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<mods:title id="6302CEAB22CE55D9DA06469BFBDEE3FB">The Lower Pliocene marine gastropods of Santa Maria Island, Azores: Taxonomy and palaeobiogeographic implications</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="025CC041E9B6BAE7CD3A6D95E63E1C2B">Landau, Bernard</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C400917FF1DFC4FFDC077B6" authority="(Mayer, 1862)" baseAuthorityName="Mayer" baseAuthorityYear="1862" box="[151,634,942,969]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Stephanoconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidatus">
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<emphasis id="B912EA982C400917FF1DFC4FFE7477B7" bold="true" box="[151,462,942,969]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Stephanoconus candidatus</emphasis>
(Mayer, 1862)
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<subSubSection id="C37C65012C400917FF1DFC33FEFC7792" box="[151,326,978,1011]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C400917FF1DFC33FEFC7792" blockId="82.[151,634,942,1011]" box="[151,326,978,1011]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
<figureCitation id="135D2A0F2C400917FF1DFC33FF417793" box="[151,251,978,1005]" captionStart="PLATE 5" captionStartId="146.[151,234,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[203,1385,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-24@146.[203,1385,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="146" captionText="PLATE 5. A1-A2. Tritia atlantica (Mayer, 1862), DBUA-F 1295-2, height 13.0 mm, width 6.5 mm, Malbusca (east cave). B1-B2 C1-C2. Tritia serraticosta (Ĥrnes, 1852), DBUA-F 1292-A, height 6.2 mm, width 4.1 mm (B); height 8.1 mm, width 4.2 mm (C), Macela viewpoint. D. Tritia vetulum (Mayer, 1862), height 12.0 mm, width 6.0 mm, Pinheiros (figure taken from Bronn in Reiss, 1862, pl. 1, fig. 5). E1-E2. Aplus sp., height 7.5 mm, width 4.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo, LNEG collection (unnumbered). F1- F2. Orania cf. bellardiana (Foresti, 1884), DBUA-F 828-2, height 17.0 mm, width 12.0 mm, Ponta dos Frades. G1-G2. Favartia suboblonga (d’Orbigny, 1852), DBUA-F 946-3, height 19.0 mm, width 10.0 mm, Ponta dos Cedros. H1-H2. Bellardithala obsoleta (Brocchi, 1814), DBUA-F 542-4, height 5.9 mm, width 2.0 mm, Ponta dos Frades. I1-I2 J. Cancilla volvaria (Bronn, 1862), DBUA-F 937-2, height 10.9 mm, width 4.8 mm (I), Ponta do Castelo; height 15.5 mm, width 5.5 mm (J), Pinheiros (figure taken from Bronn in Reiss, 1862, pl. 1, fig. 4). K. Mitra (s.l.) peregrinula Mayer, 1864 species inquirenda, height 5.5 mm, width 2.5 mm, Feteirinhas (= Ponta das Salinas) (figure taken from Mayer, 1864, pl. 7, fig. 61). L1-L2. Mitra (s.l.) sp., DBUA-F 1295-3, height 12.9 mm, width 7.0 mm, Malbusca (east cave). M. Africonus trochilus (Mayer, 1864), length 16.0 mm, width 9.0 mm (incomplete spire fragment), Pinheiros, (figure taken from Mayer, 1864, pl. 7, fig. 60). N1-N2. Lautoconus cf. anomalomamillus (Sacco, 1893), DBUA-F 924-1, height 22.0 mm, width 11.0 mm, Malbusca. O. Plagioconus sp., height 35.5 mm, width 16.0 mm, unknown locality, LNEG collection (unnumbered). P1-P2 Q. Stephanoconus candidatus (Mayer, 1862), DBUA-F 913, diameter 19.0 mm (apical fragment of juvenile), Ponta dos Frades (P); diameter 40.0 mm, height 22.0 mm (incomplete spire fragment), Pinheiros (figure taken from Bronn in Reiss, pl. 1, fig. 1)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7965299" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7965299/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Plate 5 P</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="135D2A0F2C400917FF71FC04FEA67793" box="[251,284,979,1011]" captionStart="PLATE 1" captionStartId="138.[151,234,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[203,1385,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-24@138.[203,1385,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="138" captionText="PLATE 1. A. Danilia pterostomus (Bronn, 1861), height 5.0 mm, width 4.0 mm, Forno da Cré (figure taken from Bronn in Hartung, 1861, pl. 19, fig. 2). B1-B2. Emarginula octaviana Coen, 1939, DBUA-F 487-1, height 1.8 mm, diameter 3.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. C. Bolma cf. rugosa (Linné, 1767), DBUA-F 471-3, diameter 4.1 mm, Ponta do Castelo. D1-D5. Turbo hartungi Bronn 1861, DBUA-F 1295-1, height 9.0 mm, width 8.0 mm, Malbusca (east cave). E1-E3. Nerita cf. funata Dujardin, 1837, DBUA-F 917-1, height 4.0 mm, width 6.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. F1-F2. Thericium crenulosum (Bronn, 1862), height 10.0 mm, width 6.0 mm, Ponta do Norte lighthouse, LNEG collection (unnumbered). G1-G2. Thericium hartungi (Mayer, 1862), height 29.0 mm, width 13.0 mm, Pinheiros (figure taken from Bronn in Reiss, 1862, pl. 1, fig. 11). H1-H2. Thericium incultum (Mayer, 1862), DBUA-F 1034-2, height 23.0 mm, width 10.0 mm, Macela viewpoint. I1-I2. Thericium incultum (Mayer, 1862), DBUA-F 1027-1, height 29.0 mm, width 11.0 mm, Malbusca II. J1-J2, K1-K2. Bittium miradouroense nov. sp., Holotype DBUAF 1034-5, height 6.8 mm, width 1.9 mm (J); Paratype DBUA-F 1034-6(1), height 5.3 mm, width 1.9 mm (K), Macela viewpoint. L1-L2, M1-M2. Bittium nov. sp., DBUA-F 488-2, height 4.5 mm, width 1.8 mm (L), height 4.2 mm, width 1.7 mm (M), Ponta do Castelo." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7965287" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7965287/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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-P
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<figureCitation id="135D2A0F2C400917FE96FC04FE9E778D" box="[284,292,997,1011]" captionStart="PLATE 2" captionStartId="140.[151,234,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[203,1385,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-24@140.[203,1385,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="140" captionText="PLATE 2. A1-A2. Bittium nanum (Mayer, 1864), DBUA-F 1296-2, height 4.9 mm, width 2.0 mm, Malbusca. B. Tenagodus (Tenagodus) obtusus (Schumacher, 1817), DBUA-F 1283-2, height 12.0 mm, width 11.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. C. Epitonium sp., DBUA-F 931-1, height 4.0 mm, width 2.8 mm, Pedra-que-pica. D1-D3. Janthina krejcii, SMF10135a, height 25.0 mm, diameter 32.0 mm, Macela viewpoint (pictures from Beu, 2017, fig. 26). E1-E3. Janthina typica (Bronn, 1861), DBUA-F-428, height 19.0 mm, diameter 21.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo, (pictures from Beu, 2017, fig. 25). F.Cheilea equestris (Linnaeus, 1758), DBUA-F 1283-1, diameter 30.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. G1-G3. Hipponix sulcatus (Borson, 1820), DBUA-F 937-1, height 5.3 mm, diameter 14.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. H1-H2. Euspira atlantica (Mayer, 1862), height 16.0 mm, diameter 19.0 mm, Ponta do Norte lighthouse, LNEG collection (unnumbered). I. Triphorid s.l., DBUA-F 471-5, height 3.2 mm, width 1.3 mm, Ponta do Castelo. J1-J2. Cerithiopsis cf. tubercularis (Montagu, 1803), DBUA-F 1023-1, height 3.0 mm, width 1.2 mm, Ponta do Castelo. K. Petaloconchus intortus (Lamarck, 1818), DBUA-F 946-2, height 13.0 mm, width 6.0 mm, Ponta dos Cedros. L. Thylacodes arenarius (Linnaeus, 1758), DBUA-F 869-1, height 33.0 mm, width 24.0 mm, Ponta dos Cedros. M1-M3. Alvania cancellata (da Costa, 1778), DBUA-F 1296-3, height 4.0 mm, width 2.2 mm, Malbusca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7965291" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7965291/files/figure.png" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
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, Q
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<subSubSection id="C37C65012C400917FF1DFBF6FD5A7033" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="reference_group">
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* 
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<emphasis id="B912EA982C400917FF2EFBF6FEE07051" box="[164,346,1047,1071]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Conus candidatus</emphasis>
Mayer
</taxonomicName>
, in Bronn in 
<treatmentCitation id="0AC7109B2C400917FDA2FBF6FD7A7051" author="Reiss, W." box="[552,704,1047,1071]" page="23" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" year="1862">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C400917FDA2FBF6FD7A7051" author="Reiss, W." box="[552,704,1047,1071]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref122153" refString="Reiss, W. (1862) Mittheilungen u ¨ ber die tertia ¨ ren Schichten von Santa Maria, der su ¨ dlichsten der Azoren, und ihre organischen Einschlu ¨ sse. Nebst Beschreibung dieser letzten und Abbildung der neuen Arten, von H. G. Bronn. Neues Jahrbuch fu ¨ r Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefactunkunde, 1862, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1862">Reiss 1862: 23</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 1, fig. 1.
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7611A42C400917FF1DFBD7FD5A7033" box="[151,736,1077,1102]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C400917FF1DFBD7FE2C7030" authority="Mayer" authorityName="Mayer" box="[151,406,1077,1102]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidatus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C400917FF1DFBD7FEF77033" box="[151,333,1077,1101]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Conus candidatus</emphasis>
Mayer
</taxonomicName>
— 
<treatmentCitation id="0AC7109B2C400917FE25FBD7FDEE7033" author="Mayer, K." box="[431,596,1077,1102]" page="78" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" year="1864">
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C400917FE25FBD7FDEE7033" author="Mayer, K." box="[431,596,1077,1102]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" refId="ref114600" refString="Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls." type="book" year="1864">Mayer 1864: 78</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 7, fig. 58.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37C65012C400917FF1DFB9DFE467284" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C400917FF1DFB9DFC4870C4" blockId="82.[151,1437,1147,2038]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C400917FF1DFB9DFEFF70EB" bold="true" box="[151,325,1147,1174]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
<typeStatus id="54DD88282C400917FF1DFB9DFF6870E8" box="[151,210,1148,1174]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Type</typeStatus>
material.
</emphasis>
Single specimen, diameter 40.0 mm, height 22.0 mm (incomplete spire fragment), 
<materialsCitation id="3B0E3CD72C400917FB64FB9AFC5470C4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4117111304" collectorName="da Cre" location="Baia" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia" typeStatus="holotype">
Pinheiros (
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C400917FAEDFB9DFA2670E8" box="[1383,1436,1148,1174]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Baía</collectingRegion>
<collectorName id="2693535C2C400917FF1DFB7EFF5F70C4" box="[151,229,1183,1210]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">da Cré</collectorName>
), Santa Maria Island, Azores; whereabouts unknown (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C400917FCC8FB41FC5C70C4" author="Beu, A. G." box="[834,998,1183,1210]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="119 - 222" refId="ref94683" refString="Beu, A. G. (2017) Evolution of Janthina and Recluzia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). Records of the Australian Museum, 69, 119 - 222. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 2201 - 4349.69.2017.1666" type="journal article" year="2017">Beu 2017:165</bibRefCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B912EA982C400917FF4DFB22FDF570A3" bold="true" box="[199,591,1219,1245]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Santa Maria material examined.</emphasis>
Maximum diameter 19.0 mm (apical fragment of juvenile). 
<collectionCode id="ED77AE4F2C400917FA8BFB25FAD370A0" box="[1281,1385,1220,1246]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">DBUA-F</collectionCode>
913 (1), Ponta dos Frades, Santa Maria Island, Touril Complex, Lower Pliocene.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B912EA982C400917FF4DFAEAFE04715B" bold="true" box="[199,446,1291,1317]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Original description.</emphasis>
“ 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C400917FE44FAEDFACC71A7" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
Eine Art mit Kronen-f̂rmigem Gewinde, wovon aber nur dieses selbst in einem einfachen Exemplare vorliegt und auf ein 1½&quot; grosses Individuum deutet. Die 9-10 Windungen sind oben mit 3-4 SpiralStreifen versehen, ein wenig nach aussen abfallend, schwach Treppen-f̂rmig abgesetzt und auf der gerundeten Kante mit je 11-12 Knoten geziert. Der obre Theil des letzten Umganges etwas bauchig, glatt. Stimmt (soweit er erhalten) im Ausehen etwas mit 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C400917FE74FA7DFD7971C8" authority="Lk., C" authorityName="Lk., C" box="[510,707,1435,1462]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="miliaris">C. miliaris Lk., C</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C400917FD45FA7AFC1171CB" authority="Solander" authorityName="Solander" box="[719,939,1435,1461]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nebulosus">nebulosus Solander</taxonomicName>
und zumal 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C400917FBA7FA7DFB0771CB" box="[1069,1213,1436,1462]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nocturnus">C. nocturnus</taxonomicName>
̧berein; er ist aber etwas minder gestreckt, die Umgänge des Gewindes sind etwas ĥher und schärfer gekantet als an diesem.
</emphasis>
[
<collectionCode id="ED77AE4F2C400917FA0DFA21FA2671A4" box="[1415,1436,1472,1498]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">A</collectionCode>
species with crown-shaped suture, of which only this is present as 
<specimenCount id="9D60FD032C400917FC0CFA05FB9A7183" box="[902,1056,1507,1534]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
and points to a 1½&quot; [inches?] tall individual. The 9-10 whorls, slightly sloping outwards and slightly scaled, bear 3-4 spiral threads and the edge bears 11-12 tubercles. The upper part of the last whorl is a bulbous, smooth. Agrees (as far as it is preserved) somewhat with 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C400917FF5AF9B1FECD7217" authority="Lk." authorityName="Lk." box="[208,375,1615,1642]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="miliaris">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C400917FF5AF9B1FEFD7217" box="[208,327,1615,1642]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">C. miliaris</emphasis>
Lk.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C400917FE08F9B1FDC77217" authority="Solander" authorityName="Solander" box="[386,637,1615,1642]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nebulosus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C400917FE08F9B1FDA87217" box="[386,530,1615,1642]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">C. nebulosus</emphasis>
Solander
</taxonomicName>
and especially also 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C400917FCD7F9B1FC547217" box="[861,1006,1616,1642]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="nocturnus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C400917FCD7F9B1FC547217" box="[861,1006,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">C. nocturnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; but it is somewhat less elongated, the circumferences of the thread are slightly higher and sharper than on this.]” (Bronn in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C400917FBD9F992FB4772F0" author="Reiss, W." box="[1107,1277,1651,1678]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref122153" refString="Reiss, W. (1862) Mittheilungen u ¨ ber die tertia ¨ ren Schichten von Santa Maria, der su ¨ dlichsten der Azoren, und ihre organischen Einschlu ¨ sse. Nebst Beschreibung dieser letzten und Abbildung der neuen Arten, von H. G. Bronn. Neues Jahrbuch fu ¨ r Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefactunkunde, 1862, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1862">Reiss 1862: 23</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C400917FF4DF976FE467284" blockId="82.[151,1437,1147,2038]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C400917FF4DF976FE2472CF" bold="true" box="[199,414,1687,1713]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Latin description.</emphasis>
“ 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C400917FE39F979FE927287" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C400917FE39F979FDC372CF" box="[435,633,1687,1714]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="testa" subSpecies="mediocri">C. testa mediocri</taxonomicName>
, oblongo-conica; spira acuta, paulum 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C400917FBBFF976FB2072CF" box="[1077,1178,1687,1713]" class="Gastropoda" family="Vanikoridae" genus="Macromphalina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="depressa">depressa</taxonomicName>
; anfractibus carinatis, scalatis, ad suturam plano-concavis, spiraliter lennuesulcatis, tuberculatisque; tuberculis crassis, obtusis, distantibus.”
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C400917FEBDF901FE4A7284" author="Mayer, K." box="[311,496,1759,1786]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" refId="ref114600" refString="Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls." type="book" year="1864">Mayer 1864: 78</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37C65012C400917FF4DF8E2FB09733F" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C400917FF4DF8E2FB09733F" blockId="82.[151,1437,1147,2038]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C400917FF4DF8E2FEE37363" bold="true" box="[199,345,1795,1821]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Description.</emphasis>
Apical fragment. Protoconch missing. Spire strongly depressed, slightly graded. Nine teleoconch whorls preserved, bearing broad, rounded poorly delimited tubercles and fine spiral sculpture.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37C65012C400916FF4DF8AAFE9A75F7" lastPageId="83" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C400916FF4DF8AAFE9A75F7" blockId="82.[151,1437,1147,2038]" lastBlockId="83.[151,1436,151,465]" lastPageId="83" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C400917FF4DF8AAFEF6731B" bold="true" box="[199,332,1867,1893]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Discussion.</emphasis>
The spire fragment illustrated by Mayer, in Bronn in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C400917FC3DF8AAFBF8731B" author="Reiss, W." box="[951,1090,1867,1893]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref122153" refString="Reiss, W. (1862) Mittheilungen u ¨ ber die tertia ¨ ren Schichten von Santa Maria, der su ¨ dlichsten der Azoren, und ihre organischen Einschlu ¨ sse. Nebst Beschreibung dieser letzten und Abbildung der neuen Arten, von H. G. Bronn. Neues Jahrbuch fu ¨ r Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefactunkunde, 1862, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1862">Reiss (1862</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 1) has strong tubercles at the shoulder and can undoubtedly be ascribed to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C400917FCA3F88EFC6973F7" authorityName="Morch" authorityYear="1852" box="[809,979,1903,1929]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Stephanoconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C400917FCA3F88EFC6973F7" box="[809,979,1903,1929]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Stephanoconus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
M̂rch, 1852. This was already noted by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C400917FF1DF872FE4973D0" author="Tucker, J. K. &amp; Tenorio, M. J." box="[151,499,1939,1966]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" refId="ref127328" refString="Tucker, J. K. &amp; Tenorio, M. J. (2009) Systematic Classification of Recent and Fossil Conoidean Gastropods, with Keys to the Genera of Cone Shells. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, Germany, 294 pp." type="book" year="2009">Tucker &amp; Tenorio (2009: 125)</bibRefCitation>
. The spire fragment at hand, from Ponta dos Frades, matches closely the fragment illustrated by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C400917FEA5F859FE7E73AF" author="Mayer, K." box="[303,452,1975,2002]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" refId="ref114600" refString="Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls." type="book" year="1864">Mayer (1864</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 58) and clearly shows the tubercles and spiral sculpture on the spire. 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C400917FB79F856FA2773AF" authorityName="Morch" authorityYear="1852" box="[1267,1437,1975,2001]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Stephanoconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C400917FB79F856FA2773AF" box="[1267,1437,1975,2001]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Stephanoconus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a tropical genus included by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C400917FE75F83AFD587388" author="Landau, B. &amp; Vermeij, G. &amp; Silva, C. M. da" box="[511,738,2011,2038]" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" pagination="445 - 461" refId="ref112131" refString="Landau, B., Vermeij, G. &amp; Silva, C. M. da (2008) Southern Caribbean Neogene palaeobiogeography revisited. New data from the Pliocene of Cubagua, Venezuela. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 257, 445 - 461. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. palaeo. 2007.10.019" type="journal article" year="2008">
Landau 
<emphasis id="B912EA982C400917FDD1F83DFD34738B" box="[603,654,2011,2037]" italics="true" pageId="82" pageNumber="83">et al</emphasis>
. (2008
</bibRefCitation>
, appendix A) in their list of paciphile genera. That is, genera that prior to the closure of the Central America Seaway (CAS) were distributed on both sides of the Isthmus of 
<collectingCountry id="F371761A2C410916FF1DFF5AFF4A74AB" box="[151,240,187,213]" name="Panama" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Panama</collectingCountry>
but became restricted to the Pacific side of their originally wider distribution during or subsequent to the closure. Today 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C410916FEC8FF3EFE567487" authorityName="Morch" authorityYear="1852" box="[322,492,223,249]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Stephanoconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C410916FEC8FF3EFE567487" box="[322,492,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Stephanoconus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in the eastern Pacific, represented by 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C410916FC6DFF3EFAC07487" authority="(Hanna &amp; Strong, 1949)" baseAuthorityName="Hanna &amp; Strong" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[999,1402,223,249]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Stephanoconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bartschi">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C410916FC6DFF3EFBE57487" box="[999,1119,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">S. bartschi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C410916FBE4FF3EFACB7487" author="Hanna, G. D. &amp; Strong, A. M." box="[1134,1393,223,249]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="247 - 322" refId="ref106853" refString="Hanna, G. D. &amp; Strong, A. M. (1949) West American mollusks of the genus Conus. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4 (26), 247 - 322." type="journal article" year="1949">Hanna &amp; Strong, 1949</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In the Caribbean Neogene it is represented by 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C410916FD02FEE2FC707563" authority="Jung, 1965" authorityName="Jung" authorityYear="1965" box="[648,970,258,285]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Stephanoconus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="wiedenmayeri">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C410916FD02FEE2FCF87563" box="[648,834,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">S. wiedenmayeri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C410916FCC1FEE2FC707563" author="Jung, P." box="[843,970,258,285]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="387 - 644" refId="ref109413" refString="Jung, P. (1965) Miocene Mollusca from the Paraguana Peninsula, Venezuela. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 49 (223), 387 - 644." type="journal article" year="1965">Jung, 1965</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and several species from 
<collectingCountry id="F371761A2C410916FB7FFEE2FA267563" box="[1269,1436,259,285]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">the Dominican</collectingCountry>
Republic (NHMW collection) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C410916FE73FEC6FD0E753F" author="Hendricks, J. R." box="[505,692,294,321]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 59" refId="ref107663" refString="Hendricks, J. R. (2015) Glowing seashells: diversity of fossilized coloration patterns on coral reef-associated cone snail (Gastropoda: Conidae) shells from the Neogene of the Dominican Republic. PLoS One, 10 (4), 1 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0120924" type="journal article" year="2015">Hendricks 2015</bibRefCitation>
). This record in Santa Maria, Azores is the most western Atlantic for the genus and the only genus with strong tropical western Atlantic rather than Mediterranean affinities in the assemblage.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37C65012C410916FF4DFE73FEE77643" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C410916FF4DFE73FF5A75AF" blockId="83.[151,1436,151,465]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C410916FF4DFE73FEDB75D2" bold="true" box="[199,353,402,428]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Distribution.</emphasis>
Lower Pliocene: Atlantic, Santa Maria Island, 
<collectingRegion id="49A2F8682C410916FCF7FE72FC7675D3" box="[893,972,403,429]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Azores</collectingRegion>
(Mayer, in Bronn in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C410916FB4EFE72FAFF75D3" author="Reiss, W." box="[1220,1349,403,429]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref122153" refString="Reiss, W. (1862) Mittheilungen u ¨ ber die tertia ¨ ren Schichten von Santa Maria, der su ¨ dlichsten der Azoren, und ihre organischen Einschlu ¨ sse. Nebst Beschreibung dieser letzten und Abbildung der neuen Arten, von H. G. Bronn. Neues Jahrbuch fu ¨ r Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefactunkunde, 1862, 1 - 48." type="journal article" year="1862">Reiss 1862</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF74B7B2C410916FAD9FE72FF6975AF" author="Mayer, K." pageId="83" pageNumber="84" refId="ref114600" refString="Mayer, K. (1864). Die Tertiar-fauna der Azoren und Madeiren. Zurich, published by the author. Z ¸ rich: vi + 107 pp. + 7 pls." type="book" year="1864">Mayer 1864</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD9368A2C410916FF1DFDC3FEE77643" blockId="83.[151,349,546,573]" box="[151,349,546,573]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C410916FF1DFDC3FEE77643" bold="true" box="[151,349,546,573]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
Genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C664D092C410916FF60FDC2FE8F7643" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[234,309,547,573]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="B912EA982C410916FF60FDC2FE8F7643" bold="true" box="[234,309,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Conus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22157E32C410916FEB6FDC2FEE77643" box="[316,349,547,573]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>