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<document id="6B39268BA2FD5E026FFDFD1677C7E7F5" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140" ID-CLB-Dataset="32975" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.583183" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c479acc-8b18-4f0b-a6e5-85bcd6d7b6b7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="583183" ID-ZooBank="2D00AFF5-4FE2-4EC1-A328-C8670CFB8D6D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1495696370209" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jong, Rienk De" docDate="2017" docId="03AA87D3284FFFD8F7F0FECBFD22B73D" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4270 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Vanessa amerindica" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="FF93FFAB2840FFD7F767FF87FFA3B03E" masterDocTitle="Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="16" updateTime="1698439901205" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="D4EF8DDB191ED7E3CD570E4245C33822">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AA87D3284FFFD8F7F0FECBFD22B73D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6046911" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844931" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6046911" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D3284FFFD8F7F0FECBFD22B73D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D3284FFFD8F7F0FECBFD22B73D" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<subSubSection id="C319654E284FFFD8F7F0FECBFF7AB1B9" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBC36C5284FFFD8F7F0FECBFC99B158" blockId="15.[151,826,332,391]" box="[151,826,332,358]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<heading id="D0F481A9284FFFD8F7F0FECBFC99B158" bold="true" box="[151,826,332,358]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F7F0FECBFC99B158" bold="true" box="[151,826,332,358]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F7F0FECBFE83B158" box="[151,288,332,358]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amerindica">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F7F0FECBFE83B158" bold="true" box="[151,288,332,358]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">amerindica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F649FECBFC99B158" authority="Miller &amp; Brown, 1989" authorityName="Miller &amp; Brown" authorityYear="1989" box="[302,826,332,358]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amerindica">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F649FECBFD83B158" bold="true" box="[302,544,332,358]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanessa amerindica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34284FFFD8F540FECBFC99B158" author="Miller" box="[551,826,332,358]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Miller, J. Y. &amp; Brown, F. M. (1989) A new Oligocene fossil butterfly, Fanessa † amerindica (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), from the Florissant Formation, Colorado. Bulletin Allyn Museum, 126, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1989">Miller &amp; Brown, 1989</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36C5284FFFD8F7F0FEE9FF7AB1B9" blockId="15.[151,826,332,391]" box="[151,217,366,391]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<figureCitation id="13382A40284FFFD8F7F0FEE9FF7AB1B9" box="[151,217,366,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[238,1332,193,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[238,1332,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 5. Ƒanessa amerindica Miller &amp; Brown, 1989, holotype, collections of Invertebrate Paleontology, University of Florida. Photo by Roger Portell. Fig. 6. Pseudoneorina coulleti Nel &amp; Descimon, 1984. France, Dép. Alpes-de-Haute- Provence, Dauphin, specimen in coll. M. Henrotay; photo by courtesy of M. Henrotay. Fig. 7. Archaeolycorea ferreirai Martins-Neto, 1989. Fig. 4 A of original description. Fig. 8. Oligodonta florissantensis Brown, 1976, holotype, collections of Invertebrate Paleontology, University of Florida. Photo by courtesy of Akito Kawahara. Fig. 9. Neorinella garciae Martins- Neto, Kucera-Santos, de Moraes Vieira &amp; de Campos Fragoso, 1993. Fig. 3 A of original description. Fig. 10. Protocoeliades kristenseni de Jong, 2016, holotype, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. Photo by Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583187/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C319654E284FFFD8F7F0FE31FD22B73D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBC36C5284FFFD8F7F0FE31FDD3B1F1" blockId="15.[151,1437,438,1795]" box="[151,624,438,463]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F7F0FE31FE90B1F1" box="[151,307,438,463]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F65AFE31FE74B1F1" box="[317,471,438,463]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F685FE31FDCFB1F1" box="[482,620,438,463]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphalini">Nymphalini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36C5284FFFD8F7A0FE5CFCE3B1CC" blockId="15.[151,1437,438,1795]" box="[199,832,474,499]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C98284FFFD8F7A0FE5CFCE3B1CC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739216" box="[199,832,474,499]" country="United States of America" location="Colorado" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Colorado">
<collectingCountry id="F3147655284FFFD8F7A0FE5CFEA1B1CD" box="[199,258,475,499]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">USA</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F66AFE5DFEDBB1CD" box="[269,376,474,499]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Praepapilio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colorado">
<collectingRegion id="49C7F827284FFFD8F66AFE5DFEDBB1CD" box="[269,376,474,499]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Colorado</collectingRegion>
</taxonomicName>
, Florissant; late Priabonian, late Eocene.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36C5284FFFD8F7A0FE79FBC8B229" blockId="15.[151,1437,438,1795]" box="[199,1131,510,535]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Depository: FFNM (
<typeStatus id="54B88867284FFFD8F6CAFE79FDB6B229" box="[429,533,510,535]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: FLFO-108), FMUF (CHT: UF21999; PT UF22000).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36C5284FFFD8F7A0FDA5FE6EB261" blockId="15.[151,1437,438,1795]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Published figures:
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34284FFFD8F6C7FDA5FD2BB205" author="Emmel" box="[416,648,546,571]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Emmel, T. C., Minno, M. C. &amp; Drummond, B. A. (1992) Florissant butterflies. A guide to the fossil and present-day species of central Colorado. Stanford University Press, Stanford, x + 118 pp." type="book" year="1992">
Emmel
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F69BFDA3FD8CB205" box="[508,559,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. (1992
</bibRefCitation>
:
<figureCitation id="13382A40284FFFD8F5F1FDA5FD78B205" box="[662,731,546,571]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs 1</figureCitation>
/12 and opp. title page);
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34284FFFD8F364FDA5FA34B205" author="Miller" box="[1027,1431,546,571]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Miller, J. Y. &amp; Brown, F. M. (1989) A new Oligocene fossil butterfly, Fanessa † amerindica (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), from the Florissant Formation, Colorado. Bulletin Allyn Museum, 126, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1989">
Miller &amp; Brown (1989:
<figureCitation id="13382A40284FFFD8F278FDA5FA2EB205" box="[1311,1421,546,571]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURES 3 – 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,1650,1672]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,264,1801,1823]" captionStartId-3="16.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox-0="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetBox-1="[175,1415,420,1615]" captionTargetBox-2="[165,1429,840,1774]" captionTargetBox-3="[238,1332,193,1743]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[151,1436,409,1627]" captionTargetId-2="figure@10.[154,1438,828,1788]" captionTargetId-3="figure@16.[238,1332,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="10" captionTargetPageId-3="16" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Apomorphies, their placement on a tree, and the assignment of calibration points. See text for explanation." captionText-2="FIGURES 3 – 4. Wing venation of (A) Pareronia Bingham, 1907 (Pieridae), and (B) Hasora Moore, 1881 (Hesperiidae). See text for explanation." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. Ƒanessa amerindica Miller &amp; Brown, 1989, holotype, collections of Invertebrate Paleontology, University of Florida. Photo by Roger Portell. Fig. 6. Pseudoneorina coulleti Nel &amp; Descimon, 1984. France, Dép. Alpes-de-Haute- Provence, Dauphin, specimen in coll. M. Henrotay; photo by courtesy of M. Henrotay. Fig. 7. Archaeolycorea ferreirai Martins-Neto, 1989. Fig. 4 A of original description. Fig. 8. Oligodonta florissantensis Brown, 1976, holotype, collections of Invertebrate Paleontology, University of Florida. Photo by courtesy of Akito Kawahara. Fig. 9. Neorinella garciae Martins- Neto, Kucera-Santos, de Moraes Vieira &amp; de Campos Fragoso, 1993. Fig. 3 A of original description. Fig. 10. Protocoeliades kristenseni de Jong, 2016, holotype, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. Photo by Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/583185/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/583186/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/583187/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Figs. 1–5</figureCitation>
)
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34284FFFD8F7F0FDC0FE6AB261" author="Murata" box="[151,457,582,607]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Murata, Y. (1998) Notes on the evolutionary process of butterflies and butterfly fossils. Butterflies, 20 (part 1 &amp; 2), 4 - 17 &amp; 27 - 40. [in Japanese with English summary]" type="journal article" year="1998">Murata (1998: Figs 53–55)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36C5284FFFD8F7A0FDECFC92B365" blockId="15.[151,1437,438,1795]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Two specimens, both ventral view; one specimen fairly complete with abdomen (squashed) and four wings, having the hindwings superimposed on forewings, the other specimen consisting of the distal three-fourths of the two left wings.
<collectingRegion id="49C7F827284FFFD8F62FFD34FEC9B2F4" box="[328,362,691,714]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">No</collectingRegion>
antennae or proboscis present. Palp visible, third segment one-third length of second segment. Veins in forewing not basally swollen, radial formula 1, 2, 3+(4+5) (a plesiomorphous condition), cell open (internal apomorphy of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F6C3FD7DFDE3B32D" box="[420,576,762,787]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
); hindwing with faint indication of humeral vein (but not indicated in
<figureCitation id="13382A40284FFFD8F23DFD7DFA3FB32D" box="[1370,1436,762,787]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 4" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1801,1823]" captionTargetBox="[165,1429,840,1774]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[154,1438,828,1788]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 4. Wing venation of (A) Pareronia Bingham, 1907 (Pieridae), and (B) Hasora Moore, 1881 (Hesperiidae). See text for explanation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583186/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
of the original description), two anal veins, cell open, an apomorphy of several nymphalid groups. Apex of forewing produced, with lobe at M1-M2. Forelegs reduced.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36C5284FFFD8F7A0FCE1FDB0B549" blockId="15.[151,1437,438,1795]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
According to the authors the produced apex of the forewing with the characteristic lobe at M1–M2 is indicative of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F657FC0BFE29B39D" box="[304,394,908,931]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F657FC0BFE29B39D" box="[304,394,908,931]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanessa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Nymphalidea,
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F522FC0DFD42B39D" box="[581,737,906,931]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
). A similar lobe can be found in several other genera of the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F7F0FC29FE92B3F9" box="[151,305,942,967]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
, particularly
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F6AEFC29FDECB3F9" box="[457,591,942,967]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphalini">Nymphalini</taxonomicName>
sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34284FFFD8F5C7FC29FC17B3F9" box="[672,948,942,967]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Wahlberg, N., Brower, A. V. Z. &amp; Nylin, S. (2005 b) Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of tribes and genera in the subfamily Nymphalinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biological Journal Linnean Society, 86, 227 - 251. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2005.00531. x" type="journal article">
Wahlberg
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F472FC28FCEAB3F9" box="[789,841,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. (2005b)
</bibRefCitation>
, to which
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F357FC28FB28B3F8" box="[1072,1163,943,966]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F357FC28FB28B3F8" box="[1072,1163,943,966]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanessa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and genera like
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F22AFC29FA37B3F9" box="[1357,1428,942,967]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Aglais" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F22AFC29FA37B3F9" box="[1357,1428,942,967]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Aglais</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F7F0FC55FEACB3D5" box="[151,271,978,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Nymphalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F7F0FC55FEACB3D5" box="[151,271,978,1003]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Nymphalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F62DFC53FE33B3D5" box="[330,400,980,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Precis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F62DFC53FE33B3D5" box="[330,400,980,1003]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Precis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belong (
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34284FFFD8F690FC55FD4DB3D5" author="Wahlberg" box="[503,750,978,1003]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Wahlberg, N., Leneveu, J., Kodandaramaiah, U., Pena, C., Nylin, S., Freitas, A. V. L. &amp; Brower, A. V. Z. (2009) Nymphalid butterflies diversify following near demise at the Cretaceous / Tertiary boundary. Proceedings Royal Society B, 276, 4295 - 4302." type="journal article" year="2009">
Wahlberg
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F509FC53FD02B3D5" box="[622,673,978,1003]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. 2009
</bibRefCitation>
), and can be considered an autapomorphy.
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34284FFFD8F386FC55FF42B431" author="Miller" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Miller, J. Y. &amp; Brown, F. M. (1989) A new Oligocene fossil butterfly, Fanessa † amerindica (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), from the Florissant Formation, Colorado. Bulletin Allyn Museum, 126, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1989">Miller &amp; Brown (1989)</bibRefCitation>
suggest that what is left of the pattern is reminiscent of the pattern of the extant Old World species
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F225FC70FEEAB40D" authority="Herbst" authorityName="Herbst" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F225FC70FF7EB40D" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanessa indica</emphasis>
(Herbst)
</taxonomicName>
, but they remark that the pattern remnants are very poor and not easy to interpret since the forewings and hindwings are superimposed. Moreover, in the figures accompanying the description of the fossil, the
<typeStatus id="54B88867284FFFD8F7A7FBE5FE81B445" box="[192,290,1122,1147]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and the
<typeStatus id="54B88867284FFFD8F6E7FBE4FE40B445" box="[384,483,1123,1147]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, the spots in the apical area do not seem to be exactly alike. Even if the pattern would fully agrees with those of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F6D0FB00FDBBB4A1" box="[439,536,1158,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F6D0FB00FDBBB4A1" box="[439,536,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">V. indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, without indication of the apomorphies in wing pattern of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F275FB00FACFB4A0" box="[1298,1388,1159,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F275FB00FACFB4A0" box="[1298,1388,1159,1182]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanessa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the similarity remains superficial and does not indicate a close relationship. Moreover, in
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F3F7FB2BFB49B4FD" box="[1168,1258,1196,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F3F7FB2BFB49B4FD" box="[1168,1258,1196,1219]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanessa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the cell in the hindwing is generally closed, though the crossvein may be too weak to show up clearly in a fossil. Further, Sc in the hindwing is remarkably straight in the drawings of the fossil, and is obviously straight in the photo of the
<typeStatus id="54B88867284FFFD8F7F0FA90FF59B511" box="[151,250,1303,1327]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, different from the nicely curved vein in
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F5B3FA90FC8DB510" box="[724,814,1303,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F5B3FA90FC8DB510" box="[724,814,1303,1326]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanessa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The suggestion by the authors, that the presence of a fossil butterfly of Old World affinities in
<collectingRegion id="49C7F827284FFFD8F512FABDFD15B56D" box="[629,694,1338,1363]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">North</collectingRegion>
America may have something to do with migratory behavior, is premature and highly speculative.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36C5284FFFD8F7A0FA05FD22B73D" blockId="15.[151,1437,438,1795]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34284FFFD8F7A0FA05FD81B5A5" author="Vane-Wright" box="[199,546,1410,1435]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Vane-Wright, R. I. &amp; Hughes, H. W. D. (2007) Did a member of the Fanessa indica complex (Nymphalidae) formerly occur in North America? Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 61, 199 - 212." type="journal article" year="2007">Vane-Wright &amp; Hughes (2007)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F5C1FA03FC24B5A5" box="[678,903,1410,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amerindica">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F5C1FA03FC24B5A5" box="[678,903,1410,1435]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanessa amerindica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in their extensive description and discussion of the extant
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F66AFA20FEC4B580" box="[269,359,1447,1470]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F66AFA20FEC4B580" box="[269,359,1447,1470]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanessa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, but took the opinion of Miller and Brown that the fossil is most like
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F3BFFA20FA23B581" box="[1240,1408,1446,1471]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F3BFFA20FA23B581" box="[1240,1408,1446,1471]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanessa indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at face value. In the analysis of extant species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F46AFA4BFCC4B5DD" box="[781,871,1484,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F46AFA4BFCC4B5DD" box="[781,871,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanessa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34284FFFD8F4F7FA4DFBFDB5DD" box="[912,1118,1482,1507]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Otaki, J. M., Kimura, Y. &amp; Yamamoto, H. (2006) Molecular phylogeny and color-pattern evolution of Fanessa butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan, 57, 359 - 370." type="journal article">
Otaki
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F4B2FA4BFBA6B5DD" box="[981,1029,1482,1507]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
there is no evidence that the wing design in
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F624FA68FE49B639" box="[323,490,1518,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F624FA68FE49B639" box="[323,490,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanessa indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(or the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F525FA68FD4AB639" box="[578,745,1518,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F525FA68FD4AB639" box="[578,745,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanessa indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group sensu Otaki
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F4A4FA68FC57B639" box="[963,1012,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
.) is apomorphic. Consequently, I do not see convincing evidence for placing this fossil otherwise than as a member of the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F33AF995FB40B615" box="[1117,1251,1554,1579]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphalini">Nymphalini</taxonomicName>
sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34284FFFD8F256F995FE93B671" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Wahlberg, N., Brower, A. V. Z. &amp; Nylin, S. (2005 b) Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of tribes and genera in the subfamily Nymphalinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biological Journal Linnean Society, 86, 227 - 251. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2005.00531. x" type="journal article">
Wahlberg
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F7F0F9B0FF64B671" box="[151,199,1590,1615]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. (2005b)
</bibRefCitation>
. On the basis of the suggestion in the original description that the fossil belongs to the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F25CF9B0FEF4B64D" authority="Wahlberg (2006)" authorityName="Wahlberg" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F25CF9B0FA36B670" box="[1339,1429,1591,1614]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanessa</emphasis>
, Wahlberg (2006)
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34284FFFD8F604F9DDFDC3B64D" box="[355,608,1626,1651]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Wahlberg, N., Leneveu, J., Kodandaramaiah, U., Pena, C., Nylin, S., Freitas, A. V. L. &amp; Brower, A. V. Z. (2009) Nymphalid butterflies diversify following near demise at the Cretaceous / Tertiary boundary. Proceedings Royal Society B, 276, 4295 - 4302." type="journal article">
Wahlberg
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F6B2F9DBFDA4B64D" box="[469,519,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. (2009)
</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34284FFFD8F5F0F9DDFC2BB64D" box="[663,904,1626,1651]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Heikkila, M., Kaila, L., Mutanen, M., Pena, C. &amp; Wahlberg, N. (2011) Cretaceous origin and repeated Tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 279, 1093 - 1099." type="journal article">
Heikkilä
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F599F9DBFC93B64D" box="[766,816,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. (2011)
</bibRefCitation>
have used the fossil as calibration point for the split between
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F655F9F8FE2FB6A8" box="[306,396,1663,1686]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Vanessa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAD7284FFFD8F655F9F8FE2FB6A8" box="[306,396,1663,1686]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Vanessa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its sister group, while in my opinion it would have been correct on the basis of available evidence to place the fossil lower down in the tree, at the base of the
<taxonomicName id="4C034D46284FFFD8F4A2F925FBEDB685" box="[965,1102,1698,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphalini">Nymphalini</taxonomicName>
, making the molecular clock faster, consisting of more substitutions in the same time period yielding younger divergence times. See also comments by
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B34284FFFD8F653F96CFDDFB73D" author="Brower" box="[308,636,1770,1795]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Brower, A. V. Z. &amp; Vane-Wright, R. I. (2011) Anomalous areas and awkward ages: concerns about over-reliance on model-based biogeographical and temporal inferences. Systematic Entomology, 36, 601 - 603." type="journal article" year="2011">Brower &amp; Vane-Wright 2011</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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