233 lines
30 KiB
XML
233 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="D099112F07CB0F2B496E108754450567" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140" ID-CLB-Dataset="32975" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.583183" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c479acc-8b18-4f0b-a6e5-85bcd6d7b6b7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="583183" ID-ZooBank="2D00AFF5-4FE2-4EC1-A328-C8670CFB8D6D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1495696370209" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jong, Rienk De" docDate="2017" docId="03AA87D32857FFC0F7F0FDCFFA90B789" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4270 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Pseudoneorina coulleti" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="FF93FFAB2840FFD7F767FF87FFA3B03E" masterDocTitle="Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="24" updateTime="1698439901205" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="97D1490DA23F356D0243EFDCB251C862">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AA87D32857FFC0F7F0FDCFFA90B789" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6046940" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844923" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6046940" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D32857FFC0F7F0FDCFFA90B789" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D32857FFC0F7F0FDCFFA90B789" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<subSubSection id="C319654E2857FFC0F7F0FDCFFF7CB2BD" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52857FFC0F7F0FDCFFC90B25C" blockId="23.[151,819,584,643]" box="[151,819,584,610]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<heading id="D0F481A92857FFC0F7F0FDCFFC90B25C" bold="true" box="[151,819,584,610]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72857FFC0F7F0FDCFFC90B25C" bold="true" box="[151,819,584,610]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72857FFC0F7F0FDCFFF5BB25C" bold="true" box="[151,248,584,610]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F7F0FDCFFF50B25C" box="[151,243,584,610]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pseudoneorina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coulleti">coulleti</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F798FDCFFC90B25C" authority="Nel & Descimon, 1984" authorityName="Nel & Descimon" authorityYear="1984" box="[255,819,584,610]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pseudoneorina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coulleti">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72857FFC0F798FDCFFDB4B25C" bold="true" box="[255,535,584,610]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pseudoneorina coulleti</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342857FFC0F57AFDCFFC90B25C" author="Nel" box="[541,819,584,610]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Nel, A. & Descimon, H. (1984) Une nouvelle espece de Lepidoptere fossile du Stampien de Cereste (04) (Lepidoptera Satyridae). Geologie Mediterraneenne, 11, 287 - 293." type="journal article" year="1984">Nel & Descimon, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52857FFC0F7F0FDEDFF7CB2BD" blockId="23.[151,819,584,643]" box="[151,223,618,643]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 6.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C319654E2857FFC0F7F0FD35FA90B789" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52857FFC0F7F0FD35FC04B2F5" blockId="23.[151,1437,690,1975]" box="[151,935,690,715]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F7F0FD35FE90B2F5" box="[151,307,690,715]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F65AFD35FE04B2F5" box="[317,423,690,715]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Satyrinae">Satyrinae</taxonomicName>
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(subdivisions not yet generally agreed upon).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52857FFC0F7A0FD50FAC6B2D1" blockId="23.[151,1437,690,1975]" box="[199,1381,726,751]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">France, Dép. Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Céreste and Dauphin; Rupelian (= "Stampien"), early Oligocene.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52857FFC0F7A0FD7DFCC1B365" blockId="23.[151,1437,690,1975]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C982857FFC0F7A0FD7DFA3BB32D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739220" box="[199,1432,762,787]" collectorName="Cereste & Collection Nel & La Ciotat & Bouches-du-Rhone" country="France" location="France" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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Depositories:
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<typeStatus id="54B888672857FFC0F60EFD7DFE68B32D" box="[361,459,762,787]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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from
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<collectorName id="26F653132857FFC0F57BFD7CFDD3B32D" box="[540,624,763,787]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Céreste</collectorName>
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in
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<collectorName id="26F653132857FFC0F5F8FD7DFCEFB32D" box="[671,844,762,787]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Collection Nel</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName id="26F653132857FFC0F43AFD7CFC6CB32D" box="[861,975,762,787]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">La Ciotat</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName id="26F653132857FFC0F487FD7DFB18B32D" box="[992,1211,762,787]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bouches-du-Rhône</collectorName>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31476552857FFC0F3ABFD7CFABBB32C" box="[1228,1304,763,786]" name="France" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">France</collectingCountry>
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(nr 2486)
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
;
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C982857FFC0F7F0FC98FB04B308" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739215" box="[151,1191,798,823]" collectorName="Cereste & Collection Coullet & Barreme" country="France" location="France" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
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||
<typeStatus id="54B888672857FFC0F7F0FC98FF54B309" box="[151,247,799,823]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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from
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<collectorName id="26F653132857FFC0F622FC98FE3AB309" box="[325,409,799,823]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Céreste</collectorName>
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in
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<collectorName id="26F653132857FFC0F6A0FC99FD3EB309" box="[455,669,798,823]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Collection Coullet</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName id="26F653132857FFC0F5CAFC98FCB3B309" box="[685,784,799,823]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Barrème</collectorName>
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, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F31476552857FFC0F330FC98FB04B308" box="[1111,1191,799,822]" name="France" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">France</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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; additional specimen from Dauphin in Collection Michel Henrotay (Liège, Belgium).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52857FFC0F7A0FCE1FEE6B39D" blockId="23.[151,1437,690,1975]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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Published figures:
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342857FFC0F6FBFCE0FDFAB341" author="Henrotay" box="[412,601,870,895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Henrotay, M. (1986) Decouverte d'un nouveau gisement de Lepidopteres, d'autres insectes et d'Araignes fossiles a Dauphin (Hte Provence, France). Linneana belgica, 10, 266 - 279." type="journal article" year="1986">Henrotay (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342857FFC0F500FCE0FC23B341" author="Murata" box="[615,896,870,895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Murata, Y. (1998) Notes on the evolutionary process of butterflies and butterfly fossils. Butterflies, 20 (part 1 & 2), 4 - 17 & 27 - 40. [in Japanese with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1998">Murata (1998: Figs 7, 8)</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342857FFC0F4E9FCE1FAB4B341" author="Nel" box="[910,1303,870,895]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Nel, A. & Descimon, H. (1984) Une nouvelle espece de Lepidoptere fossile du Stampien de Cereste (04) (Lepidoptera Satyridae). Geologie Mediterraneenne, 11, 287 - 293." type="journal article" year="1984">
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||
Nel & Descimon (1984:
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||
<figureCitation id="13382A402857FFC0F3CEFCE1FAAEB341" box="[1193,1293,870,895]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURES 3 – 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1650,1672]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,264,1801,1823]" captionStartId-3="16.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox-0="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetBox-1="[175,1415,420,1615]" captionTargetBox-2="[165,1429,840,1774]" captionTargetBox-3="[238,1332,193,1743]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[151,1436,409,1627]" captionTargetId-2="figure@10.[154,1438,828,1788]" captionTargetId-3="figure@16.[238,1332,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="16" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Apomorphies, their placement on a tree, and the assignment of calibration points. See text for explanation." captionText-2="FIGURES 3 – 4. Wing venation of (A) Pareronia Bingham, 1907 (Pieridae), and (B) Hasora Moore, 1881 (Hesperiidae). See text for explanation." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. Ƒanessa amerindica Miller & Brown, 1989, holotype, collections of Invertebrate Paleontology, University of Florida. Photo by Roger Portell. Fig. 6. Pseudoneorina coulleti Nel & Descimon, 1984. France, Dép. Alpes-de-Haute- Provence, Dauphin, specimen in coll. M. Henrotay; photo by courtesy of M. Henrotay. Fig. 7. Archaeolycorea ferreirai Martins-Neto, 1989. Fig. 4 A of original description. Fig. 8. Oligodonta florissantensis Brown, 1976, holotype, collections of Invertebrate Paleontology, University of Florida. Photo by courtesy of Akito Kawahara. Fig. 9. Neorinella garciae Martins- Neto, Kucera-Santos, de Moraes Vieira & de Campos Fragoso, 1993. Fig. 3 A of original description. Fig. 10. Protocoeliades kristenseni de Jong, 2016, holotype, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. Photo by Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/583185/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/583186/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/583187/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figs 1–5</figureCitation>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342857FFC0F243FCE1FEE2B39D" author="Nel" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Nel, A. & Nel, J. (1986) A propos de deux Lepidopteres fossiles du Stampien d'Aix- en-Provence (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae et Nymphalidae Satyrinae), Bulletin du Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle, 8, 343 - 350." type="journal article" year="1986" yearSuffix="e">
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Nel & Nel (1986:
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<figureCitation id="13382A402857FFC0F780FC0DFE89B39D" box="[231,298,906,931]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1650,1672]" captionTargetBox="[175,1415,420,1615]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,409,1627]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apomorphies, their placement on a tree, and the assignment of calibration points. See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583185/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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e)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52857FFC0F7A0FC29FCDAB4D9" blockId="23.[151,1437,690,1975]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
Three specimens, in varying states of preservation. Eyes naked. Forewing without vein 2A; radial formula 1, 2, 3+(4+5); stalk of R3-R5 and M1 originating from same spot at upper corner of cell; M2 at its base much closer to M1 than to M3; cell closed; base of Cu lightly swollen; rounded spot between M1 and M2; darker area between base, cubitus, M3 and hind margin, extending from base to about two-thirds towards termen; outer margin probably straight. Hindwing with Sc+R1 arising far from base: distance from base to Sc
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||
<quantity id="4CFB9B202857FFC0F36CFBB9FBC0B468" box="[1035,1123,1086,1111]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="3.6">3.6 mm</quantity>
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, from Sc to Rs
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<quantity id="4CFB9B202857FFC0F277FBB9FACBB468" box="[1296,1384,1086,1111]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
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||
; cell closed; round dark spot between Cu1 and Cu2 (according to the original description and in their photograph
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||
<figureCitation id="13382A402857FFC0F234FBE5FF07B4A1" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1650,1672]" captionTargetBox="[175,1415,420,1615]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,409,1627]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Apomorphies, their placement on a tree, and the assignment of calibration points. See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583185/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 2</figureCitation>
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||
A and in the reconstruction in
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<figureCitation id="13382A402857FFC0F56CFB01FDCDB4A1" box="[523,622,1158,1183]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[238,1332,193,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[238,1332,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Ƒanessa amerindica Miller & Brown, 1989, holotype, collections of Invertebrate Paleontology, University of Florida. Photo by Roger Portell. Fig. 6. Pseudoneorina coulleti Nel & Descimon, 1984. France, Dép. Alpes-de-Haute- Provence, Dauphin, specimen in coll. M. Henrotay; photo by courtesy of M. Henrotay. Fig. 7. Archaeolycorea ferreirai Martins-Neto, 1989. Fig. 4 A of original description. Fig. 8. Oligodonta florissantensis Brown, 1976, holotype, collections of Invertebrate Paleontology, University of Florida. Photo by courtesy of Akito Kawahara. Fig. 9. Neorinella garciae Martins- Neto, Kucera-Santos, de Moraes Vieira & de Campos Fragoso, 1993. Fig. 3 A of original description. Fig. 10. Protocoeliades kristenseni de Jong, 2016, holotype, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. Photo by Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583187/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 5</figureCitation>
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||
; in the description, it is given as between Cu1 and M3); outer margin possibly extended tail-like at the end of M3 (as it is in extant
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F43CFB2BFC14B4FD" box="[859,951,1196,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72857FFC0F43CFB2BFC14B4FD" box="[859,951,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Neorina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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; in fig. 5 at the end of Cu1), but since the relevant part of the wing is absent in the fossil, this is speculative.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52857FFC0F7A0FB74FD5DB5A4" blockId="23.[151,1437,690,1975]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
In their well-documented discussion the authors conclude that the fossil is close to the recent genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F227FB73FA3FB535" box="[1344,1436,1268,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72857FFC0F227FB73FA3FB535" box="[1344,1436,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Neorina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F7F9FA91FE99B511" box="[158,314,1302,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F622FA91FE10B511" box="[325,435,1302,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Satyrinae">Satyrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), but differs in the origin of Sc in the hindwing being further from base than in any recent satyrine butterfly: in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F6E3FABDFDF2B56D" authority="Sc" authorityName="Sc" box="[388,593,1338,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pseudoneorina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72857FFC0F6E3FABDFD8DB56D" box="[388,558,1338,1363]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pseudoneorina</emphasis>
|
||
Sc
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
originates at 44.4% of distance from base to Rs, further than in any extant species, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F67EFAD8FED6B548" box="[281,373,1375,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72857FFC0F67EFAD8FED6B548" box="[281,373,1375,1398]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Neorina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it originates at almost 22% of this distance. Apparently this feature was an autapomorphic character that was lost with the extinction of the taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52857FFC0F7A0FA21FABCB775" blockId="23.[151,1437,690,1975]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The venational characters of the fossil as well as the position of the rounded spots (in extant satyrines eyespots), although agreeing with extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F512FA4BFD72B5DD" box="[629,721,1484,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72857FFC0F512FA4BFD72B5DD" box="[629,721,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Neorina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, can be found in other extant genera as well, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F243FA4DFA3FB5DD" box="[1316,1436,1482,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Zophoessa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72857FFC0F243FA4DFA3FB5DD" box="[1316,1436,1482,1507]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Zophoessa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(considered a subjective synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F550FA69FDD5B639" box="[567,630,1518,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Lethe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72857FFC0F550FA69FDD5B639" box="[567,630,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lethe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[subtribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F580FA69FC9EB639" box="[743,829,1518,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Lethina">Lethina</taxonomicName>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F406FA69FC1EB639" box="[865,957,1518,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Satyrini">Satyrini</taxonomicName>
|
||
] by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342857FFC0F48AFA69FB56B639" author="Wahlberg" box="[1005,1269,1518,1543]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Wahlberg, N. & Pena, C. (2015) Systematics and Evolution of Nymphalidae. Available from: http: // www. nymphalidae. net / (accessed 12 November 2015)" type="journal article" year="2015">Wahlberg & Peña 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but to belong to another tribe,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F629F995FE62B615" box="[334,449,1554,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Elymniini">Elymniini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in the classification accepted at the Natural History Museum, London, www.nhm.ac.uk/ our-science/data/butmoth/, which follows the database Lamas_Genera_
|
||
<date id="FFBD10052857FFC0F48BF9B1FB9BB671" box="[1004,1080,1590,1615]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2004-02-08">04ii08.</date>
|
||
xls.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342857FFC0F30DF9B1FA3FB671" author="Wahlberg" box="[1130,1436,1590,1615]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Wahlberg, N. & Pena, C. (2015) Systematics and Evolution of Nymphalidae. Available from: http: // www. nymphalidae. net / (accessed 12 November 2015)" type="journal article" year="2015">Wahlberg & Peña (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
classify
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F792F9DDFE3CB64D" box="[245,415,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Pseudoneorina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72857FFC0F792F9DDFE3CB64D" box="[245,415,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pseudoneorina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the subtribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F5E1F9DDFD7DB64D" box="[646,734,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Lethina">Lethina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F47AF9DBFCDAB64D" box="[797,889,1628,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72857FFC0F47AF9DBFCDAB64D" box="[797,889,1628,1651]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Neorina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as belonging to another tribe,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F3BEF9DDFAE0B64D" box="[1241,1347,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Zetherini">Zetherini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Earlier
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F7F0F9F8FF50B6A8" box="[151,243,1663,1686]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72857FFC0F7F0F9F8FF50B6A8" box="[151,243,1663,1686]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Neorina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also placed outside
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F56FF9F9FDC0B6A9" box="[520,611,1662,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Satyrini">Satyrini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as sister taxon to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F455F9F9FC01B6A9" box="[818,930,1662,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Penthema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72857FFC0F455F9F9FC01B6A9" box="[818,930,1662,1687]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Penthema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in a clade that is sister taxon to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F276F9F9FA3FB6A9" box="[1297,1436,1662,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Amathusiini">Amathusiini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342857FFC0F7F9F925FE34B685" author="Wahlberg" box="[158,407,1698,1723]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Wahlberg, N., Leneveu, J., Kodandaramaiah, U., Pena, C., Nylin, S., Freitas, A. V. L. & Brower, A. V. Z. (2009) Nymphalid butterflies diversify following near demise at the Cretaceous / Tertiary boundary. Proceedings Royal Society B, 276, 4295 - 4302." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Wahlberg
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72857FFC0F672F923FEEAB685" box="[277,329,1698,1723]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342857FFC0F52CF925FD46B685" author="Miller" box="[587,741,1698,1723]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Miller, L. D. (1968) The higher classification, phylogeny and zoogeography of the Satyridae (Lepidoptera). Memoirs American Entomological Society, 24, 1 - 174." type="journal article" year="1968">Miller (1968)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F588F923FCE8B685" box="[751,843,1700,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Neorina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72857FFC0F588F923FCE8B685" box="[751,843,1700,1723]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Neorina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to the Lethini, in which it, with its closest relatives, is mainly diagnosed by possessing naked eyes, a character found frequently throughout the butterflies and not very indicative of relationship. As long as there are no apomorphies known that unambiguously support relationships, I would hesitate to classify the fossil either as belonging to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F4B3F889FB8EB719" box="[980,1069,1806,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Satyrini">Satyrini</taxonomicName>
|
||
or to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F317F889FB74B719" box="[1136,1239,1806,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Zetherini">Zetherini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see also Figures 18–20 under
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAD72857FFC0F64CF8B3FDA9B775" box="[299,522,1842,1867]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Neorinopsis
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F6DEF8B5FDA9B775" box="[441,522,1842,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Cyllo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sepulta">sepulta</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, for the still unsettled interrelationhips among the tribes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D462857FFC0F3C3F8B5FAB0B775" box="[1188,1299,1842,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Satyrinae">Satyrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36C52857FFC0F7A0F8D0FA90B789" blockId="23.[151,1437,690,1975]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
A fossil from another locality about
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B202857FFC0F51DF8D0FD66B751" box="[634,709,1878,1903]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="km" value="18.0">18 km</quantity>
|
||
to the east, Dauphin (Dép. Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), Lower Oligocene, Stampien (= Rupelian), ca. 30 Ma, was figured but not named by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342857FFC0F495F8FCFB0CB7AD" author="Henrotay" box="[1010,1199,1914,1939]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Henrotay, M. (1986) Decouverte d'un nouveau gisement de Lepidopteres, d'autres insectes et d'Araignes fossiles a Dauphin (Hte Provence, France). Linneana belgica, 10, 266 - 279." type="journal article" year="1986">Henrotay (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. It was recognized as belonging to the same taxon by André Nel, co-author of the name (pers. comm. Henrotay,
|
||
<date id="FFBD10052857FFC0F3EBF819FA84B789" box="[1164,1319,1950,1975]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="2015-12-16">16 Dec. 2015</date>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |