191 lines
24 KiB
XML
191 lines
24 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5AFFFB9D2E22192DE432E0B0509499B5">A review of bristly ground squirrels Xerini and a generic revision in the African genus Xerus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="89CBE07F469E30F08DC31C41FD317137">Tesakov, Alexey S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E37A2EC1A9F74BFE25CF3FAE7C1753F8">Mammalia</mods:title>
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<mods:title id="0E8F9A60F60F1FBAF1946F216D5C4D2E">Warsaw, Poland</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B933EABEFFEE5B02FF74FD76FE77FD66" bold="true" box="[136,422,672,702]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Atlantoxerus getulus</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus)
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: Barbary ground squirrel
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<treatmentCitation id="0AE610BDFFEE5B02FF74FCDFFDFAFCF9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3914683" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3914683" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C12A77A3-3A56-4398-B412-336911AE9380" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[136,555,776,801]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7FBBD9AA69878D48B8E9721867E4505F" page="64" pageId="14" pageNumber="535" year="1758">
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D2FFFEE5B02FF74FCDFFDFAFCF9" authority="Linnaeus 1758, p. 64" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="64" authorityYear="1758" box="[136,555,776,801]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Sciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="getulus">
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<emphasis id="B933EABEFFEE5B02FF74FCDFFEFDFCF8" bold="true" box="[136,300,776,801]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Sciurus getulus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEE5B02FEC6FCDFFE0AFCF9" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[314,475,777,801]" pageId="14" pageNumber="535" refId="ref15790" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus 1. Ed. dec., ref. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 64
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. The
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locality (“Habitat in Africa” = Lives in Africa) was restricted to “Barbary” (= Mediterranean Africa between
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<collectingCountry id="F350763CFFEE5B02FD73FC99FD1DFCBF" box="[655,716,847,871]" name="Egypt" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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and the Atlantic coast) by
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<treatmentCitation id="0AE610BDFFEE5B02FE6DFCA7FD85FC51" author="Thomas, O." box="[401,596,881,905]" page="149" pageId="14" pageNumber="535" year="1911">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEE5B02FE6DFCA7FD85FC51" author="Thomas, O." box="[401,596,881,905]" pageId="14" pageNumber="535" pagination="120 - 158" refId="ref17758" refString="Thomas, O. 1911. The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus; an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species. Proc. Zoo. Soc. Lond. 1911: 120 - 158." type="journal article" year="1911">Thomas (1911:149)</bibRefCitation>
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, and to “
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<collectingCountry id="F350763CFFEE5B02FD55FCA7FD22FC51" box="[681,755,881,905]" name="Morocco" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Agadir</collectingCountry>
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” (
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<collectingCountry id="F350763CFFEE5B02FF40FC45FEC8FC73" box="[188,281,915,939]" name="Morocco" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Morocco</collectingCountry>
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) by
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<treatmentCitation id="0AE610BDFFEE5B02FEBEFC45FDD7FC73" author="Cabrera, A." box="[322,518,915,939]" page="217" pageId="14" pageNumber="535" year="1932">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEE5B02FEBEFC45FDD7FC73" author="Cabrera, A." box="[322,518,915,939]" pageId="14" pageNumber="535" pagination="209 - 222" refId="ref13298" refString="Cabrera, A. 1932. Los Mamiferos de Marruecos. Trabajos del Museo National de Ciencias Naturales, Ser. Zool. 57: 209 - 222." type="journal article" year="1932">Cabrera (1932: 217)</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.On p. 218 Cabrera justified this step as follows (our translation from Spanish): “(1) Imports of animals and other goods from
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<collectingCountry id="F350763CFFEE5B02FD5DFC0FFD2DFC28" box="[673,764,985,1008]" name="Morocco" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Morocco</collectingCountry>
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in the 17
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and 19
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century came mostly from the port “Santa Cruz de Berberia”, the current name of which is
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<collectingCountry id="F350763CFFEE5B02FF49FB97FF2FFB81" box="[181,254,1089,1113]" name="Morocco" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Agadir</collectingCountry>
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. Examples are squirrels figured in the painting “Arche Noah” by the Dutch artist P. Breughel [actually Jan Breughel the Elder, 1568–1625], now in the Prado in Madrid [Prado holds one of the later versions while the original is in the J. Paul Getty Museum;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEE5B02FDA9FB1DFD12FB3B" author="Kolb, A. F." box="[597,707,1227,1251]" pageId="14" pageNumber="535" refId="ref15364" refString="Kolb, A. F. 2005. The entry of the animals into Noah's Ark. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles." type="book" year="2005">Kolb 2005</bibRefCitation>
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], and in the book by Gessner from 1551. The picture in Gessner subsequently inspired Ray (1693, Synops. Method. Anim. Quadrup., p. 216) to discuss this squirrel. (2) Linnaeus based his name on the reports of Ray (as above), and of Edwards 1751 (A natural history of birds, vol. 4, plate 198), who reported and figured a squirrel from “Santa Cruz (on the Western Coast of Barbary, bordering on the Atlantic Ocean)”. The specimen figured in Gessner (1551), argues Cabrera, should be regarded as the
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<typeStatus id="54FC880EFFEE5B02FF21F9F0FEDAF9E6" box="[221,267,1574,1598]" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">type</typeStatus>
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of the species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF836ACFFEE5B02FF74F9BAFE01F95B" blockId="14.[136,764,1643,1945]" box="[136,464,1643,1667]" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">No subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35D6527FFEE5B02FF74F958FCB2FCBE" pageId="14" pageNumber="535" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BF836ACFFEE5B02FF74F958FF25F88B" blockId="14.[136,764,1643,1945]" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">
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Etymology.– The name
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D2FFFEE5B02FE7DF95BFDD8F97D" authorityName="Forsyth Major" authorityYear="1893" box="[385,521,1677,1701]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Atlantoxerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B933EABEFFEE5B02FE7DF95BFDD8F97D" bold="true" box="[385,521,1677,1701]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Atlantoxerus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was coined from Greek “Atlas” or “Atlantos” (=the Atlas Mts. in
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<collectingCountry id="F350763CFFEE5B02FDCFF967FD40F911" box="[563,657,1713,1737]" name="Morocco" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Morocco</collectingCountry>
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)+“
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D2FFFEE5B02FD53F967FD23F911" box="[687,754,1713,1737]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Xerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Xerus</taxonomicName>
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” (dry in Greek) in allusion to the arid habitat. The species name is derived from Gaetulia (Romanized for a Berber Getulia), an ancient district in Northern Africa around the Atlas Mts.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF836ACFFEE5B02FF74F888FB18FD89" blockId="14.[136,764,1643,1945]" lastBlockId="14.[794,1422,187,870]" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">
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Diagnosis. – The smallest species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D2FFFEE5B02FDB4F888FD5FF8AE" box="[584,654,1886,1910]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Xerini">Xerini</taxonomicName>
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, and the only one having a light spinal stripe (
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<figureCitation id="137C2A29FFEE5B02FDC9F856FD45F841" box="[565,660,1920,1945]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[166,223,1011,1031]" captionTargetBox="[169,1353,177,979]" captionTargetId="figure-10@5.[166,1356,174,980]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2: Representatives of genera in African bristly ground squirrels Xerina: 1 – AtlantoxerUS getUlUS (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands; photo courtesy Alenka KryŠtufek); 2 – GeoSciUrUS inaUriS (Etosha National Park, Namibia; photo courtesy Emmanuel Do Linh San); 3 – XerUS rUtilUS (Samburu National Park, Kenya; photo by Jan Matějů); 4 – EUxerUS erythroPUS (captive; photo courtesy Klaus Rudloff)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10476685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10476685/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Figure 2</figureCitation>
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), present metatarsal pads, a paired interparietal bone (
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<figureCitation id="137C2A29FFEE5B02FADCFF6DFA51FF0B" box="[1312,1408,187,211]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="7.[824,881,1659,1679]" captionTargetBox="[824,1448,914,1628]" captionTargetId="figure-499@7.[824,1448,914,1628]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 7: Skull of AtlantoxerUS getUlUS (NMW 43000) in dorsal, lateral and ventral views (from top to bottom). Arrows point on traits which are informative for taxonomic ranking of Xerini. 1 – lacrimal bone; 2-postorbital process of the frontal bone; 3 – anterior extension of the squamosal bone; 4 – parietointerparietal suture; 5 – interparietal suture; 6 – anteriorly projected external ridge on the front face of the zygomatic plate; 7 – jugal bone; 8 – opisthodont upper incisor; 9 – masseteric tubercle; 10 – buccinator foramen; 11 – masticatory foramen; 12 – posterior margin of hard palate; 13 – external meatUS acUSticUS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10476695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10476695/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Figure 7</figureCitation>
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), upper incisor with traces of a groove, and brachiodont and bunodont cheek-teeth. Among the African
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D2FFFEE5B02FAC2FED6FA58FEC0" box="[1342,1417,256,280]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Xerina">Xerina</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C474D2FFFEE5B02FCE6FEF5FC73FEE3" authorityName="Forsyth Major" authorityYear="1893" box="[794,930,291,315]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Atlantoxerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B933EABEFFEE5B02FCE6FEF5FC73FEE3" bold="true" box="[794,930,291,315]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Atlantoxerus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is unique in having rough, but not bristly (spiny) fur, four pairs of nipples, exposed orifice which is not sheltered by a tragus, in retaining the parieto-interparietal suture (
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||
<figureCitation id="137C2A29FFEE5B02FC31FE5DFBFDFE7B" box="[973,1068,395,419]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="7.[824,881,1659,1679]" captionTargetBox="[824,1448,914,1628]" captionTargetId="figure-499@7.[824,1448,914,1628]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 7: Skull of AtlantoxerUS getUlUS (NMW 43000) in dorsal, lateral and ventral views (from top to bottom). Arrows point on traits which are informative for taxonomic ranking of Xerini. 1 – lacrimal bone; 2-postorbital process of the frontal bone; 3 – anterior extension of the squamosal bone; 4 – parietointerparietal suture; 5 – interparietal suture; 6 – anteriorly projected external ridge on the front face of the zygomatic plate; 7 – jugal bone; 8 – opisthodont upper incisor; 9 – masseteric tubercle; 10 – buccinator foramen; 11 – masticatory foramen; 12 – posterior margin of hard palate; 13 – external meatUS acUSticUS." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10476695" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10476695/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
), and in having a short wedge-like extension of the jugal bone between the lacrimal and maxillary (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C2A29FFEE5B02FC73FE06FC29FE31" box="[911,1016,464,489]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="13.[166,223,647,667]" captionTargetBox="[169,1416,177,615]" captionTargetId="figure-470@13.[166,1419,174,616]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 10: Anterior zygomatic arch in three genera of Xerini to show differences in a suture between the lacrimal (lac), the maxillary (max) and the jugal (ju) bones. 1 – SPermoPhiloPSiS lePtodactylUS (NMW 32092); 2 – AtlantoxerUS getUlUS (NMW 43000); 3 – EUxerUS erythroPUS (ZFMK 97.472). Arrow points on a wedge-like extension of the jugal between the lacrimal and maxillary in SPermoPhiloPSiS and AtlantoxerUS. A bluntly truncated top of jugal bone at the lacrimal bone which is distinctive of sub-Saharan Xerina, is shown by triangle. Not to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10476701" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10476701/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Figure 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Baculum (length=
|
||
<quantity id="4CBF9B49FFEE5B02FB2EFE07FADEFE31" box="[1234,1295,465,489]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
) has a long proximal portion and simple blade which is asymmetrical in dorsal view and has a medial crest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEE5B02FB34FDC0FA83FDF6" author="Pocock, R. I." box="[1224,1362,534,558]" pageId="14" pageNumber="535" pagination="209 - 246" refId="ref16598" refString="Pocock, R. I. 1923. The classification of the Sciuridae. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1923: 209 - 246." type="journal article" year="1923">Pocock 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The 3
|
||
<superScript id="7C329BE4FFEE5B02FCDAFDEEFCE5FD9E" attach="left" box="[806,820,568,582]" fontSize="6" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">rd</superScript>
|
||
upper premolar is present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C2A29FFEE5B02FB9CFDEFFB6AFD89" box="[1120,1211,569,593]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="8.[136,193,1718,1738]" captionTargetBox="[136,760,1070,1687]" captionTargetId="figure-626@8.[136,760,1070,1687]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 8: Left maxillary (above) and right mandibular (below) toothrows in Xerini: 1 – EUxerUS erythroPUS (NHML 69.10.24.18/ZFMK 97.467), 2 – XerUS rUtilUS (ZFMK 81.234/ZFMK 96.251); 3 – GeoSciUrUS inaUriS (ZFMK 55.147); 4 – AtlantoxerUS getUlUS (PMS 19301 / ZFMK 88.195); 5 – SPermoPhiloPSiS lePtodactylUS (ZFMK 92.497/ ZFMK 92.496). Abbreviations for cheek-teeth: P/p – upper/lower premolar, M/m – upper/lower molar; numbers refer to a position in the tooth-row. Scale bar=2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10476697" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10476697/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF836ACFFEE5B02FCE6FD8DFB9BFCF9" blockId="14.[794,1422,187,870]" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">
|
||
Distribution. – Endemic to north-western Africa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137C2A29FFEE5B02FAD7FD8DFA54FDAC" box="[1323,1413,603,628]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="9.[166,223,1565,1585]" captionTargetBox="[169,1128,177,1531]" captionTargetId="figure-10@9.[166,1131,174,1534]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 9: Distributional ranges of Xerini. Fossil (Late Oligocene to Early Pleistocene) records (top inset) are based on Fortelius (2015) with corrections and additions from Gromov and Erbajeva (1995), Kozhamkulova and Bendukidze (2005), Winkler et al. (2010), Flynn and Wessels (2013), and Maridet et al. (2014). Map of recent ranges (inset below) does not show the isolate of EUxerUS erythroPUS in Morocco, and the population of AtlantoxerUS getUlUS introduced to Fuerteventura, Canary Islands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10476699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10476699/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F350763CFFEE5B02FCC5FDA9FC47FD4E" box="[825,918,639,662]" name="Morocco" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
and present very marginally also in western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F350763CFFEE5B02FCE6FD77FCB9FD61" box="[794,872,673,697]" name="Algeria" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEE5B02FC82FD77FB0FFD61" author="Aulagnier, S. & M. Thevenot" box="[894,1246,673,697]" pageId="14" pageNumber="535" pagination="1 - 164" refId="ref12759" refString="Aulagnier, S. and M. Thevenot. 1986. Catalogue des mammiferes sauvages du Maroc. Travaux de l'Institut Scientifique, Ser. Zool. 41: 1 - 164." type="journal article" year="1986">Aulagnier and Thevenot 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEE5B02FB0CFD77FBCDFD03" author="Kowalski, K. & B. Rzebik-Kowalska" pageId="14" pageNumber="535" refId="ref15430" refString="Kowalski, K. and B. Rzebik-Kowalska. 1991. Mammals of Algeria. Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroc law." type="book" year="1991">Kowalski and Rzebik-Kowalska 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In 1966–1970 introduced to Fuerteventura, the Canary Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEE5B02FB32FD30FA53FD26" author="Bertolino, S." box="[1230,1410,742,766]" pageId="14" pageNumber="535" pagination="701 - 708" refId="ref13112" refString="Bertolino, S. 2009. Animal trade and non-indigenous species introduction: the world-wide spread of squirrels. Div. Distr. 15: 701 - 708." type="journal article" year="2009">Bertolino 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Prefers open rocky habitats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF836ACFFEE5B02FCE6FCFDFCB2FCBE" blockId="14.[794,1422,187,870]" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">
|
||
Remarks. –
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C474D2FFFEE5B02FC61FCFDFBABFC9B" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[925,1146,811,835]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Atlantoxerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="getulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B933EABEFFEE5B02FC61FCFDFBABFC9B" bold="true" box="[925,1146,811,835]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="535">Atlantoxerus getulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reviewed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD64B5DFFEE5B02FADEFCFDFC8EFCBE" author="Aulagnier, S." pageId="14" pageNumber="535" refId="ref12792" refString="Aulagnier, S. 2013. AtlantoxerUS getUlUS Barbary ground squirrel." type="book" year="2013">Aulagnier (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |