166 lines
22 KiB
XML
166 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5F98ED80E790B7566CEA1D35A567A653">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AA87D3285FFFC8F7F0FCEEFD69B64A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6047012" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844925" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6047012" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D3285FFFC8F7F0FCEEFD69B64A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D3285FFFC8F7F0FCEEFD69B64A" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285FFFC8F7F0FCEEFCB5B3BD" blockId="31.[151,790,873,899]" box="[151,790,873,899]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<heading id="D0F481A9285FFFC8F7F0FCEEFCB5B3BD" bold="true" box="[151,790,873,899]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285FFFC8F7F0FCEEFCB5B3BD" bold="true" box="[151,790,873,899]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285FFFC8F7F0FCEEFEA1B3BD" box="[151,258,873,899]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montana">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285FFFC8F7F0FCEEFEA1B3BD" bold="true" box="[151,258,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">montana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285FFFC8F677FCEEFCB5B3BD" authority="Miller, Miller & Ivie, 2012" authorityName="Miller, Miller & Ivie" authorityYear="2012" box="[272,790,873,899]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montana">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD7285FFFC8F677FCEEFE64B3BD" bold="true" box="[272,455,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Lethe montana</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285FFFC8F6A9FCEEFCB5B3BD" author="Miller" box="[462,790,873,899]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Miller, J. Y., Miller, L. D. & Ivie, M. A. (2012) A new lepidopteran fossil from the Canyon Ferry Reservoir deposit in southwestern Montana (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Bulletin Allyn Museum, 167, 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="2012">Miller, Miller & Ivie, 2012</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285FFFC8F7F0FC37FE0DB3F7" blockId="31.[151,1437,944,1653]" box="[151,430,944,969]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285FFFC8F7F0FC37FE90B3F7" box="[151,307,944,969]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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||
:
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285FFFC8F65AFC37FE08B3F7" box="[317,427,944,969]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Satyrinae">Satyrinae</taxonomicName>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C319654E285FFFC8F7A0FC53FD69B64A" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285FFFC8F7A0FC53FC6AB3D3" blockId="31.[151,1437,944,1653]" box="[199,969,980,1005]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C98285FFFC8F7A0FC53FC6AB3D3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739255" box="[199,969,980,1005]" country="United States of America" location="Montana" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Montana">
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<collectingCountry id="F3147655285FFFC8F7A0FC53FEA1B3D2" box="[199,258,980,1004]" name="United States of America" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">USA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285FFFC8F66AFC52FED7B3D2" box="[269,372,981,1004]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montana">
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F827285FFFC8F66AFC52FED7B3D2" box="[269,372,981,1004]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Montana</collectingRegion>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Canyon Ferry Reservoir; Rupelian, early Oligocene.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285FFFC8F7A0FC7FFE95B40B" blockId="31.[151,1437,944,1653]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C98285FFFC8F7A0FC7FFE95B40B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739241" collectionCode="MOR" county="Museum" location="State University" municipality="Rockies" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Montana" typeStatus="holotype">
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Depository:
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<typeStatus id="54B88867285FFFC8F633FC7FFE1AB42F" box="[340,441,1016,1041]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="62DD4E49285FFFC8F6A2FC7EFD84B42E" box="[453,551,1017,1040]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Museum</collectingCounty>
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of
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BD8ACBF285FFFC8F536FC7FFD0DB42F" box="[593,686,1016,1041]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Rockies</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285FFFC8F5DCFC7EFCBCB42E" box="[699,799,1017,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montana">
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F827285FFFC8F5DCFC7EFCBCB42E" box="[699,799,1017,1040]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Montana</collectingRegion>
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</taxonomicName>
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<location id="8EDC601E285FFFC8F440FC7FFC7CB42F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D3285FFFC8F7F0FCEEFD69B64A:8EDC601E285FFFC8F440FC7FFC7CB42F" box="[807,991,1016,1041]" county="Museum" municipality="Rockies" name="State University" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" stateProvince="Montana">State University</location>
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,
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<location id="8EDC601E285FFFC8F48CFC7EFBF6B42E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D3285FFFC8F7F0FCEEFD69B64A:8EDC601E285FFFC8F48CFC7EFBF6B42E" box="[1003,1109,1017,1040]" county="Museum" municipality="Rockies" name="Bozeman" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" stateProvince="Montana">Bozeman</location>
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(part and counterpart,
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<collectionCode id="ED12AE00285FFFC8F23BFC7FFA3FB42E" box="[1372,1436,1016,1040]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/3ry3-9mkc" name="Museum of the Rockies" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">MOR</collectionCode>
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F827285FFFC8F7F0FB9AFF1EB40A" box="[151,189,1053,1076]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">No</collectingRegion>
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. MV-152).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285FFFC8F7A0FBC7FB91B466" blockId="31.[151,1437,944,1653]" box="[199,1074,1088,1113]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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Published figures:
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285FFFC8F6FEFBC7FDDEB466" author="CoBabe" box="[409,637,1088,1113]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="CoBabe, E. A., Chamberlain, K. R., Ivie, M. A. & Giersch, J. J. (2002) A new insect and plant Lagerstatte from a Tertiary lake deposit along the Canyon Fery Reservoir, Southwestern Montana. Rocky Mountain Geology, 37, 13 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / gsrocky. 37.1.13" type="journal article" year="2002">
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CoBabe
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||
<emphasis id="B977EAD7285FFFC8F69DFBC6FD88B467" box="[506,555,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
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. (2002
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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||
<figureCitation id="13382A40285FFFC8F5EFFBC7FD6FB466" box="[648,716,1088,1113]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 4" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1801,1823]" captionTargetBox="[165,1429,840,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[154,1438,828,1788]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 4. Wing venation of (A) Pareronia Bingham, 1907 (Pieridae), and (B) Hasora Moore, 1881 (Hesperiidae). See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583186/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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c),
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34285FFFC8F58AFBC7FC1CB466" author="Miller" box="[749,959,1088,1113]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" refString="Miller, J. Y., Miller, L. D. & Ivie, M. A. (2012) A new lepidopteran fossil from the Canyon Ferry Reservoir deposit in southwestern Montana (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Bulletin Allyn Museum, 167, 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Miller
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||
<emphasis id="B977EAD7285FFFC8F45DFBC6FCC8B467" box="[826,875,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
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. (2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A40285FFFC8F4AEFBC7FB89B467" box="[969,1066,1088,1113]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURES 3 – 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1650,1672]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,264,1801,1823]" captionStartId-3="16.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox-0="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetBox-1="[175,1415,420,1615]" captionTargetBox-2="[165,1429,840,1774]" captionTargetBox-3="[238,1332,193,1743]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[151,1436,409,1627]" captionTargetId-2="figure@10.[154,1438,828,1788]" captionTargetId-3="figure@16.[238,1332,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="16" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Apomorphies, their placement on a tree, and the assignment of calibration points. See text for explanation." captionText-2="FIGURES 3 – 4. Wing venation of (A) Pareronia Bingham, 1907 (Pieridae), and (B) Hasora Moore, 1881 (Hesperiidae). See text for explanation." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. Ƒanessa amerindica Miller & Brown, 1989, holotype, collections of Invertebrate Paleontology, University of Florida. Photo by Roger Portell. Fig. 6. Pseudoneorina coulleti Nel & Descimon, 1984. France, Dép. Alpes-de-Haute- Provence, Dauphin, specimen in coll. M. Henrotay; photo by courtesy of M. Henrotay. Fig. 7. Archaeolycorea ferreirai Martins-Neto, 1989. Fig. 4 A of original description. Fig. 8. Oligodonta florissantensis Brown, 1976, holotype, collections of Invertebrate Paleontology, University of Florida. Photo by courtesy of Akito Kawahara. Fig. 9. Neorinella garciae Martins- Neto, Kucera-Santos, de Moraes Vieira & de Campos Fragoso, 1993. Fig. 3 A of original description. Fig. 10. Protocoeliades kristenseni de Jong, 2016, holotype, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. Photo by Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/583185/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/583186/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/583187/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Figs 1–5</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285FFFC8F7A0FBE3FBDBB5DA" blockId="31.[151,1437,944,1653]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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The fossil consists of a well preserved part and counterpart of a forewing. In their diagnosis the authors state that “… the unbranched forewing radial veins … indicate thet this fossil is … not a member of the Hesperioidea.” Rather, this should read “the branched forewing radial veins”, but the conclusion is correct. Moreover, the absence from the cubital spur and vein 3A eliminates
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285FFFC8F5F4FB57FCBCB4D7" box="[659,799,1232,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Papilionidae</taxonomicName>
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from consideration. The authors also eliminate
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285FFFC8F25DFB57FA3AB4D7" box="[1338,1433,1232,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
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, since M1 branches off the cell, although branching of M1 off R3 is widespread in
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285FFFC8F358FB73FB38B533" box="[1087,1179,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
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but not universal. The remark that
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285FFFC8F646FA9FFE3FB50F" box="[289,412,1304,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Riodinidae</taxonomicName>
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||
or
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285FFFC8F6A2FA9FFDE7B50F" box="[453,580,1304,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Lycaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycaenidae</taxonomicName>
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can be eliminated because the “… veins are not simple in that they do not arise from the base or from the radius or cubitus proper …”, is not clear to me. The authors arrive at the conclusion that the fossil belongs to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285FFFC8F6BBFAE7FDD5B547" box="[476,630,1376,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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, and since the forewing cell is closed, the subcostal vein is thickened at its base and there is a prominent ocellus in M1-M2, assignment to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285FFFC8F4C8FA03FBBAB5A3" box="[943,1049,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Satyrinae">Satyrinae</taxonomicName>
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seems obvious. The only problem is, that the basal part of the wing with the swelling of the subcostal vein, as represented in their reconstruction in
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<figureCitation id="13382A40285FFFC8F7F0FA4BFF79B5DB" box="[151,218,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[238,1332,193,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[238,1332,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Ƒanessa amerindica Miller & Brown, 1989, holotype, collections of Invertebrate Paleontology, University of Florida. Photo by Roger Portell. Fig. 6. Pseudoneorina coulleti Nel & Descimon, 1984. France, Dép. Alpes-de-Haute- Provence, Dauphin, specimen in coll. M. Henrotay; photo by courtesy of M. Henrotay. Fig. 7. Archaeolycorea ferreirai Martins-Neto, 1989. Fig. 4 A of original description. Fig. 8. Oligodonta florissantensis Brown, 1976, holotype, collections of Invertebrate Paleontology, University of Florida. Photo by courtesy of Akito Kawahara. Fig. 9. Neorinella garciae Martins- Neto, Kucera-Santos, de Moraes Vieira & de Campos Fragoso, 1993. Fig. 3 A of original description. Fig. 10. Protocoeliades kristenseni de Jong, 2016, holotype, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. Photo by Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583187/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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, is absent from the fossil (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A40285FFFC8F566FA4BFDE2B5DA" box="[513,577,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) and from the interpretation of the fossil in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A40285FFFC8F348FA4BFBD7B5DA" box="[1071,1140,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1650,1672]" captionTargetBox="[175,1415,420,1615]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,409,1627]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apomorphies, their placement on a tree, and the assignment of calibration points. See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583185/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285FFFC8F7A0FA77FD50B66F" blockId="31.[151,1437,944,1653]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
See also the discussion under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285FFFC8F54CFA77FDC9B637" box="[555,618,1520,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD7285FFFC8F54CFA77FDC9B637" box="[555,618,1520,1545]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Lethe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(?)
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD7285FFFC8F5F9FA77FD5BB637" box="[670,760,1520,1545]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">corbieri</emphasis>
|
||
on the absence of a basal swelling in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285FFFC8F3A2FA77FAA0B637" box="[1221,1283,1520,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD7285FFFC8F3A2FA77FAA0B637" box="[1221,1283,1520,1545]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Lethe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There is no convincing evidence for treating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285FFFC8F577F993FD1AB612" box="[528,697,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD7285FFFC8F577F993FD1AB612" box="[528,697,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Lethe montana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differently than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46285FFFC8F41EF993FC1BB613" box="[889,952,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD7285FFFC8F41EF993FC1BB613" box="[889,952,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Lethe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(?)
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD7285FFFC8F48FF993FBE1B613" box="[1000,1090,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">corbieri</emphasis>
|
||
as far as its use as calibration point concerns. They are approximately the same age.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C5285FFFC8F7A0F9DBFD69B64A" blockId="31.[151,1437,944,1653]" box="[199,714,1628,1653]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
See also under
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD7285FFFC8F616F9DBFD60B64B" box="[369,707,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Biogeographic considerations</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |