210 lines
23 KiB
XML
210 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document id="DBC65099D5068CC76108EBF676E877CE" ID-CLB-Dataset="3251" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5735202" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a1d7ccc4-c76c-4ac3-bdd4-c53c2f378b35" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5735202" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1600872994229" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="E84887F9FFD9D6570AE4FAED160B3496" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Miniopteridae_674.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Miniopterus fraterculus Thomas & Schwann 1906" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="706" masterDocId="1471FF81FFD6D6580A4AFFEC112F3619" masterDocTitle="Miniopteridae" masterLastPageNumber="709" masterPageNumber="674" pageNumber="706" updateTime="1698845897616" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="FCD83DD549A32ED1CB9C448831E3C3A7" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="DFA1C47E2A18AC440C5B3B59B12D12B8">
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<mods:title id="75BED241DA0112D1C07BEBD6205C7A1F">Miniopteridae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="187D2018607EFFD82F6B4A8A23B5894B" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="9CC1386A95F75D3E503B3641721671D3">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="6F5E080F75A04515895E15EF4BA34104" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="A8F19080447EF168D602408E97EC6A1A">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="50CF9B021195906D50879F89C61B13F4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="EFB291EA6C1F2DDBFB6A194C8ADE3A6B">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="702463EC56A13318283C95D82E32316F" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="34BC1B922F20A31842913ABC9BB2E4BC">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="33F14E80A025A9FF49234E576A9EDB05">
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<mods:placeTerm id="1D382FB39A2CB9736E120868A8825A72">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="02631E4630FBA86B96E97A97BB294B0D">
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<mods:title id="16583C63F0F6A64C3729FC933581FDEF">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:start id="2A14170170A973A4247FD1E2DDE43DA1">674</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="A7BAF37052F04314C0D5073A32100742">709</mods:end>
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<mods:identifier id="10073690D85A4EC4F5DA8A5323651B28" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5735202</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="EEC4BB7516A06EBE7D21777634CD6315" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="E84887F9FFD9D6570AE4FAED160B3496" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735340" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190874049" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5735340" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E84887F9FFD9D6570AE4FAED160B3496" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E84887F9FFD9D6570AE4FAED160B3496" lastPageNumber="706" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD9D6570AE4FAED11C93336" box="[174,230,1281,1327]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD9D6570AE4FAED11C93336" blockId="15.[171,1266,1281,1408]" box="[174,230,1281,1327]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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<heading id="3B168183FFD9D6570AE4FAED11C93336" box="[174,230,1281,1327]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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<figureCitation id="F8DA2A6AFFD9D6570AE4FAED11C93336" box="[174,230,1281,1327]" captionStart="Plate 53: Miniopteridae" captionStartId="12.[103,133,3284,3309]" captionTargetBox="[11,2761,17,3658]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="18. Villiers’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus villiersi), 19. Greater Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus inflatus), 20. Newton's Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus newtoni), 21. Least Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus minor), 22. Sandy Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus arenarius), 23. African Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus africanus), 24. Natal Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus natalensis), 25. Mozambican Long-fingered Bat (Muniopterus mossambicus), 26. Lesser Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus fraterculus), 27. Aellen’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus aelleni), 28. Griveaud’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus griveaudi), 29. Glen’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus gleni), 30. Madagascar Long-fingered Bat (Manaopterus brachytragos), 31. Montagne d’Ambre Long-fingered Bat (Minaiopterus ambohitrenss), 32. Major’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus majori), 33. Eger’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus egent), 34. Manavil Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus manai), 35. Sororcula Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus sororculus), 36. Peterson’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus petersoni), 37. Mahafaly Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus mahafaliensis), 38. Griffiths’s Long-fingered Bat (Miniopterus griffiths)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6419164" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6419164/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">26.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD9D6570ABDFAED12293336" box="[247,774,1281,1327]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD9D6570ABDFAED12293336" blockId="15.[171,1266,1281,1408]" box="[247,774,1281,1327]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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<heading id="3B168183FFD9D6570ABDFAED12293336" box="[247,774,1281,1327]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFD9D6570ABDFAED12293336" box="[247,774,1281,1327]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Lesser Long-fingered Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD9D6570901FAED15DE3336" box="[843,1265,1281,1327]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD9D6570901FAED15DE3336" blockId="15.[171,1266,1281,1408]" box="[843,1265,1281,1327]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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<heading id="3B168183FFD9D6570901FAED15DE3336" box="[843,1265,1281,1327]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD9D6570901FAED15DE3336" ID-CoL="43JS5" authorityName="Thomas & Schwann" authorityYear="1906" box="[843,1265,1281,1327]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD9D6570901FAED15DE3336" box="[843,1265,1281,1327]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Miniopterus fraterculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD9D6570AE7FAAD13B13364" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD9D6570AE7FAAD1553334F" blockId="15.[171,1266,1281,1408]" box="[173,1148,1345,1366]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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<heading id="3B168183FFD9D6570AE7FAAD1553334F" box="[173,1148,1345,1366]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD9D6570AE7FAAD11D7334F" bold="true" box="[173,248,1345,1366]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFD9D6570B48FAAD108E334F" box="[258,417,1345,1366]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Petit Minioptere</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD9D6570BFCFAAD133F334F" bold="true" box="[438,528,1345,1366]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFD9D6570851FAAD1219334F" box="[539,822,1345,1366]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Kleine Langfllgelfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD9D6570901FAAD1288334F" bold="true" box="[843,935,1345,1366]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFD9D65709FBFAAD1532334F" box="[945,1053,1345,1366]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Minidptero</vernacularName>
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pequeno
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD9D6570AE6FA8413B13364" blockId="15.[171,1266,1281,1408]" box="[172,670,1384,1405]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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<heading id="3B168183FFD9D6570AE6FA8413B13364" box="[172,670,1384,1405]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD9D6570AE6FA84108C3364" bold="true" box="[172,419,1384,1405]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="EEE246C1FFD9D6570BE7FA8413B13364" box="[429,670,1384,1405]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Lesser Bent-winged Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD9D657095AFA47153833EA" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD9D657095AFA47153833EA" blockId="15.[784,1377,1451,1878]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD9D657095AFA47128333D5" bold="true" box="[784,940,1451,1484]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD9D65709F0FA47153D33EA" ID-CoL="43JS5" authority="Thomas & Schwann, 1906" authorityName="Thomas & Schwann" authorityYear="1906" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">Miniopterus fraterculus Thomas & Schwann, 1906</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD9D6570E63FA3614313002" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD9D6570E63FA3614313002" blockId="15.[784,1377,1451,1878]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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<materialsCitation id="D0893CB2FFD9D6570E63FA3614313002" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3747914315" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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“in cave on sea-coast, Knysna,”
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<collectingRegion id="A225F80DFFD9D65709D9FA1615773002" box="[915,1112,1530,1563]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Western Cape</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD9D6570E23FA1614353002" box="[1129,1306,1530,1563]" name="South Africa" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD9D657095BF9C914713136" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD9D657095BF9C914713136" blockId="15.[784,1377,1451,1878]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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Populations of
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD9D65709A9F9C915BD305B" authorityName="Thomas & Schwann" authorityYear="1906" box="[995,1170,1573,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="708" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">M. fraterculus</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD9D6570E8AF9C9144E305B" box="[1216,1377,1573,1602]" name="Madagascar" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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are now considered to be two endemic species:
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD9D657091EF99C12D43088" box="[852,1019,1648,1681]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sororculus">M. sororculus</taxonomicName>
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and M. peterson. Similarly, populations of central
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD9D6570E3EF97415F430A0" box="[1140,1243,1688,1721]" name="Zambia" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD9D6570EB0F974147530A0" box="[1274,1370,1688,1721]" name="Malawi" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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, northern and central
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD9D6570E17F953143E30F9" box="[1117,1297,1727,1760]" name="Mozambique" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD9D657095BF90B12B23111" box="[785,925,1767,1800]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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are also genetically differentiated and included in
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD9D65709BAF8E215963136" authority="Monadjem" authorityName="Monadjem" box="[1008,1209,1806,1839]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mossambicus">M. mossambicus</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD9D657095AF8D910D531BF" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" type="distribution">
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<caption id="349E6667FFD9D657095AF8D910D531BF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5735280" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5735280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5735280/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" targetBox="[169,761,1462,1877]" targetPageId="15">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD9D657095AF8D910D531BF" blockId="15.[784,1377,1451,1878]" lastBlockId="15.[169,1380,1893,3497]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD9D657095AF8D912EE314F" bold="true" box="[784,961,1845,1878]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Distribution.</emphasis>
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With abovementioned taxonomic adjustments, distribution is now restricted to E & S
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD9D6570993F88915A73167" box="[985,1160,1893,1918]" name="South Africa" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD9D6570E85F88914753167" box="[1231,1370,1893,1918]" name="Swaziland" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
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; possibly S
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD9D6570B76F86910D931BF" box="[316,502,1925,1958]" name="Mozambique" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD9D6570AE1F85C14703F10" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" type="description">
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<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD9D6570AE1F85C14703F10" blockId="15.[169,1380,1893,3497]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD9D6570AE1F85C108731D4" bold="true" box="[171,424,1968,1997]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body 46-55-6 mm, tail 39-52 mm, ear 8-13 mm, hindfoot 9-11 mm, forearm 42-5-44-5 mm; weight 7-8-5 g. Dorsal pelage is dense, velvety, and usually dark brown or almost black (black morph) or reddish brown (russet morph). Ventral pelage is paler gray-brown. Mid-dorsal hairs (c.
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<quantity id="A7199B0AFFD9D65709E6F7CE152F3E5A" box="[940,1024,2082,2115]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
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long) are faintly bicolored, slightly paler at tips than at bases. Wing membranes and uropatagium are dark brown to black. Ears are small, and tragus is relatively long (4-8 mm), with parallelsided rounded tip. The Lesser Long-fingered Batis very similar to the Natal Long-fingered Bat (
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD9D6570B0CF72510D43EFB" baseAuthorityName="A. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[326,507,2249,2274]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="natalensis">M. natalensis</taxonomicName>
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), with which it can share roosts. Nevertheless, the Lesser L.ongfingered Bat is smaller in overall size, especially in total length, but has larger hindfeet.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD9D6570AE1F6E314623FEF" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD9D6570AE1F6E314623FEF" blockId="15.[169,1380,1893,3497]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD9D6570AE1F6E310393F29" bold="true" box="[171,278,2319,2352]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Temperate montane grasslands of South African coastal belt and a variety of habitats from drier Valley Bushveld and Lowveld to moister Mistbelt. Lesser Long-fingered Bats seem mostly associated with majorriver valleys. They are also considered a clutter-edge foragers, but its smaller body size, lower wing loading, and shorter calls with higher peak frequency with respect to the Natal Long-fingered Bat confirm that the Lesser Long-fingered Bat is more clutter resistant and probably uses more densely vegetated foraging habitats.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD9D6570AE1F61015AA3CA2" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" type="food_feeding">
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||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD9D6570AE1F61015AA3CA2" blockId="15.[169,1380,1893,3497]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
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<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD9D6570AE1F61010973C04" bold="true" box="[171,440,2556,2589]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Lesser Long-fingered Bat eats insects captured in flight. In Knysna (
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<collectingCountry id="18F6767FFFD9D6570B6CF5C810F13C5C" box="[294,478,2596,2629]" name="South Africa" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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), diet was composed almost equally of
|
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<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD9D65709B5F5C814753C5C" authority=", Hemiptera" authorityName="Hemiptera" box="[1023,1370,2596,2629]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera, Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD9D6570AA3F5A7107A3C75" box="[233,341,2635,2668]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and very low proportion of some Coleoptera. In this same locality, the Natal Long-fingered Bat consumed the same prey, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD9D65709C7F59E15133C8A" box="[909,1084,2674,2707]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
was eaten in smaller amounts, and Coleoptera was as important as Hemiptera and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A7E14D6CFFD9D6570E5FF57615AE3CA2" box="[1045,1153,2714,2747]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD9D6570AE1F52D10B73DD6" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD9D6570AE1F52D10B73DD6" blockId="15.[169,1380,1893,3497]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD9D6570AE1F52D101D3CFB" bold="true" box="[171,306,2753,2786]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Lesser Long-fingered Bat is seasonally monoestrous, with only one young per year per female. In the Natal
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A225F80DFFD9D65708B3F50512543D13" box="[761,891,2793,2826]" country="Zimbabwe" name="Midlands" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Midlands</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="05D55028FFD9D65709DFF50515203D13" box="[917,1039,2793,2826]" degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="35" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" precision="925" value="-29.583334">29°35’ S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), mating lasts from the end of May to the middle of June, and copulation is followed by fertilization of the ovule. From that date until mid-August, there is delayed implantation of 2-5 months. Fetal growth lasts c.4 months, and births take place in December. Births occur at beginning of summer, ensuring maximum availability of insects during first months of growth of young.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD9D6570AE0F43A15B93B2B" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD9D6570AE0F43A15B93B2B" blockId="15.[169,1380,1893,3497]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD9D6570AE0F43A10B83DEE" bold="true" box="[170,407,3030,3063]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Lesser Long-fingered Bat is thought to be mainly nocturnal. It becomes torpid during the day at 21-24°C and hibernates in winter. During the first one-half of winter (April-July), it loses 15% of body weight (7-1-8-4 g), although this is much less than the loss of the Natal Long-fingered Bat for the same time period. The Lesser Long-fingered Bat feeds more in winter. It mostly uses caves, disused mines, and tunnels as daytime roosts but also crevices in rocks. Availability of suitable roosting sites is a critical factor in determining its distribution. Echolocation calls have downward FM signals, with lowest frequencies of 44-57 kHz, peak frequencies of 59-8-65-8 kHz, durations of 2-6—4-5 milliseconds, and intervals of 40-160 milliseconds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD9D6570AE6F2D5196137D0" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD9D6570AE6F2D5196137D0" blockId="15.[169,1380,1893,3497]" lastBlockId="15.[1448,2654,306,656]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD9D6570AE6F2D5125D3B43" bold="true" box="[172,882,3385,3418]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Lesser Long-fingered Bat migrates between summer and winter roosts and is suspected to make irregular movements between caves during winter, although its major winter roosts have not been found. It roosts in tightly packed groups of usually less than 100 individuals, much smaller than in the Natal Long-fingered Bat, which with it is commonly found sharing roosts. Female Lesser Long-fingered Bats congregate in nursery colonies in which births and lactation occur. Both sexes hibernate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD9D6570FE3FE3F18EC37E9" box="[1449,2499,467,496]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD9D6570FE3FE3F18EC37E9" blockId="15.[1448,2654,306,656]" box="[1449,2499,467,496]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD9D6570FE3FE3F162937E9" bold="true" box="[1449,1798,467,496]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as [Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="28FB6564FFD9D6570FE3FE13160B3496" pageId="15" pageNumber="706" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="605E36EFFFD9D6570FE3FE13160B3496" blockId="15.[1448,2654,306,656]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">
|
||
<emphasis id="5295EAFDFFD9D6570FE3FE13176D3401" bold="true" box="[1449,1602,511,536]" pageId="15" pageNumber="706">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bernard (1980), Bernard & Happold (2013e), Goodman, Bradman et al. (2008), Goodman, Ryan et al. (2007), Herselman & Norton (1985), Mille~Butterworth et al. (2005), Monadjem, Goodman et al. (2013), Monadjem, Ranivo et al. (2017), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Schoeman & Jacobs (2008), Stoffberg et al. (2004), Thomas & Schwann (1906).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |