B6D4D0F045CF7E2B20A646BFC8A" box="[670,788,788,815]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.51" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="0.351">0.351 mm</quantity>
wide, with a smooth surface, but slightly reticulated when observed at high magnification. The larva is elongated, slightly depressed dorsoventrally and tapering towards both ends, measuring approximately
<quantity id="28529B6D4D0F045CF63EB24564E2FCD0" box="[834,925,859,885]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
long in the last instar. The head, darker than the body, has convex sides without stemmata (synapomorphy for the subfamily), and very short antennae. The mandibles are subtriangular short, robust, with curved anterior facies, a tricuspid apex and a developed mola, without prostheca. The maxillae and labia are short and robust. The thorax wider than the head, with short, thick legs.
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0F045CF740B2F9658BFBA4" author="Silvestri F." box="[572,756,999,1025]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="221 - 245" refId="ref42364" refString="Silvestri F. 1912. Contribuzioni alla conoscenza dei mirmecofili. II. Di alcuni mirmecofili dell'Italia meridionale e della Sicilia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria 6: 221 - 245." type="journal article" year="1912">Silvestri (1912)</bibRefCitation>
also included a figure showing the dorsal and ventral views of the larva, with details of the cephalic capsule, its appendices, plus the legs. Furthermore,
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0F045CF5C1B530660BFBED" author="Silvestri F." box="[189,372,1070,1096]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="221 - 245" refId="ref42364" refString="Silvestri F. 1912. Contribuzioni alla conoscenza dei mirmecofili. II. Di alcuni mirmecofili dell'Italia meridionale e della Sicilia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria 6: 221 - 245." type="journal article" year="1912">Silvestri (1912)</bibRefCitation>
briefly described the chaetotaxy of some body parts, in particular the dorsal abdominal setae, clearly capitate, and the ventral abdominal setae not capitate. In addition,
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0F045CF130B54F627EFBCE" author="Silvestri F." box="[1100,1281,1105,1131]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="221 - 245" refId="ref42364" refString="Silvestri F. 1912. Contribuzioni alla conoscenza dei mirmecofili. II. Di alcuni mirmecofili dell'Italia meridionale e della Sicilia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria 6: 221 - 245." type="journal article" year="1912">Silvestri (1912)</bibRefCitation>
described the pupa as whitish,
<quantity id="28529B6D4D0F045CF4D7B56A656BFB2A" box="[427,532,1140,1167]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.35">1.35 mm</quantity>
long, with a figure showing it in dorsal and ventral views.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="BBD566004D0F045CF5C1B6966245F84C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424520" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10424520" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424520/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[189,232,1928,1954]" targetBox="[264,1318,1324,1816]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0F045CF5C1B6966245F84C" blockId="10.[189,1399,1928,2025]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF5C1B696666FF807" bold="true" box="[189,272,1928,1954]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
Prosternal processes.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF75FB6966547F807" bold="true" box="[547,568,1928,1954]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0F045CF737B6966376F807" authority="Johnson, 1977" authorityName="Johnson" authorityYear="1977" box="[587,1033,1928,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afghana">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF737B6966430F807" box="[587,847,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cholovocera afghana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0F045CF627B6966376F807" author="Johnson C." box="[859,1033,1928,1954]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="123 - 132" refId="ref39707" refString="Johnson C. 1977. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der fauna Afghanistans. Merophysiidae and Lathriidae, Coleoptera. Acta Musei Moraviae 62: 123 - 132." type="journal article" year="1977">Johnson, 1977</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF160B696634FF807" bold="true" box="[1052,1072,1928,1954]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0F045CF13FB696620CF806" authority="(Kraatz, 1858)" baseAuthorityName="Kraatz" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[1091,1395,1928,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attae">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF13FB69663CBF807" box="[1091,1204,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ch. attae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0F045CF1B4B6966215F806" author="Kraatz G." box="[1224,1386,1928,1955]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="123 - 148" refId="ref39933" refString="Kraatz G. 1858. Beitrag zur Kaferfauna Griechenlands. Staphylinidae (Schlufs), Trichopterygia, Histeridae, Phalacridae, Nitidularia, Trogositarii, Colydii, Cucujidae, Cryptophagidae, Thorictidae, Mycetophagidae, Dermestini, Byrrhii. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 2: 123 - 148." type="journal article" year="1858">Kraatz, 1858</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF5C1B6B567ADF860" bold="true" box="[189,210,1963,1989]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0F045CF596B6B566EFF860" box="[234,400,1963,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balcanica">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF596B6B566EFF860" box="[234,400,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ch. balcánica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0F045CF4E3B6B56524F860" author="Karaman Z." box="[415,603,1963,1989]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="131 - 133" refId="ref39734" refString="Karaman Z. v. 1936. Ein balkanischer Vertreter des Koleopteren-Genus Reitteria, Reit. balcanica n. sp. Glasnik (Bulletin) de la Societe scientifique de Skopje 17: 131 - 133." type="journal article" year="1936">Karaman, 1936</bibRefCitation>
).
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF70CB6B565FBF860" bold="true" box="[624,644,1963,1989]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0F045CF7E8B6B56488F860" authority="(Schaufuss, 1876)" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Schaufuss" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[660,1015,1963,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallica">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF7E8B6B56468F860" box="[660,791,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ch. gallica</emphasis>
(Schaufuss, 1876)
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF178B6B56368F860" bold="true" box="[1028,1047,1963,1989]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0F045CF15AB6B5620CF860" authority="Victor, 1838" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[1062,1395,1963,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formicaria">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF15AB6B563AAF860" box="[1062,1237,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ch. formicaria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0F045CF1A2B6B5620CF860" author="Victor T." box="[1246,1395,1963,1989]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="175 - 188" refId="ref42813" refString="Victor T. 1838. Coleopteres du Caucase et des Provinces transcaucasiennes recueillis et decrits. Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 11 (2): 175 - 188." type="journal article" year="1838">Victor, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF5C2B6D067B0F84D" bold="true" box="[190,207,1998,2024]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">F</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0F045CF5A2B6D065E3F84C" authority="(Rosenhauer, 1856)" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rosenhauer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[222,668,1998,2025]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF5A2B6D066D5F84D" box="[222,426,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ch. formiceticola</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0F045CF4C6B6D065ECF84C" author="Rosenhauer W. G." box="[442,659,1998,2025]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref41502" refString="Rosenhauer W. G. 1856. Die Thiere Andalusiens nach dem Resultaten einer Reise zusammengestellt nebst den Beschreibungen von 249 neuen oder bis jetzt noch unbeshcreibenen Gattungen und Arten. T. Blaesing, Erlangen." type="book" year="1856">Rosenhauer, 1856</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF7DBB6D065C1F84D" bold="true" box="[679,702,1998,2024]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">G</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0F045CF7B1B6D0642CF84D" authority="Delgado &amp; Palma, 2023" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" box="[717,851,1998,2024]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occulta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF7B1B6D0642CF84D" box="[717,851,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ch. occulta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C6ED57E14D0F045CF627B6D164C9F84C" box="[859,950,1999,2025]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF6C1B6D064ABF84D" bold="true" box="[957,980,1998,2024]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0F045CF69EB6D06249F84C" authority="(Markel, 1845)" baseAuthorityName="Markel" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[994,1334,1998,2025]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0F045CF69EB6D06305F84D" box="[994,1146,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ch. punctata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0F045CF1F5B6D06252F84C" author="Markel F." box="[1161,1325,1998,2025]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="193 - 271" refId="ref40745" refString="Markel F. 1845. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der unter Ameisen lebenden Insekten. Zeitschrift fur die Entomologie 5: 193 - 271 [1844]." type="journal article" year="1845">Märkel, 1845</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="A7B065034D0E0447F5C1B016640BFBA3" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0E045DF5C1B0166663FE87" blockId="11.[189,284,264,290]" box="[189,284,264,290]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<heading id="B45D81E44D0E045DF5C1B0166663FE87" bold="true" box="[189,284,264,290]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" reason="3">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0E045DF5C1B0166663FE87" bold="true" box="[189,284,264,290]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Biology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0E045DF596B02966DDFEF4" blockId="11.[189,1400,311,584]" box="[234,418,311,337]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0E045DF596B02966DDFEF4" bold="true" box="[234,418,311,337]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Feeding habits</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0E045DF5C1B04466F7FDE2" blockId="11.[189,1400,311,584]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0E045DF5C1B04466C9FED1" author="Tomaszewska W." box="[189,438,346,372]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="442 - 454" refId="ref42654" refString="Tomaszewska W. 2010. 10.32. Endomychidae Leach, 1815. In: Leschen R. A. B., Beutel R. G. &amp; Lawrence J. F. (eds) Coleoptera, Beetles. Volume 2: Morphology and Systematics (Elateroidea, Bostrichiformia, Cucujiformia Partim): 442 - 454. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110911213.442" type="book chapter" year="2010">Tomaszewska (2010)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that fungi is the principal food of the family
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0E045DF13EB0446389FED1" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[1090,1270,346,372]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Endomychidae</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0E045DF07CB044660AFE3D" author="Skelley P. E. &amp; Leschen R. A. B." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="366 - 370" refId="ref42400" refString="Skelley P. E. &amp; Leschen R. A. B. 2002. Endomychidae Leach 1815. In: Arnett R. H. Jr., Thomas M. C., Skelley P. E. &amp; Frank J. H. (eds) American Beetles. 2. Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea: 366 - 370. CRC Press, Boca Raton." type="book chapter" year="2002">Skelley &amp; Leschen (2002)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned spores and hyphae of microfungi as the food of species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0E045DF1C3B063620CFE32" authorityName="Seidlitz" authorityYear="1872" box="[1215,1395,381,407]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Merophysiinae">Merophysiinae</taxonomicName>
. However,
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0E045DF44BB0BF6535FE1E" author="Shockley F. W. &amp; Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V." box="[311,586,417,443]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref42306" refString="Shockley F. W., Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V. 2009 b. An annotated checklist of the handsome fungus beetles of the world (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Endomychidae). Zootaxa 1999: 1 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1999.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
Shockley
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0E045DF4D7B0BF6699FE1E" box="[427,486,417,443]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
(2009b)
</bibRefCitation>
expressed doubt about what food endomychid species feed on inside
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0E045DF5C1B0DA679EFE7B" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[189,225,452,478]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
nests, suggesting that some tropical species may feed on the fungal gardens cultivated by the
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0E045DF03BB0DA6209FE7B" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1351,1398,452,478]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
or just feed on adventive fungi growing inside the
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0E045DF645B0F66422FDA7" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[825,861,488,514]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
nest.
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0E045DF6D0B0F96324FDA4" author="Rucker W. H." box="[940,1115,487,513]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref41751" refString="Rucker W. H. 2018. Latridiidae und Merophysiidae der West-Palaarktis. Selbstverlag Wolfgang H. Rucker, Neuwied." type="book" year="2018">Rücker (2018)</bibRefCitation>
adds to these theories, mentioning that the adult mouth parts of these beetles are compatible with mycophagy, and even with eating
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0E045DF471B330664EFDED" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[269,305,558,584]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
larvae.
</paragraph>
<caption id="BBD566004D0E045DF5C1B67A66D3F84C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424524" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10424524" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424524/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[189,232,1892,1918]" targetBox="[251,1348,674,1809]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0E045DF5C1B67A66D3F84C" blockId="11.[188,1399,1892,2025]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0E045DF5C1B67A6671F8DA" bold="true" box="[189,270,1892,1919]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
Terminal abdominal segments of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0E045DF7D3B67B639AF825" authority="(Rosenhauer, 1856)" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rosenhauer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[687,1253,1893,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0E045DF7D3B67B6491F8DA" box="[687,1006,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cholovocera formiceticola</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0E045DF17DB67B63A3F825" author="Rosenhauer W. G." box="[1025,1244,1893,1920]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref41502" refString="Rosenhauer W. G. 1856. Die Thiere Andalusiens nach dem Resultaten einer Reise zusammengestellt nebst den Beschreibungen von 249 neuen oder bis jetzt noch unbeshcreibenen Gattungen und Arten. T. Blaesing, Erlangen." type="book" year="1856">Rosenhauer, 1856</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, ♀.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0E045DF061B67A624DF8DB" bold="true" box="[1309,1330,1892,1918]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A</emphasis>
. Last visible ventrite, ventral view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0E045DF76FB6966558F807" bold="true" box="[531,551,1928,1954]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B</emphasis>
. Gonocoxites, paraprocts and proctiger, ventral view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0E045DF1EBB69663D3F807" bold="true" box="[1175,1196,1928,1954]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C</emphasis>
. Tergite 8, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0E045DF479B6B56665F860" bold="true" box="[261,282,1963,1989]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">D</emphasis>
. Sternite 8, ventral view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0E045DF72EB6B5651BF860" bold="true" box="[594,612,1963,1989]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E</emphasis>
. Proctiger, dorsal view. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D09045BF5C1B0176487FECF" blockId="12.[189,1399,265,467]" lastBlockId="13.[189,1400,265,362]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Following on the work by
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D09045AF77EB01765C0FE86" author="Silvestri F." box="[514,703,265,291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="221 - 245" refId="ref42364" refString="Silvestri F. 1912. Contribuzioni alla conoscenza dei mirmecofili. II. Di alcuni mirmecofili dell'Italia meridionale e della Sicilia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria 6: 221 - 245." type="journal article" year="1912">Silvestri (1912)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D09045AF7B2B01764AEFE86" author="Baroni-Urbani C." box="[718,977,265,291]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="95 - 100" refId="ref38120" refString="Baroni-Urbani C. 1963. Contributo alla conoscenza etologica della Coluocera formicaria Motsch. coleottero mirmecofilo sinechete gregario (Lathridiidae). Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura 5: 95 - 100." type="journal article" year="1963">Baroni-Urbani (1963)</bibRefCitation>
made an important contribution to the knowledge of the biology of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D09045AF72BB0326590FEE3" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[599,751,300,326]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D09045AF72BB0326590FEE3" box="[599,751,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, studying what he identified as
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D09045AF103B032624EFEE3" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[1151,1329,300,326]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formicaria">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D09045AF103B032624EFEE3" box="[1151,1329,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ch. formicaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Ancona (
<collectingCountry id="97BD76184D09045AF450B0516618FECC" box="[300,359,335,361]" name="Italy" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Italy</collectingCountry>
), but likely to have been
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D09045AF7DFB0516456FECC" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Schaufuss" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[675,809,335,361]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallica">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D09045AF7DFB0516456FECC" box="[675,809,335,361]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ch. gallica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the most frequently found species on mainland
<collectingCountry id="97BD76184D09045AF5C1B06C678CFE29" box="[189,243,370,396]" name="Italy" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Italy</collectingCountry>
(see below).
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D09045AF4EEB06C65ECFE29" author="Baroni-Urbani C." box="[402,659,370,396]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="95 - 100" refId="ref38120" refString="Baroni-Urbani C. 1963. Contributo alla conoscenza etologica della Coluocera formicaria Motsch. coleottero mirmecofilo sinechete gregario (Lathridiidae). Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura 5: 95 - 100." type="journal article" year="1963">Baroni-Urbani (1963)</bibRefCitation>
collected 148 beetles from one medium size colony of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D09045AF05CB06D668DFE15" authority="(Latreille, 1798)" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1798" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitatus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D09045AF05CB06D6656FE15" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Messor capitatus</emphasis>
(Latreille, 1798)
</taxonomicName>
and observed that they occupied food stores and cells where waste material accumulates, eating remains of seeds previously eaten by
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D09045AF62FB0A764F9FE76" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[851,902,441,467]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
.Also,
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D09045AF6ADB0A763AFFE76" author="Baroni-Urbani C." box="[977,1232,441,467]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="95 - 100" refId="ref38120" refString="Baroni-Urbani C. 1963. Contributo alla conoscenza etologica della Coluocera formicaria Motsch. coleottero mirmecofilo sinechete gregario (Lathridiidae). Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura 5: 95 - 100." type="journal article" year="1963">Baroni-Urbani (1963)</bibRefCitation>
observed that, occasionally, the beetles would feed on
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D08045BF7E4B01765A3FE86" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[664,732,265,291]" canonicalName="Insecta" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">insect</vernacularName>
remains left by the
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D08045BF6B2B017637FFE86" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[974,1024,265,291]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
, which they eat as complement to their granivorous diet; however, he did not observe any beetle consuming anything alive, neither
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D08045BF028B0336207FEE2" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1364,1400,301,327]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
eggs nor
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D08045BF455B04E6632FECF" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[297,333,336,362]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
larvae, as they only fed on dead
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D08045BF7ACB051645FFECC" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[720,800,335,361]" canonicalName="Insecta" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">insects</vernacularName>
killed by the
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D08045BF6BDB04E648BFECF" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[961,1012,336,362]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="BBD566004D09045AF5C7B67A6662F84C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424526" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10424526" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424526/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[187,230,1892,1918]" targetBox="[316,1239,512,1684]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="EF1536884D09045AF5C7B67A6662F84C" blockId="12.[187,1399,1891,2025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D09045AF5C7B67A667AF8DA" bold="true" box="[187,261,1892,1919]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 6</emphasis>
. Terminal abdominal segments of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D09045AF7D3B67B639AF825" authority="(Rosenhauer, 1856)" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rosenhauer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[687,1253,1893,1920]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D09045AF7D3B67B6492F8DA" box="[687,1005,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cholovocera formiceticola</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D09045AF17CB67B63A3F825" author="Rosenhauer W. G." box="[1024,1244,1893,1920]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref41502" refString="Rosenhauer W. G. 1856. Die Thiere Andalusiens nach dem Resultaten einer Reise zusammengestellt nebst den Beschreibungen von 249 neuen oder bis jetzt noch unbeshcreibenen Gattungen und Arten. T. Blaesing, Erlangen." type="book" year="1856">Rosenhauer, 1856</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, ♂.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D09045AF061B67A624DF8DB" bold="true" box="[1309,1330,1892,1918]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
. Last visible ventrite, ventral view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D09045AF75DB696654CF807" bold="true" box="[545,563,1928,1954]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B</emphasis>
. Left hemitergite, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D09045AF6D0B69664BFF807" bold="true" box="[940,960,1928,1954]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C</emphasis>
. Tergite 8, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D09045AF19EB6966389F807" bold="true" box="[1250,1270,1928,1954]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D</emphasis>
. Spiculum gastrale, ventral view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D09045AF4BDB6B566AAF860" bold="true" box="[449,469,1963,1989]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E</emphasis>
. Sternite 8, ventral view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D09045AF781B6B56470F860" bold="true" box="[765,783,1963,1989]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">F</emphasis>
. Hemitergites and proctiger, dorsal view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D08045BF5C1B08F649EFD9D" blockId="13.[189,1400,401,568]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Our analysis of some beetle gut contents has shown a high proportion of unidentifiable vegetal remains (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D08045BF5BAB0AA665BFE6B" box="[198,292,436,462]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[266,1378,552,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-191@16.[203,1385,491,1723]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 8. Cholovocera Victor, 1838 feeding, parasites and commensals. A. Nest chamber of Messor barbarus (Linnaeus, 1767) with seeds and one specimen of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856).B. Gut content: particulate material. C–D. Fungal spores. E. Hyphae. F. Arthropod remains. G. Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995 attached to a leg of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). H. Specimen of Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995. I. Malpighian tubules of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856) with cyst of parasitic amoebae. J. Cysts enlarged.K. Rhizoglyphine mite, phoretic on Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845), ventral view. L. Same mite, lateral view. Scale bars: A–F = 20 µm; G–L = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424530" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424530/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
), but also spores and hyphae (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D08045BF7E4B0AA6469FE6B" box="[664,790,436,462]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[266,1378,552,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-191@16.[203,1385,491,1723]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 8. Cholovocera Victor, 1838 feeding, parasites and commensals. A. Nest chamber of Messor barbarus (Linnaeus, 1767) with seeds and one specimen of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856).B. Gut content: particulate material. C–D. Fungal spores. E. Hyphae. F. Arthropod remains. G. Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995 attached to a leg of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). H. Specimen of Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995. I. Malpighian tubules of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856) with cyst of parasitic amoebae. J. Cysts enlarged.K. Rhizoglyphine mite, phoretic on Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845), ventral view. L. Same mite, lateral view. Scale bars: A–F = 20 µm; G–L = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424530" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424530/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 8C–E</figureCitation>
) and some remains of
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D08045BF153B0AA63DEFE6B" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1861" box="[1071,1185,436,462]" canonicalName="Arthropoda" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="phylum">arthropod</vernacularName>
cuticle (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D08045BF071B0AA6216FE6B" box="[1293,1385,436,462]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[266,1378,552,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-191@16.[203,1385,491,1723]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 8. Cholovocera Victor, 1838 feeding, parasites and commensals. A. Nest chamber of Messor barbarus (Linnaeus, 1767) with seeds and one specimen of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856).B. Gut content: particulate material. C–D. Fungal spores. E. Hyphae. F. Arthropod remains. G. Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995 attached to a leg of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). H. Specimen of Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995. I. Malpighian tubules of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856) with cyst of parasitic amoebae. J. Cysts enlarged.K. Rhizoglyphine mite, phoretic on Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845), ventral view. L. Same mite, lateral view. Scale bars: A–F = 20 µm; G–L = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424530" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424530/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 8F</figureCitation>
). In conclusion, available data would indicate that the species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D08045BF6C7B0C9632CFE54" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[955,1107,471,497]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D08045BF6C7B0C9632CFE54" box="[955,1107,471,497]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have followed the same pattern of other groups of myrmecophilous
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D08045BF7ABB0E46424FDB1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[727,859,506,532]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
, initially fungivorous but adapted to a more varied diet, eclectic and opportunist, as discussed by
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D08045BF657B30064A2FD9D" author="Schigel D. S." box="[811,989,542,568]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="258 - 272" refId="ref42101" refString="Schigel D. S. 2012. Fungivory and host associations of Coleoptera: a bibliography and review of research approaches. Mycology 3 (4): 258 - 272. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 21501203.2012.741078" type="journal article" year="2012">Schigel (2012)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="BBD566004D08045BF5C1B67A6532F84C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424528" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10424528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424528/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[189,232,1892,1918]" targetBox="[301,1319,679,1805]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="EF1536884D08045BF5C1B67A6532F84C" blockId="13.[188,1398,1892,2025]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D08045BF5C1B67A6676F8DA" bold="true" box="[189,265,1892,1919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 7.</emphasis>
Spermathecae, lateral view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D08045BF728B67A6516F8DB" bold="true" box="[596,617,1892,1918]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D08045BF70BB67B635CF8DA" authority="Johnson, 1977" authorityName="Johnson" authorityYear="1977" box="[631,1059,1893,1919]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afghana">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D08045BF70BB67B640AF8DA" box="[631,885,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Cholovocera afghana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D08045BF607B67B635CF8DA" author="Johnson C." box="[891,1059,1893,1919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="123 - 132" refId="ref39707" refString="Johnson C. 1977. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der fauna Afghanistans. Merophysiidae and Lathriidae, Coleoptera. Acta Musei Moraviae 62: 123 - 132." type="journal article" year="1977">Johnson, 1977</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D08045BF14CB67B633BF8DA" bold="true" box="[1072,1092,1893,1919]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D08045BF12DB67B638BF8DA" box="[1105,1268,1893,1919]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balcanica">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D08045BF12DB67B638BF8DA" box="[1105,1268,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ch. balcánica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D08045BF07EB67B6787F807" author="Karaman Z." pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="131 - 133" refId="ref39734" refString="Karaman Z. v. 1936. Ein balkanischer Vertreter des Koleopteren-Genus Reitteria, Reit. balcanica n. sp. Glasnik (Bulletin) de la Societe scientifique de Skopje 17: 131 - 133." type="journal article" year="1936">Karaman, 1936</bibRefCitation>
).
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D08045BF469B6966655F807" bold="true" box="[277,298,1928,1954]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">C</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D08045BF443B69666B4F807" authority="Delgado &amp; Palma, 2023" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" box="[319,459,1928,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occulta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D08045BF443B69666B4F807" box="[319,459,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ch. occulta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C6ED57E14D08045BF4A4B6966546F807" box="[472,569,1928,1954]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D08045BF73AB6966524F807" bold="true" box="[582,603,1928,1954]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D08045BF713B69664A2F807" authority="(Schaufuss, 1876)" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Schaufuss" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[623,989,1928,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallica">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D08045BF713B6966588F807" box="[623,759,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ch. gallica</emphasis>
(Schaufuss, 1876)
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D08045BF68DB696637AF807" bold="true" box="[1009,1029,1928,1954]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">E</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D08045BF164B6966210F807" authority="Victor, 1838" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[1048,1391,1928,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formicaria">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D08045BF164B69663B3F807" box="[1048,1228,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ch. formicaria</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D08045BF1A4B6966210F807" author="Victor T." box="[1240,1391,1928,1954]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="175 - 188" refId="ref42813" refString="Victor T. 1838. Coleopteres du Caucase et des Provinces transcaucasiennes recueillis et decrits. Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 11 (2): 175 - 188." type="journal article" year="1838">Victor, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D08045BF5C1B6B567B0F860" bold="true" box="[189,207,1963,1989]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">F</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D08045BF598B6B565E2F863" authority="(Rosenhauer, 1856)" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rosenhauer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[228,669,1963,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D08045BF598B6B566CFF860" box="[228,432,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ch. formiceticola</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D08045BF4C3B6B565EAF863" author="Rosenhauer W. G." box="[447,661,1963,1990]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref41502" refString="Rosenhauer W. G. 1856. Die Thiere Andalusiens nach dem Resultaten einer Reise zusammengestellt nebst den Beschreibungen von 249 neuen oder bis jetzt noch unbeshcreibenen Gattungen und Arten. T. Blaesing, Erlangen." type="book" year="1856">Rosenhauer, 1856</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D08045BF7D0B6B565BCF860" bold="true" box="[684,707,1963,1989]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">G</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D08045BF7ADB6B5635BF863" authority="(Markel, 1845)" baseAuthorityName="Markel" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[721,1060,1963,1990]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D08045BF7ADB6B56417F860" box="[721,872,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ch. punctata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D08045BF60BB6B56364F863" author="Markel F." box="[887,1051,1963,1990]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="193 - 271" refId="ref40745" refString="Markel F. 1845. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der unter Ameisen lebenden Insekten. Zeitschrift fur die Entomologie 5: 193 - 271 [1844]." type="journal article" year="1845">Märkel, 1845</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Abbreviations: See Material and methods. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0B0458F596B0166520FE87" blockId="14.[188,1399,264,578]" box="[234,607,264,291]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F596B0166520FE87" bold="true" box="[234,607,264,291]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Behaviour and myrmecophily</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0B0458F5C1B0336344FDE4" blockId="14.[188,1399,264,578]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
In his original description of the genus,
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F7DFB032643AFEE3" author="Victor T." box="[675,837,300,326]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="175 - 188" refId="ref42813" refString="Victor T. 1838. Coleopteres du Caucase et des Provinces transcaucasiennes recueillis et decrits. Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 11 (2): 175 - 188." type="journal article" year="1838">Victor (1838)</bibRefCitation>
wrote that
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F6AEB03263FDFEE3" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[978,1154,300,326]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formicaria">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F6AEB03263FDFEE3" box="[978,1154,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ch. formicaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was a slow-moving species, but
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F433B04F6694FECF" author="Lucas H." box="[335,491,336,363]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref40515" refString="Lucas H. 1849. Exploration scientifique de l'Algerie pendant les annees 1840, 1841, 1842. Zoologie: Animaux articules: Vol. 2: Insectes. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris." type="journal volume" year="1849">Lucas (1849)</bibRefCitation>
qualified as very agile a species (probably
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F690B04E63FBFECF" baseAuthorityName="Markel" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[1004,1156,336,362]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F690B04E63FBFECF" box="[1004,1156,336,362]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ch. punctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) that he observed in
<collectingCountry id="97BD76184D0B0458F5C2B06A6665FE2B" box="[190,282,372,398]" name="Algeria" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Algeria</collectingCountry>
. Again,
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F406B06B6569FE2B" author="Lucas H." box="[378,534,372,399]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="239" refId="ref40549" refString="Lucas H. 1874. Note. Seance 25 Novembre 1874. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France (Bulletin des Seances et Bulletin bibliographique) 5 (4): 239." type="journal article" year="1874">Lucas (1874)</bibRefCitation>
regarded a species from southern
<collectingCountry id="97BD76184D0B0458F6D0B06B6483FE2A" box="[940,1020,373,399]" name="France" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">France</collectingCountry>
as agile. From our observations of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F59EB08666CCFE17" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rosenhauer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[226,435,408,434]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F59EB08666CCFE17" box="[226,435,408,434]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ch. formiceticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on external foraging tracks of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F646B087639BFE17" authority="(Linnaeus, 1767)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[826,1252,408,434]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbarus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F646B0876376FE17" box="[826,1033,408,434]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Messor barbarus</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1767)
</taxonomicName>
, the beetles initially move slowly, but then increase their pace at irregular intervals. In contrast, our observations of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F5C1B0C166F7FE5C" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rosenhauer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[189,392,479,505]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F5C1B0C166F7FE5C" box="[189,392,479,505]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ch. formiceticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
inside
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F4A7B0FE6680FE5F" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[475,511,480,506]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
nests in the laboratory show that these beetles move slowly most of the time, as recorded by
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F413B31D656DFDB8" author="Victor T." box="[367,530,515,541]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="175 - 188" refId="ref42813" refString="Victor T. 1838. Coleopteres du Caucase et des Provinces transcaucasiennes recueillis et decrits. Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 11 (2): 175 - 188." type="journal article" year="1838">Victor (1838)</bibRefCitation>
. However, if they are suddenly exposed to light, they seek refuge rapidly, this being a possible explanation of the observations by
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F633B336649CFDE4" author="Lucas H." box="[847,995,551,578]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref40515" refString="Lucas H. 1849. Exploration scientifique de l'Algerie pendant les annees 1840, 1841, 1842. Zoologie: Animaux articules: Vol. 2: Insectes. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris." type="journal volume" year="1849">Lucas (1849</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F693B3396351FDE4" author="Lucas H." box="[1007,1070,551,577]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="239" refId="ref40549" refString="Lucas H. 1874. Note. Seance 25 Novembre 1874. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France (Bulletin des Seances et Bulletin bibliographique) 5 (4): 239." type="journal article" year="1874">1874</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0B0458F5C1B377666BFBAB" blockId="14.[188,1400,617,1038]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
Myrmecophily has been variously described, but
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F673B37764ADFD26" author="Kistner D. H." box="[783,978,617,643]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="124 - 127" refId="ref39834" refString="Kistner D. H. 1982. The social insects' bestiary. In: Hermann H. R. (ed.) Social Insects. Vol. 3: 124 - 127. Academic Press, New York." type="journal article" year="1982">Kistner’s (1982)</bibRefCitation>
definition is one of several widely accepted. Myrmecophily can be present in four symbiotic
<typeStatus id="3011882A4D0B0458F606B39064C4FD0D" box="[890,955,654,680]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">types</typeStatus>
, according to the benefit received by the
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F597B3AC6662FD69" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[235,285,690,716]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
, in decreasing order: mutualism, commensalism, kleptoparasitism and parasitism. Species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F5C1B3CB662AFD4A" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[189,341,725,751]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F5C1B3CB662AFD4A" box="[189,341,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are placed between commensalism and kleptoparasitism.
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F168B3CB63C9FD4A" author="Victor T." box="[1044,1206,725,751]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="175 - 188" refId="ref42813" refString="Victor T. 1838. Coleopteres du Caucase et des Provinces transcaucasiennes recueillis et decrits. Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 11 (2): 175 - 188." type="journal article" year="1838">Victor (1838)</bibRefCitation>
was the first to record the association between
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F74CB3E765B7FCB6" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[560,712,761,787]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F74CB3E765B7FCB6" box="[560,712,761,787]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F67DB3E7644CFCB6" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[769,819,761,787]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
, clearly shown by the name he chose for his new species:
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F45FB20266ACFC92" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[291,467,796,823]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formicaria">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F45FB20266ACFC92" box="[291,467,796,823]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ch. formicaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F49FB20265EDFC92" author="Markel F." box="[483,658,796,823]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="193 - 271" refId="ref40745" refString="Markel F. 1845. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der unter Ameisen lebenden Insekten. Zeitschrift fur die Entomologie 5: 193 - 271 [1844]." type="journal article" year="1845">Märkel (1845)</bibRefCitation>
, while describing
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F613B2026378FC93" baseAuthorityName="Markel" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[879,1031,796,822]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F613B2026378FC93" box="[879,1031,796,822]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ch. punctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, suspected its association with
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F5C3B25F6791FCFE" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[191,238,833,859]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
but he could not confirm it.
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F73FB25F65A0FCFF" author="Lucas H." box="[579,735,832,859]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref40515" refString="Lucas H. 1849. Exploration scientifique de l'Algerie pendant les annees 1840, 1841, 1842. Zoologie: Animaux articules: Vol. 2: Insectes. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris." type="journal volume" year="1849">Lucas (1849)</bibRefCitation>
and other early authors mentioned that the beetles were associated with
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F40BB27B66E4FCDA" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[375,411,869,895]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
nests or that they were collected under stones together with
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F124B27B63F4FCDA" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1112,1163,869,895]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F1E9B27A624FFCDB" author="Belon M. - J." box="[1173,1328,868,894]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="157 - 365" refId="ref38155" refString="Belon M. - J. 1879. Famille des Lathridiens, 1 re partie. In: Mulsant E. (ed.) Histoire naturelle des coleopteres de France. Annales de la Societe linneenne de Lyon, n. s. 26: 157 - 365." type="book chapter" year="1879">Belon (1879)</bibRefCitation>
again drew attention to the myrmecophilous character of species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F6EEB2966356FC07" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[914,1065,904,930]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F6EEB2966356FC07" box="[914,1065,904,930]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, assuming that these beetles lived in a “peaceful” relation with
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F726B2B265F3FC63" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[602,652,940,966]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
, and citing a case where he found specimens in abandoned
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F02FB2B26208FC63" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1363,1399,940,966]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
nests. This observation indicates that
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F708B2CE6473FC4F" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[628,780,976,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F708B2CE6473FC4F" box="[628,780,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
beetles may survive in the nest without the presence of
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F5A1B2EA666FFBAB" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[221,272,1012,1038]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0B0458F5C1B5286208FA82" blockId="14.[187,1399,1078,1319]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F5C1B528660FFBF5" author="Krausse A. H." box="[189,368,1078,1104]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="147 - 150" refId="ref39981" refString="Krausse A. H. 1911. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Insekten-fauna Sardiniens. Entomologische Rundschau 28 (19): 147 - 150." type="journal article" year="1911">Krausse (1911)</bibRefCitation>
reported an experiment in which he placed a group of
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F690B5286364FBF5" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1004,1051,1078,1104]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
(
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F150B528638AFBF5" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[1068,1269,1078,1104]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbarus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F150B528638AFBF5" box="[1068,1269,1078,1104]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Messor barbarus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in a small breeding container together with several myrmecophilous
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F617B5476497FBD6" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1861" box="[875,1000,1113,1139]" canonicalName="Arthropoda" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="phylum">arthropods</vernacularName>
collected in
<collectingRegion id="2D6EF86A4D0B0458F1FDB5476399FBD6" box="[1153,1254,1113,1139]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
, i.e., beetles (including some
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F4FFB5636565FB32" baseAuthorityName="Markel" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[387,538,1149,1175]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F4FFB5636565FB32" box="[387,538,1149,1175]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ch. punctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), termites,
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F7DCB5636473FB32" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[672,780,1149,1175]" canonicalName="Lepisma saccharina" class="Insecta" family="Lepismatidae" genus="Lepisma" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Zygentoma" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saccharina">silverfish</vernacularName>
and
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F639B56364DDFB32" box="[837,930,1149,1175]" canonicalName="Isopoda" class="Malacostraca" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Isopoda" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">isopods</vernacularName>
. On the following day, he observed that the
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F594B5BC6668FB19" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[232,279,1186,1212]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
had eaten all the
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F49EB5BF652EFB1E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[482,593,1185,1211]" canonicalName="Lepisma saccharina" class="Insecta" family="Lepismatidae" genus="Lepisma" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Zygentoma" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saccharina">silverfish</vernacularName>
, but not the remaining specimens. A further observation was that
<specimenCount id="F9ACFD014D0B0458F030B5BC6653FB7A" count="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F432B5DB669AFB7A" baseAuthorityName="Markel" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[334,485,1221,1247]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F432B5DB669AFB7A" box="[334,485,1221,1247]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ch. punctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was on top of an isopod, which made
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F6E0B5D86331FB7A" author="Krausse A. H." box="[924,1102,1221,1248]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="147 - 150" refId="ref39981" refString="Krausse A. H. 1911. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Insekten-fauna Sardiniens. Entomologische Rundschau 28 (19): 147 - 150." type="journal article" year="1911">Krausse (1911)</bibRefCitation>
suggest that these beetles may use other commensals to move inside the
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F796B5F76471FAA6" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[746,782,1257,1283]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
nest. In our opinion, that behaviour may have been an artefact resulting from the artificial nature of the environment where the experiment was performed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0B0458F5C1B451663CF89E" blockId="14.[188,1400,1359,1851]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F5C1B451660BFACC" author="Silvestri F." box="[189,372,1359,1385]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="221 - 245" refId="ref42364" refString="Silvestri F. 1912. Contribuzioni alla conoscenza dei mirmecofili. II. Di alcuni mirmecofili dell'Italia meridionale e della Sicilia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria 6: 221 - 245." type="journal article" year="1912">Silvestri (1912)</bibRefCitation>
provided useful behavioural data based on his observation of hundreds of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F1A3B4516208FACC" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[1247,1399,1359,1385]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F1A3B4516208FACC" box="[1247,1399,1359,1385]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
beetles, which he identified as “
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F74EB46D659FFA28" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[562,736,1395,1421]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formicaria">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F74EB46D659FFA28" box="[562,736,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ch. formicaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”, from various localities in southern
<collectingCountry id="97BD76184D0B0458F1EBB46D63B1FA28" box="[1175,1230,1395,1421]" name="Italy" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Italy</collectingCountry>
, all associated with nests of species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F49EB48965B3FA14" authority="Forel, 1890" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1890" box="[482,716,1430,1457]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F49EB4896547FA15" box="[482,568,1431,1456]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Messor</emphasis>
Forel, 1890
</taxonomicName>
. Judging from the localities cited by
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F1F6B4886238FA14" author="Silvestri F." box="[1162,1351,1430,1457]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="221 - 245" refId="ref42364" refString="Silvestri F. 1912. Contribuzioni alla conoscenza dei mirmecofili. II. Di alcuni mirmecofili dell'Italia meridionale e della Sicilia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria 6: 221 - 245." type="journal article" year="1912">Silvestri (1912)</bibRefCitation>
, we deduce that the species would have been
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F7EBB4A46451FA71" baseAuthorityName="Markel" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[663,814,1466,1492]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F7EBB4A46451FA71" box="[663,814,1466,1492]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ch. punctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and/or
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F6F8B4A4637AFA71" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Schaufuss" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[900,1029,1466,1492]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallica">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F6F8B4A4637AFA71" box="[900,1029,1466,1492]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Ch. gallica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F168B4A463B5FA71" author="Silvestri F." box="[1044,1226,1466,1492]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="221 - 245" refId="ref42364" refString="Silvestri F. 1912. Contribuzioni alla conoscenza dei mirmecofili. II. Di alcuni mirmecofili dell'Italia meridionale e della Sicilia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria 6: 221 - 245." type="journal article" year="1912">Silvestri (1912)</bibRefCitation>
placed several adult beetles inside artificial
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F769B4C16546FA5C" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[533,569,1503,1529]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
nests, observing their behaviour for several months, from
<date id="9B1410484D0B0458F185B4C06787F9B9" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1910-11">November 1910</date>
to
<date id="9B1410484D0B0458F463B71C669DF9B9" box="[287,482,1538,1564]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1911-09">September 1911</date>
. He wrote that the beetles acclimatised very well to these conditions and that during the summer of 1911 there were eggs and larvae. Further, he commented that
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F1EEB7386255F9E5" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[1170,1322,1574,1600]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F1EEB7386255F9E5" box="[1170,1322,1574,1600]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adults mostly lived inside chambers where the
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F7EEB75465BEF9C1" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[658,705,1610,1636]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
kept grains, but that they laid eggs in chambers with debris and/or grain infested by fungi, where eggs would hatch, larvae develop and pupate. Also,
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F068B7736674F90E" author="Silvestri F." pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="221 - 245" refId="ref42364" refString="Silvestri F. 1912. Contribuzioni alla conoscenza dei mirmecofili. II. Di alcuni mirmecofili dell'Italia meridionale e della Sicilia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria 6: 221 - 245." type="journal article" year="1912">Silvestri (1912)</bibRefCitation>
commented that any interaction between beetles and
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F6F3B78C64C1F909" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[911,958,1682,1708]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
was low. These observations largely agree with ours, also made from nests in the laboratory (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D0B0458F616B7AB64B7F96A" box="[874,968,1717,1743]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[266,1378,552,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-191@16.[203,1385,491,1723]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 8. Cholovocera Victor, 1838 feeding, parasites and commensals. A. Nest chamber of Messor barbarus (Linnaeus, 1767) with seeds and one specimen of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856).B. Gut content: particulate material. C–D. Fungal spores. E. Hyphae. F. Arthropod remains. G. Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995 attached to a leg of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). H. Specimen of Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995. I. Malpighian tubules of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856) with cyst of parasitic amoebae. J. Cysts enlarged.K. Rhizoglyphine mite, phoretic on Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845), ventral view. L. Same mite, lateral view. Scale bars: A–F = 20 µm; G–L = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424530" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424530/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
). According to
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F1F8B7AB623FF96A" author="Silvestri F." box="[1156,1344,1717,1743]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="221 - 245" refId="ref42364" refString="Silvestri F. 1912. Contribuzioni alla conoscenza dei mirmecofili. II. Di alcuni mirmecofili dell'Italia meridionale e della Sicilia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria 6: 221 - 245." type="journal article" year="1912">Silvestri (1912)</bibRefCitation>
, if a worker
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F465B7C46642F951" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[281,317,1754,1780]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
attempted to capture a beetle with its mandibles, the victim would manage to free itself, due to its robustness, smooth surface and elliptical shape; however,
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F6E3B7E36348F8B2" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[927,1079,1789,1815]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F6E3B7E36348F8B2" box="[927,1079,1789,1815]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae were totally ignored by the
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F470B63F6640F89E" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[268,319,1825,1851]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0B0459F5C1B67D6493FE28" blockId="14.[188,1399,1891,2025]" lastBlockId="15.[189,1399,265,397]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F5C1B67D66F7F8D8" author="Escherich K." box="[189,392,1891,1917]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref39138" refString="Escherich K. 1917. Die Ameise. Schilderung ihrer Lebensweise. Friedr. Vieweg &amp; Sohn, Braunschweig." type="book" year="1917">Escherich (1917)</bibRefCitation>
, possibly based on
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F716B67D644CF8D8" author="Silvestri F." box="[618,819,1891,1917]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="221 - 245" refId="ref42364" refString="Silvestri F. 1912. Contribuzioni alla conoscenza dei mirmecofili. II. Di alcuni mirmecofili dell'Italia meridionale e della Sicilia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria 6: 221 - 245." type="journal article" year="1912">Silvestri’s (1912)</bibRefCitation>
observations, qualified the genus
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0B0458F1BCB67D6227F8D8" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[1216,1368,1891,1917]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0B0458F1BCB67D6227F8D8" box="[1216,1368,1891,1917]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as myrmecophilous in a synoecy, a strategy where
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F789B699645BF804" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[757,804,1927,1953]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
are indifferent to their cohabiting beetles.
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0B0458F060B699661AF861" author="Baroni-Urbani C." pageId="14" pageNumber="15" pagination="95 - 100" refId="ref38120" refString="Baroni-Urbani C. 1963. Contributo alla conoscenza etologica della Coluocera formicaria Motsch. coleottero mirmecofilo sinechete gregario (Lathridiidae). Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura 5: 95 - 100." type="journal article" year="1963">Baroni-Urbani (1963)</bibRefCitation>
observed that the beetles avoided the
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0B0458F655B6B56427F860" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[809,856,1963,1989]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
as much as possible, moving carefully within the galleries from one food chamber to another and seeking refuge within wall cracks, while they were not feeding.
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0A0459F42EB017652BFE86" author="Baroni-Urbani C." box="[338,596,265,291]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="95 - 100" refId="ref38120" refString="Baroni-Urbani C. 1963. Contributo alla conoscenza etologica della Coluocera formicaria Motsch. coleottero mirmecofilo sinechete gregario (Lathridiidae). Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura 5: 95 - 100." type="journal article" year="1963">Baroni-Urbani (1963)</bibRefCitation>
also described a digging behaviour by the beetles, which used their heads and thorax as a shovel to dig and hide inside the substrate. According to
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0A0459F112B032620CFEE3" author="Baroni-Urbani C." box="[1134,1395,300,326]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="95 - 100" refId="ref38120" refString="Baroni-Urbani C. 1963. Contributo alla conoscenza etologica della Coluocera formicaria Motsch. coleottero mirmecofilo sinechete gregario (Lathridiidae). Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura 5: 95 - 100." type="journal article" year="1963">Baroni-Urbani (1963)</bibRefCitation>
, the
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0A0459F596B04E6666FECF" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[234,281,336,362]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
appear to accept these beetles without attacking them, possibly because they are saprophagous inquilines which, in some way, assist by eliminating unwanted waste.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0A0459F5C1B0AA6482FDFE" blockId="15.[188,1400,436,603]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Our field observations agree with the above ones, i.e.,
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F639B0AA64A2FE6B" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[837,989,436,462]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F639B0AA64A2FE6B" box="[837,989,436,462]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
beetles move over foraging tracks and around the entrance to the nest being completely ignored by the
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0A0459F688B0C66358FE57" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1012,1063,472,498]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
. However, we observed that some beetles introduced into
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0A0459F769B0E56546FDB0" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[533,569,507,533]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
nests held in the laboratory, are eaten by the
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0A0459F134B0E56308FDB0" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1096,1143,507,533]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
few hours after being inside the nest, only sometimes surviving a few days. This scenario would indicate the beetles may have to first acquire the pheromone odour of the
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0A0459F7C6B35F65A1FDFE" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[698,734,577,603]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
nest to survive inside it.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0A0459F5C1B39C636CFBE6" blockId="15.[189,1399,642,1091]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Some authors recorded the identity of
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0A0459F7D2B39D65ADFD38" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[686,722,643,669]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
hosts when publishing about
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F12AB39C6391FD39" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[1110,1262,642,668]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F12AB39C6391FD39" box="[1110,1262,642,668]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0A0459F07FB39D6671FD65" author="Wasmann E." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref43060" refString="Wasmann E. 1894. Kritisches Verzeichnis der myrmekophilen und termitophilen Arthropoden. Mit Angabe der Lebenweise und mit Beschreibung neuer Arten. Dames, Berlin." type="book" year="1894">Wasmann (1894)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0A0459F466B3BB66B0FD1A" author="Bernard F." box="[282,463,677,703]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refId="ref38498" refString="Bernard F. 1968. Les Fourmis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) d'Europe occidentale et septentrionale. Masson, Paris." type="book" year="1968">Bernard (1968)</bibRefCitation>
and more recently
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0A0459F7CFB3BB64B7FD1A" author="Shockley F. W. &amp; Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V." box="[691,968,677,703]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref42306" refString="Shockley F. W., Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V. 2009 b. An annotated checklist of the handsome fungus beetles of the world (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Endomychidae). Zootaxa 1999: 1 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1999.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
Shockley
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F655B3B8641BFD1A" box="[809,868,677,703]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
(2009b)
</bibRefCitation>
included tables with limited data on
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F5C2B3D76629FD46" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[190,342,713,739]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F5C2B3D76629FD46" box="[190,342,713,739]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
myrmecophily, but without new records or comments. In general, published data indicate that species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F400B3F2656BFCA3" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[380,532,748,774]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F400B3F2656BFCA3" box="[380,532,748,774]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are mainly associated with
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0A0459F60AB3F264E5FCA3" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[886,922,748,774]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
species of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F19CB3F2620DFCA3" authorityName="Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau" authorityYear="1835" box="[1248,1394,748,774]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myrmicinae">Myrmicinae</taxonomicName>
, especially of the genus
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F49AB20E6543FC8C" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1890" box="[486,572,784,809]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F49AB20E6543FC8C" box="[486,572,784,809]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Messor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and, to a lesser extent, with those of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F15EB211620EFC8F" authority="Mayr, 1853" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1853" box="[1058,1393,783,810]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Aphaenogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F15EB21163ABFC8C" box="[1058,1236,783,809]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Aphaenogaster</emphasis>
Mayr, 1853
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F5C1B22C668BFCE9" authority="Westwood, 1839" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1839" box="[189,500,818,844]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F5C1B22C665AFCE9" box="[189,293,818,844]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pheidole</emphasis>
Westwood, 1839
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F74CB22D6425FCE8" authority="Mayr, 1855" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1855" box="[560,858,818,845]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F74CB22D65B7FCE9" box="[560,712,819,844]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tetramorium</emphasis>
Mayr, 1855
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0A0459F617B22C635FFCE9" author="Karaman Z." box="[875,1056,818,844]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="30 - 33" refId="ref39771" refString="Karaman Z. 1964. Nouvelle espece de Bathyscidius de Siberie orientale, et remarques sur l'expansion de l'espece myrmicophylle (sic!) Reitteria balcanica Karaman. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de Mulhouse 1964: 30 - 33." type="journal article" year="1964">
<collectingRegion id="2D6EF86A4D0A0459F617B22C64A7FCE9" box="[875,984,818,844]" country="Turkey" name="Karaman" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Karaman</collectingRegion>
1964
</bibRefCitation>
). Also, there are few records of associations with species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F740B2486417FCCA" authority="Mayr, 1861" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1861" box="[572,872,853,880]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Camponotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F740B24865AFFCD5" box="[572,720,854,880]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Camponotus</emphasis>
Mayr, 1861
</taxonomicName>
(Formicinae) (
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0A0459F163B24B6384FCD5" author="Donisthorpe H." box="[1055,1275,853,880]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="161 - 165" refId="ref38998" refString="Donisthorpe H. 1927. The Ants (Formicidae), and some Myrmecophiles, of Sicily. The Entomologist's Record 38: 161 - 165." type="journal article" year="1927">Donisthorpe 1927</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0A0459F077B2486783FC37" author="Karaman Z." pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="30 - 33" refId="ref39771" refString="Karaman Z. 1964. Nouvelle espece de Bathyscidius de Siberie orientale, et remarques sur l'expansion de l'espece myrmicophylle (sic!) Reitteria balcanica Karaman. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de Mulhouse 1964: 30 - 33." type="journal article" year="1964">
<collectingRegion id="2D6EF86A4D0A0459F077B2486208FCD5" box="[1291,1399,854,880]" country="Turkey" name="Karaman" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Karaman</collectingRegion>
1964
</bibRefCitation>
). From our study of museum collections and from our own collecting, we agree that
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0A0459F1ABB2676384FC36" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1239,1275,889,915]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
species of the five genera mentioned above are the hosts of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F782B28264E9FC13" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[766,918,924,950]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F782B28264E9FC13" box="[766,918,924,950]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
beetles, in the same order of abundance.
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F5C1B2A16509FC7C" box="[189,630,959,986]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="attae" variety="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F5C1B2A166E7FC7C" box="[189,408,959,985]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cholovocera attae</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F4D4B2A16509FC7C" box="[424,630,959,985]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ch. formiceticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F7C8B2A16443FC7C" authority="Delgado &amp; Palma, 2023" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" box="[692,828,959,985]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occulta" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F7C8B2A16443FC7C" box="[692,828,959,985]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ch. occulta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C6ED57E14D0A0459F638B2DE64DFFC7F" box="[836,928,960,986]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
are exclusively associated with species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F5A1B2FD664CFC59" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1890" box="[221,307,995,1020]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F5A1B2FD664CFC59" box="[221,307,995,1020]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Messor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as most of the specimens of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F791B2FC635CFC59" box="[749,1059,994,1021]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="balcanica" variety="gallica">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F791B2FC64EEFC59" box="[749,913,994,1020]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ch. balcanica</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F6DDB2FC635CFC59" box="[929,1059,994,1020]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ch. gallica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F122B2FC638AFC59" baseAuthorityName="Markel" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[1118,1269,994,1020]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F122B2FC638AFC59" box="[1118,1269,994,1020]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ch. punctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, we found
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F445B51B6695FB85" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[313,490,1029,1056]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formicaria">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F445B51B6695FB85" box="[313,490,1029,1056]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ch. formicaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
associated with only one species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F6D1B518633AFBBA" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1855" box="[941,1093,1030,1055]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Tetramorium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F6D1B518633AFBBA" box="[941,1093,1030,1055]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Tetramorium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the host of the
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0A0459F03BB51B6209FBBA" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1351,1398,1029,1055]" canonicalName="Solea solea" class="Actinopterygii" family="Soleidae" genus="Solea" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Pleuronectiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="solea">sole</vernacularName>
specimen we examined of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F48AB53765F8FBE6" authorityName="Johnson" authorityYear="1977" box="[502,647,1065,1091]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afghana">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F48AB53765F8FBE6" box="[502,647,1065,1091]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ch. afghana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F7BFB5376371FBE6" authority="Mayr, 1879" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1879" box="[707,1038,1065,1091]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F7BFB5376403FBE6" box="[707,892,1065,1091]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pheidole indica</emphasis>
Mayr, 1879
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0A0459F5C1B57563A3FB4B" blockId="15.[186,1398,1130,1262]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Because of the dubious identifications of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F7ECB57464FEFB21" box="[656,897,1130,1156]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F7ECB5746457FB21" box="[656,808,1130,1156]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cholovocera</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in the literature, even in recent publications, we feel that giving a complete list or table of published
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0A0459F624B5906403FB0D" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[856,892,1166,1192]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
host-beetle associations will be confusing rather than useful. However, under the treatment of each
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F60EB5AE6314FB6F" box="[882,1131,1200,1226]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F60EB5AE6375FB6F" box="[882,1034,1200,1226]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cholovocera</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, we discuss published erroneous
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0A0459F444B5CA6623FB4B" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[312,348,1236,1262]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
host-beetle associations and establish what we believe are true associations.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0A0459F596B40B65DBFA8A" blockId="15.[189,1399,1301,1609]" box="[234,676,1301,1327]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F596B40B65DBFA8A" bold="true" box="[234,676,1301,1327]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Parasites, commensals and phoresy</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0A0459F5C1B42664FEF9EC" blockId="15.[189,1399,1301,1609]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0A0459F5C1B4266690FAF7" author="Shockley F. W. &amp; Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V." box="[189,495,1336,1362]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref42260" refString="Shockley F. W., Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V. 2009 a. Review of the natural history of the handsome fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Endomychidae). Insecta Mundi 72: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2009">
Shockley
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F44EB4276612FAF7" box="[306,365,1336,1362]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
(2009a: 6)
</bibRefCitation>
wrote that pathogens, such as bacteria of the genus
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F12BB426620EFAF7" authority="Hertig, 1936" authorityName="Hertig" authorityYear="1936" box="[1111,1393,1336,1362]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Anaplasmataceae" genus="Wolbachia" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rickettsiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F12BB42663ACFAF7" box="[1111,1235,1336,1362]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Wolbachia</emphasis>
Hertig, 1936
</taxonomicName>
, had not been recorded from any member of the family
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F614B4456364FAD0" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[872,1051,1371,1397]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Endomychidae</taxonomicName>
, but they mentioned records of an ectoparasitic fungus of the genus
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F7DEB46164F2FA3C" authority="Cavara, 1899" authorityName="Cavara" authorityYear="1899" box="[674,909,1407,1433]" class="Laboulbeniomycetes" family="Laboulbeniaceae" genus="Rickia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Laboulbeniales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F7DEB4616592FA3C" box="[674,749,1407,1433]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Rickia</emphasis>
Cavara,1899
</taxonomicName>
(order
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F696B46163E0FA3C" box="[1002,1183,1407,1433]" class="Laboulbeniomycetes" kingdom="Fungi" order="Laboulbeniales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="order">Laboulbeniales</taxonomicName>
) infesting several species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F440B4BC6693FA19" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[316,492,1442,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Endomychidae</taxonomicName>
in some Asian and African localities. However, no species of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F5C3B4DB6610FA7A" authorityName="Seidlitz" authorityYear="1872" box="[191,367,1477,1503]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Merophysiinae">Merophysiinae</taxonomicName>
is mentioned as host of any parasite.
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0A0459F644B4DB6331FA7A" author="Shockley F. W. &amp; Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V." box="[824,1102,1477,1503]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref42260" refString="Shockley F. W., Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V. 2009 a. Review of the natural history of the handsome fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Endomychidae). Insecta Mundi 72: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2009">
Shockley
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F6D3B4D86495FA7A" box="[943,1002,1477,1503]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
(2009a)
</bibRefCitation>
failed to cite a paper by
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0A0459F5C3B4F666E0F9A6" author="Santamaria S." box="[191,415,1512,1539]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1071 - 1077" refId="ref41907" refString="Santamaria S. 1995. Parvomyces, a new genus of Laboulbeniales from Spain. Mycological Research 99 (9): 1071 - 1077. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0953 - 7562 (09) 80775 - 2" type="journal article" year="1995">Santamaría (1995)</bibRefCitation>
where the species
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F7E8B4F764B9F9A7" authorityName="Santamaria" authorityYear="1995" box="[660,966,1512,1538]" class="Laboulbeniomycetes" family="Laboulbeniaceae" genus="Parvomyces" kingdom="Fungi" order="Laboulbeniales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="merophysiae">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F7E8B4F764B9F9A7" box="[660,966,1512,1538]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Parvomyces merophysiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(order
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F155B4F663A1F9A7" box="[1065,1246,1512,1538]" class="Laboulbeniomycetes" kingdom="Fungi" order="Laboulbeniales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="order">Laboulbeniales</taxonomicName>
) was newly described, parasitising specimens of the beetle
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F679B71563C0F983" authority="Lucas, 1852" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1852" box="[773,1215,1547,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Merophysia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formicaria">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F679B7156365F983" box="[773,1050,1547,1574]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Merophysia formicaria</emphasis>
Lucas, 1852
</taxonomicName>
, from material collected at Lérida, in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0A0459F5C1B76E63F8F89F" blockId="15.[189,1399,1648,1851]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
During our examination of many specimens of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F67CB76E64E7F92F" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[768,920,1648,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F67CB76E64E7F92F" box="[768,920,1648,1674]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, we found a few beetles of the species
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F5C1B78D66EFF908" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rosenhauer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[189,400,1683,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F5C1B78D66EFF908" box="[189,400,1683,1709]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ch. formiceticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingRegion id="2D6EF86A4D0A0459F499B78D6549F908" box="[485,566,1683,1709]" country="Portugal" name="Lisboa" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Lisbon</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingCountry id="97BD76184D0A0459F730B78D65CCF908" box="[588,691,1683,1709]" name="Portugal" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Portugal</collectingCountry>
) with thalli of a fungus on their legs (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D0A0459F1DAB78D6250F908" box="[1190,1327,1683,1709]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[266,1378,552,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-191@16.[203,1385,491,1723]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 8. Cholovocera Victor, 1838 feeding, parasites and commensals. A. Nest chamber of Messor barbarus (Linnaeus, 1767) with seeds and one specimen of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856).B. Gut content: particulate material. C–D. Fungal spores. E. Hyphae. F. Arthropod remains. G. Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995 attached to a leg of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). H. Specimen of Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995. I. Malpighian tubules of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856) with cyst of parasitic amoebae. J. Cysts enlarged.K. Rhizoglyphine mite, phoretic on Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845), ventral view. L. Same mite, lateral view. Scale bars: A–F = 20 µm; G–L = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424530" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424530/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 8G–H</figureCitation>
). The perithecium (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D0A0459F421B7A866BFF974" box="[349,448,1718,1745]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[266,1378,552,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-191@16.[203,1385,491,1723]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 8. Cholovocera Victor, 1838 feeding, parasites and commensals. A. Nest chamber of Messor barbarus (Linnaeus, 1767) with seeds and one specimen of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856).B. Gut content: particulate material. C–D. Fungal spores. E. Hyphae. F. Arthropod remains. G. Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995 attached to a leg of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). H. Specimen of Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995. I. Malpighian tubules of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856) with cyst of parasitic amoebae. J. Cysts enlarged.K. Rhizoglyphine mite, phoretic on Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845), ventral view. L. Same mite, lateral view. Scale bars: A–F = 20 µm; G–L = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424530" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424530/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 8H</figureCitation>
: pe) of these fungi was attached to the
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D0A0459F6D1B7A8648EF975" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[941,1009,1718,1744]" canonicalName="Insecta" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">insect</vernacularName>
cuticle by a basal area or stalk (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D0A0459F5BAB7C46654F951" box="[198,299,1754,1780]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[266,1378,552,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-191@16.[203,1385,491,1723]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 8. Cholovocera Victor, 1838 feeding, parasites and commensals. A. Nest chamber of Messor barbarus (Linnaeus, 1767) with seeds and one specimen of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856).B. Gut content: particulate material. C–D. Fungal spores. E. Hyphae. F. Arthropod remains. G. Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995 attached to a leg of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). H. Specimen of Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995. I. Malpighian tubules of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856) with cyst of parasitic amoebae. J. Cysts enlarged.K. Rhizoglyphine mite, phoretic on Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845), ventral view. L. Same mite, lateral view. Scale bars: A–F = 20 µm; G–L = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424530" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424530/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 8H</figureCitation>
: sk) and these structures are diagnostic for their identification. Although our specimens resemble
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F44CB7E06521F8B2" authorityName="Santamaria" authorityYear="1995" box="[304,606,1789,1815]" class="Laboulbeniomycetes" family="Laboulbeniaceae" genus="Parvomyces" kingdom="Fungi" order="Laboulbeniales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="merophysiae">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F44CB7E06521F8B2" box="[304,606,1789,1815]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Parvomyces merophysiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a more detailed study is needed to confirm their identity, as they may represent an undescribed species (S. Santamaría pers. comm.
<date id="9B1410484D0A0459F6B5B63E6304F89F" box="[969,1147,1824,1850]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2022-02">February 2022</date>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D0A0446F5C1B67F6256FE15" blockId="15.[187,1400,1889,2022]" lastBlockId="16.[188,1399,265,432]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0A0459F5C1B67F668CF8DE" author="Shockley F. W. &amp; Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V." box="[189,499,1889,1916]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref42260" refString="Shockley F. W., Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V. 2009 a. Review of the natural history of the handsome fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Endomychidae). Insecta Mundi 72: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2009">
Shockley
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F44FB67C6610F8DE" box="[307,367,1889,1915]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
(2009a: 6)
</bibRefCitation>
do not mention any endoparasite known to infest any endomychid species, they only list several yeast species as endosymbionts of eight endomychids but, again, no
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F1B4B69B6207F83A" authorityName="Seidlitz" authorityYear="1872" box="[1224,1400,1925,1951]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Merophysiinae">Merophysiinae</taxonomicName>
is mentioned (
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D0A0459F40CB6B665F4F867" author="Shockley F. W. &amp; Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V." box="[368,651,1960,1986]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref42260" refString="Shockley F. W., Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V. 2009 a. Review of the natural history of the handsome fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Endomychidae). Insecta Mundi 72: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2009">
Shockley
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F493B6B7654EF867" box="[495,561,1960,1986]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al.</emphasis>
2009a
</bibRefCitation>
: Table 2). However, we found cysts of a protozoan in the Malpighian tubes (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D0A0459F4E7B6D56693F840" box="[411,492,1995,2021]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[266,1378,552,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-191@16.[203,1385,491,1723]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 8. Cholovocera Victor, 1838 feeding, parasites and commensals. A. Nest chamber of Messor barbarus (Linnaeus, 1767) with seeds and one specimen of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856).B. Gut content: particulate material. C–D. Fungal spores. E. Hyphae. F. Arthropod remains. G. Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995 attached to a leg of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). H. Specimen of Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995. I. Malpighian tubules of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856) with cyst of parasitic amoebae. J. Cysts enlarged.K. Rhizoglyphine mite, phoretic on Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845), ventral view. L. Same mite, lateral view. Scale bars: A–F = 20 µm; G–L = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424530" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424530/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 8I</figureCitation>
) of four species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F7A8B6D56414F840" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[724,875,1995,2021]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F7A8B6D56414F840" box="[724,875,1995,2021]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D0A0459F607B6D56337F840" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rosenhauer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[891,1096,1995,2021]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D0A0459F607B6D56337F840" box="[891,1096,1995,2021]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ch. formiceticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from southeastern
<collectingCountry id="97BD76184D0A0459F050B6D5620DF840" box="[1324,1394,1995,2021]" name="Spain" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D150446F5C1B0176627FE86" baseAuthorityName="Markel" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[189,344,265,291]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F5C1B0176627FE86" box="[189,344,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ch. punctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D150446F4EAB0176564FE86" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Schaufuss" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[406,539,265,291]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallica">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F4EAB0176564FE86" box="[406,539,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ch. gallica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Sicily, and
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D150446F78DB01764DDFE86" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1852" box="[753,930,265,291]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Merophysia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formicaria">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F78DB01764DDFE86" box="[753,930,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ch. formicaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Azerbaijan. All the cysts studied were morphologically similar: elliptical with rounded poles and refractive, measuring 9.5 µm long by 6 µm wide, and occupying almost the entire lumen of the Malpighian tubes (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D150446F145B05163F3FECF" box="[1081,1164,335,362]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[266,1378,552,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-191@16.[203,1385,491,1723]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 8. Cholovocera Victor, 1838 feeding, parasites and commensals. A. Nest chamber of Messor barbarus (Linnaeus, 1767) with seeds and one specimen of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856).B. Gut content: particulate material. C–D. Fungal spores. E. Hyphae. F. Arthropod remains. G. Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995 attached to a leg of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). H. Specimen of Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995. I. Malpighian tubules of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856) with cyst of parasitic amoebae. J. Cysts enlarged.K. Rhizoglyphine mite, phoretic on Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845), ventral view. L. Same mite, lateral view. Scale bars: A–F = 20 µm; G–L = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424530" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424530/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 8J</figureCitation>
). These cysts do not appear to affect other organs of the beetles, and we could not find them in other species present in the same
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D150446F47DB088665AFE15" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[257,293,406,432]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
nest, i.e.,
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D150446F4E0B08866B4FE15" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[412,459,406,432]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ants</vernacularName>
(
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D150446F4A1B08965D9FE15" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[477,678,406,432]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbarus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F4A1B08965D9FE15" box="[477,678,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Messor barbarus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D150446F7C2B0886447FE15" authorityName="Lubbock J" authorityYear="1870" box="[702,824,406,432]" canonicalName="Collembola" class="Collembola" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">springtails</vernacularName>
(
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D150446F634B08864AAFE15" authorityName="Lubbock J" authorityYear="1870" box="[840,981,406,432]" class="Collembola" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">Collembola</taxonomicName>
) and
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D150446F169B08863FEFE15" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1045,1153,406,432]" canonicalName="Lepisma saccharina" class="Insecta" family="Lepismatidae" genus="Lepisma" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Zygentoma" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saccharina">silverfish</vernacularName>
(Zygentoma).
</paragraph>
<caption id="BBD566004D150446F5C1B7C66243F863" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424530" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10424530" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424530/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[189,232,1752,1778]" targetBox="[266,1378,552,1664]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="EF1536884D150446F5C1B7C66243F863" blockId="16.[187,1399,1752,1990]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F5C1B7C6666FF957" bold="true" box="[189,272,1752,1778]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D150446F461B7C66528F957" authority="Victor, 1838" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[285,599,1752,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F461B7C666CAF957" box="[285,437,1752,1778]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cholovocera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D150446F4BDB7C66528F957" author="Victor T." box="[449,599,1752,1778]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="175 - 188" refId="ref42813" refString="Victor T. 1838. Coleopteres du Caucase et des Provinces transcaucasiennes recueillis et decrits. Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 11 (2): 175 - 188." type="journal article" year="1838">Victor, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
feeding, parasites and commensals.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F162B7C66344F957" bold="true" box="[1054,1083,1752,1778]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A.</emphasis>
Nest chamber of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D150446F05CB7C7668BF8B0" authority="(Linnaeus, 1767)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbarus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F05CB7C76656F8B0" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Messor barbarus</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1767)
</taxonomicName>
with seeds and one specimen of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D150446F61BB7E5625EF8B3" authority="(Rosenhauer, 1856)" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rosenhauer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[871,1313,1787,1814]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F61BB7E5634DF8B0" box="[871,1074,1787,1813]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ch. formiceticola</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D150446F13DB7E56267F8B3" author="Rosenhauer W. G." box="[1089,1304,1787,1814]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref41502" refString="Rosenhauer W. G. 1856. Die Thiere Andalusiens nach dem Resultaten einer Reise zusammengestellt nebst den Beschreibungen von 249 neuen oder bis jetzt noch unbeshcreibenen Gattungen und Arten. T. Blaesing, Erlangen." type="book" year="1856">Rosenhauer, 1856</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F054B7E5623CF8B0" bold="true" box="[1320,1347,1787,1813]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B.</emphasis>
Gut content: particulate material.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F76EB600652CF89D" bold="true" box="[530,595,1822,1849]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C–D.</emphasis>
Fungal spores.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F676B600645AF89D" bold="true" box="[778,805,1822,1848]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E.</emphasis>
Hyphae.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F6E9B60064D4F89D" bold="true" box="[917,939,1822,1848]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">F.</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D150446F6CEB6006353F89D" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1861" box="[946,1068,1822,1848]" canonicalName="Arthropoda" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="phylum">Arthropod</vernacularName>
remains.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F1E1B60063C4F89D" bold="true" box="[1181,1211,1822,1848]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">G.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D150446F1BEB601655DF8F9" authority="Santamaria, 1995" authorityName="Santamaria" authorityYear="1995" class="Laboulbeniomycetes" family="Laboulbeniaceae" genus="Parvomyces" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Fungi" order="Laboulbeniales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="merophysiae">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F1BEB601622EF89D" box="[1218,1361,1823,1848]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Parvomyces</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F5C0B65F662EF8FE" box="[188,337,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">merophysiae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D150446F42BB65F655DF8F9" author="Santamaria S." box="[343,546,1857,1884]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1071 - 1077" refId="ref41907" refString="Santamaria S. 1995. Parvomyces, a new genus of Laboulbeniales from Spain. Mycological Research 99 (9): 1071 - 1077. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0953 - 7562 (09) 80775 - 2" type="journal article" year="1995">Santamaria, 1995</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
attached to a leg of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D150446F67CB65F63C8F8F9" authority="(Rosenhauer, 1856)" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rosenhauer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[768,1207,1857,1884]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F67CB65F64B5F8FE" box="[768,970,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ch. formiceticola</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D150446F6ABB65F63D1F8F9" author="Rosenhauer W. G." box="[983,1198,1857,1884]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref41502" refString="Rosenhauer W. G. 1856. Die Thiere Andalusiens nach dem Resultaten einer Reise zusammengestellt nebst den Beschreibungen von 249 neuen oder bis jetzt noch unbeshcreibenen Gattungen und Arten. T. Blaesing, Erlangen." type="book" year="1856">Rosenhauer, 1856</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F1BCB65C63A1F8F9" bold="true" box="[1216,1246,1858,1884]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H.</emphasis>
Specimen of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D150446F5C7B678659EF825" authority="Santamaria, 1995" authorityName="Santamaria" authorityYear="1995" box="[187,737,1893,1920]" class="Laboulbeniomycetes" family="Laboulbeniaceae" genus="Parvomyces" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Fungi" order="Laboulbeniales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="merophysiae">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F5C7B6786635F8DA" box="[187,330,1894,1919]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Parvomyces</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F40BB67B6573F8DA" box="[375,524,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">merophysiae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D150446F76DB67B659EF825" author="Santamaria S." box="[529,737,1893,1920]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1071 - 1077" refId="ref41907" refString="Santamaria S. 1995. Parvomyces, a new genus of Laboulbeniales from Spain. Mycological Research 99 (9): 1071 - 1077. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0953 - 7562 (09) 80775 - 2" type="journal article" year="1995">Santamaria, 1995</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F795B67B6583F8DA" bold="true" box="[745,764,1893,1919]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">I.</emphasis>
Malpighian tubules of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D150446F175B67B667FF806" authority="(Rosenhauer, 1856)" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rosenhauer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F175B67B63ABF8DA" box="[1033,1236,1893,1919]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ch. formiceticola</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D150446F198B67B6787F806" author="Rosenhauer W. G." pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref41502" refString="Rosenhauer W. G. 1856. Die Thiere Andalusiens nach dem Resultaten einer Reise zusammengestellt nebst den Beschreibungen von 249 neuen oder bis jetzt noch unbeshcreibenen Gattungen und Arten. T. Blaesing, Erlangen." type="book" year="1856">Rosenhauer, 1856</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
with cyst of parasitic amoebae.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F712B69665FBF807" bold="true" box="[622,644,1928,1954]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">J.</emphasis>
Cysts enlarged.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F63DB6966420F807" bold="true" box="[833,863,1928,1954]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">K.</emphasis>
Rhizoglyphine mite, phoretic on
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D150446F1A3B6966610F863" authority="(Markel, 1845)" baseAuthorityName="Markel" baseAuthorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F1A3B696620AF807" box="[1247,1397,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ch. punctata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D150446F5BFB6B56619F863" author="Markel F." box="[195,358,1963,1990]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="193 - 271" refId="ref40745" refString="Markel F. 1845. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der unter Ameisen lebenden Insekten. Zeitschrift fur die Entomologie 5: 193 - 271 [1844]." type="journal article" year="1845">Märkel, 1845</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, ventral view.
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D150446F760B6B56548F860" bold="true" box="[540,567,1963,1989]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">L.</emphasis>
Same mite, lateral view. Scale bars: A–F = 20 µm; G–L = 30 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D140447F5C1B0176432FDC0" blockId="17.[189,1400,265,613]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
In an attempt to further identify this protozoan, we placed the internal organs of one beetle in a saline solution for approximately 15 hours, after which we observed that the cysts opened, producing an amoeboid phase, mobile but without pseudopods. These features suggest that it belongs to the Amoebozoa, a large group of protists, including some pathogenic species (C. Lange, pers. comm.
<date id="9B1410484D140447F03DB06B6782FE17" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2022-05">May 2022</date>
).
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D140447F46DB086656FFE17" author="Lange C. E. &amp; Lord J." box="[273,528,408,434]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="367 - 394" refId="ref40082" refString="Lange C. E. &amp; Lord J. 2012. Chapter 10: Protistan entomopathogens. In: Vega F. &amp; Kaya H. (eds) Insect Pathology. 2 nd edition: 367 - 394. Academic Press, San Diego. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 384984 - 7.00010 - 5" type="book chapter" year="2012">Lange &amp; Lord (2012)</bibRefCitation>
reported that a few species of Amoebozoa invading the Malpighian tubes of
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D140447F59DB0A5664EFE70" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[225,305,443,469]" canonicalName="Insecta" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">insects</vernacularName>
are, placed in three genera:
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F7F3B0A5649CFE73" authority="Minchin, 1910" authorityName="Minchin" authorityYear="1910" box="[655,995,443,470]" genus="Malpighiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protozoa" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F7F3B0A56458FE70" box="[655,807,443,469]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Malpighiella</emphasis>
Minchin, 1910
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F68FB0A5623DFE70" authority="Prell, 1926" authorityName="Prell" authorityYear="1926" box="[1011,1346,443,469]" class="Variosea" family="Corallomyxidae" genus="Malpighamoeba" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Acanthopodida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F68FB0A563CCFE70" box="[1011,1203,443,469]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Malpighamoeba</emphasis>
Prell, 1926
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F5C1B0C16538FE5C" authority="Taylor &amp; King, 1937" authorityName="Taylor &amp; King" authorityYear="1937" box="[189,583,479,505]" class="Variosea" family="Corallomyxidae" genus="Malamoeba" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Acanthopodida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Amoebozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F5C1B0C16636FE5C" box="[189,329,479,505]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Malamoeba</emphasis>
Taylor &amp; King, 1937
</taxonomicName>
; however, we were unable to further identify our specimens.
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D140447F06CB0FE6633FDB8" author="Lange C. E. &amp; Lord J." pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="367 - 394" refId="ref40082" refString="Lange C. E. &amp; Lord J. 2012. Chapter 10: Protistan entomopathogens. In: Vega F. &amp; Kaya H. (eds) Insect Pathology. 2 nd edition: 367 - 394. Academic Press, San Diego. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 384984 - 7.00010 - 5" type="book chapter" year="2012">Lange &amp; Lord (2012)</bibRefCitation>
wrote that the immature phase of these protozoans moves from the
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D140447F108B31D63C7FDB8" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1140,1208,515,541]" canonicalName="Insecta" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">insect</vernacularName>
gut or the body cavity into the Malpighian tubes, completely occupying the lumen of the tubes as cysts. This feature agrees with our observations in species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F7D3B3546438FDC1" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[687,839,586,612]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F7D3B3546438FDC1" box="[687,839,586,612]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D140447F5C1B3926591FD4B" blockId="17.[188,1399,652,750]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Considering the large number of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F73EB39265A5FD03" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[578,730,652,678]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F73EB39265A5FD03" box="[578,730,652,678]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
beetles that we examined for this revision, and the small number that we found with parasites or commensals, we agree with
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D140447F6A8B3AE639CFD6F" author="Shockley F. W. &amp; Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V." box="[980,1251,688,714]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref42260" refString="Shockley F. W., Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V. 2009 a. Review of the natural history of the handsome fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Endomychidae). Insecta Mundi 72: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2009">
Shockley
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F13BB3AF63FDFD6F" box="[1095,1154,688,714]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
(2009a)
</bibRefCitation>
in that these symbionts are rare in species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F74AB3CA6595FD4B" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[566,746,724,750]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Endomychidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D140447F5C1B20B640BFBA3" blockId="17.[189,1401,789,1030]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D140447F5C1B20B668AFC8A" author="Shockley F. W. &amp; Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V." box="[189,501,789,816]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref42260" refString="Shockley F. W., Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V. 2009 a. Review of the natural history of the handsome fungus beetles (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Endomychidae). Insecta Mundi 72: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="2009">
Shockley
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F448B208660EFC8A" box="[308,369,789,815]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
(2009a: 6)
</bibRefCitation>
stated that phoresy on species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F6F3B20B6340FC8A" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[911,1087,789,815]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Endomychidae</taxonomicName>
is rare compared to other beetle families of similar habits, and that the most frequent phoretics of endomychids are mites, mostly of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F4FCB2436545FCD2" box="[384,570,861,887]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizoglyphinae">Rhizoglyphinae</taxonomicName>
and, to a lesser extent, of the Uropodinae. On a specimen of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F188B243620AFCD2" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Schaufuss" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[1268,1397,861,887]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallica">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F188B243620AFCD2" box="[1268,1397,861,887]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ch. gallica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingRegion id="2D6EF86A4D140447F47EB29F6637FC3E" box="[258,328,897,923]" country="Italy" name="Sicilia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sicily</collectingRegion>
, we found three deutonymphs of a mite belonging to the
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F16BB29F63AEFC3E" box="[1047,1233,897,923]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhizoglyphinae">Rhizoglyphinae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D140447F19AB29F6215FC3E" box="[1254,1386,897,923]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[266,1378,552,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-191@16.[203,1385,491,1723]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 8. Cholovocera Victor, 1838 feeding, parasites and commensals. A. Nest chamber of Messor barbarus (Linnaeus, 1767) with seeds and one specimen of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856).B. Gut content: particulate material. C–D. Fungal spores. E. Hyphae. F. Arthropod remains. G. Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995 attached to a leg of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856). H. Specimen of Parvomyces cf. merophysiae Santamaria, 1995. I. Malpighian tubules of Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856) with cyst of parasitic amoebae. J. Cysts enlarged.K. Rhizoglyphine mite, phoretic on Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845), ventral view. L. Same mite, lateral view. Scale bars: A–F = 20 µm; G–L = 30 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424530" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424530/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 8K–L</figureCitation>
). According to Dr P. Klimov (pers. comm.
<date id="9B1410484D140447F7CCB2BB643CFC1B" box="[688,835,932,959]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="2022-02-07">7 Feb. 2022</date>
), our mites may belong to one of three genera:
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F5C3B2D66639FC47" box="[191,326,968,994]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sancasania</emphasis>
Oudemans, 1916,
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F751B2D664FCFC47" authority="Oudemans, 1916" authorityName="Oudemans" authorityYear="1916" box="[557,899,968,994]" class="Arachnida" family="Acaridae" genus="Schwiebea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acari" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F751B2D665D5FC47" box="[557,682,968,994]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Schwiebea</emphasis>
Oudemans, 1916
</taxonomicName>
, or
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F6C4B2D66257FC47" authority="Clapadere, 1869" authorityName="Clapadere" authorityYear="1869" box="[952,1320,968,994]" class="Arachnida" family="Acaridae" genus="Rhizoglyphus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acari" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F6C4B2D66329FC47" box="[952,1110,968,994]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Rhizoglyphus</emphasis>
Clapadère, 1869
</taxonomicName>
, but a detailed examination is needed to achieve an identification.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A7B065034D140445F5C1B53364F7FE2A" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="EF1536884D140447F5C1B5336694FBE2" blockId="17.[189,491,1069,1095]" box="[189,491,1069,1095]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<heading id="B45D81E44D140447F5C1B5336694FBE2" bold="true" box="[189,491,1069,1095]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="3">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F5C1B5336694FBE2" bold="true" box="[189,491,1069,1095]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Geographic distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D140447F5C1B5436677FAE8" blockId="17.[188,1399,1117,1357]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
The distribution of most species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F71CB5436587FBD2" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[608,760,1117,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F71CB5436587FBD2" box="[608,760,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is on the south-west of the Palearctic Region (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D140447F063B5436217FBD2" box="[1311,1384,1117,1143]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[189,232,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[303,1293,291,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-70@18.[247,1340,265,1810]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 9. Known geographical distribution of the species ofCholovocera Victor, 1838.A. Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856) (red dots) and Ch. gallica (Schaufuss, 1876) (yellow dots). B. Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845) (red dots) and Ch. occulta sp. nov. (yellow dots). C. Ch. balcanica (Karaman, 1936) (red dots), Ch. attae (Kraatz, 1858) (yellow dots), Ch. formicaria (dark blue dots) and Ch. afghana Johnson, 1977 (orange dot)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424533/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
), with a few populations north of the Black Sea, one species on the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian Sea coast, and another species reaching
<collectingCountry id="97BD76184D140447F7D8B5BA644CFB1B" box="[676,819,1188,1214]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D140447F63AB5BA64D9FB1B" box="[838,934,1188,1214]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[189,232,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[303,1293,291,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-70@18.[247,1340,265,1810]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 9. Known geographical distribution of the species ofCholovocera Victor, 1838.A. Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856) (red dots) and Ch. gallica (Schaufuss, 1876) (yellow dots). B. Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845) (red dots) and Ch. occulta sp. nov. (yellow dots). C. Ch. balcanica (Karaman, 1936) (red dots), Ch. attae (Kraatz, 1858) (yellow dots), Ch. formicaria (dark blue dots) and Ch. afghana Johnson, 1977 (orange dot)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424533/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
). Seven species are distributed around the Mediterranean Sea (
<figureCitation id="77912A0D4D140447F49CB5D66554FB47" box="[480,555,1224,1250]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="18.[189,232,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[303,1293,291,1782]" captionTargetId="figure-70@18.[247,1340,265,1810]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Fig. 9. Known geographical distribution of the species ofCholovocera Victor, 1838.A. Ch. formiceticola (Rosenhauer, 1856) (red dots) and Ch. gallica (Schaufuss, 1876) (yellow dots). B. Ch. punctata (Märkel, 1845) (red dots) and Ch. occulta sp. nov. (yellow dots). C. Ch. balcanica (Karaman, 1936) (red dots), Ch. attae (Kraatz, 1858) (yellow dots), Ch. formicaria (dark blue dots) and Ch. afghana Johnson, 1977 (orange dot)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10424533" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10424533/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
), agreeing with the chorologic distribution Turanic-Mediterranean, as proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D140447F42BB5F565D1FAA3" author="Vigna-Taglianti A. &amp; Audisio P. A. &amp; Belfiore C. &amp; Biondi M. &amp; Bologna M. A. &amp; Carpaneto G. M. &amp; De Biase A. &amp; De Felici S. &amp; Piattella E. &amp; Racheli T. &amp; Zapparoli M. &amp; Zoia S." box="[343,686,1259,1286]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="159 - 179" refId="ref42847" refString="Vigna-Taglianti A., Audisio P. A., Belfiore C., Biondi M., Bologna M. A., Carpaneto G. M., De Biase A., De Felici S., Piattella E., Racheli T., Zapparoli M. &amp; Zoia S. 1992. Rifflesioni di grupo sui corotipi fondamentali della fauna W-paleartica ed in particolare italiana. Biogeographia 16: 159 - 179." type="journal article" year="1992">
Vigna-Taglianti
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F764B5F2652BFAA0" box="[536,596,1259,1285]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
(1992)
</bibRefCitation>
. There are published citations of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F142B5F563A9FAA0" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[1086,1238,1259,1285]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F142B5F563A9FAA0" box="[1086,1238,1259,1285]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
outside these areas but, as it will be discussed below, they refer to species which we do not regard as belonging to this genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D140447F5C1B46B6342F9E4" blockId="17.[189,1399,1397,1602]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Furthermore, due to a number of published misidentifications of species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F148B46B63B3FA2A" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[1076,1228,1397,1423]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F148B46B63B3FA2A" box="[1076,1228,1397,1423]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as mentioned in the Introduction above, current distributional data for the species of this genus are questionable. Even the more recent distributions given by L̂bl &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D140447F634B4A26375FA73" author="Smetana A." box="[840,1034,1468,1494]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refId="ref40417" refString="L ˆ bl I. &amp; Smetana A. 2007. Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, vol. 4: Elateroidea, Derodontoidea, Bostrichoidea, Lymexyloidea, Cleroidea and Cucujoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004260894" type="book" year="2007">Smetana (2007)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D140447F165B4A26243FA73" author="Shockley F. W. &amp; Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V." box="[1049,1340,1468,1494]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 113" refId="ref42306" refString="Shockley F. W., Tomaszewska K. W. &amp; McHugh J. V. 2009 b. An annotated checklist of the handsome fungus beetles of the world (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Endomychidae). Zootaxa 1999: 1 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1999.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">
Shockley
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F1EEB4A363AEFA73" box="[1170,1233,1468,1494]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
(2009b)
</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D140447F5C1B4FE6617FA5F" author="Rucker W. H." box="[189,360,1504,1530]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref41772" refString="Rucker W. H. 2020. Checkliste der Latridiidae &amp; Merophysiidae der Welt. Latridiidae und Merophysiinae 22: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="2020">Rücker (2020)</bibRefCitation>
must be critically revised. Therefore, under each species treatment below, we give a list of the specimens examined, include what we consider the correct distributional data, and discuss which specimens we regard as misidentifications and/or erroneous locality records.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EF1536884D140445F5C1B77764F7FE2A" blockId="17.[188,1399,1641,2025]" lastBlockId="19.[189,1399,265,400]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
According to the locality data associated with our material examined, we conclude that, where two or more
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F455B793655FF902" box="[297,544,1677,1703]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F455B79366BEF902" box="[297,449,1677,1703]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Cholovocera</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are sympatric (in north-eastern
<collectingCountry id="97BD76184D140447F6D0B793648DF902" box="[940,1010,1677,1703]" name="Spain" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Spain</collectingCountry>
, southern
<collectingCountry id="97BD76184D140447F10EB79063BAF90D" box="[1138,1221,1678,1704]" name="France" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">France</collectingCountry>
, western
<collectingCountry id="97BD76184D140447F047B793620DF902" box="[1339,1394,1677,1703]" name="Italy" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="2D6EF86A4D140447F5C1B7AF665DF96E" box="[189,290,1713,1739]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="2D6EF86A4D140447F451B7AF6604F96E" box="[301,379,1713,1739]" country="Italy" name="Sicilia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sicilia</collectingRegion>
, northern Africa,
<collectingCountry id="97BD76184D140447F73AB7AF65E6F96E" box="[582,665,1713,1739]" name="Greece" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Greece</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="97BD76184D140447F7ACB7AF6456F96E" box="[720,809,1713,1739]" name="Turkey" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D140447F7ACB7AF6456F96E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[720,809,1713,1739]" canonicalName="Meleagris gallopavo" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Meleagris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Galliformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gallopavo">Turkey</vernacularName>
</collectingCountry>
), they are rarely found at exactly the same locality, and two species are seldom found in the same
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D140447F795B7CB6472F94A" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[745,781,1749,1775]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
nest. We are aware of only two cases where two or more species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F405B7E6656EF8B7" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[377,529,1784,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F405B7E6656EF8B7" box="[377,529,1784,1810]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were recorded in the same
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D140447F633B7E7640CF8B6" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[847,883,1785,1811]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
nest: one is a report by
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D140447F1FAB7E66247F8B7" author="Stalling T." box="[1158,1336,1784,1810]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="11 - 13" refId="ref42492" refString="Stalling T. 2019. Aktuelle funde einiger Merophysiinae und eine neue Wirtsameise von Reitteria escherichi Wasmann, 1896 von der insel Kos, Griechenland (Coleoptera: Merophysiidae). Folia Latridiidae et Merophysiidae 2: 11 - 13." type="journal article" year="2019">Stalling (2019)</bibRefCitation>
, who found several beetles of the species
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F70EB602659FF893" baseAuthorityName="Kraatz" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[626,736,1820,1846]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attae">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F70EB602659FF893" box="[626,736,1820,1846]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ch. attae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F661B60264BBF893" box="[797,964,1820,1846]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balcanica">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F661B60264BBF893" box="[797,964,1820,1846]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ch. balcanica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F68AB6026310F893" box="[1014,1135,1820,1846]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F68AB6026310F893" box="[1014,1135,1820,1846]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ch. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) inside an abandoned
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D140447F5C3B65E679CF8FF" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[191,227,1856,1882]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
nest; the other is from our own examination of
<specimenCount id="F9ACFD014D140447F666B65E64E3F8FC" box="[794,924,1855,1882]" count="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F6BFB621633AF8FC" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Schaufuss" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[963,1093,1855,1881]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gallica">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F6BFB621633AF8FC" box="[963,1093,1855,1881]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ch. gallica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sharing the same
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D140447F067B65E6240F8FF" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1307,1343,1856,1882]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
nest with several specimens of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F483B67D65E6F8D8" baseAuthorityName="Markel" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[511,665,1891,1917]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Coluocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="punctata">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F483B67D65E6F8D8" box="[511,665,1891,1917]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ch. punctata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Sicily. However, more often, species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F1D9B67D6242F8D8" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[1189,1341,1891,1917]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F1D9B67D6242F8D8" box="[1189,1341,1891,1917]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may share an
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D140447F44CB699662BF804" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[304,340,1927,1953]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
nest with other myrmecophilous beetles. Species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F6A0B699630BF804" authorityName="Victor" authorityYear="1838" box="[988,1140,1927,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F6A0B699630BF804" box="[988,1140,1927,1953]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Cholovocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are frequently found with the tenebrionid
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F4CAB6B5644AF860" authority="Lucas, 1852" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1852" box="[438,821,1962,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" genus="Oochrotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F4CAB6B565E3F860" box="[438,668,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Oochrotus unicolor</emphasis>
Lucas, 1852
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D140447F639B6B5648DF860" author="Bargagli P." box="[837,1010,1963,1989]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="97 - 104" refId="ref38090" refString="Bargagli P. 1872. Materiali per la fauna entomologica dell'isola di Sardegna, coleotteri. Bullettino della Societa entomologica italiana 4 (1): 97 - 104." type="journal article" year="1872">Bargagli 1872</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D140447F683B6B56273F860" author="Parmentier T. &amp; Gaju-Ricart M. &amp; Wenseleer T. &amp; Molero-Baltanas R." box="[1023,1292,1963,1989]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="583 - 593" refId="ref40930" refString="Parmentier T., Gaju-Ricart M., Wenseleer T. &amp; Molero-Baltanas R. 2020. Strategies of the beetle Oochrotus unicolor (Tenebrionidae) thriving in the waste dumps of seed-harvesting Messor ants (Formicidae). Ecological Entomology 45: 583 - 593. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / een. 12832" type="journal article" year="2020">
Parmentier
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F1F6B6B563BBF860" box="[1162,1220,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">et al.</emphasis>
2020
</bibRefCitation>
), or with species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F444B6D06693F84D" box="[312,492,1998,2024]" class="Insecta" family="Merophysiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Merophysiidae</taxonomicName>
. For example,
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140447F7E9B6D0645AF84D" authorityName="Johnson" authorityYear="1977" box="[661,805,1998,2024]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="afghana">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F7E9B6D0645AF84D" box="[661,805,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ch. afghana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been collected together with
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D140445F1D4B6D066F2FE86" authority="(Wasmann, 1899)" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Wasmann" baseAuthorityYear="1899" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Displotera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" order="Coleoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="beloni">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D140447F1D4B6D0620AF84D" box="[1192,1397,1998,2024]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Displotera beloni</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D160445F5B9B01766FAFE86" author="Wasmann E." box="[197,389,265,291]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="145 - 180" refId="ref43087" refString="Wasmann E. 1899. Neue Termitophilen und Myrmecophilen aus Indien. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1: 145 - 180." type="journal article" year="1899">Wasmann, 1899</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="97BD76184D160445F4CFB017653DFE86" box="[435,578,265,291]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
(as “
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D160445F7FEB0176491FE86" authority="Johnson, 1977" authorityName="Johnson" authorityYear="1977" box="[642,1006,265,291]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevicornis">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D160445F7FEB0176447FE86" box="[642,824,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ch. brevicornis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8B3B4B794D160445F63CB0176491FE86" author="Johnson C." box="[832,1006,265,291]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="123 - 132" refId="ref39707" refString="Johnson C. 1977. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der fauna Afghanistans. Merophysiidae and Lathriidae, Coleoptera. Acta Musei Moraviae 62: 123 - 132." type="journal article" year="1977">Johnson, 1977</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
”, see below). In
<collectingCountry id="97BD76184D160445F1C9B0176384FE86" box="[1205,1275,265,291]" name="Spain" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Spain</collectingCountry>
, we found
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D160445F5C2B03366F1FEE2" authorityName="Delgado &amp; Palma" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rosenhauer" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[190,398,301,327]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formiceticola">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D160445F5C2B03366F1FEE2" box="[190,398,301,327]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ch. formiceticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sharing
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D160445F485B0306562FEED" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[505,541,302,328]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
nests with species of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D160445F652B0336329FEED" authority="Lucas, 1852" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1852" box="[814,1110,301,328]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Merophysia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D160445F652B03364C6FEE2" box="[814,953,301,327]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Merophysia</emphasis>
Lucas, 1852
</taxonomicName>
and we have examined specimens of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D160445F418B04F66ACFECE" baseAuthorityName="Kraatz" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[356,467,337,363]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attae">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D160445F418B04F66ACFECE" box="[356,467,337,363]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ch. attae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D160445F76DB04C64BCFECE" authority="Wasmann, 1896" authorityName="Wasmann" authorityYear="1896" box="[529,963,337,364]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Reitteria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="escherichi">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D160445F76DB04C6584FECE" box="[529,763,337,363]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Reitteria escherichi</emphasis>
Wasmann, 1896
</taxonomicName>
collected from the same
<vernacularName id="61A946A64D160445F184B04C6263FEC9" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1272,1308,338,364]" canonicalName="Formicidae" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">ant</vernacularName>
nest in western
<collectingCountry id="97BD76184D160445F462B06B66FCFE2A" box="[286,387,373,399]" name="Turkey" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Anatolia</collectingCountry>
(see under material examined of
<taxonomicName id="28AA4D0B4D160445F677B06B6408FE2A" baseAuthorityName="Kraatz" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[779,887,373,399]" class="Insecta" family="Endomychidae" genus="Cholovocera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attae">
<emphasis id="DDDEEA9A4D160445F677B06B6408FE2A" box="[779,887,373,399]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Ch. attae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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