180 lines
30 KiB
XML
180 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="2833C35A4DACDCDC2E5CE83C4CF53F4A" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5f96e565-1778-4154-8f67-81830690657d" ModsDocID="6751" checkinTime="1243377290804" checkinUser="christiana" docAuthor="Brown, W. L." docDate="1975" docId="6D3D2EEFC27A936D40212296D9A1EE77" docLanguage="en" docName="6751" docOrigin="Search: Agriculture; Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station 15" docSource="http://antbase.org/ants/publications/6751/6751.pdf" docTitle="Ctenopyga Ashmead" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="43" masterDocId="5EF94453F8BE2CD657C7B1F34B08FD04" masterDocTitle="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini." masterLastPageNumber="115" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="42" updateTime="1701312558498" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="AE1846B0175FC1B46DB611ECB28C876F">
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<mods:title id="E45FF9C1F44CDB64DB9B585CE54A12EE">Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B3282D3B0B67C59CE30A02F41D2F69C8">Brown, W. L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A404D416535847F208F6EB612ED5E5B6">Search: Agriculture; Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="89A892762692D7D1D2AD216BAF8FB385">
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<mods:date id="E4B96C005973E5F19CCA08EBA2928B38">1975</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A2833F1ACD4093A9CFB1B9E43E8B49DE">15</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="0976B117D0612211B5F46FA4C888768E">http://antbase.org/ants/publications/6751/6751.pdf</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="DDDF529AC069D7D49623B4BECDDD09A1">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="C94EB4D01009D02A167A5E2D9C978AAB" type="HNS-Pub">6751</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6D3D2EEFC27A936D40212296D9A1EE77" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6284642" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125135927" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6284642" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6D3D2EEFC27A936D40212296D9A1EE77" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6D3D2EEFC27A936D40212296D9A1EE77" lastPageNumber="43" pageNumber="42">
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<subSubSection id="05F98CAE81A6EB366DB85EEA7051BB99" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D676BA221EB1D9EAA771DDC554D5467D" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName id="0CCAC43E2984A8D5A97BDF2F88E76021" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146776" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenopyga Ashmead" lsidName-HNS="Ctenopyga Ashmead" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ctenopyga</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0DF79DE64389B6089F8FCED625159592" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="7842F3CE86BEB951D0C42F919BA7AE4B" pageNumber="42">(provisionally restored to generic status)</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="59DA73ACF9E610AEAC05F23EC92AB0B7" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="4D3577982F3C9B4326EF6363A4E73DF3" pageNumber="42">
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=
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<taxonomicName id="49422F5A973E8E2A11EB7532C7336701" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146776" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenopyga Ashmead" lsidName-HNS="Ctenopyga Ashmead" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ctenopyga</taxonomicName>
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Ashmead, 1906: 29 - 30, dealate [[ queen ]] and [[ male ]]. Type:
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<taxonomicName id="B1A12CC45C20A0343477F504FB5DA624" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:224110" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus townsendi (Ashmead)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="townsendi">Ctenopyga townsendi Ashmead</taxonomicName>
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=
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<taxonomicName id="A9E556CFFE1D727B1A55DA2D4D78751D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24711" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus texanus Forel" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus texanus Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texanus">Acanthostichus texanus Forel</taxonomicName>
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, by original designation, monobasic.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2E1886CBC6CA81562821F0D56CBC9F8B" pageNumber="42">
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<
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<taxonomicName id="1CEB436913ABB7BE1C6CD249AA3665B8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2322" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
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: Forel, 1904: 168, dealate [[ queen ]]. ----- Brown, 1973: 179. =
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<taxonomicName id="5BFC9C91B934EBB94B7CD28D385424E2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2322" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
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subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="E748E0F65F268CCF86A8BC35AC59EE11" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146776" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenopyga Ashmead" lsidName-HNS="Ctenopyga Ashmead" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ctenopyga</taxonomicName>
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: Emery, 1911: 13. ----- M. R. Smith,
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DCC32672F7590D79E065738602B4B468" pageNumber="42">1947, Amer. Midl. Natur. 37: 526, pl. 1, fig. 4, 529, [[ queen ]]. ----- M. R. Smith, 1955: 49 - 50, synonymy and distribution summarized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="64EC029B9B3086350F01617C1CB22315" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="1A3DED560194A3F2E7898A14424E324F" pageNumber="42">
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I considered this genus to be a straight synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="8E0D041BBC1410B4888D47F44BCF18F2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2322" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
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until a very late stage of the preparation of this part of the Reclassification — so late, in fact, that for very compelling reasons, publication can no longer be delayed while I make the studies of type specimens necessary to fully define
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<taxonomicName id="4FD02AC230060AF24FE639D5A516EC2E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146776" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenopyga Ashmead" lsidName-HNS="Ctenopyga Ashmead" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ctenopyga</taxonomicName>
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. Under the circumstances, it might seem better for me to have left things as they stand, with
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<taxonomicName id="73D3BF02D8DCC93022544756BAB52DC8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146776" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenopyga Ashmead" lsidName-HNS="Ctenopyga Ashmead" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ctenopyga</taxonomicName>
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, as considered by most workers, either a subgenus or a synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="5CC059EC26F0CCEC0F4C3502EF273D77" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2322" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
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. Such a solution, after all, would only recall the situation in
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<taxonomicName id="8833579F4B036530797A564B4F6827D9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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, in which subdichthadiiform queens and winged queens are found in different species of the same genus. In
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<taxonomicName id="DF6AF9C824203426A3E3EEC3D26454E4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2322" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
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, however, we do not know of any intermediate kinds of queens such as we have in
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<taxonomicName id="DD225DDEB0EA80AB14B39BA0A45AFEE1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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; the queens known for 2 of the 6 - 8 valid South American
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<taxonomicName id="198EC022A5485CF07EA95E7F3F189AEC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2322" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
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species are both subdichthadiiform, while that of the single valid
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<taxonomicName id="0D79C46A0571EB172229226D501A9BF1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146776" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenopyga Ashmead" lsidName-HNS="Ctenopyga Ashmead" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ctenopyga</taxonomicName>
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species is large-eyed and winged. The geographical distribution of these forms may also be significant;
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<taxonomicName id="1D8ABDA9E76848D4D6F4D431AD9A3935" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2322" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
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is South American, with no known representation west of the Andes, in northern Venezuela, or in Central America. Only 1 species,
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<taxonomicName id="3EAD2D3DBBD0EB1B2F8166E1DB72215F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24710" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus skwarrae Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus skwarrae Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="skwarrae">A. skwarrae</taxonomicName>
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, is known from outside continental South America, and this somewhat aberrant form, from Veracruz, is represented by a single (now headless) worker; it could well belong to
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<taxonomicName id="C49FF304BF2D72C566F85DB4E0F04305" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146776" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenopyga Ashmead" lsidName-HNS="Ctenopyga Ashmead" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ctenopyga</taxonomicName>
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, and it must at least be considered as doubtfully belonging to
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<taxonomicName id="2B9CE72F748043450ADBB41C708913BC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2322" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
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. For what the negative evidence may be worth, no winged or dealate female "
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<taxonomicName id="EE35D6E24A52645891453D1EA26FFEB2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2322" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
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" have yet been reported from South or Central America, at light or otherwise.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B8471C8DCB1977BB4CD8D2FBC30AE3C4" pageNumber="42">
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Evidence from the males is also noteworthy. The
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<taxonomicName id="88184D11FA05CBED6F4BF00AF65CD01A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2322" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
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s. str. males so far reported, all from South America, have distinctive 12 - merous antennae with the funiculus gradually but distinctly broadened from base toward apex; the pedicel is short, and the following segment (funiculus II) is even shorter. The genitalia of these males (at least 3 species examined, none associated with workers or queens) varies among species, but all specimens have a distinctive aedeagus (figs. 140, 141) in which the valves are broad, each coarsely serrate on the convex ventral margin, with the apex differentiated as a last and largest, beaklike, downcurved point, separated from the serrations by a curved emargination. Such males have been taken on numerous occasions at light at widely separated points in South America, but they are unreported from Central or North America.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8E98B2A6BD34D4E80B9889ECB140594F" pageNumber="42">
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The 2 males originally described as
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<taxonomicName id="DFC08E89764493E948DA47ED4993440F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:132382" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenopyga townsendi Ashmead" lsidName-HNS="Ctenopyga townsendi Ashmead" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="townsendi">Ctenopyga townsendi</taxonomicName>
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were collected at La Puerta, presumably in Chihuahua, by C. H. T. Townsend. They came on separate pins, and the dealate queen described with them, from the same locality, was on another pin. So far as I am aware, no males and queens of this species under any name have ever been taken in the nest, in copulo, or in any circumstances that would make it reasonably certain that they belonged to the same species. Apart from locality data, all we have to go on are Ashmead's original assumption that male and queen were conspecific and certain habitus indications that both sexes are " cerapachyine. " With these considerations in mind, I belatedly dissected the terminalia of a syntype male of
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<taxonomicName id="44225A632A4FB73536BD6DC01E3C5F46" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:224110" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus townsendi (Ashmead)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="townsendi">C. townsendi</taxonomicName>
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, which M. R. Smith (1947, loc. cit. supra) has shown to be a junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="BC8E8283DA467AE5F4A7136A1822BCCB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24711" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus texanus Forel" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus texanus Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texanus">C. texanus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="83D375EFF51262E50E88D3150BEE5C6E" pageNumber="43">
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To begin with, the
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<taxonomicName id="F0BE05433245DDFA2939D7CE9587B188" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:224110" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus townsendi (Ashmead)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="townsendi">C. townsendi</taxonomicName>
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male has a furciform subgenital plate, but the 2 teeth are much broader and more triangular than in the South American
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<taxonomicName id="5465BE9AC1BCD2AFB9E224ED10D3364F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2322" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
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. The parameres and laciniae are also quite different, but these parts can differ considerably between species in
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<taxonomicName id="BF54DE3746C88BEF903B835024889A7A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2322" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
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. In the valves of the aedeagus comes the big difference; the
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<taxonomicName id="40CC871355B59E4DB0189551BFAA1ACF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:224110" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus townsendi (Ashmead)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="townsendi">townsendi</taxonomicName>
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male type has slender aedeagal valves broadened into thick, angularly capitate apices; the stem-like basal parts are smooth, without any sign of serration along their concave ventral edges. The other fact about the
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<taxonomicName id="F3FA5F80E269E5F5279452ADAE45D07B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:224110" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus townsendi (Ashmead)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="townsendi">C. townsendi</taxonomicName>
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male — a character that seems long to have been lost sight of — is that the antennae have 13 segments, with the funiculus not so distinctly incrassate as in most South American
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<taxonomicName id="0B56D28AEB7A31AA03DD7DA5130EC9F3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2322" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
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. In genitalic and other characters, in fact, the
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<taxonomicName id="AB20AF1C429AE3C655ADEA65C6E55655" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:224110" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus townsendi (Ashmead)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="townsendi">C. townsendi</taxonomicName>
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type looks more like the numerous light-caught males attributed to
|
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<taxonomicName id="A4071DED936D123F7656B1B5DF3E2C4A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27870" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys augustae Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys augustae Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="augustae">Cerapachys augustae</taxonomicName>
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by M. R. Smith (1942) and others than like the South American
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<taxonomicName id="5EF0272D09C3EEA9FE85A7E8DC685574" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2322" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
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. Thus it seems to me that we should face up to the possibility that the assumed male of
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<taxonomicName id="8AE140F938347F4A1F99B10D40BF0757" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:233543" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ctenopyga texana" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texana">Ctenopyga texana</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="5E129F8F2022F22150ADCB6D91C0D2D2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:224110" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus townsendi (Ashmead)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="townsendi">townsendi</taxonomicName>
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) is instead the male of some
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<taxonomicName id="7B21404D7C1C12FF8035E94403FED30A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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species. If the assumed male does in fact prove to be the real male of
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<taxonomicName id="CB69E869ADABAD9E3B4EF2C252FCC4EE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:233543" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ctenopyga texana" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texana">C texana</taxonomicName>
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, then the differences between
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<taxonomicName id="DF82907AEF7CE4BA7BAC895285F1302E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2322" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A6DBF5BCACF0C7330D28651EA2630ABE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146776" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenopyga Ashmead" lsidName-HNS="Ctenopyga Ashmead" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ctenopyga</taxonomicName>
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are widened, and generic distinction is made surer than when it is based upon the queen alone.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8F834A192015AC30BBFC65E08DB87FDD" pageNumber="43">
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Much depends on determining what kind of male and queen go with
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<taxonomicName id="5F0E3BF996FC1F45BC98AFF19E99C39C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24710" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus skwarrae Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus skwarrae Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="skwarrae">A. skwarrae</taxonomicName>
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|
, and what kind of worker goes with male and queen
|
|
<taxonomicName id="55A3CED8017765A2FE206E9D9F451BF0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24711" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus texanus Forel" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus texanus Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texanus">C. texanus</taxonomicName>
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|
. Smith (1955: 48 - 49) mentions an Arizona worker specimen that he did not feel confident in associating with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6C2BBD94A839E53E589314BB41C2883E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:233544" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ctenopyga texanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texanus">texanus</taxonomicName>
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. This problem may be solved by other material already in collections, since samples from Sonoran North America have been accumulating rapidly in recent years, but if such samples exist, I have not seen them.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BEA75F902E5EF70FC78C348C46F5B074" pageNumber="43">
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|
Meanwhile, taxonomic logic seems best served by considering
|
|
<taxonomicName id="73A3498F3E51ED3E22B047D9D9A004A2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146776" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenopyga Ashmead" lsidName-HNS="Ctenopyga Ashmead" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ctenopyga</taxonomicName>
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|
, with the sole known species
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B1DA2356831B566604B80159DE3A3619" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:233544" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ctenopyga texanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texanus">texanus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, to be a genus apart from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="74EE6B13CF11C6CFD226005A38BA7308" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2322" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
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|
. The species
|
|
<taxonomicName id="52521F8B90EFB0B7109AFFAB49370DA6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:24710" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus skwarrae Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus skwarrae Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="skwarrae">skwarrae</taxonomicName>
|
|
could well belong to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7F4E8A01F84914957FCCD8CF207B77DA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146776" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenopyga Ashmead" lsidName-HNS="Ctenopyga Ashmead" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ctenopyga</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but in the lack of hard evidence, it remains formally in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A92FA0F06A711266A52CF4722D68BC69" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2322" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Thus,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7091BC7E28B0A500BB21011F6454DEA7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146776" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenopyga Ashmead" lsidName-HNS="Ctenopyga Ashmead" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ctenopyga</taxonomicName>
|
|
is left with the single species
|
|
<taxonomicName id="98DB95B848F1105E34EF0940213CC9AC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:233544" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Ctenopyga texanus" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texanus">texanus</taxonomicName>
|
|
(=
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3CD2C98F61C5CC004847415945DFB810" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:224110" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus townsendi (Ashmead)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="townsendi">townsendi</taxonomicName>
|
|
), for which M. R. Smith (1955) is the appropriate summary reference.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9954589A8AD5F2402D6B279354BF3D25" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146776" authority="Ashmead" authorityName="Ashmead" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ctenopyga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ctenopyga Ashmead" lsidName-HNS="Ctenopyga Ashmead" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ctenopyga</taxonomicName>
|
|
seems to be centered in the Sonoran zone of Mexico, with extensions into southern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and eventually, perhaps, southern California. The best assumption is that, like
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3F3DDCA192B07DB5070ACD828A0258BC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2322" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acanthostichus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acanthostichus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Acanthostichus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="43" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acanthostichus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, it feeds on termites, but this remains to be checked.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
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</document> |