325 lines
40 KiB
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325 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050" ID-PMC="PMC8930920" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-10-e76050" ID-Pensoft-UUID="440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5" ID-PubMed="35437414" ModsDocID="1314-2828-10-e76050" checkinTime="1647039089382" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Simon, Andrew D. F., Adamczyk, Emily M., Basman, Antranig, Chu, Jackson W. F., Gartner, Heidi N., Fletcher, Karin, Gibbs, Charles J., Gibbs, Donna M., Gilmore, Scott R., Harbo, Rick M., Harris, Leslie H., Humphrey, Elaine, Lamb, Andy, Lambert, Philip, McDaniel, Neil, Scott, Jessica & Starzomski, Brian M." docDate="2022" docId="29F4CE4D9AD95540BA0BE477A1EFA1E9" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 10: e76050" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 10" docPubDate="2022-03-10" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050" docTitle="Penitella Valenciennes 1846" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5" lastPageNumber="76050" masterDocId="440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5" masterDocTitle="Toward an atlas of Salish Sea biodiversity: the flora and fauna of Galiano Island, British Columbia, Canada. Part I. Marine zoology" masterLastPageNumber="76050" masterPageNumber="76050" pageNumber="76050" updateTime="1668121969866" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Toward an atlas of Salish Sea biodiversity: the flora and fauna of Galiano Island, British Columbia, Canada. Part I. Marine zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Simon, Andrew D. F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5358-8974</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">adfsimon@imerss.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Adamczyk, Emily M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada & University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Basman, Antranig</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Chu, Jackson W. F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7776-9446</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gartner, Heidi N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fletcher, Karin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Port Orchard 98366, Port Orchard, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gibbs, Charles J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Life Surveys, Port Coquitlam, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gibbs, Donna M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Life Surveys, Port Coquitlam, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Gilmore, Scott R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>7494 Andrea Cres, Lantzville, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Harbo, Rick M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Harris, Leslie H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, United States of America</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Humphrey, Elaine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute for Multidisciplinary Ecological Research in the Salish Sea, Galiano Island, Canada & University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lamb, Andy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Life Surveys, Port Coquitlam, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lambert, Philip</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>McDaniel, Neil</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>McDaniel Photography, Vancouver, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Scott, Jessica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Ocean Wise, Vancouver, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Starzomski, Brian M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-03-10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>76050</mods:start>
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<mods:end>76050</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-10-e76050</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">440282C625BD5D90A9623563DB6850F5</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:29F4CE4D9AD95540BA0BE477A1EFA1E9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/29F4CE4D9AD95540BA0BE477A1EFA1E9" lastPageNumber="76050" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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<taxonomicName LSID="29F4CE4D-9AD9-5540-BA0B-E477A1EFA1E9" authority="Lamarck, 1802" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1846" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Annelida" rank="phylum">Annelida Lamarck, 1802</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Notes</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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[
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">2 classes: 6 orders: 15 families: 39 genera: 46 species</emphasis>
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]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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'
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1846" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Annelida" rank="phylum">Annelida</taxonomicName>
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' was coined in Modern Latin by the French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck from the French '
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<normalizedToken originalValue="annélide'">annelide'</normalizedToken>
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, deriving from '
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<normalizedToken originalValue="annelés'">anneles'</normalizedToken>
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, meaning "ringed ones" (from the Latin 'anulus', for "little ring").
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1846" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Annelida" rank="phylum">Annelida</taxonomicName>
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are a large phylum of invertebrates, commonly referred to as ringed or segmented worms, comprising over 13,000 extant species (
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Williams, R." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Cetacean Research and Management" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6696482" refString="Board WoRMS Editorial World Register of Marine Species https://www.marinespecies.org 2021-01-12T00:00:00+02:00" year="2007">WoRMS Editorial Board 2021</bibRefCitation>
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). The majority of known species are found in marine environments, though terrestrial and freshwater annelid diversity is likely underestimated-as is the number of marine species. The phylum is traditionally divided into two classes:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1846" class="Clitellata" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="class">Clitellata</taxonomicName>
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(earth worms, leeches and brachiobdellids) and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1846" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="class">Polychaeta</taxonomicName>
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(polychaetes) (
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Ruppert, E." journalOrPublisher="Thomson-Brooks / Cole, Belmont" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6721470" refString="Ruppert, E., Fox, R., Barnes, R., 2004. Invertebrate zoology: A functional evolutionary approach. Thomson-Brooks/Cole, Belmont" title="Invertebrate zoology: A functional evolutionary approach" year="2004">Ruppert et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Based on molecular evidence,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1846" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="phylum">Sipuncula</taxonomicName>
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(peanut worms) and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1846" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Echiura" rank="phylum">Echiura</taxonomicName>
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(spoon worms) are also nested within this clade (
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<bibRefCitation author="Struck, T. H." journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B6740533" refString="Struck, T. H., Schult, N., Kusen, T., Hickman, E., Bleidorn, C., McHugh, D., Halanych, K. M., 2007. Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7 (57): 1 - 11" title="Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura" volume="7" year="2007">Struck et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). As the taxonomy has not yet been reorganised, however,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1846" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="phylum">Sipuncula</taxonomicName>
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reported for Galiano Island are here treated as a separate phylum.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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Over 450 polychaete species are reported by
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<bibRefCitation author="Austin, W. C." journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6740553" refString="Baldwin A. Polychaete worms of British Columbia https://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna/documents/PolychaetesofBCBaldwin2009.pdf 2021-02-09T00:00:00+02:00" year="2014">Baldwin (2009c)</bibRefCitation>
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for coastal British Columbia. However, many of these species have been identified based on European concepts now known to represent complexes of morphologically similar but genetically different organisms, including many newly-recognised outside of Europe (
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<bibRefCitation author="Carr, Christina M." journalOrPublisher="PLOS One" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6740561" refString="Carr, Christina M., Hardy, Sarah M., Brown, Tanya M., Macdonald, Tara A., Hebert, Paul D. N., 2011. A tri-oceanic perspective: DNA barcoding reveals geographic structure and cryptic diversity in Canadian polychaetes. PLOS One 6 (7)" title="A tri-oceanic perspective: DNA barcoding reveals geographic structure and cryptic diversity in Canadian polychaetes" volume="6" year="2011">Carr et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). In the greater Salish Sea bioregion, no less than 860 annelid species are currently reported from intertidal areas through shelf depths (Leslie Harris, unpublished data). Once deep water and cryptic species are considered, however, the total number of annelids expected to occur in our waters will likely double. Of these, 46 species are reported to date from Galiano Island.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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Annelid life history is exceedingly diverse, exhibiting virtually all feeding modes, including suspension feeding, deposit feeding, scavenging, herbivory, and carnivory. This diversity is mirrored in their pervasive distribution throughout most benthic and pelagic marine environments. Gaps in our knowledge of Galiano
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Island’s">Island's</normalizedToken>
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annelid diversity partly reflect the challenges that have historically limited our broader understanding of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="region’s">region's</normalizedToken>
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diversity. Taxonomists working in the region in the past largely relied on European references and only assigned new names for taxa with strikingly different features. However, the characters defining organisms within this challenging group are often very small and difficult to ascertain without resorting to dissection or microscopic examination. Furthermore, the vast majority of polychaetes lie hidden in bottom sediment or among sessile organisms and are rarely noticed by casual observers. Specialised equipment, such as benthic grabs, dredges, sediment air lifts, plankton tows and settlement plates, are needed to capture more than the few conspicuous species seen by beach-goers and divers.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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The majority of taxa reported in this dataset are polychaetes, though a few clitellates are also represented. Many of the names reported reflect the ongoing challenges facing those studying this group. Uncertainty is indicated by older reports, such as
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Renier" baseAuthorityYear="1804" class="Polychaeta" family="Chaetopteridae" genus="Chaetopterus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chaetopterus variopedatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="variopedatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Chaetopterus variopedatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Renier, 1804) and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Malmgren" authorityYear="1867" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nereis zonata" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="zonata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Nereis zonata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Malmgren, 1867 (here reported as the
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Renier" baseAuthorityYear="1804" class="Polychaeta" family="Chaetopteridae" genus="Chaetopterus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chaetopterus variopedatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="variopedatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Chaetopterus variopedatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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complex and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Malmgren" authorityYear="1867" class="Polychaeta" family="Nereididae" genus="Nereis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nereis zonata" order="Phyllodocida" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="zonata">Nereis cf zonata</taxonomicName>
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), which refer to European concepts in which undescribed native species likely remain hidden. Even conspicuous species, such as tubeworms in the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellidae" genus="Myxicola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myxicola" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">Myxicola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F6770105" captionText="Figure 11. Myxicola aff. aesthetica (Myxicola sp. A, sensu Leslie Harris, provisional name) - Photograph by Karolle Wall." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e76050.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/512264" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">11</figureCitation>
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), commonly reported as
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. aesthetica" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" rank="species" species="aesthetica">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">M. aesthetica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. infundibulum" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" rank="species" species="infundibulum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">M. infundibulum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(here listed as
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Claparede" baseAuthorityYear="1870" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellidae" genus="Myxicola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myxicola aesthetica" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="species" species="aesthetica">Myxicola aff. aesthetica</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Montagu" baseAuthorityYear="1808" class="Polychaeta" family="Sabellidae" genus="Myxicola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Myxicola infundibulum" order="Sabellida" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="species" species="infundibulum">Myxicola aff. infundibulum</taxonomicName>
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), are currently under revision. Many other specimens catalogued in this dataset are not determined past genus as specimens were either unavailable or require further examination in light of recent taxonomic revisions.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="76050">
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Polychaete morphology is highly variable, yet their body plan generally consists of an elongated and segmented body. It is the differentiation of their body into segments and the appendages (gills, parapodia, chaetae, cirri, palps etc.) attached to these segments that enables the morphological classification of families, genera and species. Regional references treating annelids include
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<bibRefCitation author="Berkeley, E." journalOrPublisher="University of Toronto Press for the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Toronto" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6748105" refString="Berkeley, E., Berkeley, C., 1948. Annelida. Polychaeta Errantia. Canadian Pacific Fauna. University of Toronto Press for the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Toronto" title="Annelida. Polychaeta Errantia. Canadian Pacific Fauna." year="1948">Berkeley and Berkeley (1948)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Hilbig, B." journalOrPublisher="Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6744673" refString="Hilbig, B., 1995. Taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel, vol. 4. The Annelida Part 2. Polychaeta: Phyllodocida (Syllidae and Scale-bearing Families), Amphinomida, and Eunicida. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara" title="Taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel, vol. 4. The Annelida Part 2. Polychaeta: Phyllodocida (Syllidae and Scale-bearing Families), Amphinomida, and Eunicida" year="1995">Hilbig (1995b)</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation author="Hilbig, B." journalOrPublisher="Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6744689" refString="Hilbig, B., 1997. Taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel, vol. 4. The Annelida Part 1. Oligochaeta and Polychaeta: Phyllodocida (Phyllodocidae to Paralacydoniiae). Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara" title="Taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel, vol. 4. The Annelida Part 1. Oligochaeta and Polychaeta: Phyllodocida (Phyllodocidae to Paralacydoniiae)" year="1997">Hilbig (1997a)</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation author="Hilbig, B." journalOrPublisher="Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara" pageId="0" pageNumber="76050" refId="B6744702" refString="Hilbig, B., 1997. Taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel, vol. 4. The Annelida Part 1. Oligochaeta and Polychaeta: Phyllodocida (Phyllodocidae to Paralacydoniiae). Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara" title="Taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel, vol. 4. The Annelida Part 1. Oligochaeta and Polychaeta: Phyllodocida (Phyllodocidae to Paralacydoniiae)" year="1997">Hilbig (1997b)</bibRefCitation>
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. For annotated records of annelids reported for Galiano Island, see supplementary materials (Suppl. material 9).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |