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<document id="3790139EC84F9D11EAF8EB544782861F" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5373050" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5373050" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630273076570" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Hanke, Gavin F. &amp; Davis, Samuel P." docDate="2008" docId="6D1687D695472929FBFFFC7DED50C7CE" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.2008.30.2.303-330.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 30 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:94524207C6714CF92F879FE43E306202.3:Geodiversitas.2000-2008.journal_article.type2" docStyleId="94524207C6714CF92F879FE43E306202" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2000-2008.journal_article.type2" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek &amp; Dineley 1977" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="306" masterDocId="912FFFAE9544292AFB0EFFADE91CC159" masterDocTitle="Redescription of the acanthodian Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek &amp; Dineley, 1977, and comments on diplacanthid relationships" masterLastPageNumber="330" masterPageNumber="303" pageNumber="306" updateTime="1699208088830" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:title id="FCE04F87BE073D656CBC66A1BBC7AECC">Redescription of the acanthodian Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek &amp; Dineley, 1977, and comments on diplacanthid relationships</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3F471FA61A58D93A017F3562E72764C1">Hanke, Gavin F.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="69ED77F5B4C4A6617E0FC9688B227B65">Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, British Columbia V 8 W 9 W 2 (Canada) ghanke @ royalbcmuseum. bc. ca</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5D948F3F6C3ED3E977A45C5C80D8FDD8">Davis, Samuel P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="FF87CC7380EEA699CD2649F549E2BA48">Stang Korvenn, F- 29520 Laz (France) sam. davis @ uclmail. net</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="22BF4D4395472929FBFFFC7DEB0CC553" authority="Bernacsek &amp; Dineley, 1977" authorityName="Bernacsek &amp; Dineley" authorityYear="1977" class="Placodermi" family="Diplacanthidae" genus="Gladiobranchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acanthodii" pageId="3" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="probaton">
<emphasis id="D7CBEAD295472929FBFFFC7DEB1BC2B2" bold="true" box="[241,519,976,1003]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="306">Gladiobranchus probaton</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="812E4B3195472929FBE9FC5DEB0CC553" author="BERNACSEK G. M. &amp; DINELEY D. L." box="[231,528,1008,1034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="306" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref14005" refString="BERNACSEK G. M. &amp; DINELEY D. L. 1977. - New acanthodians from the Delorme Formation (Lower Devonian) of N. W. T., Canada. Palaeontographica, abteilung A, 159: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1977">Bernacsek &amp; Dineley, 1977</bibRefCitation>
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(
<figureCitation id="7D842A4595472929FA46FBA2E8B2C573" box="[328,430,1039,1066]" captionStart-0="FIG" captionStart-1="FIG" captionStart-10="FIG" captionStart-11="FIG" captionStart-12="FIG" captionStart-2="FIG" captionStart-3="FIG" captionStart-4="FIG" captionStart-5="FIG" captionStart-6="FIG" captionStart-7="FIG" captionStart-8="FIG" captionStart-9="FIG" captionStartId-0="3.[113,124,876,893]" captionStartId-1="4.[138,149,885,902]" captionStartId-10="18.[113,124,1564,1581]" captionStartId-11="19.[113,124,1559,1576]" captionStartId-12="20.[113,124,675,692]" captionStartId-2="6.[113,124,1656,1673]" captionStartId-3="7.[114,125,1498,1515]" captionStartId-4="8.[113,124,923,940]" captionStartId-5="9.[113,124,1654,1671]" captionStartId-6="10.[113,123,1608,1625]" captionStartId-7="11.[677,688,600,617]" captionStartId-8="12.[113,124,1606,1623]" captionStartId-9="14.[113,124,1586,1603]" captionTargetBox-0="[113,1209,216,838]" captionTargetBox-1="[328,958,252,840]" captionTargetBox-10="[181,1118,216,1476]" captionTargetBox-11="[113,1210,215,1517]" captionTargetBox-12="[134,1188,255,621]" captionTargetBox-2="[128,1190,215,1609]" captionTargetBox-3="[113,1209,215,1453]" captionTargetBox-5="[196,1135,216,1606]" captionTargetBox-6="[172,1181,214,1576]" captionTargetBox-7="[685,1211,227,542]" captionTargetBox-8="[136,1185,218,1562]" captionTargetBox-9="[193,1128,216,1535]" captionTargetId-0="figure-21@3.[113,1209,216,838]" captionTargetId-1="figure-16@4.[113,663,214,763]" captionTargetId-10="figure-16@18.[181,1119,215,1476]" captionTargetId-11="figure-27@19.[113,664,773,1334]" captionTargetId-12="figure-16@20.[113,1209,260,642]" captionTargetId-2="figure-16@6.[128,1190,195,949]" captionTargetId-3="figure-21@7.[113,1209,214,845]" captionTargetId-5="figure-21@9.[115,1212,216,1615]" captionTargetId-6="figure-16@10.[172,1181,214,1576]" captionTargetId-7="figure-21@11.[674,1203,241,542]" captionTargetId-8="figure-22@12.[136,710,682,1148]" captionTargetId-9="figure-16@14.[192,1128,216,1560]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-10="18" captionTargetPageId-11="19" captionTargetPageId-12="20" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-5="9" captionTargetPageId-6="10" captionTargetPageId-7="11" captionTargetPageId-8="12" captionTargetPageId-9="14" captionText-0="FIG. 1. — Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek &amp; Dineley, 1977, composite reconstruction based on the holotype (NMC 22700A) and UALVP 41862, 41858, 38679, and 41857." captionText-1="FIG. 2. — Photograph of the holotype of Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek &amp; Dineley, 1977 (NMC 22700A). Scale bar: 1 cm." captionText-10="FIG. 11. — Body and fin scales of Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek &amp; Dineley, 1977: A, transitional scales near the anal fin-web (UALVP 3????, catalogue number obscured on specimen); B, transitional scales just anterior to the pelvic spines (UALVP 41862); C, scales from the predorsal midline (UALVP 32448);D, smooth body scales from mid-flank below the posterior dorsal fin (UALVP 41857); E, smooth scales from the caudal peduncle (UALVP 38679);F, caudal fin scales (UALVP 38679);G, scales along the leading edge of the hypochordal lobe of the caudal fin (UALVP 41858); H, narrow scales found in the posterior third of the caudal-fin axis (UALVP 41857). Scale bars: 1 mm." captionText-11="FIG. 12. — SEM images of isolated scales of Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek &amp; Dineley, 1977, all scales in crown view taken from UALVP 32448, and all scales in basal views taken from UALVP 3???? (catalogue number obscured on specimen): A-M, ridged predorsal and dorsal and ventral midline scales in crown view; N, basal view of scales adjacent to the main lateral line below the anterior dorsal fin of UALVP 3???? (catalogue number obscured on specimen); O, predorsal scale in side view showing the flat mass of basal tissue and unornamented neck; P, Q, scales from the mid-flank in basal view, showing the flat, transversely expanded base, and the overhanging posterior end of the crown. Scale bars: A-M, O-Q, 100 μm; N, 1 mm." captionText-12="FIG. 13. — Camera lucida drawings of thin sections of body scales of Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek &amp; Dineley, 1977 (all from UALVP 32448): sagittal sections of typical body scales. Scale bars: 100 μm." captionText-2="FIG. 3. — Articulated specimen of Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek &amp; Dineley, 1977 (UALVP 41862): A, photograph; B, camera lucida drawing (1st.prp. pair is between lt. and rt.pfs). Scale bars: 1 cm." captionText-3="FIG. 4. — Articulated specimen of Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek &amp; Dineley, 1977 (UALVP 41858): A, photograph; B, camera lucida drawing. Scale bars: 1 cm." captionText-4="FIG. 5. — Photograph of an articulated specimen of Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek &amp; Dineley, 1977 (UALVP 38679). Scale bar: 1 cm." captionText-5="FIG. 6. — Photographs of articulated specimens of Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek &amp; Dineley, 1977: A, portions of the head and branchial chamber (UALVP 42095); B, head and pectoral girdle (UALVP 41862). Scale bars: 1 cm." captionText-6="FIG. 7. — Photographs of cranial armour of Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek &amp; Dineley, 1977: A, small, ridged scales from the cheek (UALVP 42095);B, same scale type in basal view (UALVP 41862);C, small circumorbital scales specialized to support the infraorbital sensory canal (UALVP 42095);D, enlarged preorbital scales (UALVP 41862);E, postorbital plate (UALVP 41862);F, postorbital plate (UALVP 38679); G, enlarged tesserate scales over the orbits (UALVP 41862); H, external view of the opercular plates (UALVP 42095). Scale bars: 1 mm." captionText-7="FIG. 8. — Camera lucida drawings: A, ornamented surface of the spathiform opercular plates of Uraniacanthus spinosus Miles,1973 (BNMH P.16612); B, right scapulocoracoid of Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek &amp; Dineley, 1977 (UALVP 41862) after Davis (2002: figs 2.3.2b, 5.3a). Scale bars: A, 1 cm; B, 0.25 cm." captionText-8="FIG. 9. — Photographs of cranial and pectoral structures of Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek &amp; Dineley,1977:A, second prepectoral spine and surrounding scales (UALVP 41862); B, C, ridged suprabranchial scales (UALVP 42095, and UALVP 41862, respectively); D, lower jaws (UALVP 42095);E, second prepectoral spine,surrounding scales and leading edge of the pectoral fin-spine (UALVP 41857). Scale bars: 1 mm." captionText-9="FIG. 10. — Fin-spines and scales of Gladiobranchus probaton Bernacsek &amp; Dineley, 1977: A, base of the anterior dorsal fin-spine (UALVP 41857);B, base of the posterior dorsal fin-spine (UALVP 41669);C, second pair of prepelvic spines (UALVP 3????,catalogue number obscured on specimen);D, scales from the predorsal midline (UALVP 32448); E, enlarged scales from around the posterior prepelvic spine (UALVP 41857); F, enlarged scales from around the base of the pectoral fin-spine (UALVP 41857); G, postbranchial scales (UALVP 41857); H, scales from the dorsal midline, between the two dorsal fins (UALVP 41857). Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5373052" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5373054" figureDoi-10="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5373070" figureDoi-11="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5373072" figureDoi-12="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5373074" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5373056" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5373058" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5373060" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5373062" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5373064" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5373066" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5373068" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5373052/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5373054/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/5373070/files/figure.png" httpUri-11="https://zenodo.org/record/5373072/files/figure.png" httpUri-12="https://zenodo.org/record/5373074/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5373056/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5373058/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5373060/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/5373062/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/5373064/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/5373066/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/5373068/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="306">Figs 1-13</figureCitation>
)
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="ADA5654B95472929FB7FFBFCED50C7CE" pageId="3" pageNumber="306" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="E50036C095472929FB7FFBFCE8BCC530" blockId="3.[113,416,1105,1129]" box="[113,416,1105,1129]" pageId="3" pageNumber="306">
<materialsCitation id="55D73C9D95472929FB7FFBFCE8BCC530" accessionNumber="NMC 22700" box="[113,416,1105,1129]" pageId="3" pageNumber="306" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="3A04886295472929FB7FFBFCE9C7C53E" box="[113,219,1105,1128]" pageId="3" pageNumber="306" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
. — NMC 22700A.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E50036C095472929FB7FFB2DE85DC595" blockId="3.[113,647,1151,1229]" pageId="3" pageNumber="306">
MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 
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19259, 32448, 32469, 38679, 41669, 41857, 41858, 41862, 42095, 44046, scales: 45366-45396.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E50036C095472929FB7FFB49E9E0C43C" blockId="3.[113,647,1252,1381]" pageId="3" pageNumber="306">
HORIZON AND AGE. — All known 
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<emphasis id="D7CBEAD295472929FAB6FB49EB56C5A5" box="[440,586,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="306">Gladiobranchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens are from the single 
<collectionCode id="83AEAE0595472929FA64FB53E8ABC44F" box="[362,439,1278,1302]" pageId="3" pageNumber="306">UALVP</collectionCode>
locality 
<quantity id="22479B2595472929F902FB53EB51C44F" box="[524,589,1278,1302]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2766" pageId="3" pageNumber="306" unit="in" value="129.0">129 in</quantity>
Early Devonian (Lochkovian) dark grey argillaceous limestone of the Delorme Group, Delorme Formation, District of Mackenzie.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E50036C095472929FB7FFAD0E9E9C714" blockId="3.[113,647,1404,1614]" pageId="3" pageNumber="306">
<collectionCode id="83AEAE0595472929FB7FFAD0E81BC4CA" box="[113,263,1405,1428]" pageId="3" pageNumber="306">TYPE LOCALITY</collectionCode>
. — In talus below the 
<collectionCode id="83AEAE0595472929FAE6FAD0EB2BC4CC" box="[488,567,1405,1429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="306">UALVP</collectionCode>
locality 129 (62°32”N, 127°45”W), also known as the 
<collectionCode id="83AEAE0595472929F938FA3AEB9AC4F6" box="[566,646,1431,1455]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33879" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33879" name="Museum of the Hemispheres" pageId="3" pageNumber="306">MOTH</collectionCode>
fish layer, 
<collectionCode id="83AEAE0595472929FBD3FA1CE833C490" box="[221,303,1457,1481]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33879" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33879" name="Museum of the Hemispheres" pageId="3" pageNumber="306">MOTH</collectionCode>
section, section 43 (
<bibRefCitation id="812E4B3195472929F905FA1CE9D3C4BD" author="GABRIELSE H. &amp; BLUSSON S. L. &amp; RODDICK J. H." pageId="3" pageNumber="306" pagination="1 - 153" refId="ref14155" refString="GABRIELSE H., BLUSSON S. L. &amp; RODDICK J. H. 1973. - Geology of the Flat River, Glacier Lake, and Wrigley Lake Map-areas, District of Mackenzie and Yukon Territory. Geological Survey of Canada, Memoir 366: 1 - 153." type="journal article" year="1973">
Gabrielse 
<emphasis id="D7CBEAD295472929F978FA1FE998C4BD" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="306">et al</emphasis>
. 1973
</bibRefCitation>
), Central Mackenzie Mountains, 
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, 
<collectingCountry id="9DA8765095472929FA13FA4BE872C4A7" box="[285,366,1510,1534]" name="Canada" pageId="3" pageNumber="306">Canada</collectingCountry>
. The descriptive geology of the locality was summarized by 
<bibRefCitation id="812E4B3195472929FAB9F9ACEB9EC740" author="HANKE G. F. &amp; DAVIS S. P. &amp; WILSON M. V. H." box="[439,642,1537,1561]" pageId="3" pageNumber="306" pagination="740 - 753" refId="ref14603" refString="HANKE G. F., DAVIS S. P. &amp; WILSON M. V. H. 2001. - New species of the acanthodian genus Tetanopsyrus from northern Canada, and comments on related taxa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21: 740 - 753." type="journal article" year="2001">
Hanke 
<emphasis id="D7CBEAD295472929F90CF9ACEB30C740" box="[514,556,1537,1561]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="306">et al</emphasis>
. (2001)
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="812E4B3195472929FB7FF9B6E814C76A" author="HANKE G. F." box="[113,264,1563,1587]" pageId="3" pageNumber="306" pagination="1071 - 1083" refId="ref14442" refString="HANKE G. F. 2002. - Paucicanthus vanelsti gen. et sp. nov., a Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) acanthodian that lacks paired fin-spines. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39: 1071 - 1083." type="journal article" year="2002">Hanke (2002)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="812E4B3195472929FA1AF9B6EB04C76A" author="HANKE G. F. &amp; WILSON M. V. H." box="[276,536,1563,1587]" pageId="3" pageNumber="306" pagination="187 - 214" refId="ref14483" refString="HANKE G. F. &amp; WILSON M. V. H. 2004. - New teleostome fishes and acanthodian systematics, in ARRATIA G., WILSON M. V. H. &amp; CLOUTIER R. (eds), Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Verlag Dr. Freidrich Pfeil, Munchen: 187 - 214." type="book chapter" year="2004">Hanke &amp; Wilson (2004)</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="812E4B3195472929F95DF9B1E9EEC714" author="ZORN M. E. &amp; CALDWELL M. W. &amp; WILSON M. V. H." pageId="3" pageNumber="306" pagination="763 - 775" refId="ref15293" refString="ZORN M. E., CALDWELL M. W. &amp; WILSON M. V. H. 2005. - Lithological analysis of the vertebratebearing beds at the Lower Devonian MOTH locality, N. W. T., Canada: insights to taphonomy and depositional setting. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42: 763 - 775." type="journal article" year="2005">
Zorn 
<emphasis id="D7CBEAD295472929FB7FF99BE987C717" box="[113,155,1590,1614]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="306">et al</emphasis>
. (2005)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E50036C095472929FB7FF9CBED50C7CE" blockId="3.[113,647,1637,1688]" lastBlockId="3.[677,1210,976,1688]" pageId="3" pageNumber="306">REVISED DIAGNOSIS. — Diplacanthoid acanthodians with rostral plates having enlarged tubercles along posterolateral edges; an enlarged anterior circumorbital plate with radiating rows of tubercles situated posterolateral to the rostrum; single ovate, enlarged postorbital plate ornamented with spiky tubercles associated with the circumorbital plate series; perichondrally ossified Meckel’s cartilage with strong symphyseal connection; dorsally-directed process positioned mid-way along Meckel’s cartilage; dermal mandibular splint absent; heavily-ornamented, spathiform opercular plates cover the entire gill chamber laterally; pectoral dermal plate armour absent; two pairs of prepectoral spines inserted between scales on the isthmus; axial ridge of scapular blade of scapulocoracoid separating postbranchial and posterior laminae of coracoid region; medial surface of scapulocoracoid flat; paired fin-spines possessing simple reclined nodular ornament on anterior-most ribs; anterior dorsal fin-spine approximately twice the length of posterior dorsal fin-spine; enlarged body scales with fine surface ridges surround base of fin-spines; body scales behind branchial chamber, on fins, and along dorsal and ventral midline posterior as far as caudal peduncle ornamented with fine parallel ridges whereas body scales at mid-flank possess unornamented crowns; body scale histology consisting of few, thick growth zones in crown and flat to slightly tumid mass of basal tissue; body scale neck and basal tissue expanded perpendicular to long-axis of scale crown.</paragraph>
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