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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.636.10216" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8fbc025b-f05f-4e1f-be5e-553ad3a4098d" ID-PMC="PMC5126518" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-636-77" ID-PubMed="27917066" ID-ZBK="22F6CC2BC414443188835CE43927C670" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-636-77" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 636" ModsDocTitle="Review of the genus Genaemirum Heinrich (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae) with interactive identification keys to species" checkinTime="1480088897936" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Rousse, Pascal, Broad, Gavin R. &amp; van Noort, Simon" docDate="2016" docId="6B703759D9065C0359469ACE4A39B94E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 636: 77-105" docOrigin="ZooKeys 636" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.636.10216" docTitle="Genaemirum phagocossorum Rousse, Broad &amp; van Noort, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="64E4668F-C774-40B8-8D66-2FA090523F07" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="88" masterDocId="FFE6F402FFF8C96FFFB3FFAFFFDCFFE0" masterDocTitle="Review of the genus Genaemirum Heinrich (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae) with interactive identification keys to species" masterLastPageNumber="105" masterPageNumber="77" pageNumber="86" updateTime="1668163758925" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Review of the genus Genaemirum Heinrich (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae) with interactive identification keys to species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Rousse, Pascal</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Broad, Gavin R.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>van Noort, Simon</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>636</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>77</mods:start>
<mods:end>105</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.636.10216</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.636.10216</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-636-77</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZBK">22F6CC2BC414443188835CE43927C670</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">22F6CC2BC414443188835CE43927C670</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127857786" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:64E4668F-C774-40B8-8D66-2FA090523F07" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6B703759D9065C0359469ACE4A39B94E" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="86" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/64E4668F-C774-40B8-8D66-2FA090523F07" authority="Rousse, Broad &amp; van Noort" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Genaemirum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Genaemirum phagocossorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phagocossorum">Genaemirum phagocossorum Rousse, Broad &amp; van Noort</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="9" pageNumber="86">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 1, 2
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="86" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="86">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="86">
HOLOTYPE ♀: SOUTH AFRICA, Mpumalanga, Sappi Ndubazi plantation, near Machadadorp, N. 2006, B. Slippers, emerged from
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eucalyptus nitens" order="Myrtales" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitens">Eucalyptus nitens</taxonomicName>
logs infested with cossid larvae of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cossidae" genus="Coryphodema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coryphodema tristis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tristis">Coryphodema tristis</taxonomicName>
,
<normalizedToken originalValue="SAM–HYM–P">SAM-HYM-P</normalizedToken>
025037a (SAMC). PARATYPE. 1♂ same label data,
<normalizedToken originalValue="SAM–HYM–P">SAM-HYM-P</normalizedToken>
025037b (SAMC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="86" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="86">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="86">Female. Body length 16 mm. Black to dark reddish-brown overall with isolated yellow markings on head and mesosoma (pronotal shoulders, middle of mesoscutum, scutellum, dorsal section of mesopleuron below tegulae); vertex black with two small isolated lateral yellow spots, scrobe black dorsally and medially, dark reddish-brown laterally, separated from inner eye margins by yellow horizontal bands; lower face reddish-brown; legs black to dark reddish-brown; wings hyaline; antenna with 30 flagellomeres; lower gena not produced laterally; clypeus transverse, with ventral margin trisinuate; lower face reticulate, separated from upper face by a transverse ledge below toruli; upper frons and vertex smooth, with localised weak striations in an otherwise polished scrobe; scrobe dorsally demarcated by cordate raised sublamelliform carina; mesosoma sparsely punctate; metasoma sparsely punctate, polished, except for tergites 1-3, which are medially striate. Male. Body length 16 mm. Colouration similar to female except for face, which is dirty yellow with two black bands extending from toruli to clypeal-genal junction; vertex black with lateral yellow spots; gena with vertical yellow band adjacent to posterior eye margin; propodeum dorsally black; lower gena normal and frons without transverse carina; scrobe with horizontally curved striations; ocellar triangle reticulate, black; metasomal tergites more densely punctate than in female.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="86" type="differential diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="86">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="86">
The uniquely shaped cordate, sublamelliform raised carina dorsally demarcating the scrobe readily separates females of this new species from all the other described species, each of which has a diagnostically shaped horizontal carina, with various uniquely shaped projections in this region. The male is distinguishable from the only other known male (
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Genaemirum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Genaemirum varianum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varianum">Genaemirum varianum</taxonomicName>
) by the extent of the scrobe: extending to the inner eye margins in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Genaemirum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Genaemirum varianum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varianum">Genaemirum varianum</taxonomicName>
, terminating laterally well before the inner eye margin in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Genaemirum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Genaemirum phagocossorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phagocossorum">Genaemirum phagocossorum</taxonomicName>
; scrobe sculpture, which is less extensive in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Genaemirum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Genaemirum phagocossorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phagocossorum">Genaemirum phagocossorum</taxonomicName>
; and overall body colour (body uniformly dark reddish-brown in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Genaemirum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Genaemirum phagocossorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phagocossorum">Genaemirum phagocossorum</taxonomicName>
; metasoma and hind femora and tibiae ochreous yellow, contrasting with dark reddish-brown head and mesosoma in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Genaemirum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Genaemirum varianum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="varianum">Genaemirum varianum</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="86" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="86">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="86">
From the latin
<normalizedToken originalValue="“cossus”">&quot;cossus&quot;</normalizedToken>
for &quot;worm or grub found in wood&quot;, which is the likely host (
<taxonomicName family="Cossidae" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" rank="family">Cossidae</taxonomicName>
), and
<normalizedToken originalValue="“phago”">&quot;phago&quot;</normalizedToken>
= latin for &quot;a glutton&quot;. Noun in the genitive case.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="9" pageNumber="86" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="86">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="86">FEMALE. Color. Head dark reddish fading to black dorsally and on lower gena, with yellow markings: facial and frontal orbits and a postero-lateral isolated dot on vertex; mesosoma very dark reddish fading to black dorsally, with yellow markings: dorsal margin of pronotum, subtegular ridge, centre of mesoscutum, scutellum and middle of metanotum; metasoma uniformly dark reddish; flagellum uniformly black; legs dark reddish, mid and hind tibiae and tarsi black; wings hyaline, venation testaceous to black.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="9" pageNumber="86">
Head. Mandible rather stout, mid-longitudinally densely punctate, teeth smoother with upper tooth about twice as long as lower tooth; malar space 0.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as mandible basal width; lower gena not expanded; occipital and hypostomal carinae joining
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="87" start="start">at</pageBreakToken>
0.6
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
basal mandible width before mandible, distinctly expanded at their junction into a blunt triangle; clypeus strongly transverse, about twice as wide as high, in profile flat, ventral margin with median and lateral lobes, unevenly punctate with punctation denser dorsally; face strongly transverse, about three times as wide as high, laterally punctate on coriaceous background, punctation denser medially on transversely rugose background; lower frons quite smooth, flat and steeply elevated above toruli, separated from upper frons by a bisinuate transverse carina; upper frons coarsely rugose; vertex
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="88" start="start">coriaceous</pageBreakToken>
with sparse punctures, punctation distinctly denser on inter-ocellar area; temple and gena densely punctate; temple moderately swollen behind eye; ocellar triangle wider than long, ocelli rather small, POL 1.0, OOL 1.3; antenna stout, widened slightly before middle, with 30 flagellomeres, basally elongate, flagellomeres 7-9 subquadrate, following flagellomeres transverse.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="88">Mesosoma. Pronotum finely and densely punctate fading ventrally to coarsely longitudinally puncto-striate, pronotum collar enlarged and epomia strong; mesopleuron finely and densely punctate, somewhat rugose-punctate postero-ventrally, speculum barely smoother ventrally, posterior suture deeply crenulate, epicnemial carina nearly reaching pronotal margin below subtegular ridge, subtegular ridge strongly expanded; metapleuron densely and finely punctate, crenulate along pleural carina; mesoscutum evenly rounded, finely and densely punctate, notaulus distinct to anterior third, scuto-scutellar groove quite smooth; scutellum finely and more sparsely punctate, without lateral carina, quite flat in profile; propodeum typical of the genus, gently and evenly rounded in profile with median areas fused, carination distinct but very weak, densely punctate with punctation obsolescent mid-basally and distinctly coarser mid-posteriorly. Legs. Fore and mid tibiae with short and rather dense bristles along anterior faces, bristle sockets large and cupular.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="88">
Metasoma. Petiole with lateral and submedian dorsal carinae strong, abruptly enlarged into second tergite from level of spiracle; second tergite sparsely punctate laterally, medially longitudinally strigose; following tergites unevenly and sparsely punctate except tergite 2 medially and tergite 3 mid-basally longitudinally strigose; gastrocoelus deep, thyridia separated by 1.6
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
their own width; ovipositor sheath slightly protruding beyond metasomal apex.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="88">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="88">
Figure 1.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Genaemirum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Genaemirum phagocossorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phagocossorum">Genaemirum phagocossorum</taxonomicName>
sp. n. Holotype female. A habitus lateral view (inset: data labels) B head, mesosoma, dorsal view C head anterior view D head, mesosoma anterior-lateral view E metasomal tergites 1-4 dorsal view F propodeum, dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="88">MALE. Yellow markings more expanded, encompassing also mandible, clypeus, median face, genal orbits and pronotal collar; flagellum not widened with 33 flagellomeres, flagellomeres 7-14 with tyloids on outer surface and 6-32 with differentiated bristle mid-ventrally; lower frons transversely striate, transverse carina strongly attenuated; parameres simple; otherwise similar to female.</paragraph>
<caption pageId="11" pageNumber="88">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="88">
Figure 2.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Genaemirum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Genaemirum phagocossorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phagocossorum">Genaemirum phagocossorum</taxonomicName>
sp. n. Paratype male. A habitus lateral view (inset: data labels) B head, mesosoma, dorsal view C head anterior view D head, mesosoma anterior-lateral view E metasomal tergites 1-4 dorsal view F propodeum, dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="88" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="88">Biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="88">
Reared from logs of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eucalyptus nitens" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitens">Eucalyptus nitens</taxonomicName>
(H. Deane &amp; Maiden) Maiden (
<taxonomicName lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" rank="order">Myrtales</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName family="Myrtaceae" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
), which were heavily infested with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cossidae" genus="Coryphodema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coryphodema tristis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tristis">Coryphodema tristis</taxonomicName>
(Drury) (
<taxonomicName lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName family="Cossidae" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" rank="family">Cossidae</taxonomicName>
), but specific host association was not established.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cossidae" genus="Coryphodema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coryphodema tristis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tristis">Coryphodema tristis</taxonomicName>
is regarded as an agricultural pest in southern Africa because its host-plant range includes food crops, chiefly quince and apple trees (
<taxonomicName lsidName="" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" rank="order">Rosales</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName family="Rosaceae" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Cydonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cydonia oblonga" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oblonga">Cydonia oblonga</taxonomicName>
Miller and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Malus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Malus pumila" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pumila">Malus pumila</taxonomicName>
Miller var. domestica Schneider). It is also considered to be a major forestry pest of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eucalyptus nitens" order="Myrtales" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nitens">Eucalyptus nitens</taxonomicName>
, which is extensively cultivated in South Africa for the pulp and mining industry (
<bibRefCitation author="Gebeyehu, S" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Science" pageId="27" pageNumber="104" pagination="26 - 28" title="A new lepidopteran insect pest discovered on commercially grown Eucalyptusnitens in South Africa." volume="101" year="2005">Gebeyehu et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Boreham, GR" journalOrPublisher="Southern African Forestry Journal" pageId="27" pageNumber="104" pagination="23 - 26" title="A survey of cossid moth attack in Eucalyptusnitens on the Mpumalanga Highveld of South Africa." url="10.2989/10295920609505240" volume="206" year="2006">Boreham 2006</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Adam, E" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Geographical Information Science" pageId="27" pageNumber="104" pagination="1924 - 1938" title="Determining the susceptibility of Eucalyptusnitens forests to Coryphodematristis (cossid moth) occurrence in Mpumalanga, South Africa." url="10.1080/13658816.2013.772183" volume="27" year="2013">Adam et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Degefu, DT" journalOrPublisher="Ecological Entomology" pageId="27" pageNumber="104" pagination="112 - 116" title="Parallel host range expansion in two unrelated cossid moths infesting Eucalyptusnitens on two continents." url="10.1111/j.1365-2311.2012.01396.x" volume="38" year="2013">Degefu et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
). This likely host record suggests the potential for using
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Genaemirum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Genaemirum phagocossorum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phagocossorum">Genaemirum phagocossorum</taxonomicName>
sp. n. as a biocontrol agent of this pest species. However, the low number of reared specimens suggests that it is not a common parasitoid of this lepidopteran pest. See further discussion on biology under the genus treatment.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="88" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="88">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="88">South Africa.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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