496 lines
84 KiB
XML
496 lines
84 KiB
XML
<document id="A68C201CDE6F78E3746B53EE6C95502E" ID-CLB-Dataset="294067" ID-DOI="10.4202/app.00413.2017" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e559e2ca-7c6d-4b3d-bf17-7a2e556440a0" ID-ISSN="1732-2421" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10980883" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="valdenar" IM.treatments_approvedBy="valdenar" checkinTime="1713284166393" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Sun, Haijing, Malinky, John M., Zhu, Maoyan & Huang, Diying" docDate="2018" docId="03C44804FFA00C04FFF597352B06DD2D" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaPalaeontolPol.63.1.87-101.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (1)" docSource="https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/636609ea-fda7-3272-a3e6-ee40ec7fbc8c/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E4780F6D34569985EDF9CACFB9BC780E.2:ActaPalaeontolPol.2015-.journal_article" docStyleId="E4780F6D34569985EDF9CACFB9BC780E" docStyleName="ActaPalaeontolPol.2015-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Cupitheca convexa Sun & Malinky & Zhu & Huang 2018, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="95" masterDocId="FFFD307CFFA50C0CFF9790282E47DC6B" masterDocTitle="Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China" masterLastPageNumber="101" masterPageNumber="87" pageNumber="92" updateTime="1713356188622" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="18A6B8EDDD534F24A843713E54900F1E">Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="819A94AAF128FD04B768C8AE6155AD40">Sun, Haijing</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="99747808EDDAA6DAC948BF2ABBBE8D1A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="0D63211E387CD62DF74BF0FF5F626D66">Malinky, John M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E4F62A3E01BAAC87E2AA912A30F9AF3D">Zhu, Maoyan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A6A9930CFBF0F0296D7A86F50A5FB01A">Huang, Diying</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="62D57299294155E3E9A89989D96DD026">Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B1990769B5A01BD5A1B0EC9BC4C6C545">
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<mods:date id="D5E79949AA82ACEF0C72E1BD5A5F44C0">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="917335F8F2568AC874DB810DDE20B488">2018-01-29</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03C44804FFA00C04FFF597352B06DD2D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10986492" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10986492" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C44804FFA00C04FFF597352B06DD2D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C44804FFA00C04FFF597352B06DD2D" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
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<subSubSection id="C377AA99FFA00C09FFF597352E84DB35" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD2F912FFA00C09FFF597352F87DB52" blockId="5.[98,448,1821,1849]" box="[98,448,1821,1849]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
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<heading id="D09A4E7EFFA00C09FFF597352F87DB52" box="[98,448,1821,1849]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D8291FFA00C09FFF597352F11DB52" authority="Sun & Malinky & Zhu & Huang, 2018" authorityName="Sun & Malinky & Zhu & Huang" authorityYear="2018" box="[98,342,1821,1849]" family="Cupithecidae" genus="Cupitheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthothecida" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" rank="species" species="convexa" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9192500FFA00C09FFF597352F11DB52" box="[98,342,1821,1849]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Cupitheca convexa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A987BFFA00C09FEC997352F87DB52" box="[350,448,1821,1849]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD2F912FFA00C09FFF597612E84DB35" blockId="5.[98,195,1865,1886]" box="[98,195,1865,1886]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Figs. 4–8.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C377AA99FFA00C09FFF5975D2B8DDB39" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BD2F912FFA00C09FFF5975D2CC1DBCD" blockId="5.[98,770,1909,1958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
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<emphasis id="B9192500FFA00C09FFF5975D2E8EDBE1" box="[98,201,1909,1930]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Etymology</emphasis>
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: From Latin
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<emphasis id="B9192500FFA00C09FEDF975D2FE7DBE1" box="[328,416,1909,1930]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">convexus</emphasis>
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, in reference to the convex nature of the interior of the operculum at the cardinal process area.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD2F912FFA00C09FCBF90882BC8DCBA" blockId="5.[808,1481,160,209]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
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<emphasis id="B9192500FFA00C09FCBF90882DEBDCDE" box="[808,940,160,181]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Type material</emphasis>
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:
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<typeStatus id="54D647B0FFA00C09FC2E90882A55DCDE" box="[953,1042,160,181]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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NIGPAS 166339a (
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<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FB4490882B66DCDE" box="[1235,1313,160,181]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[98,131,1880,1900]" captionTargetBox="[101,1476,160,1857]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[102,1477,161,1857]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Opercula of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. preserved as internal or external moulds, which are prepared from natural casts, collected from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A, B. Internal moulds of opercula, NIGPAS 166337 A) and NIGPAS 166342 (B); showing exteriors covered with concentric ribs, protoopercula (indicated by white arrows) and imprints of bilobate cardinal →" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980891/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
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);
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<typeStatus id="54D647B0FFA00C09FAA490882BD7DCDE" box="[1331,1424,160,181]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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NIGPAS 166334, 166336–43 (Figs. 4, 6A–C) from the type locality.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD2F912FFA00C09FCBF90F52A00DD65" blockId="5.[808,1481,221,270]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
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<materialsCitation id="3B05F34FFFA00C09FCBF90F52A04DD65" country="China" county="North" location="Zuojiawu" municipality="Fengrun District of Tangshan City" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Hebei" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B9192500FFA00C09FCBF90F52DE1DC99" box="[808,934,221,242]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
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<typeStatus id="54D647B0FFA00C09FCBF90F52D12DC99" box="[808,853,221,242]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Type</typeStatus>
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locality
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</emphasis>
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:
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<location id="8EB2AFC9FFA00C09FC2190F52A55DC99" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C44804FFA00C04FFF597352B06DD2D:8EB2AFC9FFA00C09FC2190F52A55DC99" box="[950,1042,221,242]" country="China" county="North" municipality="Fengrun District of Tangshan City" name="Zuojiawu" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" stateProvince="Hebei">Zuojiawu</location>
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section,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BB66368FFA00C09FBF890F52B82DC99" box="[1135,1477,221,242]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Fengrun District of Tangshan City</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49A937F0FFA00C09FCBF90D12DF8DD65" box="[808,959,249,270]" country="China" name="Hebei" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Hebei Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="62B3819EFFA00C09FC5E90D12A46DD65" box="[969,1025,249,270]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">North</collectingCounty>
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<collectingCountry id="F37AB982FFA00C09FB9090D12A04DD65" box="[1031,1091,249,270]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">China</collectingCountry>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD2F912FFA00C09FCBF91332D87DD27" blockId="5.[808,1481,283,332]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
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<emphasis id="B9192500FFA00C09FCBF91332DE2DD5B" box="[808,933,283,304]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
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<typeStatus id="54D647B0FFA00C09FCBF91332D12DD5B" box="[808,853,283,304]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Type</typeStatus>
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horizon
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</emphasis>
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: The purplish-red shales of the Manto Formation, Cambrian Stage 4/5.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD2F912FFA00C09FCBF91772D91DD93" blockId="5.[808,1481,351,504]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
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<emphasis id="B9192500FFA00C09FCBF91772DD4DD13" box="[808,915,351,376]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Material.</emphasis>
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—
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<specimenCount id="9D6B329BFFA00C09FC3891772AC9DD13" box="[943,1166,351,376]" count="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" type="generic">Thirteen specimens</specimenCount>
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in total, preserved as clusters of moulds of conchs and opercula (NIGPAS 166336– 39a, b, 166340, 166341a, b, 166342–47), and
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<specimenCount id="9D6B329BFFA00C09FAAD91B72B8FDDD3" box="[1338,1480,415,440]" count="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
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(NIGPAS 166375–77) preserved as inarticulate shells. All are decalcified.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD2F912FFA00C09FCBF92222DE8DEAF" blockId="5.[808,1481,522,708]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
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<emphasis id="B9192500FFA00C09FCBF92222A74DE48" box="[808,1075,522,547]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
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Diagnosis.—
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<taxonomicName id="4C6D8291FFA00C09FC2892222A74DE48" authorityName="Duan" authorityYear="1984" box="[959,1075,522,547]" family="Cupithecidae" genus="Cupitheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" rank="genus">Cupitheca</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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with interior surface of operculum convex near cardinal processes; cardinal processes are moderately well-developed and bilobate; conch cyrtoconic; ornamentation on conch is merely transverse lines, and both interior and exterior surfaces of operculum covered by concentric ribs.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD2F912FFA00C09FCBF92FE2A62D8FB" blockId="5.[808,1482,726,1618]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
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<emphasis id="B9192500FFA00C09FCBF92FE2DF1DE84" box="[808,950,726,751]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Description.</emphasis>
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—Conchs cyrtoconic with pronounced curvature, degree of curvature slightly varies in different specimens (Fig. 4A, C–E); transverse lines on exterior surface (Figs. 4A
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<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FC0193692DE7DF39" attach="left" box="[918,928,833,850]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">3</subScript>
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, 5A
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<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FC4493692D9ADF39" attach="left" box="[979,989,833,850]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">7</subScript>
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) with intervening spaces 2–15 μm wide; cross section circular to oval (Fig. 4B); apical angle of divergence small (14–16°); sculpture at apical termination varies (
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<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FCEA93BE2D95DFC4" box="[893,978,918,943]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,130,1678,1698]" captionTargetBox="[99,1478,163,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-280@7.[100,1479,163,1649]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Internal moulds of decollated segments of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166334, discarded apical segments with smooth surface (A1–A3, A6); bottom of the apex (A4); apical bottom covered with radial sculptures (A5); discarded segment preserves faint transverse lines on the surface of conch (A7). B. NIGPAS 166343, decollated segment displaying apical bottom, probable diagenetic artefacts on the bottom of apex (B1); branching ornamentation on the bottom of apex (B2). C. NIGPAS 166339a, decollated segments two segments preserved together the left one exhibits pits and longitudinal groove structures on the surface of terminal part (C1); detail C2); discarded apical segments with smooth surface (C3). Scale bars:A1, A3, A6, A7, B1, C3, 100 μm; A2, A4, 50 μm; C1, 200 μm; A5, B2, C2, 20 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980887/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
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<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FC45938A2D9BDFD8" attach="left" box="[978,988,930,947]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">4</subScript>
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, A
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<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FB97938A2A4DDFD8" attach="right" box="[1024,1034,930,947]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">5</subScript>
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, B), with some having radial lines that probably represent the original microstructure of the shell (
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<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FCA793FF2DC4DF9B" box="[816,899,983,1008]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,130,1678,1698]" captionTargetBox="[99,1478,163,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-280@7.[100,1479,163,1649]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Internal moulds of decollated segments of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166334, discarded apical segments with smooth surface (A1–A3, A6); bottom of the apex (A4); apical bottom covered with radial sculptures (A5); discarded segment preserves faint transverse lines on the surface of conch (A7). B. NIGPAS 166343, decollated segment displaying apical bottom, probable diagenetic artefacts on the bottom of apex (B1); branching ornamentation on the bottom of apex (B2). C. NIGPAS 166339a, decollated segments two segments preserved together the left one exhibits pits and longitudinal groove structures on the surface of terminal part (C1); detail C2); discarded apical segments with smooth surface (C3). Scale bars:A1, A3, A6, A7, B1, C3, 100 μm; A2, A4, 50 μm; C1, 200 μm; A5, B2, C2, 20 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980887/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
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<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FC1493CA2DCADF98" attach="left" box="[899,909,994,1011]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">4</subScript>
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, A
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<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FC2793CA2DFDDF98" attach="right" box="[944,954,994,1011]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">5</subScript>
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), while others possess a smooth terminus with no lines or other features (
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<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FBC793DF2AE4D87B" box="[1104,1187,1015,1040]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,130,1678,1698]" captionTargetBox="[99,1478,163,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-280@7.[100,1479,163,1649]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Internal moulds of decollated segments of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166334, discarded apical segments with smooth surface (A1–A3, A6); bottom of the apex (A4); apical bottom covered with radial sculptures (A5); discarded segment preserves faint transverse lines on the surface of conch (A7). B. NIGPAS 166343, decollated segment displaying apical bottom, probable diagenetic artefacts on the bottom of apex (B1); branching ornamentation on the bottom of apex (B2). C. NIGPAS 166339a, decollated segments two segments preserved together the left one exhibits pits and longitudinal groove structures on the surface of terminal part (C1); detail C2); discarded apical segments with smooth surface (C3). Scale bars:A1, A3, A6, A7, B1, C3, 100 μm; A2, A4, 50 μm; C1, 200 μm; A5, B2, C2, 20 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980887/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
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<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FB34942A2A88D87B" box="[1187,1231,1015,1043]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[98,131,1097,1117]" captionTargetBox="[99,1480,162,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-384@1.[99,1481,162,1071]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Aggregations of orthothecide hyoliths preserved in purplish-red shales from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166336. B. NIGPAS 166345. C. NIGPAS 166334. D. NIGPAS 166341b. E. NIGPAS 166346. Scale bars 5 mm, except E, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980885/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FB34942A2AEAD878" attach="left" box="[1187,1197,1026,1043]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">1</subScript>
|
||
–A
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FB58942A2A9ED878" box="[1231,1241,1026,1043]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,1039,1059]" captionTargetBox="[504,1534,160,1952]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[504,1534,160,1952]" captionText="Fig. 3. Novitatid hyolith Decoritheca cyrene (Walcott, 1905) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166338 in dorsal view. B. NIGPAS 166335 in ventral (B1) and ventro-lateral (B3) views; detail showing transverse lines on the external surface of venter (B2). C. NIGPAS 166337 in dorsal view, conch of Decoritheca cyrene with operculum of Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. in apertural region (C1); rows of tubercles (C2), inset shows enlarged individual tubercle with nearly flat top. D. NIGPAS 166329 in ventral view. E. NIGPAS 166341b, aperture with reniform cross section. F. NIGPAS 166331 in ventral view; F1, incomplete shell showing well developed median concavity and adjacent ridges; F2, nearly complete shell with broken aperture and adapically shallowing median concavity. G. NIGPAS 166330, both shells display partial venter and partial dorsum from dorsal view. H. NIGPAS 166333 in ventral view. I. NIGPAS 166332 in dorsal view, white arrows indicate algae. Scale bars: A, D, B3, F–I, 2 mm; B1, C1, 1 mm; B2, 100 μm; C2, 20 μm; E, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10986480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10986480/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FB58942A2A9ED878" attach="left" box="[1231,1241,1026,1043]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">3</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
, A
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FB6D942A2B43D878" box="[1274,1284,1026,1043]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[98,131,1880,1900]" captionTargetBox="[101,1476,160,1857]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[102,1477,161,1857]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Opercula of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. preserved as internal or external moulds, which are prepared from natural casts, collected from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A, B. Internal moulds of opercula, NIGPAS 166337 A) and NIGPAS 166342 (B); showing exteriors covered with concentric ribs, protoopercula (indicated by white arrows) and imprints of bilobate cardinal →" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980891/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FB6D942A2B43D878" attach="left" box="[1274,1284,1026,1043]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">6</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
, A
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FAB2942A2B69D878" box="[1317,1326,1026,1043]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,184,1236,1256]" captionTargetBox="[883,1363,727,1215]" captionTargetId="graphics-565@10.[895,1359,727,1208]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 7. Statistical distribution of different skeletal parts, junctions of the outermost ring represent the number of data, and concentric circles represent length (in mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980893/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FAB2942A2B69D878" attach="left" box="[1317,1326,1026,1043]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">7</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
, C
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FAD9942A2B10D878" box="[1358,1367,1026,1043]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,1039,1059]" captionTargetBox="[504,1534,160,1952]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[504,1534,160,1952]" captionText="Fig. 3. Novitatid hyolith Decoritheca cyrene (Walcott, 1905) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166338 in dorsal view. B. NIGPAS 166335 in ventral (B1) and ventro-lateral (B3) views; detail showing transverse lines on the external surface of venter (B2). C. NIGPAS 166337 in dorsal view, conch of Decoritheca cyrene with operculum of Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. in apertural region (C1); rows of tubercles (C2), inset shows enlarged individual tubercle with nearly flat top. D. NIGPAS 166329 in ventral view. E. NIGPAS 166341b, aperture with reniform cross section. F. NIGPAS 166331 in ventral view; F1, incomplete shell showing well developed median concavity and adjacent ridges; F2, nearly complete shell with broken aperture and adapically shallowing median concavity. G. NIGPAS 166330, both shells display partial venter and partial dorsum from dorsal view. H. NIGPAS 166333 in ventral view. I. NIGPAS 166332 in dorsal view, white arrows indicate algae. Scale bars: A, D, B3, F–I, 2 mm; B1, C1, 1 mm; B2, 100 μm; C2, 20 μm; E, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10986480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10986480/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FAD9942A2B10D878" attach="right" box="[1358,1367,1026,1043]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">3</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); and still others have irregularly radiating, branching ornamentation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FCA7941F2DCFD83B" box="[816,904,1079,1104]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,130,1678,1698]" captionTargetBox="[99,1478,163,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-280@7.[100,1479,163,1649]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Internal moulds of decollated segments of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166334, discarded apical segments with smooth surface (A1–A3, A6); bottom of the apex (A4); apical bottom covered with radial sculptures (A5); discarded segment preserves faint transverse lines on the surface of conch (A7). B. NIGPAS 166343, decollated segment displaying apical bottom, probable diagenetic artefacts on the bottom of apex (B1); branching ornamentation on the bottom of apex (B2). C. NIGPAS 166339a, decollated segments two segments preserved together the left one exhibits pits and longitudinal groove structures on the surface of terminal part (C1); detail C2); discarded apical segments with smooth surface (C3). Scale bars:A1, A3, A6, A7, B1, C3, 100 μm; A2, A4, 50 μm; C1, 200 μm; A5, B2, C2, 20 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980887/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
), which may be an artefact of preservation. A circumferential furrow separates the apical region from the remainder of the shell.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F912FFA00C09FCD994BF2B8DDAC1" blockId="5.[808,1482,726,1618]" lastBlockId="5.[808,1518,1653,1961]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Operculum circular to sub-circular or slightly oval (opercular width and length are subequal,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FB5894902B63D8BA" box="[1231,1316,1208,1233]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,184,1236,1256]" captionTargetBox="[883,1363,727,1215]" captionTargetId="graphics-565@10.[895,1359,727,1208]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 7. Statistical distribution of different skeletal parts, junctions of the outermost ring represent the number of data, and concentric circles represent length (in mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980893/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
); protooperculum nearly flat (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FC4894F02A72D89A" box="[991,1077,1240,1265]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[98,131,1880,1900]" captionTargetBox="[101,1476,160,1857]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[102,1477,161,1857]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Opercula of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. preserved as internal or external moulds, which are prepared from natural casts, collected from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A, B. Internal moulds of opercula, NIGPAS 166337 A) and NIGPAS 166342 (B); showing exteriors covered with concentric ribs, protoopercula (indicated by white arrows) and imprints of bilobate cardinal →" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980891/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FBA294CB2A78D89F" box="[1077,1087,1251,1268]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1204,1224]" captionTargetId="figure-297@2.[152,1533,164,792]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Scanning electron micrographs of shell and shale fabrics as well as mineral elemental analyses of matrix from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166334, fine grained clay minerals and hematite crystals in the matrix (A1). Tabular crystals of hematite forming rosette-shaped aggregations in the matrix (A2, A3); the cross in A2 shows the location of elemental analysis (A4). B. NIGPAS 166339a, skeleton coated with hematite. C. NIGPAS 166337, halite pseudomorphs distributed on the surface of undetermined fossil (C1), calcite imprints in the matrix (C2). Scale bars: A1, A2, C2, 2 μm; A3, 1 μm; B, 10 μm; C1, 50 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10986477" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10986477/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FBA294CB2A78D89F" attach="left" box="[1077,1087,1251,1268]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">2</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
, A
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FBF594CB2A2CD89F" box="[1122,1131,1251,1268]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,1039,1059]" captionTargetBox="[504,1534,160,1952]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[504,1534,160,1952]" captionText="Fig. 3. Novitatid hyolith Decoritheca cyrene (Walcott, 1905) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166338 in dorsal view. B. NIGPAS 166335 in ventral (B1) and ventro-lateral (B3) views; detail showing transverse lines on the external surface of venter (B2). C. NIGPAS 166337 in dorsal view, conch of Decoritheca cyrene with operculum of Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. in apertural region (C1); rows of tubercles (C2), inset shows enlarged individual tubercle with nearly flat top. D. NIGPAS 166329 in ventral view. E. NIGPAS 166341b, aperture with reniform cross section. F. NIGPAS 166331 in ventral view; F1, incomplete shell showing well developed median concavity and adjacent ridges; F2, nearly complete shell with broken aperture and adapically shallowing median concavity. G. NIGPAS 166330, both shells display partial venter and partial dorsum from dorsal view. H. NIGPAS 166333 in ventral view. I. NIGPAS 166332 in dorsal view, white arrows indicate algae. Scale bars: A, D, B3, F–I, 2 mm; B1, C1, 1 mm; B2, 100 μm; C2, 20 μm; E, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10986480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10986480/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FBF594CB2A2CD89F" attach="left" box="[1122,1131,1251,1268]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">3</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) and circular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FA8594F02BC0D89A" box="[1298,1415,1240,1265]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[98,131,1880,1900]" captionTargetBox="[101,1476,160,1857]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[102,1477,161,1857]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Opercula of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. preserved as internal or external moulds, which are prepared from natural casts, collected from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A, B. Internal moulds of opercula, NIGPAS 166337 A) and NIGPAS 166342 (B); showing exteriors covered with concentric ribs, protoopercula (indicated by white arrows) and imprints of bilobate cardinal →" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980891/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Fig. 6A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FA1094CB2BD7D89F" box="[1415,1424,1251,1268]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[98,131,1097,1117]" captionTargetBox="[99,1480,162,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-384@1.[99,1481,162,1071]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Aggregations of orthothecide hyoliths preserved in purplish-red shales from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166336. B. NIGPAS 166345. C. NIGPAS 166334. D. NIGPAS 166341b. E. NIGPAS 166346. Scale bars 5 mm, except E, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980885/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FA1094CB2BD7D89F" attach="left" box="[1415,1424,1251,1268]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">1</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
, B
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FA2794CB2BFED89F" box="[1456,1465,1251,1268]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,1039,1059]" captionTargetBox="[504,1534,160,1952]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[504,1534,160,1952]" captionText="Fig. 3. Novitatid hyolith Decoritheca cyrene (Walcott, 1905) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166338 in dorsal view. B. NIGPAS 166335 in ventral (B1) and ventro-lateral (B3) views; detail showing transverse lines on the external surface of venter (B2). C. NIGPAS 166337 in dorsal view, conch of Decoritheca cyrene with operculum of Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. in apertural region (C1); rows of tubercles (C2), inset shows enlarged individual tubercle with nearly flat top. D. NIGPAS 166329 in ventral view. E. NIGPAS 166341b, aperture with reniform cross section. F. NIGPAS 166331 in ventral view; F1, incomplete shell showing well developed median concavity and adjacent ridges; F2, nearly complete shell with broken aperture and adapically shallowing median concavity. G. NIGPAS 166330, both shells display partial venter and partial dorsum from dorsal view. H. NIGPAS 166333 in ventral view. I. NIGPAS 166332 in dorsal view, white arrows indicate algae. Scale bars: A, D, B3, F–I, 2 mm; B1, C1, 1 mm; B2, 100 μm; C2, 20 μm; E, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10986480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10986480/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FA2794CB2BFED89F" attach="left" box="[1456,1465,1251,1268]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">3</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), 250–530 μm in diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FBC094D02AE8D97A" box="[1111,1199,1272,1297]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,184,1236,1256]" captionTargetBox="[883,1363,727,1215]" captionTargetId="graphics-565@10.[895,1359,727,1208]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 7. Statistical distribution of different skeletal parts, junctions of the outermost ring represent the number of data, and concentric circles represent length (in mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980893/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
), with a location toward the dorsal margin. Bilobate cardinal process can be observed near the dorsal margin of the operculum on the interior surface, forming a convex area and grading downward into a flattened marginal area (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FBDF95502AE7D9FA" box="[1096,1184,1400,1425]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[98,131,1880,1900]" captionTargetBox="[101,1476,160,1857]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[102,1477,161,1857]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Opercula of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. preserved as internal or external moulds, which are prepared from natural casts, collected from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A, B. Internal moulds of opercula, NIGPAS 166337 A) and NIGPAS 166342 (B); showing exteriors covered with concentric ribs, protoopercula (indicated by white arrows) and imprints of bilobate cardinal →" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980891/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FB3795AB2AEDD9FF" attach="left" box="[1184,1194,1411,1428]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">4</subScript>
|
||
, C, D
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FB6595AB2ABCD9FF" attach="left" box="[1266,1275,1411,1428]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">1</subScript>
|
||
, D
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FAB795AB2B6ED9FF" attach="left" box="[1312,1321,1411,1428]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">3</subScript>
|
||
), impressions of cardinal processes can also be observed on the exterior of the operculum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FC6D95912A37D9B9" box="[1018,1136,1465,1490]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[98,131,1880,1900]" captionTargetBox="[101,1476,160,1857]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[102,1477,161,1857]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Opercula of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. preserved as internal or external moulds, which are prepared from natural casts, collected from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A, B. Internal moulds of opercula, NIGPAS 166337 A) and NIGPAS 166342 (B); showing exteriors covered with concentric ribs, protoopercula (indicated by white arrows) and imprints of bilobate cardinal →" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980891/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Fig. 6A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FBF895EC2ADED9B9" box="[1135,1177,1465,1493]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[98,131,1097,1117]" captionTargetBox="[99,1480,162,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-384@1.[99,1481,162,1071]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Aggregations of orthothecide hyoliths preserved in purplish-red shales from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166336. B. NIGPAS 166345. C. NIGPAS 166334. D. NIGPAS 166341b. E. NIGPAS 166346. Scale bars 5 mm, except E, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980885/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FBF895EC2A3FD9BE" attach="left" box="[1135,1144,1476,1493]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">1</subScript>
|
||
–B
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA00C09FB0E95EC2AE5D9BE" box="[1177,1186,1476,1493]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,1039,1059]" captionTargetBox="[504,1534,160,1952]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[504,1534,160,1952]" captionText="Fig. 3. Novitatid hyolith Decoritheca cyrene (Walcott, 1905) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166338 in dorsal view. B. NIGPAS 166335 in ventral (B1) and ventro-lateral (B3) views; detail showing transverse lines on the external surface of venter (B2). C. NIGPAS 166337 in dorsal view, conch of Decoritheca cyrene with operculum of Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. in apertural region (C1); rows of tubercles (C2), inset shows enlarged individual tubercle with nearly flat top. D. NIGPAS 166329 in ventral view. E. NIGPAS 166341b, aperture with reniform cross section. F. NIGPAS 166331 in ventral view; F1, incomplete shell showing well developed median concavity and adjacent ridges; F2, nearly complete shell with broken aperture and adapically shallowing median concavity. G. NIGPAS 166330, both shells display partial venter and partial dorsum from dorsal view. H. NIGPAS 166333 in ventral view. I. NIGPAS 166332 in dorsal view, white arrows indicate algae. Scale bars: A, D, B3, F–I, 2 mm; B1, C1, 1 mm; B2, 100 μm; C2, 20 μm; E, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10986480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10986480/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FB0E95EC2AE5D9BE" attach="left" box="[1177,1186,1476,1493]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">3</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), which may be the result of high compression; these structures are generally rectangular in shape, and terminate at the distal end in a bluntly rounded surface. Angles of divergence of cardinal processes are 99–113° and 100° on average. Cardinal processes are Fig. 4. Cupithecid hyolith
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8291FFA00C09FB8296522AF8DAE5" authority="Sun & Malinky & Zhu & Huang, 2018" authorityName="Sun & Malinky & Zhu & Huang" authorityYear="2018" box="[1045,1215,1658,1678]" family="Cupithecidae" genus="Cupitheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" rank="species" species="convexa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFA00C09FB8296522AF8DAE5" box="[1045,1215,1658,1678]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">Cupitheca convexa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A987BFFA00C09FB5296522B4CDAE5" box="[1221,1291,1658,1678]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from the Manto For-
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFA00C09FA45965D2BA9DAFA" bold="true" box="[1490,1518,1653,1681]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">→</emphasis>
|
||
mation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37AB982FFA00C09FA1996BE2B81DAC1" box="[1422,1478,1686,1706]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F912FFA00C09FCBF96982B8DDB39" blockId="5.[808,1518,1653,1961]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFA00C09FCBF96982D7FDAAE" bold="true" box="[808,824,1712,1733]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">A</emphasis>
|
||
. NIGPAS 166334, accumulation of conchs and opercula (A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FACB96932B23DAA2" attach="left" box="[1372,1380,1723,1737]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">1</subScript>
|
||
), white arrows suggest discarded cylindrical segments, black arrows indicate opercula; three almost complete shells with apical parts buried in the matrix (A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FAEA96DB2BC2DB6A" attach="left" box="[1405,1413,1779,1793]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">2</subScript>
|
||
); transverse lines on the dorsal surface of conch (A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FB2397272AFBDB76" attach="right" box="[1204,1212,1807,1821]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">3</subScript>
|
||
); aggregation of skeletal parts with chaotic orientation (A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FB8F97032A67DB52" attach="left" box="[1048,1056,1835,1849]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">4</subScript>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFA00C09FBA597082A06DB5E" bold="true" box="[1074,1089,1824,1845]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">B</emphasis>
|
||
. NIGPAS 166336, incomplete conch shows full aperture.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFA00C09FC3F97142D95DB3A" bold="true" box="[936,978,1852,1874]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">C–E</emphasis>
|
||
. More or less complete conchs.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFA00C09FA9E97142B5EDB39" bold="true" box="[1289,1305,1852,1874]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">C</emphasis>
|
||
. NIGPAS 166338.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C377AA99FFA00C04FCBF97702B06DD2D" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F912FFA00C09FCBF97702BC0DBCD" blockId="5.[808,1518,1653,1961]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFA00C09FCBF97702D7FDB06" bold="true" box="[808,824,1880,1901]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">D</emphasis>
|
||
. NIGPAS 166340, two adjacent shells, the left one displays full apex (D
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FA24974B2BFCDB1A" attach="left" box="[1459,1467,1891,1905]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">1</subScript>
|
||
); single conch with partial broken aperture (D
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FB2297572AFADBE6" attach="left" box="[1205,1213,1919,1933]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">2</subScript>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFA00C09FB47975C2A98DBE2" bold="true" box="[1232,1247,1908,1929]" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">E</emphasis>
|
||
. NIGPAS 166341b. Scale bars: A
|
||
<quantity id="4C9554F7FFA00C09FCF097B32DF6DBCD" box="[871,945,1938,1961]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="1.5">
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FCF097B32D28DBC2" attach="left" box="[871,879,1947,1961]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">1</subScript>
|
||
, 5 mm
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
; A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FC5F97B32D97DBC2" attach="left" box="[968,976,1947,1961]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">2</subScript>
|
||
, C,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9554F7FFA00C09FC6397BA2A6CDBCD" box="[1012,1067,1938,1958]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
; A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FBD597B32A0DDBC2" attach="left" box="[1090,1098,1947,1961]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">3</subScript>
|
||
, 5 μm; B, 100 μm; A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA00C09FA9197B32B49DBC2" attach="left" box="[1286,1294,1947,1961]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="92">4</subScript>
|
||
, D, E,
|
||
<quantity id="4C9554F7FFA00C09FADB97BA2BC4DBCD" box="[1356,1411,1938,1958]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="92" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF12A99AFFA20C0BFFF596A62BC3DB45" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980887" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10980887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980887/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="94" startId="7.[98,130,1678,1698]" targetBox="[99,1478,163,1649]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F912FFA20C0BFFF596A62BC3DB45" blockId="7.[98,1482,1678,1841]" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">
|
||
Fig. 5. Internal moulds of decollated segments of cupithecid hyolith
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8291FFA20C0BFD2B96A62D22DAC9" authority="Sun & Malinky & Zhu & Huang, 2018" authorityName="Sun & Malinky & Zhu & Huang" authorityYear="2018" box="[700,869,1678,1698]" family="Cupithecidae" genus="Cupitheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="94" rank="species" species="convexa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFA20C0BFD2B96A62D22DAC9" box="[700,869,1678,1698]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">Cupitheca convexa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A987BFFA20C0BFCFD96A62DE8DAC9" box="[874,943,1678,1698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="94" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFA20C0BFE0296802FE2DAD6" bold="true" box="[405,421,1704,1725]" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">A</emphasis>
|
||
. NIGPAS 166334, discarded apical segments with smooth surface (A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFB87969B2A5FDAAA" attach="left" box="[1040,1048,1715,1729]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">1</subScript>
|
||
–A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFBA4969B2A7CDAAA" attach="left" box="[1075,1083,1715,1729]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">3</subScript>
|
||
, A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFBC2969B2A1ADAAA" attach="left" box="[1109,1117,1715,1729]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">6</subScript>
|
||
); bottom of the apex (A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFAA3969B2B7BDAAA" attach="left" box="[1332,1340,1715,1729]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">4</subScript>
|
||
); apical bottom covered with radial sculptures (A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFE1F96E72FD7DAB6" attach="right" box="[392,400,1743,1757]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">5</subScript>
|
||
); discarded segment preserves faint transverse lines on the surface of conch (A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFBDD96E72A15DAB6" attach="left" box="[1098,1106,1743,1757]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">7</subScript>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFA20C0BFBF396EC2A34DAB2" bold="true" box="[1124,1139,1732,1753]" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">B</emphasis>
|
||
. NIGPAS 166343, decollated segment displaying apical bottom, probable diagenetic artefacts on the bottom of apex (B
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFC8A96C32D62DA92" attach="left" box="[797,805,1771,1785]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">1</subScript>
|
||
); branching ornamentation on the bottom of apex (B
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFB6696C32ABEDA92" attach="left" box="[1265,1273,1771,1785]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">2</subScript>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFA20C0BFA9D96C82B5DDA9D" bold="true" box="[1290,1306,1760,1782]" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">C</emphasis>
|
||
. NIGPAS 166339a, decollated segments two segments preserved together the left one exhibits pits and longitudinal groove structures on the surface of terminal part (C
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFAEA972F2BC2DB7E" attach="left" box="[1405,1413,1799,1813]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">1</subScript>
|
||
); detail C
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFFEF970B2EC7DB5A" attach="left" box="[120,128,1827,1841]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">2</subScript>
|
||
); discarded apical segments with smooth surface (C
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFDD9970B2C11DB5A" attach="left" box="[590,598,1827,1841]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">3</subScript>
|
||
). Scale bars:A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFD4A970B2CA2DB5A" attach="right" box="[733,741,1827,1841]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">1</subScript>
|
||
, A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFD69970B2D41DB5A" attach="left" box="[766,774,1827,1841]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">3</subScript>
|
||
, A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFCB7970B2D6FDB5A" attach="right" box="[800,808,1827,1841]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">6</subScript>
|
||
, A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFCD6970B2D0EDB5A" attach="left" box="[833,841,1827,1841]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">7</subScript>
|
||
, B
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFCF4970B2D2CDB5A" attach="left" box="[867,875,1827,1841]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">1</subScript>
|
||
, C
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFC13970B2DCBDB5A" attach="left" box="[900,908,1827,1841]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">3</subScript>
|
||
, 100 μm; A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFC62970B2DBADB5A" attach="left" box="[1013,1021,1827,1841]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">2</subScript>
|
||
, A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFB80970B2A58DB5A" attach="left" box="[1047,1055,1827,1841]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">4</subScript>
|
||
, 50 μm; C
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFBEA970B2AC2DB5A" attach="left" box="[1149,1157,1827,1841]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">1</subScript>
|
||
, 200 μm; A
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFB79970B2AB1DB5A" attach="left" box="[1262,1270,1827,1841]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">5</subScript>
|
||
, B
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFA87970B2B5FDB5A" attach="left" box="[1296,1304,1827,1841]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">2</subScript>
|
||
, C
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFAA6970B2B7EDB5A" attach="left" box="[1329,1337,1827,1841]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">2</subScript>
|
||
, 20 μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F912FFA20C0BFFF597672BEADBC3" blockId="7.[98,771,1871,1960]" lastBlockId="7.[808,1482,1871,1963]" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">
|
||
covered from proximal to distal terminations with scattered sub-circular pits (shown as tubercles on the counterparts; e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA20C0BFF0197A72EAADBC3" box="[150,237,1935,1960]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[98,131,1880,1900]" captionTargetBox="[101,1476,160,1857]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[102,1477,161,1857]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Opercula of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. preserved as internal or external moulds, which are prepared from natural casts, collected from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A, B. Internal moulds of opercula, NIGPAS 166337 A) and NIGPAS 166342 (B); showing exteriors covered with concentric ribs, protoopercula (indicated by white arrows) and imprints of bilobate cardinal →" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980891/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
|
||
), 4–9 μm in diameter. Exterior of operculum is covered by a series of concentric lamellae or ribs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA20C0BFAF397672BFEDB03" box="[1380,1465,1871,1896]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[98,131,1880,1900]" captionTargetBox="[101,1476,160,1857]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[102,1477,161,1857]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Opercula of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. preserved as internal or external moulds, which are prepared from natural casts, collected from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A, B. Internal moulds of opercula, NIGPAS 166337 A) and NIGPAS 166342 (B); showing exteriors covered with concentric ribs, protoopercula (indicated by white arrows) and imprints of bilobate cardinal →" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980891/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA20C0BFA2E97722B85DB00" box="[1465,1474,1882,1899]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[98,131,1097,1117]" captionTargetBox="[99,1480,162,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-384@1.[99,1481,162,1071]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Aggregations of orthothecide hyoliths preserved in purplish-red shales from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166336. B. NIGPAS 166345. C. NIGPAS 166334. D. NIGPAS 166341b. E. NIGPAS 166346. Scale bars 5 mm, except E, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980885/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFA2E97722B85DB00" attach="left" box="[1465,1474,1882,1899]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">1</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
, A
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA20C0BFCAA97522D00DBE0" box="[829,839,1914,1931]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,1039,1059]" captionTargetBox="[504,1534,160,1952]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[504,1534,160,1952]" captionText="Fig. 3. Novitatid hyolith Decoritheca cyrene (Walcott, 1905) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166338 in dorsal view. B. NIGPAS 166335 in ventral (B1) and ventro-lateral (B3) views; detail showing transverse lines on the external surface of venter (B2). C. NIGPAS 166337 in dorsal view, conch of Decoritheca cyrene with operculum of Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. in apertural region (C1); rows of tubercles (C2), inset shows enlarged individual tubercle with nearly flat top. D. NIGPAS 166329 in ventral view. E. NIGPAS 166341b, aperture with reniform cross section. F. NIGPAS 166331 in ventral view; F1, incomplete shell showing well developed median concavity and adjacent ridges; F2, nearly complete shell with broken aperture and adapically shallowing median concavity. G. NIGPAS 166330, both shells display partial venter and partial dorsum from dorsal view. H. NIGPAS 166333 in ventral view. I. NIGPAS 166332 in dorsal view, white arrows indicate algae. Scale bars: A, D, B3, F–I, 2 mm; B1, C1, 1 mm; B2, 100 μm; C2, 20 μm; E, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10986480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10986480/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFCAA97522D00DBE0" attach="right" box="[829,839,1914,1931]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">3</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
, B
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA20C0BFCF497522DCADBE3" box="[867,909,1903,1931]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[98,131,1097,1117]" captionTargetBox="[99,1480,162,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-384@1.[99,1481,162,1071]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Aggregations of orthothecide hyoliths preserved in purplish-red shales from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166336. B. NIGPAS 166345. C. NIGPAS 166334. D. NIGPAS 166341b. E. NIGPAS 166346. Scale bars 5 mm, except E, 2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980885/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFCF497522D2BDBE0" attach="left" box="[867,876,1914,1931]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">1</subScript>
|
||
–B
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA20C0BFC1A97522DD1DBE0" box="[909,918,1914,1931]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,1039,1059]" captionTargetBox="[504,1534,160,1952]" captionTargetId="figure-8@4.[504,1534,160,1952]" captionText="Fig. 3. Novitatid hyolith Decoritheca cyrene (Walcott, 1905) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. NIGPAS 166338 in dorsal view. B. NIGPAS 166335 in ventral (B1) and ventro-lateral (B3) views; detail showing transverse lines on the external surface of venter (B2). C. NIGPAS 166337 in dorsal view, conch of Decoritheca cyrene with operculum of Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. in apertural region (C1); rows of tubercles (C2), inset shows enlarged individual tubercle with nearly flat top. D. NIGPAS 166329 in ventral view. E. NIGPAS 166341b, aperture with reniform cross section. F. NIGPAS 166331 in ventral view; F1, incomplete shell showing well developed median concavity and adjacent ridges; F2, nearly complete shell with broken aperture and adapically shallowing median concavity. G. NIGPAS 166330, both shells display partial venter and partial dorsum from dorsal view. H. NIGPAS 166333 in ventral view. I. NIGPAS 166332 in dorsal view, white arrows indicate algae. Scale bars: A, D, B3, F–I, 2 mm; B1, C1, 1 mm; B2, 100 μm; C2, 20 μm; E, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10986480" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10986480/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFC1A97522DD1DBE0" attach="left" box="[909,918,1914,1931]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">3</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Interior also covered with concentric lines or ribs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFA20C0BFCA797A72DC3DBC3" box="[816,900,1935,1960]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[98,131,1880,1900]" captionTargetBox="[101,1476,160,1857]" captionTargetId="figure-8@9.[102,1477,161,1857]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 6. Opercula of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. preserved as internal or external moulds, which are prepared from natural casts, collected from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A, B. Internal moulds of opercula, NIGPAS 166337 A) and NIGPAS 166342 (B); showing exteriors covered with concentric ribs, protoopercula (indicated by white arrows) and imprints of bilobate cardinal →" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980891/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFC1397B22DC9DBC0" attach="left" box="[900,910,1946,1963]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">4</subScript>
|
||
, D
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFC3997B22DF0DBC0" attach="right" box="[942,951,1946,1963]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">1</subScript>
|
||
, D
|
||
<subScript id="17E9FB57FFA20C0BFC4F97B22DA6DBC0" attach="left" box="[984,993,1946,1963]" fontSize="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">3</subScript>
|
||
) that correspond to those on the exterior.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F912FFAD0C04FF0090882CBCD889" blockId="8.[151,825,160,1960]" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FF0090882F44DCD2" box="[151,259,160,185]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
—Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8291FFAD0C04FE5990882C03DCD2" authorityName="Duan" authorityYear="1984" box="[462,580,160,185]" family="Cupithecidae" genus="Cupitheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FE5990882C03DCD2" box="[462,580,160,185]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Cupitheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recovered from the Manto Formation on the North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37AB982FFAD0C04FD9790E82C03DCB2" box="[512,580,192,217]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
Platform are distinctive from the more widely distributed and therefore better known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8291FFAD0C04FF6791292C4CDD71" authority="Bengtson" authorityName="Bengtson" box="[240,523,257,282]" family="Cupithecidae" genus="Cupitheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="holocyclata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FF6791292FDDDD71" box="[240,410,257,282]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">C. holocyclata</emphasis>
|
||
Bengtson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC84E3FFAD0C04FDAA91292D74DD71" author="Bengtson, S. & Conway Morris, S. & Cooper, B. J. & Jell, P. A. & Runnegar, B. N." box="[573,819,257,282]" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 364" refId="ref8312" refString="Bengtson, S., Conway Morris, S., Cooper, B. J., Jell, P. A., and Runnegar, B. N. 1990. Early Cambrian fossils from South Australia. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 9: 1 - 364." type="journal article" year="1990">Bengtson et al., 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC84E3FFAD0C04FF0891092FDCDD51" author="Bengtson, S. & Conway Morris, S. & Cooper, B. J. & Jell, P. A. & Runnegar, B. N." box="[159,411,289,314]" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 364" refId="ref8312" refString="Bengtson, S., Conway Morris, S., Cooper, B. J., Jell, P. A., and Runnegar, B. N. 1990. Early Cambrian fossils from South Australia. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 9: 1 - 364." type="journal article" year="1990">Bengtson et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC84E3FFAD0C04FE3B91092CD9DD51" author="Skovsted, C. B. & Pan, B. & Topper, T. P. & Betts, M. J. & Li, G. & Brock, G. A." box="[428,670,289,314]" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" pagination="123 - 130" refId="ref10976" refString="Skovsted, C. B., Pan, B., Topper, T. P., Betts, M. J., Li, G., and Brock, G. A. 2016. The operculum and mode of life of the lower Cambrian hyolith Cupitheca from South Australia and North China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 443: 123 - 130." type="journal article" year="2016">Skovsted et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in terms of ornamentation of the conch and overall shape of the operculum.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8291FFAD0C04FF7C91492FD7DD11" box="[235,400,353,378]" family="Cupithecidae" genus="Cupitheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="holocyclata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FF7C91492FD7DD11" box="[235,400,353,378]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">C. holocyclata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37AB982FFAD0C04FE4491492C7CDD11" box="[467,571,353,378]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC84E3FFAD0C04FDDE91492D76DD11" author="Bengtson, S. & Conway Morris, S. & Cooper, B. J. & Jell, P. A. & Runnegar, B. N." box="[585,817,353,378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 364" refId="ref8312" refString="Bengtson, S., Conway Morris, S., Cooper, B. J., Jell, P. A., and Runnegar, B. N. 1990. Early Cambrian fossils from South Australia. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 9: 1 - 364." type="journal article" year="1990">Bengtson et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and several individuals reported from North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37AB982FFAD0C04FD2791AA2CB3DDF0" box="[688,756,386,411]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
from Cambrian Stage 4 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC84E3FFAD0C04FEED918A2C21DDD0" author="Skovsted, C. B. & Pan, B. & Topper, T. P. & Betts, M. J. & Li, G. & Brock, G. A." box="[378,614,418,443]" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" pagination="123 - 130" refId="ref10976" refString="Skovsted, C. B., Pan, B., Topper, T. P., Betts, M. J., Li, G., and Brock, G. A. 2016. The operculum and mode of life of the lower Cambrian hyolith Cupitheca from South Australia and North China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 443: 123 - 130." type="journal article" year="2016">Skovsted et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have a dominant transverse ornament, with minimal to subordinate longitudinal overprint. In addition, the interior of the operculum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8291FFAD0C04FF00922B2F7ADE77" box="[151,317,515,540]" family="Cupithecidae" genus="Cupitheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="holocyclata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FF00922B2F7ADE77" box="[151,317,515,540]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">C. holocyclata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is concave, while that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8291FFAD0C04FDC9922B2C9BDE77" authority="Sun & Malinky & Zhu & Huang, 2018" authorityName="Sun & Malinky & Zhu & Huang" authorityYear="2018" box="[606,732,515,540]" family="Cupithecidae" genus="Cupitheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="convexa" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FDC9922B2C37DE77" box="[606,624,515,540]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FDE8922B2C9BDE77" box="[639,732,515,540]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">convexa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A987BFFAD0C04FD74922B2D7EDE77" box="[739,825,515,540]" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is convex, and cardinal processes seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8291FFAD0C04FD19920B2D7FDE57" box="[654,824,547,572]" family="Cupithecidae" genus="Cupitheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="holocyclata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FD19920B2D7FDE57" box="[654,824,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">C. holocyclata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to be more robust than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8291FFAD0C04FDC1926B2C93DE37" authority="Sun & Malinky & Zhu & Huang, 2018" authorityName="Sun & Malinky & Zhu & Huang" authorityYear="2018" box="[598,724,579,604]" family="Cupithecidae" genus="Cupitheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="convexa" status="sp. nov">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FDC1926B2C2FDE37" box="[598,616,579,604]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FDE0926B2C93DE37" box="[631,724,579,604]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">convexa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A987BFFAD0C04FD4B926B2D6ADE37" box="[732,813,579,604]" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" rank="species">sp. nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
.. The protooperculum of the former is a circular elevated platform with a concave base and marginal rim (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC84E3FFAD0C04FD2192AC2EB3DED6" author="Skovsted, C. B. & Pan, B. & Topper, T. P. & Betts, M. J. & Li, G. & Brock, G. A." pageId="8" pageNumber="95" pagination="123 - 130" refId="ref10976" refString="Skovsted, C. B., Pan, B., Topper, T. P., Betts, M. J., Li, G., and Brock, G. A. 2016. The operculum and mode of life of the lower Cambrian hyolith Cupitheca from South Australia and North China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 443: 123 - 130." type="journal article" year="2016">Skovsted et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which is different from the flattened and circular protooperculum in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8291FFAD0C04FEE492EC2FB5DEB6" authority="Sun & Malinky & Zhu & Huang, 2018" authorityName="Sun & Malinky & Zhu & Huang" authorityYear="2018" box="[371,498,708,733]" family="Cupithecidae" genus="Cupitheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="convexa" status="sp. nov">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FEE492EC2FC2DEB6" box="[371,389,708,733]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FE0292EC2FB5DEB6" box="[405,498,708,733]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">convexa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22A987BFFAD0C04FE6D92EC2C0BDEB6" box="[506,588,708,733]" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" rank="species">sp. nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
.. The new species is distinguished from C.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FE3792CD2C4ADE95" box="[416,525,741,766]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">costellata</emphasis>
|
||
Xiao and Zhou, 1984 by possession of distinct longitudinal ornament in the latter. Our material also resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8291FFAD0C04FE72930D2CBFDF55" authority="Duan, 1984" authorityName="Duan" authorityYear="1984" box="[485,760,805,830]" family="Cupithecidae" genus="Cupitheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="manicae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FE72930D2C2FDF55" box="[485,616,805,830]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">C. manicae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC84E3FFAD0C04FDE5930D2CBFDF55" author="Duan, C. H." box="[626,760,805,830]" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" pagination="143 - 183" refId="ref8711" refString="Duan, C. H. 1984. Small shelly fossils from the lower Cambrian Xihaoping Formation in the Shennongjia district, Hubei Province - Hyoliths and fossil skeletons of unknown affinities [in Chinese, with English abstract]. Bulletin, Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources 7: 143 - 183." type="journal article" year="1984">Duan, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Lower Cambrian of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A937F0FFAD0C04FE35936D2C14DF35" box="[418,595,837,862]" country="China" name="Hubei" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Hubei Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37AB982FFAD0C04FD31936D2CADDF35" box="[678,746,837,862]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC84E3FFAD0C04FD6F936D2E89DF14" author="Duan, C. H." pageId="8" pageNumber="95" pagination="143 - 183" refId="ref8711" refString="Duan, C. H. 1984. Small shelly fossils from the lower Cambrian Xihaoping Formation in the Shennongjia district, Hubei Province - Hyoliths and fossil skeletons of unknown affinities [in Chinese, with English abstract]. Bulletin, Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources 7: 143 - 183." type="journal article" year="1984">Duan 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in general morphology and cross section of the shell, but the latter possesses no ornament on the conch (possibly a taphonomic bias) and no known operculum, which makes detailed comparison difficult. This is also the case with the similar taxa
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8291FFAD0C04FEBF93CF2FBBD86B" authority="Duan" authorityName="Duan" authorityYear="1984" box="[296,508,999,1024]" family="Cupithecidae" genus="Cupitheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="brevituba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FEBF93CF2FFFD86B" box="[296,440,999,1024]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">C. brevituba</emphasis>
|
||
Duan
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Xing et al., 1984,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8291FFAD0C04FD6193CF2FDFD84B" authority="(Duan, 1984)" baseAuthorityName="Duan" baseAuthorityYear="1984" family="Cupithecidae" genus="Cupitheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="intermedia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FD6193CF2EBBD84B" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">C. intermedia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC84E3FFAD0C04FE9D942F2FD7D84B" author="Duan, C. H." box="[266,400,1031,1056]" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" pagination="143 - 183" refId="ref8711" refString="Duan, C. H. 1984. Small shelly fossils from the lower Cambrian Xihaoping Formation in the Shennongjia district, Hubei Province - Hyoliths and fossil skeletons of unknown affinities [in Chinese, with English abstract]. Bulletin, Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources 7: 143 - 183." type="journal article" year="1984">Duan, 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8291FFAD0C04FE46942F2C62D84B" baseAuthorityName="He" baseAuthorityYear="1977" box="[465,549,1031,1056]" family="Cupithecidae" genus="Cupitheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="mira">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FE46942F2C62D84B" box="[465,549,1031,1056]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">C. mira</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(He in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC84E3FFAD0C04FDE0942F2CB4D84B" author="Qian, Y." box="[631,755,1031,1056]" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" pagination="255 - 275" refId="ref10390" refString="Qian, Y. 1977. Hyolitha and some problematica from the Lower Cambrian Meishucun Stage in central and S. W. China [in Chinese, with English abstract]. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 16: 255 - 275." type="journal article" year="1977">Qian, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) from the lower Cambrian of South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37AB982FFAD0C04FE7A940F2C76D82B" box="[493,561,1063,1088]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Xiao and Zhou 1984;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC84E3FFAD0C04FF0094602F5BD80A" author="Duan, C. H." box="[151,284,1096,1121]" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" pagination="143 - 183" refId="ref8711" refString="Duan, C. H. 1984. Small shelly fossils from the lower Cambrian Xihaoping Formation in the Shennongjia district, Hubei Province - Hyoliths and fossil skeletons of unknown affinities [in Chinese, with English abstract]. Bulletin, Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources 7: 143 - 183." type="journal article" year="1984">Duan 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These previous identifications as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8291FFAD0C04FD5394602D7FD80A" authorityName="Duan" authorityYear="1984" box="[708,824,1096,1121]" family="Cupithecidae" genus="Cupitheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FD5394602D7FD80A" box="[708,824,1096,1121]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Cupitheca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were based mainly on the ornament on the conchs, here we highlight the importance of the operculum in the classification of this group. The occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6D8291FFAD0C04FDAF94802C9BD8AA" box="[568,732,1192,1217]" family="Cupithecidae" genus="Cupitheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" rank="species" species="holocyclata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FDAF94802C9BD8AA" box="[568,732,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">C. holocyclata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
without opercula preserved should be questioned (see SOM 2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F912FFAD0C04FF2A94C12A51DCB2" blockId="8.[151,825,160,1960]" lastBlockId="8.[862,1535,160,217]" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">
|
||
The conch of specimen NIGPAS 166334 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFAD0C04FD0894C12CB0D969" box="[671,759,1257,1282]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[98,131,1169,1189]" captionTargetBox="[100,1481,161,1141]" captionTargetId="figure-368@11.[100,1481,161,1141]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 8. Internal mould of the conch of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. (NIGPAS 166334) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. General view. B. Boundary between presumed protoconch and the rest of the shell. C. Transverse lines preserved on the surface of the conch. D. Conch covered with longitudinal to sub-radial ornament and mechanical compression forming a transverse ridge-like structure. E. Apical portion. F. Lamellar-fibrillar structure (indicated by white arrow in A). Scale bars:A, E, 200 μm; B, 20 μm; C, 2 μm; D, 50 μm; F, 5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980895/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
) possesses two distinct zones that are separated by a transverse discontinuity. The adapertural portion is characterised by transverse lines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFAD0C04FEF595622FF9D908" box="[354,446,1354,1379]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[98,131,1169,1189]" captionTargetBox="[100,1481,161,1141]" captionTargetId="figure-368@11.[100,1481,161,1141]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 8. Internal mould of the conch of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. (NIGPAS 166334) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. General view. B. Boundary between presumed protoconch and the rest of the shell. C. Transverse lines preserved on the surface of the conch. D. Conch covered with longitudinal to sub-radial ornament and mechanical compression forming a transverse ridge-like structure. E. Apical portion. F. Lamellar-fibrillar structure (indicated by white arrow in A). Scale bars:A, E, 200 μm; B, 20 μm; C, 2 μm; D, 50 μm; F, 5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980895/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
|
||
), whereas the adapical tapering zone is covered by longitudinal to sub-radial ornament (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFAD0C04FF0895A22EBED9C8" box="[159,249,1418,1443]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[98,131,1169,1189]" captionTargetBox="[100,1481,161,1141]" captionTargetId="figure-368@11.[100,1481,161,1141]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 8. Internal mould of the conch of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. (NIGPAS 166334) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. General view. B. Boundary between presumed protoconch and the rest of the shell. C. Transverse lines preserved on the surface of the conch. D. Conch covered with longitudinal to sub-radial ornament and mechanical compression forming a transverse ridge-like structure. E. Apical portion. F. Lamellar-fibrillar structure (indicated by white arrow in A). Scale bars:A, E, 200 μm; B, 20 μm; C, 2 μm; D, 50 μm; F, 5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980895/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although the apical termination cannot be well separated from the matrix, based on the distinct ornamentation covering of the two zones, the adapertural region is regarded as early juvenile portion of the conch, whereas the adapical portion is the presumed protoconch. Therefore the transverse discontinuity or furrow is possible the site where the first septum-like structure developed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFC84E3FFAD0C04FD1196642E96DAEE" author="Bengtson, S. & Conway Morris, S. & Cooper, B. J. & Jell, P. A. & Runnegar, B. N." pageId="8" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 364" refId="ref8312" refString="Bengtson, S., Conway Morris, S., Cooper, B. J., Jell, P. A., and Runnegar, B. N. 1990. Early Cambrian fossils from South Australia. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 9: 1 - 364." type="journal article" year="1990">Bengtson et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, the diameter of the shell at the furrow is 450 μm, which overlaps with the ranges of diameters of the protoopercula in this collection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFAD0C04FDBA96852CC5DAAD" box="[557,642,1709,1734]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,184,1236,1256]" captionTargetBox="[883,1363,727,1215]" captionTargetId="graphics-565@10.[895,1359,727,1208]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 7. Statistical distribution of different skeletal parts, junctions of the outermost ring represent the number of data, and concentric circles represent length (in mm)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980893/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
|
||
). No weakening points or septum-like structures have been observed on the presumed protoconch. The ridge-like structure (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFAD0C04FD4296C52D68DB6D" box="[725,815,1773,1798]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[98,131,1169,1189]" captionTargetBox="[100,1481,161,1141]" captionTargetId="figure-368@11.[100,1481,161,1141]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 8. Internal mould of the conch of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. (NIGPAS 166334) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. General view. B. Boundary between presumed protoconch and the rest of the shell. C. Transverse lines preserved on the surface of the conch. D. Conch covered with longitudinal to sub-radial ornament and mechanical compression forming a transverse ridge-like structure. E. Apical portion. F. Lamellar-fibrillar structure (indicated by white arrow in A). Scale bars:A, E, 200 μm; B, 20 μm; C, 2 μm; D, 50 μm; F, 5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980895/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
) seems to be deceptive, appearing as a biological structure, but in fact is most likely the result of mechanical damage because the outmost layer is squeezed to form an uneven ridge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFAD0C04FF7297472F78DBE3" box="[229,319,1903,1928]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[98,131,1169,1189]" captionTargetBox="[100,1481,161,1141]" captionTargetId="figure-368@11.[100,1481,161,1141]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 8. Internal mould of the conch of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. (NIGPAS 166334) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. General view. B. Boundary between presumed protoconch and the rest of the shell. C. Transverse lines preserved on the surface of the conch. D. Conch covered with longitudinal to sub-radial ornament and mechanical compression forming a transverse ridge-like structure. E. Apical portion. F. Lamellar-fibrillar structure (indicated by white arrow in A). Scale bars:A, E, 200 μm; B, 20 μm; C, 2 μm; D, 50 μm; F, 5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980895/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
) rather than a dissolved groove (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFAD0C04FD4697472D6CDBE3" box="[721,811,1903,1928]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[98,131,1169,1189]" captionTargetBox="[100,1481,161,1141]" captionTargetId="figure-368@11.[100,1481,161,1141]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 8. Internal mould of the conch of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. (NIGPAS 166334) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. General view. B. Boundary between presumed protoconch and the rest of the shell. C. Transverse lines preserved on the surface of the conch. D. Conch covered with longitudinal to sub-radial ornament and mechanical compression forming a transverse ridge-like structure. E. Apical portion. F. Lamellar-fibrillar structure (indicated by white arrow in A). Scale bars:A, E, 200 μm; B, 20 μm; C, 2 μm; D, 50 μm; F, 5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980895/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although the apex is partially broken and peeled away, part of the lateral sub-radial lines could still be observed on the mould (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1356E597FFAD0C04FC2390E82A4EDCB2" box="[948,1033,192,217]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[98,131,1169,1189]" captionTargetBox="[100,1481,161,1141]" captionTargetId="figure-368@11.[100,1481,161,1141]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 8. Internal mould of the conch of cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. (NIGPAS 166334) from the Manto Formation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China. A. General view. B. Boundary between presumed protoconch and the rest of the shell. C. Transverse lines preserved on the surface of the conch. D. Conch covered with longitudinal to sub-radial ornament and mechanical compression forming a transverse ridge-like structure. E. Apical portion. F. Lamellar-fibrillar structure (indicated by white arrow in A). Scale bars:A, E, 200 μm; B, 20 μm; C, 2 μm; D, 50 μm; F, 5 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10980895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10980895/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Fig. 8E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD2F912FFAD0C04FCC990C42B06DD2D" blockId="8.[862,1535,236,326]" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9192500FFAD0C04FCC990C42B47DD6E" box="[862,1280,236,261]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Stratigraphic and geographic range</emphasis>
|
||
.—The Manto Formation, late Cambrian Series 2 Stage 4 or early Series 3 Stage 5,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A937F0FFAD0C04FCC991052A49DD2D" box="[862,1038,301,326]" country="China" name="Hebei" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Hebei Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37AB982FFAD0C04FBF491052AE0DD2D" box="[1123,1191,301,326]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(see SOM 2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |