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<document id="F888EA7F68478942FF503CBAA00DDA98" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3872.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3278c375-6c89-42a2-b7ac-24b9bb91730e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="251860" ID-ZooBank="8FECCFC1-7CA9-4A90-B881-4BD40157AD99" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460928091107" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. &amp; Congdon, T. Colin E." docDate="2014" docId="03AA87B3FFC93513FF79F9A824D6DC5F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03872p354.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3872 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pardaleodes bule Holland 1896" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="319" masterDocId="FF93FFCBFFC63501FFEEFFD82603DF67" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders" masterLastPageNumber="354" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="316" updateTime="1698362795193" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="0C70B6ABBCBD419FD6C5902736724E49">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4E9F7EEAC13B36694E093E5EFF1D18EE">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2D0B5A3D97FC7C0F45646525464FE8B2">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03AA87B3FFC93513FF79F9A824D6DC5F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680982" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119589820" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680982" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87B3FFC93513FF79F9A824D6DC5F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87B3FFC93513FF79F9A824D6DC5F" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="319" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<subSubSection id="C319652EFFC93511FF79F9A82724D8E5" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="317" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC9350EFF79F9A8241FD9ED" blockId="15.[151,540,1648,1674]" box="[151,540,1648,1674]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<heading id="D0F481C9FFC9350EFF79F9A8241FD9ED" bold="true" box="[151,540,1648,1674]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC9350EFF79F9A8241FD9ED" ID-CoL="4DJDQ" authority="Holland, 1896" authorityName="Holland" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,540,1648,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bule">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC9350EFF79F9A8241FD9ED" bold="true" box="[151,540,1648,1674]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC9350EFF79F9A82765D9ED" bold="true" box="[151,358,1648,1674]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Pardaleodes bule</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC9350EFE80F9A8241FD9ED" author="Holland" box="[366,540,1648,1674]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" refString="Holland, W. J. (1896) A preliminary revision and synonymic catalogue of the Hesperiidae of Africa and the adjacent islands, with descriptions of some apparently new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896, 2 - 107, plates I - V. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1896. tb 03030. x" type="proceedings paper" year="1896">
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFC9350EFE80F9A827D6D9ED" box="[366,469,1648,1674]" name="Netherlands" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Holland</collectingCountry>
, 1896
</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC9350EFF79F96F2705D87F" blockId="15.[151,1437,1719,1816]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
The distribution of this species is restricted to Central Africa from
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFC9350EFC71F96F221DD9A8" box="[927,1054,1719,1743]" name="Cameroon" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Cameroons</collectingCountry>
(
<typeStatus id="54B88807FFC9350EFBDEF96F2261D9A8" box="[1072,1122,1719,1743]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">type</typeStatus>
locality) to western
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFC9350EFABDF960239FD9B7" box="[1363,1436,1720,1744]" name="Kenya" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Kenya</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC9350EFF70F903273ED993" author="Holland" box="[158,317,1755,1780]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" refString="Holland, W. J. (1896) A preliminary revision and synonymic catalogue of the Hesperiidae of Africa and the adjacent islands, with descriptions of some apparently new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896, 2 - 107, plates I - V. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1896. tb 03030. x" type="proceedings paper" year="1896">
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFC9350EFF70F90326F9D993" box="[158,250,1755,1780]" name="Netherlands" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Holland</collectingCountry>
1896
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFC9350EFEA7F90427D1D994" author="Evans" box="[329,466,1755,1779]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937) A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK, 212 pp., 30 plates." type="book" year="1937">Evans 1937</bibRefCitation>
). It can be found occasionally in Kakamega Forest, and perhaps other western forests of
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFC9350EFF5BF8D82701D87F" box="[181,258,1792,1816]" name="Kenya" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Kenya</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC9350EFF79F89F274FD807" blockId="15.[151,1436,1863,1996]" box="[151,332,1863,1888]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC9350EFF79F89F274FD807" box="[151,332,1863,1888]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Adult behaviour</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFC9350EFF79F8B32772D8AC" blockId="15.[151,1436,1863,1996]" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">
Adults rest on vegetation, usually with their wings closed, but sometimes sunbathing with the hind wings three quarters open, and the fore wings only slightly open (Figure 12.1). They come readily to flowers such as
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFC9350EFAABF84826CCD8AB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="316" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFC9350EFAABF84826CCD8AB" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="316">Justicia flava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Figure 12.2).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7C662DFFD63511FF79FCD72490DC23" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251872/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" targetBox="[151,1436,195,759]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD63511FF79FCD72490DC23" blockId="16.[151,1436,783,836]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD63511FF79FCD7271CDC43" bold="true" box="[151,287,783,805]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
Adult
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD63511FE88FCD72414DC42" box="[358,535,783,805]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bule">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD63511FE88FCD72414DC42" box="[358,535,783,805]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Pardaleodes bule</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Kakamega Forest.
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD63511FD0DFCD724ECDC43" bold="true" box="[739,751,783,804]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">1</emphasis>
, male sunbathing, Kakamega Forest, 6 Apr 1990 (vouchered);
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD63511FA9EFCD7237EDC43" bold="true" box="[1392,1405,783,804]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">2</emphasis>
, at flower of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD63511FF15FCF72780DC23" box="[251,387,814,836]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD63511FF15FCF72780DC23" box="[251,387,814,836]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Justicia flava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 17 Jun 1991 (vouchered).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD63511FF79FCA8271DDCEE" blockId="16.[151,1436,880,1086]" box="[151,286,880,905]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD63511FF79FCA8271DDCEE" box="[151,286,880,905]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Food plants</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD63511FF79FC4E2769DB5A" blockId="16.[151,1436,880,1086]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
In Kakamega Forest, western
<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD63511FE06FC4E2437DCC9" box="[488,564,918,942]" name="Kenya" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, MJWC has found caterpillars or pupae on
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD63511FBF1FC4D22F9DCCA" box="[1055,1274,916,941]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD63511FBF1FC4D22F9DCCA" box="[1055,1274,916,941]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Setaria megaphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
several times, and once on
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD63511FECDFC61278CDCB6" box="[291,399,952,977]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sulcata">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD63511FECDFC61278CDCB6" box="[291,399,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">S. sulcata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD63511FE5BFC62242ADCB6" box="[437,553,954,977]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="poiretiana">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD63511FE5BFC62242ADCB6" box="[437,553,954,977]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">poiretiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Plants of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD63511FD46FC612545DCB6" box="[680,838,952,977]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD63511FD46FC612545DCB6" box="[680,838,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">S. megaphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which were used were growing beside a narrow track and at the edge of a small clearing in fairly open forest near the Forest Rest House. The caterpillar on
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD63511FB10FC052369DC91" box="[1278,1386,989,1014]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sulcata">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD63511FB10FC052369DC91" box="[1278,1386,989,1014]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">S. sulcata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found in a more open position beside a road, but this may not be the norm since MJWC only found a caterpillar in this situation once.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7C662DFFD63511FF79F8DF2258D85B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251873/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" targetBox="[151,1436,1140,1775]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD63511FF79F8DF2258D85B" blockId="16.[151,1435,1799,1852]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD63511FF79F8DF2721D87B" bold="true" box="[151,290,1799,1821]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
Leaf shelters of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD63511FE3BF8DF248AD87A" box="[469,649,1799,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bule">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD63511FE3BF8DF248AD87A" box="[469,649,1799,1821]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Pardaleodes bule</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD63511FD5DF8D02578D87A" box="[691,891,1799,1821]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD63511FD5DF8D02578D87A" box="[691,891,1799,1821]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Setaria megaphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Kakamega Forest, Kenya.
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD63511FB71F8DF22A8D87B" bold="true" box="[1183,1195,1799,1820]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">1</emphasis>
, shelter of penultimate instar caterpillar, 21 Sep 1991; 91/65;
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD63511FDF5F8FE2424D85C" bold="true" box="[539,551,1830,1851]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">2</emphasis>
, shelter of final instar caterpillar, 17 Jun 1991; 91/45A.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD63511FF79F8B12724D8E5" blockId="16.[151,1436,1897,2030]" box="[151,295,1897,1922]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD63511FF79F8B12724D8E5" box="[151,295,1897,1922]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C319652EFFD63513FF79F85424D6DC5F" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="319" pageId="16" pageNumber="317" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD63510FF79F8542273DF9F" blockId="16.[151,1436,1897,2030]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,151,248]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="318" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">
The shelters are made by rolling an individual leaf downwards from the edges to make a tube. Two
<typeStatus id="54B88807FFD63511FB04F8562326D8C1" box="[1258,1317,1934,1958]" pageId="16" pageNumber="317">types</typeStatus>
have been observed. In one, the distal part of the leaf is missing and the penultimate instar caterpillar (91/66) rests in the upward directed basal part of the leaf (Figure 13.1) In the other, cuts from each margin to the midrib allow the distal part of the leaf to droop containing the final instar caterpillar (91/45A, Figure 13.2). In both cases, feeding is distal to the shelter. Insufficient material has been examined to be confident, but we suggest that the first represents the normal leaf shelter, whereas the second represents the preparation of a pupal shelter.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7C662DFFD73510FF79FD8B2786DDC0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251874/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" targetBox="[151,1436,289,579]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD73510FF79FD8B2786DDC0" blockId="17.[151,1436,595,679]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD73510FF79FD8B2720DD0F" bold="true" box="[151,291,595,617]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
Penultimate instar caterpillar of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD73510FD6CFD8B2534DD0E" box="[642,823,595,617]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bule">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD73510FD6CFD8B2534DD0E" box="[642,823,595,617]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Pardaleodes bule</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, collected 21 Sep 1991on
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD73510FBB8FD8C231CDD0E" box="[1110,1311,595,617]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD73510FBB8FD8C231CDD0E" box="[1110,1311,595,617]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Setaria megaphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Kakamega Forest, Kenya; photographed 21 Sep; moulted to final instar, 24 Sep; 16mm; 91/66.
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD73510FC0BFDAA25F2DDE0" bold="true" box="[997,1009,626,647]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">1</emphasis>
, dorsolateral view;
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD73510FB57FDAA22C6DDE0" bold="true" box="[1209,1221,626,647]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">2</emphasis>
, dorsolateral view of head and anterior body.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7C662DFFD73510FF79F8842535D88B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251875/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" targetBox="[151,1436,719,1863]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD73510FF79F8842535D88B" blockId="17.[151,1436,1884,2028]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD73510FF79F884271CD816" bold="true" box="[151,287,1884,1906]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
Final instar caterpillar of
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD73510FDC8F88424DBD815" box="[550,728,1884,1906]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bule">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD73510FDC8F88424DBD815" box="[550,728,1884,1906]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Pardaleodes bule</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Kakamega Forest, Kenya.
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD73510FC1EF88425FED816" bold="true" box="[1008,1021,1884,1905]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">1</emphasis>
, collected on
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD73510FB65F8842353D815" box="[1163,1360,1884,1906]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD73510FB65F8842353D815" box="[1163,1360,1884,1906]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Setaria megaphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
21 Sep 1991, photographed 21 Sep; pupated 8 Oct; 15mm; 91/65;
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD73510FD19F8A22500D8E8" bold="true" box="[759,771,1914,1935]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">2</emphasis>
, collected on
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD73510FC7BF8A325FAD8F7" box="[917,1017,1914,1936]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sulcata">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD73510FC7BF8A325FAD8F7" box="[917,1017,1914,1936]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">S. sulcata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 26 Feb 1988; moulted to final instar 29 Feb; photographed 6 Mar; pupated 15 Mar; died; 22mm; 88/15;
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD73510FCCDF841254AD8C9" bold="true" box="[803,841,1945,1966]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">3–4</emphasis>
, mature fifth instar caterpillar with developed wax glands, collected on
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD73510FEC6F8612772D8A9" box="[296,369,1977,1998]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="17" pageNumber="318" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD73510FEC6F8612772D8A9" box="[296,369,1977,1998]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">Setaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., 18 Jun 1990; photographed 18 Jun; prepupa 20 Jun; died at pupation; 28mm; 91/45A:
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD73510FA67F8602396D8AA" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,1976,1997]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">3</emphasis>
, anterodorsolateral view;
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD73510FE7CF80E279CD88C" bold="true" box="[402,415,2006,2027]" pageId="17" pageNumber="318">2</emphasis>
, detail of head, anterodorsolateral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD43513FF79FF4F2716DFD7" blockId="18.[151,1436,151,501]" box="[151,277,151,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FF79FF4F2716DFD7" box="[151,277,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Caterpillar</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD43513FF79FF64270FDE58" blockId="18.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
Penultimate and final instar caterpillars have been collected. Penultimate instar shortly before moult (91/66,
<figureCitation id="13382A20FFD43513FABDFF6426B7DF9F" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="17.[151,250,595,617]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,289,579]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,289,579]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 14. Penultimate instar caterpillar of Pardaleodes bule, collected 21 Sep 1991 on Setaria megaphylla, Kakamega Forest, Kenya; photographed 21 Sep; moulted to final instar, 24 Sep; 16 mm; 91 / 66. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, dorsolateral view of head and anterior body." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251874/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Figure 14</figureCitation>
)
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFD43513FF28FF072712DF9F" box="[198,273,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" unit="mm" value="16.0">16mm</quantity>
; head 1.8 x 2.0mm wide x high (n=2); oval, but wider towards base; indent at vertex; shiny, rugose, uniformly light brown; body translucent dark green; dorsal line darker; anal plate rounded with scattered weak, pale setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD43513FF29FE942305DE92" blockId="18.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
The final instar (
<figureCitation id="13382A20FFD43513FE69FE9427FBDE02" box="[391,504,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,719,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,719,1863]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 15. Final instar caterpillar of Pardaleodes bule, Kakamega Forest, Kenya. 1, collected on Setaria megaphylla 21 Sep 1991, photographed 21 Sep; pupated 8 Oct; 15 mm; 91 / 65; 2, collected on S. sulcata, 26 Feb 1988; moulted to final instar 29 Feb; photographed 6 Mar; pupated 15 Mar; died; 22 mm; 88 / 15; 3 – 4, mature fifth instar caterpillar with developed wax glands, collected on Setaria sp., 18 Jun 1990; photographed 18 Jun; prepupa 20 Jun; died at pupation; 28 mm; 91 / 45 A: 3, anterodorsolateral view; 2, detail of head, anterodorsolateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251875/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Figure 15</figureCitation>
) is similar to the penultimate instar, but the posterior margin of the head may be darker, and the body is whitish subdorsally; wax glands develop ventrally on A1–A8, continuous except on legs, but present laterally to legs; head 2.5 x 3.0mm wide x high (n=2, 4). Figure 15.3–4 shows a final instar caterpillar when ready to pupate; the edge of the wax glands is visible along the body. The light brown head distinguishes this species from
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD43513FEC2FE052798DE92" box="[300,411,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="319" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibullus">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FEC2FE052798DE92" box="[300,411,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">P. tibullus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which follows, in which the head is darker. The final instar takes 15–19 days.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD43513FF79FDFD26D0DD5B" blockId="18.[151,1437,549,824]" box="[151,211,549,572]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD43513FF79FDFD26D0DD5B" box="[151,211,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Pupa</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD43513FF79FD9F24D6DC5F" blockId="18.[151,1437,549,824]" pageId="18" pageNumber="319">Pupation takes place in a shelter made by rolling a whole leaf or part of a leaf downwards. The pupa is protected by a wall of loose wax-covered flocculence surrounding it, although no wax is formed directly on the pupa. Pupation seems to be a tricky task for this species as several reared caterpillars got the caterpillar head capsule stuck on the pupa, leading to death. The pupa is noticeably weakly chitinized; the proboscis extending to the cremaster; cylindrical, rounded; whitish, turning light brown; T1 spiracles light brown; front of head, anterior and posterior parts of eyes, and all the dorsal regions with long, light brown, erect setae; cremaster long and pointed. The pupal period lasted 27–29 days under Nairobi conditions.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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