299 lines
30 KiB
XML
299 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331155" approvalRequired="1" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="1" checkinTime="1646522525642" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="03ACCF40BF2EFFD37BA2F972F749DFFB" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Canidae_0352.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Alopex lagopus" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="437" masterDocId="FF95B738BF37FFC97E1BFF90FFDBDD06" masterDocTitle="Canidae" masterLastPageNumber="446" masterPageNumber="352" pageNumber="436" updateTime="1653592492572" updateUser="tatiana">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Canidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>352</mods:start>
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<mods:end>446</mods:end>
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||
</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331155</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6331155</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6335049" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6335049" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACCF40BF2EFFD37BA2F972F749DFFB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACCF40BF2EFFD37BA2F972F749DFFB" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="437" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<subSubSection box="[1465,1522,1762,1812]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1463,2167,1762,1890]" box="[1465,1522,1762,1812]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<heading box="[1465,1522,1762,1812]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<figureCitation box="[1465,1522,1762,1812]" captionStart="Plate 25: Canidae" captionStartId="24.[142,171,3442,3463]" captionTargetBox="[14,2794,13,3637]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="22. Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), 23. Bat-eared Fox (Otocyon megalotis), 24. Arctic Fox (Alopex lagopus), 25. Swift Fox (Vulpes velox), 26. Kit Fox (Vulpes macrotis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331239" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331239/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">24.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[1536,1750,1762,1812]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph blockId="25.[1463,2167,1762,1890]" box="[1536,1750,1762,1812]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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||
<heading box="[1536,1750,1762,1812]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<vernacularName box="[1536,1750,1762,1812]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Arctic Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1764,2046,1762,1812]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1463,2167,1762,1890]" box="[1764,2046,1762,1812]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<heading box="[1764,2046,1762,1812]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1764,2046,1762,1812]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Alopex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lagopus">
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<emphasis box="[1764,2046,1762,1812]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Alopex lagopus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="436" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph blockId="25.[1463,2167,1762,1890]" box="[1464,2166,1829,1850]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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||
<heading box="[1464,2166,1829,1850]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<emphasis box="[1464,1541,1829,1850]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1551,1707,1829,1850]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Renard arctique</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[1728,1819,1829,1850]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1829,1931,1829,1850]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Polarfuchs</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis box="[1953,2044,1829,1850]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2053,2166,1829,1850]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Zorro artico</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1463,2167,1762,1890]" box="[1463,1811,1869,1890]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<heading box="[1463,1811,1869,1890]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<emphasis box="[1463,1710,1869,1890]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1720,1811,1869,1890]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Polar Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2079,2663,1933,1966]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[2079,2668,1933,2360]" box="[2079,2663,1933,1966]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<emphasis box="[2079,2234,1933,1966]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2251,2658,1933,1966]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lagopus">Canis lagopus Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2081,2328,1973,2006]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[2079,2668,1933,2360]" box="[2081,2328,1973,2006]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<materialsCitation box="[2081,2328,1973,2006]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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Lapland,
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<collectingCountry box="[2214,2323,1973,2006]" name="Sweden" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="436" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[2079,2668,1933,2360]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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Sometimes placed as subgenus of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Frisch" authorityYear="1775" box="[2588,2666,2012,2045]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Vulpes</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2131,2204,2051,2084]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Canis</taxonomicName>
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. The most closely related species are
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Say" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[2200,2295,2095,2124]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="velox">V. velox</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1888" box="[2371,2507,2095,2124]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">V. macrotis</taxonomicName>
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, neither of which occur in the tundra. Four subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="436" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6331209" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6331209" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6331209/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" targetBox="[1465,2049,1945,2354]" targetPageId="25">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[2079,2668,1933,2360]" box="[2081,2480,2213,2242]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<emphasis box="[2081,2480,2213,2242]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="25.[2079,2668,1933,2360]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[2081,2467,2252,2281]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Alopex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lagopus" subSpecies="lagopus">A. l. lagopus Linnaeus, 1758</taxonomicName>
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— most of the circumpolar range, in all Arctic tundra habitats.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1466,2670,2372,3461]" box="[1466,2255,2372,2401]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1902" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1902" box="[1466,1879,2372,2401]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Alopex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lagopus" subSpecies="beringensis">A. l. beringensis Merriam, 1902</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[1915,2001,2372,2401]" name="Russia" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Russia</collectingCountry>
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(Commander Is).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1466,2670,2372,3461]" box="[1466,2348,2407,2440]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<taxonomicName authority="Bechstein, 1799" authorityName="Bechstein" authorityYear="1799" box="[1466,1897,2407,2440]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Alopex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lagopus" subSpecies="fuliginosus">A. l. fuliginosus Bechstein, 1799</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[1932,2037,2407,2440]" name="Iceland" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Iceland</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2054,2206,2407,2440]" name="Greenland" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Greenland</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2223,2344,2407,2440]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Svalbard</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1466,2670,2372,3461]" box="[1466,2187,2446,2479]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1902" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1902" box="[1466,1883,2446,2479]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Alopex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lagopus" subSpecies="pribilofensis">A.l. pribilofensis Merriam, 1902</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingRegion box="[1917,2007,2446,2479]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Alaska</collectingRegion>
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(Pribilof Is).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="436" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1466,2670,2372,3461]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<emphasis box="[1466,1714,2489,2518]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity box="[1888,2021,2489,2518]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" unit="cm" value="65.0" valueMax="75.0" valueMin="55.0">55-75 cm</quantity>
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(males),
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<quantity box="[2157,2290,2489,2518]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" unit="cm" value="57.5" valueMax="65.0" valueMin="50.0">50-65 cm</quantity>
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(females), tail 28-42-
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<quantity box="[2597,2665,2489,2518]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
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for males and 25-
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<quantity box="[1721,1837,2524,2557]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" unit="cm" value="18.5" valueMax="32.0" valueMin="5.0">5-32 cm</quantity>
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females; weight 3-58-
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<quantity box="[2153,2264,2524,2557]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="0.4" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" unit="kg" value="13.5" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="4.0">4-23 kg</quantity>
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for males and 3-14-
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<quantity box="[2556,2666,2524,2557]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.6" metricValueMax="6.9" metricValueMin="0.3" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" unit="kg" value="36.0" valueMax="69.0" valueMin="3.0">3-69 kg</quantity>
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for females. Males are slightly larger than females. A small fox with rather short legs and a long fluffy tail. Thick and soft winter fur with dense underfur and long guard hairs. Occurs in two distinct color morphs, “blue” and “white”. Both morphs change seasonally: “blue” molts from chocolate brown in summer to paler brown tinged with blue sheen in winter. In winter, the “white” morph is almost pure white with a few dark hairs at the tip of the tail and along the spine; in summer,it is brown dorsally and pale gray to white on its underside. Color morphs are determined genetically at a single locus, “white” being recessive. The “blue” morph comprisesless than 1% of the population throughout most of its continental range, but comprises 25-30% in Fennoscandia (
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<collectingCountry box="[1687,1794,2917,2950]" name="Norway" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Norway</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1813,1921,2917,2950]" name="Sweden" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[2006,2114,2917,2950]" name="Finland" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Finland</collectingCountry>
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) and 65-70% in
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<collectingCountry box="[2369,2475,2917,2950]" name="Iceland" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Iceland</collectingCountry>
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. The proportion of “blue” morphs also increases in coastal areas and on islands, where it can reach up to 100% (e.g. Mednyi Island,
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<collectingCountry box="[1935,2023,2995,3028]" name="Russia" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Russia</collectingCountry>
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; St. Paul Island, Alaska). Within each morph, there is considerable variation in appearance, which seems to be independent of the genetic locus for color morph. In
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<collectingCountry box="[1938,2047,3075,3108]" name="Sweden" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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, there occasionally are sand-colored foxes in summer, but they appear to be of the “white” morph without brown pigment, and in
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<collectingCountry box="[1469,1574,3153,3186]" name="Iceland" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Iceland</collectingCountry>
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, cinnamon colored foxes of both the white and blue color morph occur. The dental formulais13/3,C1/1,PM 4/4, M 2/3 = 42.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="25" pageNumber="436" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1466,2670,2372,3461]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<emphasis box="[1468,1579,3231,3264]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Arctic and alpine tundra of Eurasia, North America, and the Canadian archipelago, Siberian islands,
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<collectingCountry box="[1830,1981,3271,3304]" name="Greenland" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Greenland</collectingCountry>
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, inland
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<collectingCountry box="[2106,2211,3271,3304]" name="Iceland" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Iceland</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[2299,2420,3271,3304]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Svalbard</collectingCountry>
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. Sub-Arctic maritime habitat in the Aleutian island chain, Bering Sea Islands, Commander Islands, and coastal
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<collectingCountry box="[1573,1678,3355,3384]" name="Iceland" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Iceland</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="437" pageId="25" pageNumber="436" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="25.[1466,2670,2372,3461]" lastBlockId="26.[139,1354,301,3484]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="437" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">
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<emphasis box="[1469,1727,3393,3422]" pageId="25" pageNumber="436">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Arctic Fox is an opportunistic predator and scavenger. In most inland areasit is heavily dependent on fluctuating rodent populations. Main prey include Lemmings, both Lemmus spp. and Dicrostonyx spp. In Fennoscandia, L. lemmus was the main prey in summer (85% frequency of occurrence in feces) followed by birds (
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<taxonomicName box="[244,444,375,408]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Passeriformes,</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName box="[458,627,375,408]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Galliformes,</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[706,913,375,408]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caridriiformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Caridriiformes</taxonomicName>
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, 34%) and Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus, 21%). In winter, ptarmigan and grouse (
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[855,966,418,447]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Alopex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="26" pageNumber="437" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lagopus">Lagopus</taxonomicName>
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spp.) are common prey, in addition to rodents and Reindeer. Changes in Fox populations have been observed to follow those of their main prey in three- to five-year cycles. Foxes living near icefree coasts have access to inland prey and also sea birds, seal carcasses, fish, and invertebrates connected to the marine environment, leading to relatively stable food availability and a more generalist strategy. In late winter and summer, foxes found in coastal
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<collectingCountry box="[293,396,650,683]" name="Iceland" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Iceland</collectingCountry>
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feed on seabirds (Uria aalge, U. lomvia), seal carcasses, and marine invertebrates. Inland foxes rely more on Ptarmigan in winter, and migrant birds, such as geese and waders, in summer. In certain areas, foxes rely on colonies of arctic geese, which can dominate their diet locally. Arctic Foxes forage singly, presumably the most efficient foraging technique in view of the species’ main prey base of rodents and birds. When food is abundant, they cache food forlater use. Caches can contain single prey items or a variety of items, and sometimes include lemmings or goose eggs.
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="437" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[139,1354,301,3484]" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">
|
||
<emphasis box="[146,379,930,959]" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Arctic Foxes remain active year round. They are primarily nocturnal, but exhibit flexible activity patterns, often in accordance with main prey species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="437" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[139,1354,301,3484]" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">
|
||
<emphasis box="[147,855,1004,1037]" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The basic social unit of the Arctic Fox is the breeding pair. Both parents take an active part in rearing the pups. For the first three weeks after birth, the pups are mostly dependent on milk and the female rarely leaves the natal den. During this time, the male provides food for the female. As meat increasingly forms a larger proportion of the pups’ diet, the roles of the parents become more similar and the female takes an active part in hunting and provisioning the pups. Non-breeding foxes, usually yearlings from the previous litter, may help. Supernumerary females generally emigrate before the pups attain independence of the den at 8-10 weeks. However, on Mednyi Island, there are permanent Arctic Fox groups comprising up to
|
||
<specimenCount box="[518,652,1362,1391]" pageId="26" pageNumber="437" type="adult">six adults</specimenCount>
|
||
, and complex social systems have also been observed on otherislands. Temporary groups of non-breeding individuals are also sometimes formed. Arctic Foxes normally are strongly territorial when breeding, with natal dens generally used by only one family group. Breeding pairs remain together in the same territory and use the same natal den for up to five years. Territories may include more than a single breeding pair, and closely related breeding pairs may even share a den. Home ranges in inland areas vary with lemming abundance (
|
||
<quantity box="[1119,1260,1602,1627]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="26" pageNumber="437" unit="km" value="25.5" valueMax="36.0" valueMin="15.0">15-36 km</quantity>
|
||
?), but generally are smaller in coastal habitats (e.g.
|
||
<quantity box="[777,894,1637,1666]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="26" pageNumber="437" unit="km" value="13.0" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="5.0">5-21 km</quantity>
|
||
? in Alaska). On
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1128,1249,1637,1666]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Svalbard</collectingCountry>
|
||
, home range sizes range from
|
||
<quantity box="[486,569,1672,1705]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="437" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
|
||
? to as large as
|
||
<quantity box="[794,889,1672,1705]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="26" pageNumber="437" unit="km" value="125.0">125 km</quantity>
|
||
®. Home ranges of group members generally overlap widely with each other, but very little with those of neighboring groups. Scent marking of territories with urine is common. Vocalizations and postures such as an erected tail to attract the attention of conspecifics are common during territory disputes. In Alaska, seasonal migrations are reported when individuals leave breeding grounds in autumn, travel to the coast, and return in late winter or early spring. Large-scale emigrations have been recorded in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[948,1055,1912,1941]" name="Canada" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Fennoscandia, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[145,234,1948,1981]" name="Russia" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. These may result from drastic reductions in food supplies, such as a population crash in lemmings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="437" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[139,1354,301,3484]" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">
|
||
<emphasis box="[144,277,2026,2059]" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Mating occurs between February and May and births take place from April to July. Gestation lasts 51-54 days and pup weight at birth is
|
||
<quantity box="[982,1090,2066,2099]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.25" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="437" unit="g" value="82.5" valueMax="85.0" valueMin="80.0">80-85 g</quantity>
|
||
, but may be lower in larger litters. Litter size varies with food availability, being larger in areas with rodents. Recorded mean litter sizes at weaning varied from 2-4 (St. Paul Island) to 7-1 (
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[156,251,2184,2217]" name="Russia" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
). On WrangelIsland,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[561,649,2184,2217]" name="Russia" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in years with high lemming abundance, up to 19 pups per litter have been observed. The ability of Arctic Foxes to produce large litters is facilitated by their access to large and relatively safe dens. Den sites are large, with complex burrow systems, and the largest dens are preferred for breeding. These may have up to 150 entrances and are usually situated on elevated mounds, river banks or ridges. Good denning sites lie above the permafrost layer, accumulate comparatively little winter snow and are sun-exposed, often facing south. The average lifespan of dens in the Canadian tundra has been estimated at 330 years. Some are used repeatedly, year after year, others infrequently. Pup rearing is confined to the snow-free period from June to September, after which the young gradually become independent. Lactation generally lasts 8-10 weeks. Growth rate from weaning in early July to late August has been recorded at
|
||
<quantity box="[553,662,2616,2649]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.2" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="437" unit="g" value="32.0" valueMax="34.0" valueMin="30.0">30-34 g</quantity>
|
||
/day. Foxes reach sexual maturity at ten months.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="437" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[139,1354,301,3484]" lastBlockId="26.[1419,2624,304,770]" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">
|
||
<emphasis box="[142,494,2660,2689]" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES not listed. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Arctic Fox, however, is regionally threatened in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[995,1100,2699,2728]" name="Sweden" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
(“endangered”),
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[142,249,2734,2767]" name="Finland" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(“critical”) and mainland
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[628,734,2734,2767]" name="Norway" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
(“endangered”). In 1983, following the introduction of mange caused by ear canker mites (Otodectes cynotis) transmitted by dogs, the Mednyi Island foxes were listed in the Russian Red Data Book. The world population of Arctic Foxes is on the order of several hundred thousand animals. In most areas, population status is believed to be good. The species is common in the tundra of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[142,230,2939,2964]" name="Russia" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[246,353,2939,2964]" name="Canada" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, coastal Alaska,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[576,727,2939,2964]" name="Greenland" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[804,910,2939,2964]" name="Iceland" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Exceptions are Fennoscandia, Mednyi Island (
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[360,455,2970,3003]" name="Russia" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and the Pribilof Islands, where populations are at critically low levels. On the Pribilof Islands, fox populations appear to be declining further. In most of its range, the Arctic Fox is not protected. However, the species and its dens have received total legal protection in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[603,709,3092,3121]" name="Sweden" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
since 1928, in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[916,1022,3092,3121]" name="Norway" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
since 1930, and in
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Finland" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
since 1940. In Europe, the Arctic Fox is a priority species under the Actions by the Community relating to the Environment (ACE) and is therefore given full protection. On St. Paul Island the declining population currently has no legal protection. In
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Norway" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[212,339,3253,3278]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Svalbard</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[364,515,3253,3278]" name="Greenland" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[532,639,3253,3278]" name="Canada" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[655,743,3253,3278]" name="Russia" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Alaska, trapping is limited to licensed trappers operating in a defined trapping season. The enforcement of trapping laws appears to be uniformly good. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[609,714,3323,3356]" name="Iceland" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Iceland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, bounty hunting takes place over most of the country outside nature reserves. Hunting for fur has long been a major mortality factor for the Arctic Fox; however, the decline of the fur industry has reduced the threat of over-exploitation for most populations. In some areas gene swamping by farm-bred Blue Foxes may threaten native populations. There can also be indirect threats such as diseases and organochlorine contaminants, or direct persecution, as occurs on St. Paul Island. Misinformation as to the origin of Arctic Foxes on the Pribilofs continues to foster negative attitudes and the long-term persistence of this endemic subspecies is in jeopardy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="437" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[1419,2624,304,770]" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1422,1572,509,530]" pageId="26" pageNumber="437">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Angerbjorn, Hersteinsson & Tannerfeldt (2004), Angerbjorn, Stroman & Becker (1997), Angerbjorn, Tannerfeldt, Bjarvall et al. (1995), Angerbjorn, Tannerfeldt & Erlinge (1999), Audet et al. (2002), Chesemore (1975), Dalerum et al. (2002), Eberhardt, Garrott & Hanson (1983), Eberhardt, Hanson et al. (1982), Eimhagen et al. (2000), Frafjord (1994), Frafjord & Kruchenkova (1995), Frafjord & Prestrud (1992), Garrott & Eberhardt (1982, 1987), Hersteinsson (1984), Hersteinsson & Macdonald (1982, 1992, 1996), Hersteinsson et al. (1989), Kaikusalo & Angerbjorn (1995), Macpherson (1969), Nasimovic & Isakov (1985), Ovsyanikov (1993), Prestrud (1992a, 1992b, 1992¢), Samelius & Lee (1998), Tannerfeldt & Angerbjorn (1998).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |