379 lines
52 KiB
XML
379 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document id="FF4ED20193DE5C61D35C63BEF4591F90" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4650665" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4650665" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1617194366894" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Rage, Jean-Claude, Bajpai, Sunil, Thewissen, Johannes G. M. & Tiwari, Brahma N." docDate="2003" docId="03A08794FFFCFF8ACA50FE00E6B1DC2B" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.25.4.695-716.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 25 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EA833BFD04EE0E3F39962C07E351CEA5.3:Geodiversitas.2000-2008.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EA833BFD04EE0E3F39962C07E351CEA5" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2000-2008.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Pterosphenus kutchensis Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari 2003, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="705" masterDocId="FF99FFECFFFAFF80C963FFEBE206DD0F" masterDocTitle="Early Eocene snakes from Kutch, Western India, with a review of the Palaeophiidae" masterLastPageNumber="716" masterPageNumber="695" pageNumber="701" updateTime="1698897251287" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="BE9DF35D7EEF75228130F497117AE7FD">
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<mods:title id="1E2BD1027CEABD6542CB99335956277C">Early Eocene snakes from Kutch, Western India, with a review of the Palaeophiidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="F307DB6F482C76CD3019AD6FA3D837D9" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B318D85FFA3FAEB02D5D2806421FF492">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="6D94E77CEFEA2840D9CBF6BE09167E29">Rage, Jean-Claude</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="10F0FE2E2E4D7EAB96CB20518346CFAB">Département Histoire de la Terre, USM 0203, UMR Muséum-CNRS 5143, national d’Histoire naturelle, 8 rue Buffon, F- 75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) jcrage @ mnhn. fr</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A66B916FD0380DA218525EB586BF2A51" type="email">jcrage@mnhn.fr</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="09118A26375F5D1B025FE88F4B510950" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0A6739692C14F69C9E5D5ED407A22CD9">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="0BEF85AB09992531EC584FD2A7CAF303">Bajpai, Sunil</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CC81A3A60BAA6A77CEE384E3E7E6506B">Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247 667 (India) sunilfes @ iitr. ernet. in</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B943B5015D91902133FFACD25CEC3A94" type="email">sunilfes@iitr.ernet.in</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="6901EAEE7B64DAEB8DEA1B80608BA086" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="ED3B51B3D937CA2912BFE21A83D340A2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="A567CE1A254F3DB0DA171F129A5DA31F">Thewissen, Johannes G. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D91287E6A0D0FD1F85EB5BD9FE78C9D3">Department of Anatomy, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio 44272 (USA) thewisse @ neoucom. edu</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="813BDE9FB72F908F865DD43DBDF61997">Tiwari, Brahma N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="96D2F7F0D1F9B34E6826A170D4217BD3">Himalayan Geology, Mahadeo Singh Road, Dehradun 248 001 (India).</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="CC6650A223CB463C408E38F1F870EA21">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="297A23E5596DE0EB42A6E066D26D886B">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="E82318D8E7A8B1AEB5E9E444E620014C">
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<mods:date id="9933B3EE9A309F8530414D715AAD3328">2003</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="E00CF9BE2A1A63ED2E2A7F39B68DE584" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="617F03C31B060C55707F624F57F756D5">25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="509C63CBCD2C33391BB5163DA5D002BA">4</mods:number>
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<mods:end id="E73D2A6E2C19A481189BDAF1254A49B8">716</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="6DE252D717E6603A6D0C30B2CAF6C865">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="79CB1F258C34808148FA3328A5C9785E" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.4650665</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B6CAD78E77EBE5264C45048118152F45" type="ISSN">1638-9395</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="251D9E50E7BAD2CFF1336FCB580E1C4E" type="Zenodo-Dep">4650665</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A08794FFFCFF8ACA50FE00E6B1DC2B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A08794FFFCFF8ACA50FE00E6B1DC2B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A08794FFFCFF8ACA50FE00E6B1DC2B" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="705" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">
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<subSubSection id="C3136509FFFCFF86CA50FE00E624DF2A" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB63682FFFCFF86CA50FE00E624DF2A" blockId="6.[819,1142,490,549]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">
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<heading id="D0FE81EEFFFCFF86CA50FE00E624DF2A" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFFCFF86CA50FE00E632DF0A" authority="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari, 2003" authorityName="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari" authorityYear="2003" box="[819,1076,491,517]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kutchensis" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFFCFF86CA50FE00E632DF0A" bold="true" box="[819,1076,491,517]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">Pterosphenus kutchensis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57EBFFFCFF86CD58FE01E670DF0B" box="[1083,1142,490,516]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
(
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||
<figureCitation id="13322A07FFFCFF86CAEDFDE0E1D4DF2A" box="[910,978,523,549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[151,162,1061,1078]" captionTargetBox="[182,1208,174,1023]" captionTargetId="figure-252@7.[181,1214,169,1028]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 2. — Pterosphenus kutchensis n. sp., holotype, trunk vertebra (RUSB 2721-1), from the Ypresian of Panandhro Mine (HD Pit), in anterior (a), dorsal (d), left lateral (l), posterior (p), and ventral (v) views. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4650671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4650671/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13322A07FFFCFF86CABDFDE0E1EBDF2A" box="[990,1005,523,549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[151,162,1016,1033]" captionTargetBox="[185,1209,204,997]" captionTargetId="figure-242@9.[180,1216,194,1004]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Pterosphenus kutchensis n. sp. from the Ypresian of Panandhro Mine; A, trunk vertebra (RUSB 2790-1) in which a pterapophysis is complete and the paradiapophyses are separated (or their common base is very shallow?), Channel Pit; B, trunk vertebra (RUSB 2721-2) showing a very deep common base of the paradiapophyses, HD Pit; C, trunk vertebra (RUSB 2790-2) of a juvenile individual, Channel pit. Anterior (a), dorsal (d), and lateral (l) views. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4650673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4650673/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">3</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="13322A07FFFCFF86CA99FDE0E61CDF2A" box="[1018,1050,523,549]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[714,725,597,614]" captionTargetBox="[720,1233,168,533]" captionTargetId="figure-587@12.[714,1240,165,536]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 5. — Comparison between Pterosphenus biswasi n. sp. and Pt. kutchensis n. sp., trunk vertebrae of similar sizes in anteroventral views; A, Pt. biswasi n. sp., the bases (hatched areas) of the paradiapophyses (broken off) are markedly separated (RUSB 2790-21); B, Pt. kutchensis n. sp., the paradiapophyses (broken off; hatched areas) originate from a common base (RUSB 2790-3). Both vertebrae from Channel Pit. Scale bars: 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4650677" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4650677/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">5B</figureCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136509FFFCFF86CBA9FDB9E6AFDF64" box="[714,1193,594,619]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB63682FFFCFF86CBA9FDB9E6AFDF64" blockId="6.[714,1247,594,1277]" box="[714,1193,594,619]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">
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<materialsCitation id="3B613CDFFFFCFF86CBA9FDB9E6AFDF64" box="[714,1193,594,619]" collectionCode="RUSB" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" specimenCode="RUSB 2721-1" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54B28820FFFCFF86CBA9FDB9E132DF67" box="[714,820,594,617]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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. — 1 trunk vertebra (
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<specimenCode id="DBAF9EF9FFFCFF86CD6FFDB8E69BDF64" box="[1036,1181,595,619]" collectionCode="RUSB" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">RUSB 2721-1</specimenCode>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136509FFFCFF86CBA9FD90E611DFA2" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BB63682FFFCFF86CBA9FD90E611DFA2" blockId="6.[714,1247,594,1277]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">
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ETYMOLOGY. — From Kutch, name of the District in which is situated the
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<typeStatus id="54B28820FFFCFF86CAFAFD7FE1C5DFA3" box="[921,963,660,684]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136509FFFCFF86CBA9FD56E600DE6C" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFFCFF86CBA9FD56E1A6DFE0" blockId="6.[714,1247,594,1277]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">
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<collectionCode id="ED18AE47FFFCFF86CBA9FD56E168DFDC" box="[714,878,701,724]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">TYPE LOCALITY</collectionCode>
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. — HD Pit in Panandhro Mine, Kutch District,
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7612FFFCFF86CA06FD3CE19ADFE0" box="[869,924,727,751]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">India</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB63682FFFCFF86CBA9FD15E600DE6C" blockId="6.[714,1247,594,1277]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">
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REFERRED MATERIAL. — 105 vertebrae: 85 from HD Pit (
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<collectionCode id="ED18AE47FFFCFF86CB9AFCF2E138DE3E" box="[761,830,793,817]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">RUSB</collectionCode>
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2564-1 to 2564-26;
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<collectionCode id="ED18AE47FFFCFF86CD4BFCF2E66CDE3E" box="[1064,1130,793,817]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">RUSB</collectionCode>
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2721-2 to 2721-57;
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<collectionCode id="ED18AE47FFFCFF86CA48FCD9E16CDE45" box="[811,874,818,842]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">RUSB</collectionCode>
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2784-1 to 2784-3); 20 from Channel Pit (
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<collectionCode id="ED18AE47FFFCFF86CB90FCA0E135DE6C" box="[755,819,843,867]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">RUSB</collectionCode>
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2790-1 to 2790-20).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136509FFFCFF86CBA9FC98E11EDEAC" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB63682FFFCFF86CBA9FC98E11EDEAC" blockId="6.[714,1247,594,1277]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">HORIZON. — Naredi Formation, Ypresian, Lower Eocene.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136509FFFCFF86CBA9FC5EE117D9F2" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BB63682FFFCFF86CBA9FC5EE117D9F2" blockId="6.[714,1247,594,1277]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">
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DIAGNOSIS. —
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFFCFF86CA07FC5EE1DADEC2" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1899" box="[868,988,949,973]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFFCFF86CA07FC5EE1DADEC2" box="[868,988,949,973]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">Pterosphenus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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that differs from all other snakes in having paradiapophyses that extend further anteroventrally than in any other snake. These paired structures originate from a common base, or may rarely be separated but with their bases closely appressed against each other. Differs from other species in the genus in lacking anterior hypapophyses, in having the anterior edge of the neural spine separat- ed from the anterior border of the zygosphene by a narrow step in most vertebrae, and in having a nonconcave anterior border of the zygosphene. Further differs from
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFFCFF86CA2FFB27E1C8D9EB" authorityName="Hoffstetter" authorityYear="1958" box="[844,974,1227,1252]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sheppardi">
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<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFFCFF86CA2FFB27E164D9EC" box="[844,866,1228,1251]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">Pt</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFFCFF86CA12FB27E1C8D9EB" box="[881,974,1228,1252]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">sheppardi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in having higher pterapophyses.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136509FFFCFF89CBA9FAC1E30DD8AB" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="704" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFFCFF86CBA9FAC1E1F3D84D" blockId="6.[714,1248,1322,1669]" box="[714,1013,1322,1348]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">
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<materialsCitation id="3B613CDFFFFCFF86CBA9FAC1E1F3D84D" box="[714,1013,1322,1348]" collectionCode="DESCRIPTION" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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||
<collectionCode id="ED18AE47FFFCFF86CBA9FAC1E15DD84D" box="[714,859,1322,1348]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">DESCRIPTION</collectionCode>
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OF
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<typeStatus id="54B28820FFFCFF86CAE6FAC4E1F3D84D" box="[901,1013,1327,1346]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB63682FFFCFF86CBA9FAA0E1B7DB4B" blockId="6.[714,1248,1322,1669]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">
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||
The
|
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<typeStatus id="54B28820FFFCFF86CA63FAA0E166D86A" box="[768,864,1355,1381]" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
(
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||
<figureCitation id="13322A07FFFCFF86CA12FAA0E1B2D86A" box="[881,948,1355,1381]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[151,162,1061,1078]" captionTargetBox="[182,1208,174,1023]" captionTargetId="figure-252@7.[181,1214,169,1028]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 2. — Pterosphenus kutchensis n. sp., holotype, trunk vertebra (RUSB 2721-1), from the Ypresian of Panandhro Mine (HD Pit), in anterior (a), dorsal (d), left lateral (l), posterior (p), and ventral (v) views. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4650671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4650671/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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) is a relatively small trunk vertebra, presumably from the mid-trunk region. Its measurements are as follows: length of centrum from cotylar rim to tip of condyle:
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<quantity id="4CF19B67FFFCFF86CDE1FA40E6DDD8CB" box="[1154,1243,1450,1477]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" unit="mm" value="8.3">8.3 mm</quantity>
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; width through prezygapophyses:
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<quantity id="4CF19B67FFFCFF86CD5AFA20E693D8EB" box="[1081,1173,1482,1509]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" unit="mm" value="6.6">6.6 mm</quantity>
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; minimum width of interzygapophyseal constriction:
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<quantity id="4CF19B67FFFCFF86CBA9F9E0E12EDB2B" box="[714,808,1546,1573]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" unit="mm" value="5.4">5.4 mm</quantity>
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; diameter of cotyle:
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<quantity id="4CF19B67FFFCFF86CD70F9E0E677DB2B" box="[1043,1137,1546,1573]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" unit="mm" value="4.4">4.4 mm</quantity>
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; width of zygosphene:
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<quantity id="4CF19B67FFFCFF86CA30F9C0E1ABDB4B" box="[851,941,1578,1605]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="701" unit="mm" value="4.7">4.7 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFFCFF87CBA9F9A1E65ED86A" blockId="6.[714,1248,1322,1669]" lastBlockId="7.[714,1247,1194,1669]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="702" pageId="6" pageNumber="701">In anterior view, the vertebra is markedly compressed laterally and high. The prezygapophyses are very reduced; their articular facets are horizontal and level with the floor of the neural canal. The zygosphene is thick and slightly wider than the cotyle. The dorsal border of the zygosphene is slightly arched dorsally. The base of the anterior edge of the neural spine is rather thick but it narrows dorsally; the dorsal part of the neural spine is broken off. The cotyle is subcircular but its dorsal part is truncated. The neural canal is relatively small. The pterapophyses are damaged but the left one shows that they were high. The paradiapophyses show a very unusual morphology: they are thick, very long (although their distal parts are broken off), and they are not separated from each other in the sagittal plane, i.e. they have a common base. As a result, the vertebra lacks an anterior hypapophysis. The anterior face of each paradiapophysis bears a wide and shallow groove. A small foramen opens in each of these grooves, close to the cotyle. The hypapophysis is compressed laterally. Paracotylar foramina are absent.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF76660AFFFDFF87C9F4FBCEE168D943" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4650671" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4650671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4650671/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="702" startId="7.[151,162,1061,1078]" targetBox="[182,1208,174,1023]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFFDFF87C9F4FBCEE168D943" blockId="7.[151,1247,1061,1100]" pageId="7" pageNumber="702">
|
||
FIG. 2. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFFDFF87C984FBCEE3B1D939" authority="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari, 2003" authorityName="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari" authorityYear="2003" box="[231,439,1061,1078]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="702" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kutchensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFFDFF87C984FBCEE3B1D939" box="[231,439,1061,1078]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="702">Pterosphenus kutchensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57EBFFFDFF87C8DFFBCEE3E8D939" box="[444,494,1061,1078]" pageId="7" pageNumber="702" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, holotype, trunk vertebra (RUSB 2721-1), from the Ypresian of Panandhro Mine (HD Pit), in anterior (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFFDFF87C983FBD0E2EDD943" bold="true" box="[224,235,1083,1100]" pageId="7" pageNumber="702">a</emphasis>
|
||
), dorsal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFFDFF87C85BFBD0E345D943" bold="true" box="[312,323,1083,1100]" pageId="7" pageNumber="702">d</emphasis>
|
||
), left lateral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFFDFF87C8CDFBD0E3B5D943" bold="true" box="[430,435,1083,1100]" pageId="7" pageNumber="702">l</emphasis>
|
||
), posterior (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFFDFF87CB75FBD0E027D943" bold="true" box="[534,545,1083,1100]" pageId="7" pageNumber="702">p</emphasis>
|
||
), and ventral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFFDFF87CBF4FBD0E0A7D943" bold="true" box="[663,673,1083,1100]" pageId="7" pageNumber="702">v</emphasis>
|
||
) views. Scale bar: 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFFDFF88CBA9FA81E063DCEA" blockId="7.[714,1247,1194,1669]" lastBlockId="8.[151,685,170,1669]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="703" pageId="7" pageNumber="702">In dorsal aspect, the vertebra appears narrow and relatively elongate. The prezygapophyseal articular facets are small, elongate, and directed obliquely, almost anteriorly. On each side, the vertical ridge formed by the prezygapophyseal buttress slightly projects beyond the articular facet. The interzygapophyseal constriction is weakly expressed. The lateral borders of the interzygapophyseal ridges are nearly straight. The zygosphene comprises two lateral lobes that do not strongly project anteriorly; between them, the anterior border is feebly convex. The neural spine approaches the anterior border of the zygosphene but it does not reach it. The remaining part of the left pterapophysis appears as a low, but well defined keel. The median notch in the posterior border of the neural arch is wide and obtuse, it appears as a broad embayment. As in all palaeophiids, the zygantral roof is reduced.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFF2FF88C9F4FE01E044D9AA" blockId="8.[151,685,170,1669]" pageId="8" pageNumber="703">In lateral view, the vertebra is markedly higher than long, despite the fact that the dorsal part of the neural spine and the ventral parts of the paradiapophyses and hypapophysis are broken off. The height of the neural spine cannot be estimat- ed. The zygosphenal facets are small, ovaloid and oblique. There is no marked interzygapophyseal ridge. The prezygapophysis lacks a prezygapophyseal process, but it forms a vertical ridge that extends from the tip of the articular facet to the anterolateral border of the paradiapophysis. The paradiapophysis is directed ventrally and slightly anteriorly. The articular facet for the rib is lacking, but an eroded area on the distal part of the remaining portion might correspond to the dorsal part of the diapophyseal surface. Anyway, at least most of the articular facet was on the missing part, i.e. it occupied a very ventral position, far from the centrum. The incomplete hypapophysis is vertical and not located very posteriorly. The axis of the condyle is horizontal. There is no perceivable lateral foramen.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFF2FF88C9F4FB41E3F6D86A" blockId="8.[151,685,170,1669]" pageId="8" pageNumber="703">In posterior view, as in anterior aspect, the laterally compressed morphology is striking. Beneath the pterapophyses the lateral flanks of the neural arch are subvertical. Only the left zygantral foramen appears to be present. The centrum is somewhat triangular in cross-section.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFF2FF88C9F4FA80E3E9DB8A" blockId="8.[151,685,170,1669]" pageId="8" pageNumber="703">The ventral view displays the unusual position of the paradiapophyses the bases of which are not separated in the sagittal plane. As a consequence of the subtriangular cross-section of the centrum, subcentral ridges are lacking. Anterior to the condyle, the centrum forms a neck that is clearly narrower than the condyle. Two subcentral foramina open between the bases of the hypapophysis and paradiapophyses.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFF2FF88CBA9FF40E642DDCD" blockId="8.[714,1248,171,1669]" box="[714,1092,171,197]" pageId="8" pageNumber="703">OTHER VERTEBRAE AND VARIATION</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFF2FF88CBA9FF21E126DCAA" blockId="8.[714,1248,171,1669]" pageId="8" pageNumber="703">
|
||
No caudal vertebrae are known. Two vertebrae each preserve a complete pterapophysis. In lateral aspect, this process appears as a triangular lamina the anterior border of which is sharp. In RUSB 2790-1, the pterapophysis is directed dorsolaterally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13322A07FFF2FF88CB9DFE80E157DC8A" box="[766,849,363,389]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[151,162,1016,1033]" captionTargetBox="[185,1209,204,997]" captionTargetId="figure-242@9.[180,1216,194,1004]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Pterosphenus kutchensis n. sp. from the Ypresian of Panandhro Mine; A, trunk vertebra (RUSB 2790-1) in which a pterapophysis is complete and the paradiapophyses are separated (or their common base is very shallow?), Channel Pit; B, trunk vertebra (RUSB 2721-2) showing a very deep common base of the paradiapophyses, HD Pit; C, trunk vertebra (RUSB 2790-2) of a juvenile individual, Channel pit. Anterior (a), dorsal (d), and lateral (l) views. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4650673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4650673/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="703">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
) whereas in RUSB 2784-1 it is more vertical.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFF2FF88CBA9FE40E641DE0A" blockId="8.[714,1248,171,1669]" pageId="8" pageNumber="703">
|
||
A few vertebrae of juvenile individuals are known (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13322A07FFF2FF88CBB1FE20E12EDCEA" box="[722,808,459,485]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[151,162,1016,1033]" captionTargetBox="[185,1209,204,997]" captionTargetId="figure-242@9.[180,1216,194,1004]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Pterosphenus kutchensis n. sp. from the Ypresian of Panandhro Mine; A, trunk vertebra (RUSB 2790-1) in which a pterapophysis is complete and the paradiapophyses are separated (or their common base is very shallow?), Channel Pit; B, trunk vertebra (RUSB 2721-2) showing a very deep common base of the paradiapophyses, HD Pit; C, trunk vertebra (RUSB 2790-2) of a juvenile individual, Channel pit. Anterior (a), dorsal (d), and lateral (l) views. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4650673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4650673/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="703">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
). They are of interest because they prove that the “large” vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF2FF88CD67FE01E694DF0A" authority="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari, 2003" authorityName="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari" authorityYear="2003" box="[1028,1170,490,517]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="703" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kutchensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF2FF88CD67FE01E61DDF0C" box="[1028,1051,490,515]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="703">Pt</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF2FF88CD48FE00E694DF0A" box="[1067,1170,491,517]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="703">kutchensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57EBFFF2FF88CDF8FE01E6DCDF0B" box="[1179,1242,490,516]" pageId="8" pageNumber="703" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, that are small for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF2FF88CD61FDE0E680DF2A" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1899" box="[1026,1158,523,549]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="703" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF2FF88CD61FDE0E680DF2A" box="[1026,1158,523,549]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="703">Pterosphenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, belong to adults. The vertebrae of juveniles show the features that are usual in all snake families: neural canal relatively wider than in adults, zygosphene and lateral walls of vertebrae thinner, cotyle more depressed dorsoventrally, and zygosphene entirely overhanging (i.e. anterior parts of lateral walls of the neural canal not completed).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFF2FF88CBA9FCE0E6D9DB8A" blockId="8.[714,1248,171,1669]" pageId="8" pageNumber="703">
|
||
Variation in the trunk vertebrae is minimal. In most vertebrae, as in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B28820FFF2FF88CA8AFCC0E64BDE4A" box="[1001,1101,811,837]" pageId="8" pageNumber="703" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, the anterior edge of the neural spine is separated from the anterior border of the zygosphene by a narrow surface; however, in a few vertebrae the top of the anterior border of the zygosphene is prolonged without a break into the anterior edge of the neural spine. The latter condition is seen in other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF2FF88CA5CFBE0E1CED92A" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1899" box="[831,968,1035,1061]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="703" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF2FF88CA5CFBE0E1CED92A" box="[831,968,1035,1061]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="703">Pterosphenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF2FF88CA98FBE1E689D92A" authority="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari, 2003" authorityName="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari" authorityYear="2003" box="[1019,1167,1034,1061]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="703" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kutchensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF2FF88CA98FBE1E615D92C" box="[1019,1043,1034,1059]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="703">Pt</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF2FF88CD47FBE0E689D92A" box="[1060,1167,1035,1061]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="703">kutchensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57EBFFF2FF88CDFAFBE1E6DCD92B" box="[1177,1242,1034,1060]" pageId="8" pageNumber="703" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, the variation of this feature does not appear to be related to the position of vertebrae in the vertebral column. In some vertebrae, that are more laterally compressed than the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B28820FFF2FF88CD57FB60E6A0D9AA" box="[1076,1190,1163,1189]" pageId="8" pageNumber="703" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, the common base of the paradiapophyses is deeper; it appears as a thick process beneath the cotyle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13322A07FFF2FF88CDD7FB20E0EAD80A" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[151,162,1016,1033]" captionTargetBox="[185,1209,204,997]" captionTargetId="figure-242@9.[180,1216,194,1004]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. — Pterosphenus kutchensis n. sp. from the Ypresian of Panandhro Mine; A, trunk vertebra (RUSB 2790-1) in which a pterapophysis is complete and the paradiapophyses are separated (or their common base is very shallow?), Channel Pit; B, trunk vertebra (RUSB 2721-2) showing a very deep common base of the paradiapophyses, HD Pit; C, trunk vertebra (RUSB 2790-2) of a juvenile individual, Channel pit. Anterior (a), dorsal (d), and lateral (l) views. Scale bars: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4650673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4650673/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="703">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is not possible to determine whether such vertebrae are more anterior or more posterior than those exemplified by the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B28820FFF2FF88CD70FAC0E673D84A" box="[1043,1141,1323,1349]" pageId="8" pageNumber="703" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. In a few, damaged vertebrae, it is possible that the common base of the paradiapophyses is very shallow or the paradiapophyses are separated but closely appressed against each other. Zygantral foramina are often lacking whereas their presence is constant in non-palaeophiid snakes. But, irrespective of the presence or absence of the usual zygantral foramina, a sagittal foramen sometimes pierces the posterior wall of the neural arch between the two zygantral fossae, below the neural spine. This
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFF3FF89C9D8FF47E3E5DDCC" blockId="9.[187,483,172,197]" box="[187,483,172,197]" pageId="9" pageNumber="704">A (a) A (l)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFF3FF89CB91FF47E1EBDDCC" blockId="9.[754,1005,172,197]" box="[754,1005,172,197]" pageId="9" pageNumber="704">B (a) B (l)</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF76660AFFF3FF89C9F4FC13E191D946" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4650673" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4650673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4650673/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="704" startId="9.[151,162,1016,1033]" targetBox="[185,1209,204,997]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFF3FF89C9F4FC13E191D946" blockId="9.[151,1247,1016,1097]" pageId="9" pageNumber="704">
|
||
FIG. 3. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF3FF89C989FC13E3BDD906" authority="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari, 2003" authorityName="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari" authorityYear="2003" box="[234,443,1016,1033]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kutchensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF3FF89C989FC13E3BDD906" box="[234,443,1016,1033]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="704">Pterosphenus kutchensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57EBFFF3FF89C8A1FC13E3F5D906" box="[450,499,1016,1033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="704" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from the Ypresian of Panandhro Mine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF3FF89CA22FC13E148D906" bold="true" box="[833,846,1016,1033]" pageId="9" pageNumber="704">A</emphasis>
|
||
, trunk vertebra (RUSB 2790-1) in which a pterapophysis is complete and the paradiapophyses are separated (or their common base is very shallow?), Channel Pit;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF3FF89CD04FBE6E672D911" bold="true" box="[1127,1140,1037,1054]" pageId="9" pageNumber="704">B</emphasis>
|
||
, trunk vertebra (RUSB 2721-2) showing a very deep common base of the paradiapophyses, HD Pit;
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF3FF89CAFFFBC8E1ACD93B" bold="true" box="[924,938,1059,1076]" pageId="9" pageNumber="704">C</emphasis>
|
||
, trunk vertebra (RUSB 2790-2) of a juvenile individual, Channel pit. Anterior (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF3FF89C88AFBD3E3F2D946" bold="true" box="[489,500,1080,1097]" pageId="9" pageNumber="704">a</emphasis>
|
||
), dorsal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF3FF89CB23FBD3E04DD946" bold="true" box="[576,587,1080,1097]" pageId="9" pageNumber="704">d</emphasis>
|
||
), and lateral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF3FF89CBDFFBD3E0C7D946" bold="true" box="[700,705,1080,1097]" pageId="9" pageNumber="704">l</emphasis>
|
||
) views. Scale bars: 1 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFF3FF89C9F4FB60E3E0D84B" blockId="9.[151,684,1162,1445]" pageId="9" pageNumber="704">
|
||
condition of the zygantral foramina seems common in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF3FF89C990FB40E394D9CA" authorityName="Lydekker" authorityYear="1888" box="[243,402,1195,1221]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Palaeophiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Paracotylar, lateral, and subcentral foramina are rarely and irregularly present. The foramen that opens in the anterior groove of each paradiapophysis, close to the cotyle, is nearly always present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFF3FF89C9F4FAA0E30DD8AB" blockId="9.[151,684,1162,1445]" pageId="9" pageNumber="704">
|
||
The size ranges from juveniles (centrum length: about
|
||
<quantity id="4CF19B67FFF3FF89C9BFFA80E335D88B" box="[220,307,1386,1413]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="704" unit="mm" value="4.3">4.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
) to largest adults (centrum length:
|
||
<quantity id="4CF19B67FFF3FF89C9F4FA60E2F9D8AB" box="[151,255,1418,1445]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="9" pageNumber="704" unit="mm" value="10.5">10.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136509FFF3FF8AC9F4FA20E6B1DC2B" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="705" pageId="9" pageNumber="704" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFF3FF89C9F4FA20E310D8ED" blockId="9.[151,684,1483,1669]" box="[151,278,1483,1509]" pageId="9" pageNumber="704">COMMENTS</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFF3FF8AC9F4FA00E055DF4A" blockId="9.[151,684,1483,1669]" lastBlockId="10.[151,684,170,1669]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="705" pageId="9" pageNumber="704">
|
||
This snake poses a peculiar problem. The long paradiapophyses are more or less reminiscent of pleurapophyses, i.e. processes present only in caudal vertebrae. Since, on the available vertebrae, paradiapophyseal articular facets are not obser- vable we are led to conclude that either these facets were on the distal parts of the paradiapophyses that are always broken off (which is quite possible because the facets are borne by spongy bone) or that the processes are pleurapophyses. But, if these processes are pleurapophyses, then all vertebrae come from the caudal region, which is not possible. Caudal vertebrae are, by far, more rarely found than vertebrae from the trunk region. Moreover, these vertebrae do not come from a single individual; they have been found in two sites (HD Pit and Channel Pit) and the vertebrae are of different sizes. Besides, caudal vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF3FF89CA2CF9C0E1BADB4A" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1841" box="[847,956,1579,1605]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Palaeophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="704" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF3FF89CA2CF9C0E1BADB4A" box="[847,956,1579,1605]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="704">Palaeophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known, and as in nearly all snakes they have typical pleurapophyses and paired haemapophyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B73FFF3FF89CAACF980E651DB8A" author="RAGE J. - C." box="[975,1111,1643,1669]" pageId="9" pageNumber="704" pagination="213 - 241" refId="ref13388" refString="RAGE J. - C. 1983 a. - Les serpents aquatiques de l'Eocene europeen. Definition des especes et aspects stratigraphiques. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle 4 e ser., section C, 5 (2): 213 - 241." type="journal article" year="1983">Rage 1983a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The verte- brae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF0FF8AC98BFF41E372DDCA" authority="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari, 2003" authorityName="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari" authorityYear="2003" box="[232,372,170,197]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kutchensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8AC98BFF41E2F9DDCC" box="[232,255,170,195]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">Pt</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8AC86EFF40E372DDCA" box="[269,372,171,197]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">kutchensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57EBFFF0FF8AC818FF41E3B0DDCB" box="[379,438,170,196]" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
lack the latter processes but they have all a hypapophysis. The caudal vertebrae of nearly all snakes have paired haemapophyses; they are replaced by a haemal keel in a very few snakes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B73FFF0FF8AC8A9FEC0E2D5DC6A" author="SZYNDLAR Z. & BOHME W." pageId="10" pageNumber="705" pagination="145 - 161" refId="ref14313" refString="SZYNDLAR Z. & BOHME W. 1996. - Redescription of Tropidonotus atavus von Meyer, 1855 from the upper Oligocene of Rott (Germany) and its allocation to Rottophis gen. nov. (Serpentes, Boidae). Palaeontographica A, 240: 145 - 161." type="journal article" year="1996">Szyndlar & Böhme 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the caudal region, hypapophyses occur only in the anterior caudal vertebrae of two living genera; moreover, they appear as deep keels rather than true hypapophyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF984B73FFF0FF8AC892FE40E2D2DCEA" author="SZYNDLAR Z. & RAGE J. - C." pageId="10" pageNumber="705" refId="ref14364" refString="SZYNDLAR Z. & RAGE J. - C. 2003. - Non-erycine Booidea from the Oligocene and Miocene of Europe. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, 109 p." type="book" year="2003">Szyndlar & Rage 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Consequently, the presence of true hypapophyses on all vertebrae demonstrates that they come from the trunk region. Caudal vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF0FF8AC9F4FDC1E325DF4A" authority="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari, 2003" authorityName="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari" authorityYear="2003" box="[151,291,554,581]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kutchensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8AC9F4FDC1E2A8DF4C" box="[151,174,554,579]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">Pt</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8AC9DFFDC0E325DF4A" box="[188,291,555,581]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">kutchensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57EBFFF0FF8AC848FDC1E360DF4B" box="[299,358,554,580]" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
have not been found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFF0FF8AC9F4FDA0E3A6DFAA" blockId="10.[151,684,170,1669]" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">
|
||
These vertebrae show characteristic features of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF0FF8AC9A0FD80E366DF8A" authorityName="Lydekker" authorityYear="1888" box="[195,352,619,645]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Palaeophiinae">Palaeophiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, more especially of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF0FF8AC9F4FD60E31DDFAA" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1899" box="[151,283,651,677]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8AC9F4FD60E31DDFAA" box="[151,283,651,677]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">Pterosphenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see above).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFF0FF8AC9F4FD40E375DB4A" blockId="10.[151,684,170,1669]" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">
|
||
They differ from all other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF0FF8ACB4BFD40E0AADFCA" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1899" box="[552,684,683,709]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8ACB4BFD40E0AADFCA" box="[552,684,683,709]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">Pterosphenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a non-concave anterior border of the zygosphene in dorsal aspect and longer, deeper paradiapophyses. Moreover, the two paradiapophyses originate from a common base, or at least (in a few vertebrae) the bases of the two paradiapophyses are perhaps very narrowly separated, which is unique in snakes. This condition plus the marked ventral orientation of the paradiapophyses and the narrowness of the vertebrae lead to a reduction of the width but it increases the depth of the animal. This certainly corresponds to a very strong adaptation to aquatic life. This lateral compression is stronger in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF0FF8AC8CCFBA1E03FD96A" authority="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari, 2003" authorityName="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari" authorityYear="2003" box="[431,569,1098,1125]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kutchensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8AC8CCFBA1E3C0D96C" box="[431,454,1098,1123]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">Pt</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8AC8B1FBA0E03FD96A" box="[466,569,1099,1125]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">kutchensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57EBFFF0FF8ACB5DFBA1E070D96B" box="[574,630,1098,1124]" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
than in other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF0FF8AC83FFB80E3E6D98A" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1899" box="[348,480,1131,1157]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8AC83FFB80E3E6D98A" box="[348,480,1131,1157]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">Pterosphenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; therefore, as far as this feature is concerned,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF0FF8AC8A4FB61E05DD9AA" authority="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari, 2003" authorityName="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari" authorityYear="2003" box="[455,603,1162,1189]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kutchensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8AC8A4FB61E3D8D9AC" box="[455,478,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">Pt</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8AC897FB60E05DD9AA" box="[500,603,1163,1189]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">kutchensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57EBFFF0FF8ACB09FB61E0AAD9AB" box="[618,684,1162,1188]" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
appears to be the most advanced palaeophiid. As a consequence of the position of the paradiapophyses, the anterior hypapophysis that is characteristic of other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF0FF8AC8E1FAE0E000D82A" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1899" box="[386,518,1291,1317]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8AC8E1FAE0E000D82A" box="[386,518,1291,1317]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">Pterosphenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF0FF8ACBEEFAE1E2F8D84A" authority="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari, 2003" authorityName="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari" authorityYear="2003" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kutchensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8ACBEEFAE1E0A2D82C" box="[653,676,1290,1315]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">Pt</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8AC9F4FAC0E2F8D84A" box="[151,254,1323,1349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">kutchensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57EBFFF0FF8AC865FAC1E344D84B" box="[262,322,1322,1348]" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
In addition, in most vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF0FF8AC9F4FAA1E321D86A" authority="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari, 2003" authorityName="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari" authorityYear="2003" box="[151,295,1354,1381]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kutchensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8AC9F4FAA1E2A8D86C" box="[151,174,1354,1379]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">Pt</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8AC9A3FAA0E321D86A" box="[192,295,1355,1381]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">kutchensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57EBFFF0FF8AC850FAA1E374D86B" box="[307,370,1354,1380]" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
there is a step between the anterior border of the zygosphene and the base of the anterior edge of the neural spine. This character recalls
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF0FF8AC869FA40E371D8CA" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1841" box="[266,375,1451,1477]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Palaeophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8AC869FA40E371D8CA" box="[266,375,1451,1477]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">Palaeophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
although the step is clearly narrower than in the latter genus. This step does not occur in the other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF0FF8AC889FA00E068DB0A" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1899" box="[490,622,1515,1541]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8AC889FA00E068DB0A" box="[490,622,1515,1541]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">Pterosphenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This feature probably represents a plesiomorphic state within palaeophiids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB63682FFF0FF8AC9F4F9A1E6B1DC2B" blockId="10.[151,684,170,1669]" lastBlockId="10.[714,1247,170,293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">
|
||
It may be added that the pterapophyses of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF0FF8ACBEFF9A1E2F8DB8A" authority="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari, 2003" authorityName="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari" authorityYear="2003" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kutchensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8ACBEFF9A1E0A2DB6C" box="[652,676,1610,1635]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">Pt</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8AC9F4F980E2F8DB8A" box="[151,254,1643,1669]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">kutchensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57EBFFF0FF8AC865F981E347DB8B" box="[262,321,1642,1668]" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
are higher than those of
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8ACB31F981E06FDB8C" box="[594,617,1642,1667]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">Pt</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8ACB1BF980E103DDCA" box="[632,773,171,1669]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">shep- pardi</emphasis>
|
||
, but this difference might be a result of intracolumnar variation. Finally, it should be noted that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF0FF8ACA21FF01E1C9DC0A" authority="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari, 2003" authorityName="Rage & Bajpai & Thewissen & Tiwari" authorityYear="2003" box="[834,975,234,261]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kutchensis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8ACA21FF01E15FDC0C" box="[834,857,234,259]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">Pt</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8ACA0BFF00E1C9DC0A" box="[872,975,235,261]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">kutchensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24E57EBFFF0FF8ACAB5FF01E614DC0B" box="[982,1042,234,260]" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is the smallest and one of the two earliest species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D01FFF0FF8ACD4FFEE0E6B6DC2A" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1899" box="[1068,1200,267,293]" class="Reptilia" family="Palaeophiidae" genus="Pterosphenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="705" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEA90FFF0FF8ACD4FFEE0E6B6DC2A" box="[1068,1200,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="705">Pterosphenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |