306 lines
35 KiB
XML
306 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="5B882F85CB55D955A591513B10FD6E10" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3680.1.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f84726c8-7828-4e92-abb7-bb3d96257e90" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="218308" ID-ZooBank="70199526-C2EB-40AC-BD36-DC0FE5EB9DD5" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460638051419" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bickel, Daniel J." docDate="2013" docId="63365B7EB87DB576FF568C6864C62D53" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03680p054.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3680 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Phrudoneura Meuffels & Grootaert" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" masterDocId="9F0F2306B87CB575FFC1893165412967" masterDocTitle="Phrudoneura (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from Australia and Melanesia" updateTime="1698335201348" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="5CE23BC3AEFFDD3D670A3E6EF5AEB6A9" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="605A2CF677DD1F41DD355F48B8F28208">
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<mods:title id="980C514777B9CAD4392AC7DA12933A1F">Phrudoneura (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) from Australia and Melanesia</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="0D2D6D2BDC77F1ADD991FF54B5E8AA86" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="E56F720074F42F336C898A06AAA7386D">
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<mods:roleTerm id="CD38495CE67CC7FD6C6A063070569C31">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="2E0BD25F7AC380087A5A3C1969001F47">Bickel, Daniel J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A9B8C69F019B547DBEF25E244EDD378D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="871BA4DFEF583453C2EF86A0C292AECA">
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<mods:title id="937992F5765B7894FD88B522024F8D43">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="4704540CC184B94C81FA9A6F3177FFBB">
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<mods:date id="44109ECCA0CA231340F5DB7693DF9189">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="AC1CE8A39CA30E9AF7CF8569B42812E9" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="A65480C6FB2AE946AADD9614C1855B16">3680</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="1CBD6863274A396964B652AFDBBF10D5" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="4BC71FBCEA48D74F79C610361A9CC2AC">1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification id="A170085BCB73B66344F8BC67F4E8BE52">journal volume</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="32562C9DF4C8E4326F6D6ADD2AA4C50E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3680.1.4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C6F6153EE0C370893042C7B34F7FDDFB" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="63365B7EB87DB576FF568C6864C62D53" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6152157" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119570329" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6152157" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:63365B7EB87DB576FF568C6864C62D53" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/63365B7EB87DB576FF568C6864C62D53" lastPageId="3" pageId="1">
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<subSubSection id="A385B9E3B87DB574FF568C6867E82C14" box="[151,681,1369,1395]" pageId="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87DB574FF568C6867E82C14" blockId="1.[151,681,1369,1395]" box="[151,681,1369,1395]" pageId="1">
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<heading id="B0685D04B87DB574FF568C6867E82C14" bold="true" box="[151,681,1369,1395]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87DB574FF568C6867E82C14" bold="true" box="[151,681,1369,1395]" pageId="1">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87DB574FF2F8C6867E82C14" ID-CoL="63MJT" authority="Meuffels & Grootaert" authorityName="Meuffels & Grootaert" box="[238,681,1369,1395]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Phrudoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87DB574FF2F8C6864D02C14" bold="true" box="[238,401,1369,1395]" italics="true" pageId="1">Phrudoneura</emphasis>
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Meuffels & Grootaert
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A385B9E3B87DB574FF568C9164B62CB2" pageId="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87DB574FF568C9164B62CB2" blockId="1.[151,1436,1440,1493]" pageId="1">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="CB8FCD46B87DB574FF568C9164B62CB2" pageId="1">
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<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87DB574FF568C91673E2CD1" ID-CoL="63MJT" authority="Meuffels & Grootaert, 1987: 319" authorityName="Meuffels & Grootaert" authorityPageNumber="319" authorityYear="1987" box="[151,639,1440,1462]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Phrudoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87DB574FF568C91645F2CD1" box="[151,286,1440,1462]" italics="true" pageId="1">Phrudoneura</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="6A3ECC79B87DB574FEE78C91673E2CD1" author="Meuffels" box="[294,639,1440,1462]" page="319" pageId="1" year="1987">
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<bibRefCitation id="8F0E9799B87DB574FEE78C91670A2CD1" author="Meuffels" box="[294,587,1440,1462]" pageId="1" refString="Meuffels, H. J. G. & Grootaert, P. (1987) Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from Papua New Guinea VI. New species of the genus Sympycnus Loew, 1857. Indo-Malayan Zoology, 4, 317 - 397." type="journal article" year="1987">Meuffels & Grootaert, 1987</bibRefCitation>
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: 319
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="342454CAB87DB574FD4A8C9067FC2CD1" box="[651,701,1441,1462]" pageId="1">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87DB574FCDF8C9065BD2CB3" ID-CoL="8F772" authority="Meuffels & Grootaert, 1987" authorityName="Meuffels & Grootaert" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Sympycnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abbreviatus" subGenus="Phrudoneura">
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<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87DB574FCDF8C9061EC2CD1" box="[798,1197,1440,1462]" italics="true" pageId="1">Sympycnus (Phrudoneura) abbreviatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8F0E9799B87DB574FB748C9165BD2CB3" author="Meuffels" pageId="1" refString="Meuffels, H. J. G. & Grootaert, P. (1987) Dolichopodidae (Diptera) from Papua New Guinea VI. New species of the genus Sympycnus Loew, 1857. Indo-Malayan Zoology, 4, 317 - 397." type="journal article" year="1987">Meuffels & Grootaert, 1987</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by original designation.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A385B9E3B87DB577FF568F3061B72B97" lastPageId="2" pageId="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87DB574FF568F3064CE2F5A" blockId="1.[151,1436,1537,2030]" pageId="1">
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<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87DB574FF568F3064502F7D" bold="true" box="[151,273,1537,1562]" pageId="1">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Body length ranges from
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<quantity id="2C67478DB87DB574FDF88F3067822F7E" box="[569,707,1537,1561]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="3.3" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="1" unit="mm" value="2.55" valueMax="3.3" valueMin="1.8">1.8–3.3 mm</quantity>
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, but most species about 2.2–2.8.
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<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87DB574FBFB8F3361D72F7D" box="[1082,1174,1538,1562]" italics="true" pageId="1">General</emphasis>
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: body colour variously yellow to dark brown.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87DB574FF068F7B64612E5E" blockId="1.[151,1436,1537,2030]" pageId="1">
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<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87DB574FF068F7B64452F05" box="[199,260,1610,1634]" italics="true" pageId="1">Head</emphasis>
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: head almost circular in anterior view, but slightly wider than high; dorsal postcranium flat, and slightly concave dorsally; postorbitals uniseriate; pair converging postverticals present, positioned mediad of postorbital row; pair strong vertical and pair strong diverging ocellar setae present; both sexes with eyes widely separated by face and clypeus; clypeus not tectiform; male eye facets more or less uniform with tiny hairs between facets; palp with distinct apical seta; scape usually bare dorsally; first flagellomere enlarged subtriangular to subrectangular, and covered in microtrichia; arista arising dorsobasally on first flagellomere, with short hairs, and about as long as head height.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87DB574FF068E7761D02E8A" blockId="1.[151,1436,1537,2030]" pageId="1">
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<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87DB574FF068E7764592E39" box="[199,280,1862,1886]" italics="true" pageId="1">Thorax</emphasis>
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: posterior slope of mesonotum flattened but not depressed; ac biseriate, comprising 8–10 regular pairs; 5 dc present, slightly decreasing in size anteriorly; field of short setae present on anterior slope of thorax; 1 pa, 2 sa (anterior sa much shorter than posterior sa), 2 sr, 2 npl, 1 hm, 1 pm present; median scutellar seta strong, lateral scutellar present as weak seta, about one-fifth size of median; proepisternum with short black seta dorsally (usually not visible since covered by head), and with stronger black ventral seta above join with CI.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87EB577FF0689A8664B2806" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2029]" pageId="2">
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<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87EB577FF0689A865BD29D7" box="[199,252,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="2">Legs</emphasis>
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: CI with short anterior setae and 3 longer distal setae; CII with short anterior setae and with two setae along distolateral ridge; CIII with strong lateral seta near 1/3, and trochanter III with short lateral seta; FI with short av and pv seta at 5/6; TI usually with ad-pd setal pair near 1/3, with ad seta stronger than pd seta, and with short ad setal serration from 1/3 to apex; FII and FIII with strong anterior subapical seta, and usually with short subapical av and / or pv seta; TII usually with three distinct ad-pd setal pairs; TIII with 3–4 distinct ad-pd setal pairs, and with two strong ventral setae; IIIt2 distinctly longer than IIIt1.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87EB577FF068841607A2893" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2029]" pageId="2">
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<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87EB577FF06884165BE28E0" box="[199,255,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="2">Wing</emphasis>
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: membrane hyaline; R2+3 ends in anterior margin at 5/6; R4+5 ends just anterior to apex; R4+5 and M diverging slightly from base; M without flexion (“
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<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87EB577FD1D88A7662728C9" box="[732,870,406,430]" italics="true" pageId="2">bosse alaire</emphasis>
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”) in both sexes; male vein M ends in membrane halfway between dm-cu crossvein and wing apex (MSSC); female vein M extends to margin usually just before wing apex, and sometimes very slightly bowed with respect to R4+5; CuAx ratio near 0.5; anal angle weak.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87EB577FF068B3261B72B97" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2029]" pageId="2">
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<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87EB577FF068B3264702B7C" box="[199,305,515,539]" italics="true" pageId="2">Abdomen</emphasis>
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: hypopygium mostly withdrawn from view but capable of extension so well free of body; tergum 6 bare, narrow, hoodlike; segment 7 bare with longer tergum and shorter sternum; sternum 8 ovate with distinctive inverted V-shaped internal carina at base, and covering over left basal hypopygial foramen; epandrium subcircular in lateral view; ventral distal margin of epandrium with 3 pedunculate setae (= epandrial lobe setae), sometimes on raised ledge (e.g.,
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<figureCitation id="73A4F6EDB87EB577FEA38BA164E52BCF" box="[354,420,656,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[195,1393,219,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1409,195,1917]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phrudoneura abbreviata Meuffels & Grootaert; a. hypopygium, left lateral. P. collessi sp. nov.; b. male postabdomen, left lateral. Scale line = 0.1 mm. Legend: cer = cercus; els = epandrial lobe setae; hyp, hypandrium; pha = phallus; sub = subepandrial plate; sur = surstylus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218309/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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a, b) otherwise arising on the surface of the epandrium (
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<figureCitation id="73A4F6EDB87EB577FBD28BA161182BCF" box="[1043,1113,656,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1964,1987]" captionTargetBox="[197,1393,203,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[185,1403,193,1935]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phrudoneura hibernalis sp. nov.; a. hypopygium, left lateral. P. adusta sp. nov.; b. male postabdomen, left lateral. Scale line = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218311/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Figs 3</figureCitation>
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a, b); surstylus short, bearing various setae and often modified pinnate seta; subepandrial sclerite subrectangular with row of dorsal setae; cercus subtriangular; female oviscapt divided into two hemitergites, each with crest of four spinelike setae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A385B9E3B87EB576FF068BCD64C62D53" lastPageId="3" pageId="2" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87EB577FF068BCD66E12AC6" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2029]" pageId="2">
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<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87EB577FF068BCD647A2A73" bold="true" box="[199,315,764,788]" pageId="2">Remarks.</emphasis>
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Although
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<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87EB577FE758BCA67082A74" box="[436,585,763,787]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Phrudoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87EB577FE758BCA67082A74" box="[436,585,763,787]" italics="true" pageId="2">Phrudoneura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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currently comprises only ten described Australasian species (treated here), it is also widespread across the tropical Orient.
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<bibRefCitation id="8F0E9799B87EB577FD058A2E61672A50" author="Meuffels" box="[708,1062,799,823]" pageId="2" refString="Meuffels, H. J. G. & Grootaert, P. (2002). Diptera Dolichopodidae of New Caledonia. 2. The genus Phrudoneura, Meuffels & Grootaert, 1987. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, (n. s.), 38, 71 - 78." type="journal article" year="2002">Meuffels and Grootaert (2002)</bibRefCitation>
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noted undescribed species from West
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<collectingCountry id="9388AAF8B87EB577FF178A72645B2A3D" box="[214,282,835,858]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="2">Papua</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="9388AAF8B87EB577FEEB8A7364DC2A3D" box="[298,413,834,858]" name="Indonesia" pageId="2">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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),
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<collectingCountry id="9388AAF8B87EB577FE718A7367572A3D" box="[432,534,834,858]" name="Thailand" pageId="2">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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, and peninsular
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<collectingCountry id="9388AAF8B87EB577FD0E8A7366782A3D" box="[719,825,834,858]" name="Malaysia" pageId="2">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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, and I have seen additional undescribed species based on males from
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<collectingCountry id="9388AAF8B87EB577FE8B8A5464EB2A1A" box="[330,426,869,893]" name="Malaysia" pageId="2">Sarawak</collectingCountry>
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(BMNH),
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<collectingCountry id="9388AAF8B87EB577FDED8A5467CA2A1A" box="[556,651,869,893]" name="Vietnam" pageId="2">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
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(BPBM), and poorly preserved males from the
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<collectingCountry id="9388AAF8B87EB577FB7C8A5760DD2A1A" box="[1213,1436,869,893]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="2">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
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Highlands (Telefomin at
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<quantity id="2C67478DB87EB577FE6E8AB867472AC6" box="[431,518,905,929]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="2" unit="m" value="1450.0">1450 m</quantity>
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, and Mt Missim at
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<quantity id="2C67478DB87EB577FD1E8AB866772AC6" box="[735,822,905,929]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="2" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300 m</quantity>
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, BPBM).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87EB577FF068A9D66722D6C" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2029]" pageId="2">
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Thus,
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<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87EB577FECE8A9D64DF2AA3" box="[271,414,940,964]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Phrudoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phrudoneura</taxonomicName>
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appears to be a widespread Oriental and Australasian genus, although the Oriental fauna remains undescribed. The genus appears to have its eastern limit in the
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<collectingCountry id="9388AAF8B87EB577FC738AE1612C2A8F" box="[946,1133,976,1000]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="2">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="9388AAF8B87EB577FB628AE060132A8F" box="[1187,1362,976,1000]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="2">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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, and it was not found in the intensively sampled rainforests of
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<collectingCountry id="9388AAF8B87EB577FCC58AC2666E2D6C" box="[772,815,1011,1035]" name="Fiji" pageId="2">Fiji</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87EB577FF068D2664712DDA" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2029]" pageId="2">
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<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87EB577FF068D26641C2D48" box="[199,349,1047,1071]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Phrudoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87EB577FF068D26641C2D48" box="[199,349,1047,1071]" italics="true" pageId="2">Phrudoneura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a prominent element in the
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<collectingCountry id="9388AAF8B87EB577FD098D2966382D48" box="[712,889,1047,1071]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="2">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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fauna, where it is both diverse and commonly collected. Most of the collection sites in
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<collectingCountry id="9388AAF8B87EB577FDA18D0A664C2D35" box="[608,781,1082,1106]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="2">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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appear to be rainforest, and some of the species appear to be active even in the winter months. By contrast, the genus appears to be less commonly collected in
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<collectingCountry id="9388AAF8B87EB577FB3E8D6F60282D11" box="[1279,1385,1118,1142]" name="Australia" pageId="2">Australia</collectingCountry>
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, and in addition to rainforest habitats, the gensu has also been collected in mangroves, along creeks in the arid zone, and in marshland.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87EB577FF068DF961B32C09" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2029]" pageId="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87EB577FF068DF9641D2D87" box="[199,348,1224,1248]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Phrudoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87EB577FF068DF9641D2D87" box="[199,348,1224,1248]" italics="true" pageId="2">Phrudoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows some similaritiy to the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87EB577FC9B8DF966B32D87" box="[858,1010,1224,1248]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sympycninae">Sympycninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the following characters: posterior mesonotum not strongly flattened, dorsal postcranium flat or slightly convex, femora II and/ or III with distinct anterior preapical seta, reduced anal angle, and tibia I often with ad row of short setae (serration) on distal half; hypopygium usually held encapsulated by pre-abdomen (athough see discussion below). However additional morphological characters related to the taxonomic placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87EB577FCA98C6766BC2C09" box="[872,1021,1366,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Phrudoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87EB577FCA98C6766BC2C09" box="[872,1021,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="2">Phrudoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
need to be discussed:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87EB577FF068C4864852C9B" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2029]" pageId="2">
|
||
1. The head of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87EB577FEBA8C4B67512CF5" box="[379,528,1402,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Phrudoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87EB577FEBA8C4B67512CF5" box="[379,528,1402,1426]" italics="true" pageId="2">Phrudoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is subcircular in anterior view, and slightly wider than high. In contrast, most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87EB577FF568CAC646E2CD2" box="[151,303,1437,1461]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sympycninae">Sympycninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the head usually ovate in anterior view, distinctly higher than wide. Also, most male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87EB577FF568CF1646E2CBF" box="[151,303,1472,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sympycninae">Sympycninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a distinctly narrowed face with enlarged anterior enlarged facets, while male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87EB577FB0A8CF060212CBE" box="[1227,1376,1473,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Phrudoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87EB577FB0A8CF060212CBE" box="[1227,1376,1473,1497]" italics="true" pageId="2">Phrudoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a wide, parallel-sided face.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87EB577FF068F3666C82F01" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2029]" pageId="2">
|
||
2.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9388AAF8B87EB577FF248F3964452F47" box="[229,260,1544,1568]" name="American Samoa" pageId="2">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
noted before, males have vein M shortened and ending in the membrane halfway between the dm-cu crossvein and the wing apex (MSSC), while females have vein M reaching the wing margin just behind the apex. This is the best diagnostic generic character for male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87EB577FD2D8F7F66C02F01" box="[748,897,1614,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Phrudoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87EB577FD2D8F7F66C02F01" box="[748,897,1614,1638]" italics="true" pageId="2">Phrudoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87EB577FF068F43613E2FB7" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2029]" pageId="2">
|
||
3. In both sexes, vein M is perfectly straight and lacks a distinct flexion (or
|
||
<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87EB577FBEA8F4361F52FED" box="[1067,1204,1650,1674]" italics="true" pageId="2">bosse alaire</emphasis>
|
||
) anywhere along its length. This is important because most other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87EB577FD4F8FA466672FCA" box="[654,806,1685,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sympycninae">Sympycninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have such as distinct flexion with associated depression in the membrane usually postioned midway between crossvein dm-cu and the wing apex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87EB577FF068FED66F22EE5" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2029]" pageId="2">
|
||
4. In most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87EB577FE8B8FED64A42F93" box="[330,485,1756,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sympycninae">Sympycninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, segment 7 is short and not pedunculate. However in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87EB577FBA38FED61B62F93" box="[1122,1271,1756,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Phrudoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87EB577FBA38FED61B62F93" box="[1122,1271,1756,1780]" italics="true" pageId="2">Phrudoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, tergite 6 and segement 7 are bare, and segment 7 forms a short peduncle for the hypopygium. Therefore, although the hypopyium is usually held retracted or encapsulated by segment 5, it can also be projected outwards with the peduncle. This peduncle suggests affinity with the rather loosely defined agglomeration of genera known as the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87EB577FF568E5B64092EE5" box="[151,328,1898,1922]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Peloropeodinae">Peloropeodinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, some of which also have a short hypopygial peduncle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87EB577FF068EBC67942E8B" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2029]" pageId="2">
|
||
5.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9388AAF8B87EB577FF298EBC64632EC2" box="[232,290,1933,1957]" name="Malta" pageId="2">Male</collectingCountry>
|
||
sternite 8 (the hypopygial cap) usually has a V-shaped internal sclerotization, evident in cleared specimens (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="73A4F6EDB87EB577FE9B8E8064DE2EAE" box="[346,415,1969,1993]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[195,1393,219,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1409,195,1917]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phrudoneura abbreviata Meuffels & Grootaert; a. hypopygium, left lateral. P. collessi sp. nov.; b. male postabdomen, left lateral. Scale line = 0.1 mm. Legend: cer = cercus; els = epandrial lobe setae; hyp, hypandrium; pha = phallus; sub = subepandrial plate; sur = surstylus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218309/files/figure.png" pageId="2">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
b, 3a–c). This is similar to sclerotization of sternite
|
||
<quantity id="2C67478DB87EB577FBC28E8061732EAE" box="[1027,1074,1969,1993]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="2" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87EB577FBFD8E8061AD2EAE" authority="Mik" authorityName="Mik" box="[1084,1260,1969,1993]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Acropsilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87EB577FBFD8E8061F22EAE" box="[1084,1203,1969,1993]" italics="true" pageId="2">Acropsilus</emphasis>
|
||
Mik
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see figures in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8F0E9799B87EB577FF568EE564682E8B" author="Bickel" box="[151,297,2004,2028]" pageId="2" refString="Bickel, D. J. (1998) Australian, Melanesian, and Micronesian Acropsilus Mik (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 141, 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="1998">Bickel, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87EB577FE3A8EE467942E8B" authority="Hollis." authorityName="Hollis." box="[507,725,2004,2029]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Nepalomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87EB577FE3A8EE467C32E8A" box="[507,642,2005,2029]" italics="true" pageId="2">Nepalomyia</emphasis>
|
||
Hollis.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87FB576FF0689A6645729B3" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1076]" pageId="3">
|
||
6. The epandrium is subcircular in lateral view, while most genera in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87FB576FC3089A661C829C8" box="[1009,1161,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sympycninae">Sympycninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a more rectangular epandrium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87FB576FF0689D167C628EF" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1076]" pageId="3">
|
||
7. The curved ventral margin of the epandrium has a row of three usually pedunculate setae, and these are often on a slightly raised projection. I believe this genitalic character is diagnostic for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87FB576FB5388356064287B" box="[1170,1317,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Phrudoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phrudoneura</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The basal two setae are strong and are probably homologous with the two setae found on the epandrial lobe in many dolichopodid genera. The shorter distal seta may be homologous to a short seta often found near the base of the epandrial lobe in other dolichopodid genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87FB576FF0688A566B228CB" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1076]" box="[199,1011,404,428]" pageId="3">8. The surstylus is usually short, bearing short arms with modified setae.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87FB576FF068886671A2893" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1076]" pageId="3">
|
||
9. A distinct subepandrial sclerite, usually subrectangular with some dorsal setae, is present in many species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="73A4F6EDB87FB576FF5E88ED65A02893" box="[159,225,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[195,1393,219,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[175,1409,195,1917]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phrudoneura abbreviata Meuffels & Grootaert; a. hypopygium, left lateral. P. collessi sp. nov.; b. male postabdomen, left lateral. Scale line = 0.1 mm. Legend: cer = cercus; els = epandrial lobe setae; hyp, hypandrium; pha = phallus; sub = subepandrial plate; sur = surstylus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218309/files/figure.png" pageId="3">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
a-b) just ventrad of the two cerci.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87FB576FF0688CE618F2B5B" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1076]" pageId="3">
|
||
10. The female oviscapt is divided into two hemitergites, each with a crest of four spine-like setae or acanthophorites. This is a common pattern in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87FB576FD018B1566192B5B" box="[704,856,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sympycninae">Sympycninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well as other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87FB576FBD58B15618B2B5B" box="[1044,1226,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dolichopodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87FB576FF068B7966082B88" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1076]" pageId="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87FB576FF068B79641D2B07" box="[199,348,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Phrudoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87FB576FF068B79641D2B07" box="[199,348,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="3">Phrudoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is perhaps close to to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87FB576FD528B76666F2B38" box="[659,814,583,607]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sympycninae">Sympycninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it is somewhat distant from the main polythethic genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87FB576FF218B5C64E52BE3" authority="Loew" authorityName="Loew" box="[224,420,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Sympycnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87FB576FF218B5C641C2BE3" box="[224,349,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="3">Sympycnus</emphasis>
|
||
Loew
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on characters 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, discussed above. Indeed, some characters (4 and 5 above) would suggest a possible relationship with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87FB576FD0F8BA1663A2BC0" authority="Mik" authorityName="Mik" box="[718,891,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Acropsilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87FB576FD0F8BA166042BCF" box="[718,837,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="3">Acropsilus</emphasis>
|
||
Mik
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see further discussion in Bickel, 1988). In light of this, rather than place
|
||
<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87FB576FE7F8B8567272BAB" box="[446,614,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87FB576FE7F8B8567122BAB" box="[446,595,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Phrudoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phrudoneura</taxonomicName>
|
||
i
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
n the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87FB576FD6A8B8566052BAB" box="[683,836,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sympycninae">Sympycninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and further dilute the definition of the subfamily, I regard the genus as
|
||
<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87FB576FEB48BE867512B97" box="[373,528,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="3">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87FB576FD4E8BE666042B88" box="[655,837,727,751]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dolichopodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87FB576FF068BCD64002AA0" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1076]" pageId="3">
|
||
The shortened male vein M is a distinctive and readily recognized autapomorphy for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87FB576FAC18BCD60D42A73" box="[1280,1429,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Phrudoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87FB576FAC18BCD60D42A73" box="[1280,1429,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="3">Phrudoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. One would assume an ancestral or sister taxon would have the plesiomorphic state of a complete male vein M.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9388AAF8B87FB576FABC8A1160DD2A5F" box="[1405,1436,800,824]" name="American Samoa" pageId="3">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
well, males of species within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87FB576FDCD8A7567E02A3B" box="[524,673,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Phrudoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87FB576FDCD8A7567E02A3B" box="[524,673,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="3">Phrudoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade might not display this apomorphic character, and revert to the plesiomorphic state of a complete vein M. So how might one recognized closely related taxa with a complete vein M? The male genitalic structure as represented by characters 4–8 above might provide additional strong evidence of relationship.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB20EA68B87FB576FF068AE564C62D53" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1076]" pageId="3">
|
||
At the basic taxonomic level, most species within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87FB576FCC48AE566DB2A8B" box="[773,922,980,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" genus="Phrudoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D9EB367AB87FB576FCC48AE566DB2A8B" box="[773,922,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="3">Phrudoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are dull coloured and lack distinctive MSSC (especially leg MSSC found in many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C9F91EBB87FB576FDFF8AC6679A2D68" box="[574,731,1015,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Dolichopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Sympycninae">Sympycninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and therefore delimitation of species groups within the genus might prove difficult.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |