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<document id="9FE0437D7B3618560C41633E19FCE8D0" ID-DOI="10.4467/16890027AP.18.018.10094" ID-ISSN="1689-0027" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12637411" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1720034248391" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Prokina, Kristina I., Zagumyonnyi, Dmitry G. &amp; Tikhonenkov, Denis V." docDate="2018" docId="32645169EC14FF86FF51FA47F360FB77" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaProtozool.57.3.245-266.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Protozoologica 57 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/16890027ap.18.018.10094" docStyle="DocumentStyle:64ABA4BEA387EE5C24A0DDEB32CC92E7.3:ActaProtozool.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="64ABA4BEA387EE5C24A0DDEB32CC92E7" docStyleName="ActaProtozool.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Acanthocystis turfacea Carter, Lake Chistoye 1863" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="255" masterDocId="CE5D2911EC1EFF8AFFFBFFD0F679FF95" masterDocTitle="Centrohelid Heliozoans (Centroplasthelida Febvre-Chevalier et Febvre, 1984) from Different Types of Freshwater Bodies in the Middle Russian Forest-steppe" masterLastPageNumber="266" masterPageNumber="243" pageNumber="253" updateTime="1720036070589" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="AAD15EBB30347A32DBB4C0C743CEADA7">Centrohelid Heliozoans (Centroplasthelida Febvre-Chevalier et Febvre, 1984) from Different Types of Freshwater Bodies in the Middle Russian Forest-steppe</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3F114E5A98CAB7A79FA3EEE7503C2066">Prokina, Kristina I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="951DC7166C8F7CBD55D31ABA09A5A0F1">Zagumyonnyi, Dmitry G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F0EF97E0EF745B5EB72BBBC623A925F7">Tikhonenkov, Denis V.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="32645169EC14FF86FF51FA47F360FB77" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:32645169EC14FF86FF51FA47F360FB77" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/32645169EC14FF86FF51FA47F360FB77" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="255" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<subSubSection id="F2D7B3F4EC14FF80FF51FA47F6ABFA41" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC14FF80FF51FA47F6ABFA41" blockId="10.[132,779,1431,1666]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
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<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC14FF80FF51FA47F404FA27" authority="Carter, 1863" authorityName="Carter, Lake Chistoye" authorityYear="1863" box="[170,637,1431,1458]" family="Acanthocystidae" genus="Acanthocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="turfacea">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FF51FA47F7B2FA24" bold="true" box="[170,459,1431,1458]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Acanthocystis turfacea</emphasis>
Carter, 1863
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="22F6FCFAEC14FF80FD62FA48F57DFA27" box="[665,772,1432,1458]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[134,170,1107,1129]" captionTargetBox="[134,1465,222,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-5@4.[134,1465,222,1071]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Morphology of living cells of some observed centrohelid species (DIC):A – Acanthocystis nichollsi; B – A. pectinata (from plant debris and silt of Usman’ River); C – A. turfacea (from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); D – Raphidocystis symmetrica (from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); E – Choanocystis aculeata (from sand of Lake Maklok); F – Raphidiophrys capitata (from sand of Lake Maklok). Abbreviations: ax – axopodia; pr – protoplast; sc – scales. Scale bar: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12637419" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12637419/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Figs 1C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="22F6FCFAEC14FF80FF7FFA6AF6B3FA41" box="[132,202,1466,1492]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[132,167,1807,1829]" captionText="Fig. 4. Morphology of observed scales of Acanthocystis, Raphidocystis and Choanocystis genera (SEM): A–D – A. trifurca (from plant debris and silt of Lake Krugloye); E–G – A. turfacea (from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); H–K – R. symmetrica (from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); L–O – Ch. aculeata (from sand of Lake Maklok). A, E, H, L – scales of the single cell; B–D, F, G, I–K, M–O – spine and plate scales. Abbreviations: l.r – longitudinal rib; m.r – marginal rim; otg – outgrows. Other abbreviations as in Figs 2, 3. Scale bars: A, E, H, L – 10 µm; B–D, F, G, I–K, M–O – 1 µm." pageId="10" pageNumber="253">4E–G</figureCitation>
)
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F2D7B3F4EC14FF80FF51FA0DF372FDA5" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" type="description">
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC14FF80FF51FA0DF572F917" blockId="10.[132,779,1431,1666]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FF51FA0DF73CFA62" bold="true" box="[170,325,1501,1527]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Description:</emphasis>
Diameter of protoplast of living cell is 29 µm. 
<specimenCount id="ACCB2BF6EC14FF80FF25F9D0F72FF98F" box="[222,342,1536,1562]" count="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" type="generic" typeStatus="types">Two types</specimenCount>
of spine scales, both consist of a hollow cylindrical shaft and circular base, distal part of shaft divided into 2 furcae, without membrane between tips of furcae. Long spine scales: shaft is 13.06–16.50
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC14FF80FCCBFF30F372FDA5" blockId="10.[816,1463,223,1354]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">µm in length, 0.35–0.44 µm in diameter, base is 2.06– 2.43 µm in diameter; furcae pointed, 0.53–0.89 µm in length, distance between tips of furcae – 0.59–0.82 µm. Short spine scales: shaft is 6.21–8.85 µm in length, 0.35–0.40 µm in diameter, base is 1.74–2.09 µm in diameter; long furcae (2.71–3.69 µm) slightly tapers to round tips, distance between tips of furcae 3.22–5.27 µm. Oval plate scales are 3.74–4.50×1.98–2.54 µm, with large rare granules, medial thickening (1.46– 2.33×0.22–0.23 µm) and dense margins.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F2D7B3F4EC14FF80FCADFDE8F2A5FCF2" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC14FF80FCADFDE8F2A5FCF2" blockId="10.[816,1463,223,1354]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FCADFDE8F5ABFDC7" bold="true" box="[854,978,568,594]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Remarks:</emphasis>
Morphology of observed scales corresponds to previous descriptions. Some authors noted smaller spine scales of both 
<typeStatus id="65765EDDEC14FF80FB80FDAEF2CBFD0D" box="[1147,1202,638,664]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">type</typeStatus>
: length of shaft – 1.8– 11.5 µm, diameter of base – 0.37–1.6 µm (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FADBFD70F514FD48" author="Durrschmidt M." pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="55 - 87" refId="ref12609" refString="Durrschmidt M. (1985) Electron microscopic observations on scales of species of the genus Acanthocystis (Centrohelidia, Heliozoa) from Chile, I. Arch Protistenkd. 129: 55 - 87" type="journal article" year="1985">Dürrschmidt 1985</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FC81FD13F224FD48" author="Croome R. L. &amp; van den Hoff J. &amp; Burton H. R." box="[890,1117,706,733]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="23 - 28" refId="ref12560" refString="Croome R. L., van den Hoff J., Burton H. R. (1987) Observations of the heliozoean genera Pinaciophora and Acanthocystis (Heili- ozoea, Sarcodina, Protozoa) from Ellis Fjord, Antarctica. Polar Biol.: 23 - 28" type="book chapter" year="1987">Croome et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FB92FD13F3CAFD48" author="Leonov M. M. &amp; Plotnikov A. O." box="[1129,1459,706,733]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="643 - 653" refId="ref13196" refString="Leonov M. M., Plotnikov A. O. (2009) Species composition, morphology, and distribution of centrohelid heliozoa from Central Chernozem Region and the South Urals. Zool. Zhurn. 88: 643 - 653" type="journal article" year="2009">Leonov and Plotnikov 2009</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FCCBFD35F2DEFC95" author="Plotnikov A. O. &amp; Ermolenko E. A." box="[816,1191,741,768]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="683 - 695" refId="ref13608" refString="Plotnikov A. O., Ermolenko E. A. (2015) Centrohelid heliozoa (Chromista, Hacrobia) of Southern Cis-Ural region. Biol. Bull. 42: 683 - 695" type="journal article" year="2015">Plotnikov and Ermolenko 2015</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FB48FD35F5C1FCB7" author="Plotnikov A. O. &amp; Gerasimova E. A." pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="121 - 129" refId="ref13565" refString="Plotnikov A. O., Gerasimova E. A. (2017) Heliozoa (Centrohelea, Haptista, Hacrobia) of saline and brackish water bodies and wa- tercourses of Russia. Inland Water Biol. 10: 121 - 129" type="journal article" year="2017">Plotnikov and Gerasimova 2017</bibRefCitation>
), as well as larger length of shaft – up to 65 µm, diameter of shaft – up to 0.7 µm (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FAFDFCFAF3CBFCD1" author="Nicholls K. H." box="[1286,1458,810,836]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="1369 - 1386" refId="ref13482" refString="Nicholls K. H. (1983) Little-known and new heliozoeans: the centrohelid genus Acanthocystis, including descriptions of nine new species. Can. J. Zool. 61: 1369 - 1386" type="journal article" year="1983">Nicholls 1983</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FCCBFC9DF5AAFCF3" author="Croome R. L." box="[816,979,844,871]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="189 - 199" refId="ref12495" refString="Croome R. L. (1986) Observations of the Heliozoan Genera Acanthocystis and Raphidocystis from Australia. Arch. Protistenkd. 131: 189 - 199" type="journal article" year="1986">Croome 1986</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FC1BFC9CF2B6FCF2" author="Prokina K. I. &amp; Zagumyonnyi D. G. &amp; Philippov D. A." box="[992,1231,844,871]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="3 - 19" refId="ref13770" refString="Prokina K. I., Zagumyonnyi D. G., Philippov D. A. (2017 c) Centrohelids in the mires of Northern Russia. Protistology 11: 3 - 19" type="journal article" year="2017">Prokina et al. 2017c</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FCADFCBFF580FC1C" bold="true" box="[854,1017,879,905]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Distribution:</emphasis>
Freshwaters of Asia (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FADCFCBFF3CAFC1C" author="Biyu S." box="[1319,1459,879,905]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="151 - 163" refId="ref12294" refString="Biyu S. (2000) Planktonic protozooplankton (ciliates, heliozoans and testaceans) in two shallow mesotrophic lakes in China - a comparative study between a macrophyte-dominated lake (Biandantang) and an algal lake (Houhu). Hydrobiologia. 434: 151 - 163" type="journal article" year="2000">Biyu 2000</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FCCBFC42F2ACFC39" author="Charubhun B. &amp; Charubhun N." box="[816,1237,914,940]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="486 - 494" refId="ref12463" refString="Charubhun B., Charubhun N. (2000) Biodiversity of freshwater protozoa in Tailand. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.). 34: 486 - 494" type="journal article" year="2000">Charubhun and Charubhun 2000</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FB10FC42F516FC5B" author="Takamura N. &amp; Shen Yu. &amp; Xie P." pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="91 - 106" refId="ref13895" refString="Takamura N., Shen Yu., Xie P. (2000) Species richness of protozoa in Japanese lakes. Limnology 1: 91 - 106" type="journal article" year="2000">Takamura et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
), N. America (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FBE5FC64F2B3FC5B" author="Nicholls K. H." box="[1054,1226,948,974]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="1369 - 1386" refId="ref13482" refString="Nicholls K. H. (1983) Little-known and new heliozoeans: the centrohelid genus Acanthocystis, including descriptions of nine new species. Can. J. Zool. 61: 1369 - 1386" type="journal article" year="1983">Nicholls 1983</bibRefCitation>
), S. America (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FA8FFC64F5AFFC64" author="Durrschmidt M." pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="55 - 87" refId="ref12609" refString="Durrschmidt M. (1985) Electron microscopic observations on scales of species of the genus Acanthocystis (Centrohelidia, Heliozoa) from Chile, I. Arch Protistenkd. 129: 55 - 87" type="journal article" year="1985">Dürrschmidt 1985</bibRefCitation>
), 
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(
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FB90FC07F36FFC64" author="Croome R. L." box="[1131,1302,983,1009]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="189 - 199" refId="ref12495" refString="Croome R. L. (1986) Observations of the Heliozoan Genera Acanthocystis and Raphidocystis from Australia. Arch. Protistenkd. 131: 189 - 199" type="journal article" year="1986">Croome 1986</bibRefCitation>
); marine waters of Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FC08FC29F20FFB86" author="Vors N." box="[1011,1142,1017,1043]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="1 - 109" refId="ref13975" refString="Vors N. (1992) Heterotrophic amoebae, flagellates and heliozoan from the Tvarminne area, gulf of Finland, in 1988 - 1990. Ophelia. 36: 1 - 109" type="book chapter" year="1992">Vørs 1992</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FB7DFC29F335FB86" author="Mikrjukov K. A." box="[1158,1356,1017,1043]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="240 - 249" refId="ref13349" refString="Mikrjukov K. A. (1999) Interesting findings of heliozoan (Protista) in the Black Sea and Crimea: data on the similarity of sea and freshwater fauna of these organisms. Russian J. Zool. 3: 240 - 249" type="journal article" year="1999">Mikrjukov 1999</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FAA6FC2AF505FBA3" author="Leonov M. M." pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="344 - 355" refId="ref13122" refString="Leonov M. M. (2010 a) Heliozoans (Heliozoa, Sarcodina, Protista) of fresh and marine waters of the European part of Russia: Species composition, morphology, and distribution. Inland Water Biol. 3: 344 - 355" type="journal article" year="2010">Leonov 2010a</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC14FF80FC6AFBCCF36AFBA3" authority="(Croome et al. 1987)" baseAuthorityName="Croome" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[913,1299,1052,1078]" family="Acanthocystidae" genus="Choanocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="antarctica">
Antarctica (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FBE7FBCCF373FBA3" author="Croome R. L. &amp; van den Hoff J. &amp; Burton H. R." box="[1052,1290,1052,1078]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="23 - 28" refId="ref12560" refString="Croome R. L., van den Hoff J., Burton H. R. (1987) Observations of the heliozoean genera Pinaciophora and Acanthocystis (Heili- ozoea, Sarcodina, Protozoa) from Ellis Fjord, Antarctica. Polar Biol.: 23 - 28" type="book chapter" year="1987">Croome et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. It was found in 
<collectingCountry id="C2DAA0EFEC14FF80FCAAFBEEF5E6FBCD" box="[849,927,1086,1112]" name="Russia" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Russia</collectingCountry>
in freshwaters of European part (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FACCFBEEF502FBEE" author="Mikrjukov K. A." pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="201 - 209" refId="ref13280" refString="Mikrjukov K. A. (1993 a) Observations on Centroheliozoa of the Volga basin (Protozoa: Sarcondina). Zoosystematica Rossica. 2: 201 - 209" type="journal article" year="1993">Mikrjukov 1993a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FC75FBB1F294FBEE" author="Leonov M. M. &amp; Plotnikov A. O." box="[910,1261,1121,1147]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="643 - 653" refId="ref13196" refString="Leonov M. M., Plotnikov A. O. (2009) Species composition, morphology, and distribution of centrohelid heliozoa from Central Chernozem Region and the South Urals. Zool. Zhurn. 88: 643 - 653" type="journal article" year="2009">Leonov and Plotnikov 2009</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FAFBFBB1F3CBFBEE" author="Leonov M. M." box="[1280,1458,1121,1147]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="344 - 355" refId="ref13122" refString="Leonov M. M. (2010 a) Heliozoans (Heliozoa, Sarcodina, Protista) of fresh and marine waters of the European part of Russia: Species composition, morphology, and distribution. Inland Water Biol. 3: 344 - 355" type="journal article" year="2010">
Leonov 2010 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FA5EFBB1F3CBFBEE" author="Plotnikov A. O. &amp; Ermolenko E. A." box="[1445,1458,1121,1147]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="683 - 695" refId="ref13608" refString="Plotnikov A. O., Ermolenko E. A. (2015) Centrohelid heliozoa (Chromista, Hacrobia) of Southern Cis-Ural region. Biol. Bull. 42: 683 - 695" type="journal article" year="2015">a</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
, Plotnikov and Ermolenko 2015, 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FB4DFB53F3D3FB08" author="Prokina K. I. &amp; Zagumyonnyi D. G. &amp; Philippov D. A." box="[1206,1450,1155,1182]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="3 - 19" refId="ref13770" refString="Prokina K. I., Zagumyonnyi D. G., Philippov D. A. (2017 c) Centrohelids in the mires of Northern Russia. Protistology 11: 3 - 19" type="journal article" year="2017">Prokina et al. 2017c</bibRefCitation>
), in saline inland waters of 
<collectingRegion id="78092E9DEC14FF80FB9AFB76F2A8FB55" box="[1121,1233,1190,1216]" country="Russia" name="Orenburg" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Orenburg</collectingRegion>
and 
<collectingRegion id="78092E9DEC14FF80FAF0FB76F3FCFB55" box="[1291,1413,1190,1216]" country="Russia" name="Volgograd" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Volgograd</collectingRegion>
Regions (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FC7BFB18F37CFB76" author="Gerasimova E. A. &amp; Plotnikov A. O." box="[896,1285,1224,1251]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="130 - 133" refId="ref12797" refString="Gerasimova E. A., Plotnikov A. O. (2015) A variety of amoeboid protists in saline reservoirs of the Orenburg Region. Bull. Orenburg State Univ. 10: 130 - 133" type="journal article" year="2015">Gerasimova and Plotnikov 2015</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FAEAFB18F27CFA90" author="Plotnikov A. O. &amp; Gerasimova E. A." pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="121 - 129" refId="ref13565" refString="Plotnikov A. O., Gerasimova E. A. (2017) Heliozoa (Centrohelea, Haptista, Hacrobia) of saline and brackish water bodies and wa- tercourses of Russia. Inland Water Biol. 10: 121 - 129" type="journal article" year="2017">Plotnikov and Gerasimova 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC14FF80FCADFADDF5EEFADF" blockId="10.[816,1463,223,1354]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
****Raphidocystidae Zlatogursky in 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FAF6FADDF5EEFADF" author="Zlatogursky V. V. &amp; Drachko D. &amp; Klimov V. I. &amp; Shishkin Y." pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="82 - 90" refId="ref14393" refString="Zlatogursky V. V., Drachko D., Klimov V. I., Shishkin Y. (2018) On the phylogenetic position of the genus Raphidocystis (Haptista: Centroplasthelida) with notes on the dimorphism in centrohelid life cycle. Eur. J. Protistol. 64: 82 - 90" type="book chapter" year="2018">Zlatogursky et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC14FF80FCADFAA4F5FBF98C" blockId="10.[816,1463,1396,1665]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC14FF80FCADFAA4F520FA24" authority="(Penard, 1904) Zlatogursky" authorityName="Zlatogursky" baseAuthorityName="Penard" baseAuthorityYear="1904" family="Raphidiophryidae" genus="Raphidocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="symmetrica">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FCADFAA4F2F6FA1A" bold="true" box="[854,1167,1396,1423]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Raphidocystis symmetrica</emphasis>
(Penard, 1904) Zlatogursky
</taxonomicName>
in 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC14FF80FC72FA47F2C8FA27" author="Zlatogursky V. V. &amp; Drachko D. &amp; Klimov V. I. &amp; Shishkin Y." box="[905,1201,1431,1458]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" pagination="82 - 90" refId="ref14393" refString="Zlatogursky V. V., Drachko D., Klimov V. I., Shishkin Y. (2018) On the phylogenetic position of the genus Raphidocystis (Haptista: Centroplasthelida) with notes on the dimorphism in centrohelid life cycle. Eur. J. Protistol. 64: 82 - 90" type="book chapter" year="2018">Zlatogursky et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
[bas.: 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC14FF80FAF1FA47F21FFA41" authority="Penard, 1904" authorityName="Penard" authorityYear="1904" family="Raphidiophryidae" genus="Raphidiophrys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="symmetrica">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FAF1FA47F5CEFA41" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Raphidiophrys symmetrica</emphasis>
Penard, 1904
</taxonomicName>
; syn.: 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC14FF80FB40FA6AF352FA63" authority="(Penard, 1904) Mikrjukov, 1996" authorityName="Mikrjukov" authorityYear="1996" baseAuthorityName="Penard" baseAuthorityYear="1904" family="Raphidiophryidae" genus="Polyplacocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="symmetrica">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FB40FA6AF5F3FA63" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Polyplacocystis symmetrica</emphasis>
(Penard, 1904) Mikrjukov, 1996
</taxonomicName>
] (
<figureCitation id="22F6FCFAEC14FF80FAB2FA0CF3C8FA62" box="[1353,1457,1500,1527]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[134,170,1107,1129]" captionTargetBox="[134,1465,222,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-5@4.[134,1465,222,1071]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Morphology of living cells of some observed centrohelid species (DIC):A – Acanthocystis nichollsi; B – A. pectinata (from plant debris and silt of Usman’ River); C – A. turfacea (from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); D – Raphidocystis symmetrica (from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); E – Choanocystis aculeata (from sand of Lake Maklok); F – Raphidiophrys capitata (from sand of Lake Maklok). Abbreviations: ax – axopodia; pr – protoplast; sc – scales. Scale bar: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12637419" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12637419/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Figs 1D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="22F6FCFAEC14FF80FCCBFA2FF503F98C" box="[816,890,1535,1561]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[132,167,1807,1829]" captionText="Fig. 4. Morphology of observed scales of Acanthocystis, Raphidocystis and Choanocystis genera (SEM): A–D – A. trifurca (from plant debris and silt of Lake Krugloye); E–G – A. turfacea (from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); H–K – R. symmetrica (from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); L–O – Ch. aculeata (from sand of Lake Maklok). A, E, H, L – scales of the single cell; B–D, F, G, I–K, M–O – spine and plate scales. Abbreviations: l.r – longitudinal rib; m.r – marginal rim; otg – outgrows. Other abbreviations as in Figs 2, 3. Scale bars: A, E, H, L – 10 µm; B–D, F, G, I–K, M–O – 1 µm." pageId="10" pageNumber="253">4H–K</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F2D7B3F4EC14FF86FCADF9F1F572FE89" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="255" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" type="description">
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC14FF86FCADF9F1F572FE89" blockId="10.[816,1463,1396,1665]" lastBlockId="12.[132,779,223,802]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="255" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FCADF9F1F588F9A9" bold="true" box="[854,1009,1569,1596]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Description:</emphasis>
Oval plate scales are 6.02–8.68×2.06– 3.09 µm. Length to width ratio is 1.85–3.41. Dense marginal rim is 0.21–0.34 µm in diameter. Inner space of scale with reticular texture (
<figureCitation id="22F6FCFAEC12FF86FE28FF0FF44DFF6C" box="[467,564,223,249]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[132,167,1807,1829]" captionText="Fig. 4. Morphology of observed scales of Acanthocystis, Raphidocystis and Choanocystis genera (SEM): A–D – A. trifurca (from plant debris and silt of Lake Krugloye); E–G – A. turfacea (from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); H–K – R. symmetrica (from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); L–O – Ch. aculeata (from sand of Lake Maklok). A, E, H, L – scales of the single cell; B–D, F, G, I–K, M–O – spine and plate scales. Abbreviations: l.r – longitudinal rib; m.r – marginal rim; otg – outgrows. Other abbreviations as in Figs 2, 3. Scale bars: A, E, H, L – 10 µm; B–D, F, G, I–K, M–O – 1 µm." pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Fig. 4K</figureCitation>
). Longitudinal rib (0.08–0.14 µm in length) divided scale into two halves.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="EEB2B0F7EC14FF80FF7FF8DFF4D8F801" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" startId="10.[132,167,1807,1829]" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC14FF80FF7FF8DFF4D8F801" blockId="10.[132,1463,1807,1941]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FF7FF8DFF6BFF8B1" bold="true" box="[132,198,1807,1829]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
Morphology of observed scales of 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC14FF80FDDFF8DFF4D0F8B1" baseAuthorityName="Leonov" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[548,681,1807,1828]" family="Acanthocystidae" genus="Acanthocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FDDFF8DFF4D0F8B1" box="[548,681,1807,1828]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Acanthocystis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC14FF80FD4CF8DFF547F8B1" authorityName="Pénard" authorityYear="1904" box="[695,830,1807,1828]" family="Raphidiophryidae" genus="Raphidocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FD4CF8DFF547F8B1" box="[695,830,1807,1828]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Raphidocystis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC14FF80FC8BF8DFF588F8B1" box="[880,1009,1807,1828]" family="Acanthocystidae" genus="Choanocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FC8BF8DFF588F8B1" box="[880,1009,1807,1828]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Choanocystis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genera (SEM): 
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FB6AF8DFF2B9F8B1" bold="true" box="[1169,1216,1807,1828]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">A–D</emphasis>
– 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC14FF80FB20F8DFF339F8B1" authorityName="Nicholls" authorityYear="1983" box="[1243,1344,1807,1828]" family="Acanthocystidae" genus="Acanthocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="trifurca">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FB20F8DFF339F8B1" box="[1243,1344,1807,1828]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">A. trifurca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from plant debris and silt of Lake Krugloye); 
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FE37F8FBF782F8D4" bold="true" box="[460,507,1835,1857]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">E–G</emphasis>
– 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC14FF80FDE9F8FBF405F8D5" authorityName="Carter, Lake Chistoye" authorityYear="1863" box="[530,636,1835,1856]" family="Acanthocystidae" genus="Acanthocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="turfacea">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FDE9F8FBF405F8D5" box="[530,636,1835,1856]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">A. turfacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); 
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FBCEF8FBF21FF8D5" bold="true" box="[1077,1126,1835,1856]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">H–K</emphasis>
– 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC14FF80FB86F8FCF37FF8D4" authorityName="Mikrjukov" authorityYear="1996" baseAuthorityName="Penard" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[1149,1286,1836,1857]" family="Raphidiophryidae" genus="Polyplacocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="symmetrica">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FB86F8FCF37FF8D4" box="[1149,1286,1836,1857]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">R. symmetrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); 
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FE71F897F7C0F8C8" bold="true" box="[394,441,1863,1885]" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">L–O</emphasis>
– 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC14FF80FE2AF897F435F8C9" authorityName="Siemensma et Roijackers" authorityYear="1988" baseAuthorityName="Hertwig et Lesser" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[465,588,1863,1884]" family="Acanthocystidae" genus="Choanocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="10" pageNumber="253" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="aculeata">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC14FF80FE2AF897F435F8C9" box="[465,588,1863,1884]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="253">Ch. aculeata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(from sand of Lake Maklok). A, E, H, L – scales of the single cell; B–D, F, G, I–K, M–O – spine and plate scales. Abbreviations: l.r – longitudinal rib; m.r – marginal rim; otg – outgrows. Other abbreviations as in Figs 2, 3. Scale bars: A, E, H, L – 10 µm; B–D, F, G, I–K, M–O – 1 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="F2D7B3F4EC12FF86FF51FEF5F709FE5D" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC12FF86FF51FEF5F709FE5D" blockId="12.[132,779,223,802]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FF51FEF5F75FFEAA" bold="true" box="[170,294,293,319]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Remarks:</emphasis>
Scales of this species are similar to plate scales of 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC12FF86FF0DFE98F7F9FEF4" box="[246,384,327,353]" family="Raphidiophryidae" genus="Raphidocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="ambigua">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FF0DFE98F7F9FEF4" box="[246,384,327,353]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">R. ambigua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC12FF86FE46FE98F444FEF4" box="[445,573,327,353]" family="Raphidiophryidae" genus="Raphidocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="tubifera">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FE46FE98F444FEF4" box="[445,573,327,353]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">R. tubifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC12FF86FDB6FE98F4AEFEF4" box="[589,727,327,353]" family="Raphidiophryidae" genus="Raphidocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="ambigua">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FDB6FE98F4AEFEF4" box="[589,727,327,353]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">R. ambigua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs by the presence of narrowed elongate 
<typeStatus id="65765EDDEC12FF86FD94FEBAF4D4FE11" box="[623,685,362,388]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">types</typeStatus>
of plate scales; 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC12FF86FF24FE5DF718FE33" box="[223,353,396,422]" family="Raphidiophryidae" genus="Raphidocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="tubifera">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FF24FE5DF718FE33" box="[223,353,396,422]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">R. tubifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs by the presence of funnel-shaped spine scales.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F2D7B3F4EC12FF86FF51FE01F47AFC5A" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC12FF86FF51FE01F728FDE0" blockId="12.[132,779,223,802]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FF51FE01F734FE7E" bold="true" box="[170,333,465,491]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Distribution:</emphasis>
Freshwaters of Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FD7AFE01F7FFFD98" author="Siemensma F. J. &amp; Roijackers R. M. M." pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="237 - 248" refId="ref13854" refString="Siemensma F. J., Roijackers R. M. M. (1988 b) The genus Raphidiophrys (Actinopoda, Heliozoea): scale morphology and species distinctions. Arch. Protistenkd. 136: 237 - 248" type="journal article" year="1988">Siemensma and Roijackers 1988b</bibRefCitation>
), N. America (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FDD5FE23F75FFDA4" author="Nicholls K. H. &amp; Durrschmidt M." pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="1944 - 1961" refId="ref13518" refString="Nicholls K. H., Durrschmidt M. (1985) Scale structure and taxonomy of some species of Raphidocystis, Raphidiophrys, and Pompholyxophrys (Heliozoea) including descriptions of six new taxa. Can. J. Zool. 63: 1944 - 1961" type="journal article" year="1985">Nicholls and Dürrschmidt 1985</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="C2DAA0EFEC12FF86FEC1FDC6F7CDFDA5" box="[314,436,534,560]" name="Greenland" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Greenland</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FE38FDC6F4C8FDA5" author="Ikavalko J. &amp; Thomsen H. A. &amp; Carstens M." box="[451,689,534,561]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="29 - 42" refId="ref12876" refString="Ikavalko J., Thomsen H. A., Carstens M. (1996) A preliminary study of NE Greenland shallow meltwater ponds with particular emphasis on loricate and scale-covered forms (Choanoflagel- lida, Chrysophyceae sensu lato, Synurophyceae, Heliozoea), including the descriptions of Epipyxis thamnoides sp. nov. and Pseudokephyrion poculiforme sp. nov. (Chrysophyceae). Arch. Protistenkd. 147: 29 - 42" type="journal article" year="1996">Ikävalko et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
). It was found in 
<collectingCountry id="C2DAA0EFEC12FF86FF10FDE9F740FDC6" box="[235,313,569,595]" name="Russia" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Russia</collectingCountry>
in freshwaters of 
<collectingRegion id="78092E9DEC12FF86FDF3FDE9F4ABFDC6" box="[520,722,569,595]" country="Russia" name="Voronezh" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Voronezh Region</collectingRegion>
(Leonov and 2010a).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC12FF86FF51FDAEF4FAFD2F" blockId="12.[132,779,223,802]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
***Pterocystida 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FE94FDAEF6C6FD2F" author="Cavalier-Smith T. &amp; von der Heyden S." pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="1186 - 1203" refId="ref12429" refString="Cavalier-Smith T., von der Heyden S. (2007) Molecular phylogeny, scale evolution and taxonomy of centrohelid heliozoan. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44: 1186 - 1203" type="journal article" year="2007">Cavalier-Smith et von der Heyden, 2007</bibRefCitation>
emend. Shishkin et 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FE55FD70F4FAFD2F" author="Zlatogursky V. V. &amp; Drachko D. &amp; Klimov V. I. &amp; Shishkin Y." box="[430,643,672,698]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="82 - 90" refId="ref14393" refString="Zlatogursky V. V., Drachko D., Klimov V. I., Shishkin Y. (2018) On the phylogenetic position of the genus Raphidocystis (Haptista: Centroplasthelida) with notes on the dimorphism in centrohelid life cycle. Eur. J. Protistol. 64: 82 - 90" type="book chapter" year="2018">Zlatogursky, 2018</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC12FF86FF51FD13F4B3FD48" blockId="12.[132,779,223,802]" box="[170,714,707,733]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
****Raphidista Shishkin et 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FE0FFD13F4B3FD48" author="Zlatogursky V. V. &amp; Drachko D. &amp; Klimov V. I. &amp; Shishkin Y." box="[500,714,707,733]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="82 - 90" refId="ref14393" refString="Zlatogursky V. V., Drachko D., Klimov V. I., Shishkin Y. (2018) On the phylogenetic position of the genus Raphidocystis (Haptista: Centroplasthelida) with notes on the dimorphism in centrohelid life cycle. Eur. J. Protistol. 64: 82 - 90" type="book chapter" year="2018">Zlatogursky, 2018</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC12FF86FF51FD35F750FCB7" blockId="12.[132,779,223,802]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
***** 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC12FF86FF09FD35F750FCB7" authority="Cavalier-Smith et von der Heyden, 2007" authorityName="Cavalier-Smith et von der Heyden" authorityYear="2007" family="Choanocystidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="family">
Choanocystidae 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FE44FD35F750FCB7" author="Cavalier-Smith T. &amp; von der Heyden S." pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="1186 - 1203" refId="ref12429" refString="Cavalier-Smith T., von der Heyden S. (2007) Molecular phylogeny, scale evolution and taxonomy of centrohelid heliozoan. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44: 1186 - 1203" type="journal article" year="2007">Cavalier-Smith et von der Heyden, 2007</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC12FF86FF51FC9CF47AFC5A" blockId="12.[132,779,844,1596]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC12FF86FF51FC9CF46FFC1F" authority="(Hertwig et Lesser, 1874) Siemensma et Roijackers, 1988" authorityName="Siemensma et Roijackers" authorityYear="1988" baseAuthorityName="Hertwig et Lesser" baseAuthorityYear="1874" family="Acanthocystidae" genus="Choanocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="aculeata">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FF51FC9CF7B9FCF2" bold="true" box="[170,448,844,871]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Choanocystis aculeata</emphasis>
(Hertwig et Lesser, 1874) Siemensma et Roijackers, 1988
</taxonomicName>
[bas.: 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC12FF86FD81FCBFF439FC39" authority="Hertwig et Lesser, 1874" authorityName="Hertwig et Lesser" authorityYear="1874" family="Acanthocystidae" genus="Acanthocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="aculeata">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FD81FCBFF769FC39" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Acanthocystis aculeata</emphasis>
Hertwig et Lesser, 1874
</taxonomicName>
; syn.: 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC12FF86FD69FC42F74AFC5A" authority="Nicholls, 1983" authorityName="Nicholls" authorityYear="1983" family="Acanthocystidae" genus="Acanthocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="serrata">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FD69FC42F572FC39" box="[658,779,914,940]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">A. serrata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FF7FFC64F74AFC5A" author="Nicholls K. H." box="[132,307,948,975]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="1369 - 1386" refId="ref13482" refString="Nicholls K. H. (1983) Little-known and new heliozoeans: the centrohelid genus Acanthocystis, including descriptions of nine new species. Can. J. Zool. 61: 1369 - 1386" type="journal article" year="1983">Nicholls, 1983</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
] (
<figureCitation id="22F6FCFAEC12FF86FEB1FC64F7D1FC5A" box="[330,424,948,975]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[134,170,1107,1129]" captionTargetBox="[134,1465,222,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-5@4.[134,1465,222,1071]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Morphology of living cells of some observed centrohelid species (DIC):A – Acanthocystis nichollsi; B – A. pectinata (from plant debris and silt of Usman’ River); C – A. turfacea (from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); D – Raphidocystis symmetrica (from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); E – Choanocystis aculeata (from sand of Lake Maklok); F – Raphidiophrys capitata (from sand of Lake Maklok). Abbreviations: ax – axopodia; pr – protoplast; sc – scales. Scale bar: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12637419" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12637419/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Figs 1E</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="22F6FCFAEC12FF86FE4EFC65F782FC5A" box="[437,507,949,975]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[132,167,1807,1829]" captionText="Fig. 4. Morphology of observed scales of Acanthocystis, Raphidocystis and Choanocystis genera (SEM): A–D – A. trifurca (from plant debris and silt of Lake Krugloye); E–G – A. turfacea (from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); H–K – R. symmetrica (from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); L–O – Ch. aculeata (from sand of Lake Maklok). A, E, H, L – scales of the single cell; B–D, F, G, I–K, M–O – spine and plate scales. Abbreviations: l.r – longitudinal rib; m.r – marginal rim; otg – outgrows. Other abbreviations as in Figs 2, 3. Scale bars: A, E, H, L – 10 µm; B–D, F, G, I–K, M–O – 1 µm." pageId="12" pageNumber="255">4L–O</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F2D7B3F4EC12FF86FF51FC07F697FA05" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" type="description">
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC12FF86FF51FC07F697FA05" blockId="12.[132,779,844,1596]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FF51FC07F73CFC64" bold="true" box="[170,325,983,1009]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Description:</emphasis>
Diameter of protoplast of living cells is 38–40 µm. Spine scales consist of a hollow cylindrical shaft, which asymmetrically sitting on circular flattened base. Shaft is 4.92–13.72 µm in length, diameter of proximal part is 0.47–0.63 µm, diameter of distal part is 0.25–0.29 µm. Proximal part (1/3 of the entire length) with round finger-like outgrowths (0.11–0.45 µm in length, 0.05–0.39 µm in diameter). Tip divided on 4–7 teeth. Base is 1.69–2.47 µm in diameter, with a small excavation. Dumbbell-shaped plate scales are 4.36–5.47 µm in length, width of expanded part is 2.57–3.05 µm, width of narrowed central part is 0.88– 1.73 µm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F2D7B3F4EC12FF86FF51FA48F36CFE89" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC12FF86FF51FA48F36CFE89" blockId="12.[132,779,844,1596]" lastBlockId="12.[816,1463,223,1251]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FF51FA48F75FFA27" bold="true" box="[170,294,1432,1458]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Remarks:</emphasis>
Observations of the scales are in the agreement with previous descriptions. Some authors observed additionally very long plate scales (up to 12.9 µm) (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FF30FA2FF7D4F98F" author="Durrschmidt M." box="[203,429,1535,1562]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="55 - 87" refId="ref12609" refString="Durrschmidt M. (1985) Electron microscopic observations on scales of species of the genus Acanthocystis (Centrohelidia, Heliozoa) from Chile, I. Arch Protistenkd. 129: 55 - 87" type="journal article" year="1985">Dürrschmidt 1985</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FE3BFA2FF6A8F9A9" author="Siemensma F. J. &amp; Roijackers R. M. M." pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="197 - 212" refId="ref13805" refString="Siemensma F. J., Roijackers R. M. M. (1988 a) A study of new and little-known acanthocystid heliozoeans, and a proposed division of the genus Acanthocystis (Actinopoda, Heliozoea). Arch. Protistenkd. 135: 197 - 212" type="journal article" year="1988">Siemensma and Roijackers 1988a</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FF12F9F2F7DEF9A9" author="Nicholls K. H." box="[233,423,1570,1596]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="1369 - 1386" refId="ref13482" refString="Nicholls K. H. (1983) Little-known and new heliozoeans: the centrohelid genus Acanthocystis, including descriptions of nine new species. Can. J. Zool. 61: 1369 - 1386" type="journal article" year="1983">Nicholls (1983)</bibRefCitation>
described longer outgrowths (up to 0.7 µm); 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FC1DFF0FF2E0FF6C" author="Croome R. L." box="[998,1177,223,249]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="189 - 199" refId="ref12495" refString="Croome R. L. (1986) Observations of the Heliozoan Genera Acanthocystis and Raphidocystis from Australia. Arch. Protistenkd. 131: 189 - 199" type="journal article" year="1986">Croome (1986)</bibRefCitation>
observed the absence of outgrowths on spine scales of some cells.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F2D7B3F4EC12FF86FCADFEF4F2A4FD2E" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC12FF86FCADFEF4F30AFD98" blockId="12.[816,1463,223,1251]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FCADFEF4F580FEAB" bold="true" box="[854,1017,292,318]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Distribution:</emphasis>
Freshwaters of Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FAD6FEF4F248FEF4" author="Siemensma F. J. &amp; Roijackers R. M. M." pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="197 - 212" refId="ref13805" refString="Siemensma F. J., Roijackers R. M. M. (1988 a) A study of new and little-known acanthocystid heliozoeans, and a proposed division of the genus Acanthocystis (Actinopoda, Heliozoea). Arch. Protistenkd. 135: 197 - 212" type="journal article" year="1988">
Siemensma and Roijackers 1988 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FBDFFE97F248FEF4" author="Mikrjukov K. A." box="[1060,1073,327,353]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="154 - 160" refId="ref13310" refString="Mikrjukov K. A. (1993 b) On the Centrohelid and Rotosphaerid Heliozoa from the environs of the Vortsjarv limnological station in Estonia. In Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. 42: 154 - 160" type="journal article" year="1993">a</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
, Mikrjukov 1993b), Asia (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FA9CFE97F59EFE16" author="Wujek D. E. &amp; Saha L. C." pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="71 - 81" refId="ref14183" refString="Wujek D. E., Saha L. C. (2006) Freshwater scaled heterotrophic flagellates and heliozoan from India including a description of a new species of Choanocystis. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 103: 71 - 81" type="journal article" year="2006">Wujek and Saha 2006</bibRefCitation>
), N. America ([as 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC12FF86FB3CFEBAF339FE16" authorityName="Nicholls" authorityYear="1983" box="[1223,1344,362,388]" family="Acanthocystidae" genus="Acanthocystis" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="serrata">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FB3CFEBAF339FE16" box="[1223,1344,362,388]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">A. serrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FAA8FEB9F514FE33" author="Nicholls K. H." pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="1369 - 1386" refId="ref13482" refString="Nicholls K. H. (1983) Little-known and new heliozoeans: the centrohelid genus Acanthocystis, including descriptions of nine new species. Can. J. Zool. 61: 1369 - 1386" type="journal article" year="1983">Nicholls 1983</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FC85FE5CF26FFE33" author="Wujek D. E." box="[894,1046,396,422]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="164 - 181" refId="ref14075" refString="Wujek D. E. (2003) Freshwater scaled heterotrophic protistans from four gulf states, including descriptions of two species. J. Alabama Acad. Sci. 74: 164 - 181" type="journal article" year="2003">Wujek 2003</bibRefCitation>
), S. America (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FB32FE5CF3D0FE33" author="Durrschmidt M." box="[1225,1449,395,422]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="55 - 87" refId="ref12609" refString="Durrschmidt M. (1985) Electron microscopic observations on scales of species of the genus Acanthocystis (Centrohelidia, Heliozoa) from Chile, I. Arch Protistenkd. 129: 55 - 87" type="journal article" year="1985">Dürrschmidt 1985</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="C2DAA0EFEC12FF86FCCBFE7EF5E5FE5D" box="[816,924,430,456]" name="Australia" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FC55FE7EF221FE5D" author="Croome R. L." box="[942,1112,430,456]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="189 - 199" refId="ref12495" refString="Croome R. L. (1986) Observations of the Heliozoan Genera Acanthocystis and Raphidocystis from Australia. Arch. Protistenkd. 131: 189 - 199" type="journal article" year="1986">Croome 1986</bibRefCitation>
), fresh and marine waters of Crimea (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FC61FE01F21DFE7E" author="Mikrjukov K. A." box="[922,1124,465,491]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="240 - 249" refId="ref13349" refString="Mikrjukov K. A. (1999) Interesting findings of heliozoan (Protista) in the Black Sea and Crimea: data on the similarity of sea and freshwater fauna of these organisms. Russian J. Zool. 3: 240 - 249" type="journal article" year="1999">Mikrjukov 1999</bibRefCitation>
). It was found in 
<collectingCountry id="C2DAA0EFEC12FF86FABDFE01F3EDFE7E" box="[1350,1428,465,491]" name="Russia" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Russia</collectingCountry>
in freshwaters of European part (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FB68FE23F31FFD98" author="Mikrjukov K. A." box="[1171,1382,499,525]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="201 - 209" refId="ref13280" refString="Mikrjukov K. A. (1993 a) Observations on Centroheliozoa of the Volga basin (Protozoa: Sarcondina). Zoosystematica Rossica. 2: 201 - 209" type="journal article" year="1993">Mikrjukov 1993a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC12FF86FCADFDC6F31AFDC7" blockId="12.[816,1463,223,1251]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
***** 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC12FF86FC66FDC6F31AFDC7" authority="Febvre-Chevalier et Febvre, 1984 emend. Shishkin et Zlatogursky, 2018" authorityName="Febvre-Chevalier et Febvre, 1984 emend. Shishkin et Zlatogursky" authorityYear="2018" family="Raphidiophryidae" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="family">
Raphidiophryidae Febvre-Chevalier et Febvre, 1984 emend. Shishkin et 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FB75FDE8F31AFDC7" author="Zlatogursky V. V. &amp; Drachko D. &amp; Klimov V. I. &amp; Shishkin Y." box="[1166,1379,568,594]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="82 - 90" refId="ref14393" refString="Zlatogursky V. V., Drachko D., Klimov V. I., Shishkin Y. (2018) On the phylogenetic position of the genus Raphidocystis (Haptista: Centroplasthelida) with notes on the dimorphism in centrohelid life cycle. Eur. J. Protistol. 64: 82 - 90" type="book chapter" year="2018">Zlatogursky, 2018</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC12FF86FCADFD8AF2A4FD2E" blockId="12.[816,1463,223,1251]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC12FF86FCADFD8AF512FD0D" authority="Siemensma et Roijackers, 1988" authorityName="Siemensma et Roijackers" authorityYear="1988" family="Raphidiophryidae" genus="Raphidiophrys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="capitata">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FCADFD8AF20AFDE0" bold="true" box="[854,1139,602,629]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Raphidiophrys capitata</emphasis>
Siemensma et Roijackers, 1988
</taxonomicName>
[syn.: 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC12FF86FC3EFDADF269FD2E" authority="sensu Nicholls et Durrschmidt, 1985" authorityName="sensu Nicholls et Durrschmidt" authorityYear="1985" family="Raphidiophryidae" genus="Raphidiophrys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FC3EFDADF35CFD02" box="[965,1317,637,663]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Raphidiophrys elegans sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FAC9FDADF269FD2E" author="Nicholls K. H. &amp; Durrschmidt M." pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="1944 - 1961" refId="ref13518" refString="Nicholls K. H., Durrschmidt M. (1985) Scale structure and taxonomy of some species of Raphidocystis, Raphidiophrys, and Pompholyxophrys (Heliozoea) including descriptions of six new taxa. Can. J. Zool. 63: 1944 - 1961" type="journal article" year="1985">Nicholls et Dürrschmidt, 1985</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
] (
<figureCitation id="22F6FCFAEC12FF86FBDCFD70F2F8FD2F" box="[1063,1153,672,698]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[134,170,1107,1129]" captionTargetBox="[134,1465,222,1071]" captionTargetId="figure-5@4.[134,1465,222,1071]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Morphology of living cells of some observed centrohelid species (DIC):A – Acanthocystis nichollsi; B – A. pectinata (from plant debris and silt of Usman’ River); C – A. turfacea (from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); D – Raphidocystis symmetrica (from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); E – Choanocystis aculeata (from sand of Lake Maklok); F – Raphidiophrys capitata (from sand of Lake Maklok). Abbreviations: ax – axopodia; pr – protoplast; sc – scales. Scale bar: 20 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12637419" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12637419/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Figs 1F</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="22F6FCFAEC12FF86FB75FD70F2ACFD2E" box="[1166,1237,672,699]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[132,167,1778,1800]" captionText="Fig. 5. Morphology of observed scales of Raphidiophrys and Pterocystis genera (A–D, I–L – TEM; E–H, M–P – SEM): A–B – R. capitata (from sand of Lake Maklok); C–D – R. ovalis (from Sphagnum of Sphagnum bog Klukvennoye-1); E–H – R. intermedia (from plant debris and silt of Lake Maklok); I–L – P. foliacea (from sand of Usman’ River); M–P – P. pulchra (from plant debris and silt Lake Chistoye). E, I, M – scales of the single cell; A, B, C, D, F–H, J–L, N–P – spine and plate scales.Abbreviations: l.w – lateral wing; m.d – medial depression of plate scale; s.p – subapical protrusion; st – stalk. Other abbreviations as in Figs 2, 4. Scale bars: E, I – 10 µm; A, C – 5 µm; M – 3 µm; B, D, F–H, J–L, N–P – 1 µm." pageId="12" pageNumber="255">5A–B</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F2D7B3F4EC12FF86FCADFD12F24EFC5A" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" type="description">
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC12FF86FCADFD12F24EFC5A" blockId="12.[816,1463,223,1251]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FCADFD12F588FD48" bold="true" box="[854,1009,706,733]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Description:</emphasis>
Diameter of protoplast of living cells is 48–54 µm. Elongate oval plate scales are 8.36– 12.24×3.38–4.32 µm, with narrowing elongated ends. Length to width ratio is 2.05–4.02. Edges of scales are bent inside and form marginal rim 0.25–0.37 µm in diameter. Radial ribs with variable length extend from edges to the center. Distances between ribs on marginal rim are 0.16–0.30 µm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F2D7B3F4EC12FF86FCADFC07F2D2FBCD" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC12FF86FCADFC07F2D2FBCD" blockId="12.[816,1463,223,1251]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FCADFC07F5ABFC64" bold="true" box="[854,978,983,1009]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Remarks:</emphasis>
Morphology of observed scales corresponds to previous descriptions, except larger length to width ratio (3.0–5.4) in the original description (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FA7DFBCCF2E7FBCD" author="Siemensma F. J. &amp; Roijackers R. M. M." pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="237 - 248" refId="ref13854" refString="Siemensma F. J., Roijackers R. M. M. (1988 b) The genus Raphidiophrys (Actinopoda, Heliozoea): scale morphology and species distinctions. Arch. Protistenkd. 136: 237 - 248" type="journal article" year="1988">Siemensma and Roijackers 1988b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F2D7B3F4EC12FF86FCADFBB0F360FB77" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="BA72E07FEC12FF86FCADFBB0F360FB77" blockId="12.[816,1463,223,1251]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FCADFBB0F580FBEE" bold="true" box="[854,1017,1120,1147]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Distribution:</emphasis>
Freshwaters of Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FAD6FBB1F242FB08" author="Siemensma F. J. &amp; Roijackers R. M. M." pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="237 - 248" refId="ref13854" refString="Siemensma F. J., Roijackers R. M. M. (1988 b) The genus Raphidiophrys (Actinopoda, Heliozoea): scale morphology and species distinctions. Arch. Protistenkd. 136: 237 - 248" type="journal article" year="1988">Siemensma and Roijackers 1988b</bibRefCitation>
), N. and S. America ([as 
<taxonomicName id="7DCD9BFCEC12FF86FA8FFB54F50DFB55" authorityName="sensu Nicholls et Durrschmidt" authorityYear="1985" family="Raphidiophryidae" genus="Raphidiophrys" kingdom="Chromista" order="Centrohelida" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" phylum="Heliozoa" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="88B93C6DEC12FF86FA8FFB54F50DFB55" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">R. elegans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FC73FB76F37CFB54" author="Nicholls K. H. &amp; Durrschmidt M." box="[904,1285,1190,1217]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="1944 - 1961" refId="ref13518" refString="Nicholls K. H., Durrschmidt M. (1985) Scale structure and taxonomy of some species of Raphidocystis, Raphidiophrys, and Pompholyxophrys (Heliozoea) including descriptions of six new taxa. Can. J. Zool. 63: 1944 - 1961" type="journal article" year="1985">Nicholls and Dürrschmidt 1985</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DE5C9D8EEC12FF86FAEFFB76F3D2FB55" author="Wujek D. E." box="[1300,1451,1190,1216]" pageId="12" pageNumber="255" pagination="164 - 181" refId="ref14075" refString="Wujek D. E. (2003) Freshwater scaled heterotrophic protistans from four gulf states, including descriptions of two species. J. Alabama Acad. Sci. 74: 164 - 181" type="journal article" year="2003">Wujek 2003</bibRefCitation>
). These are the first observations in 
<collectingCountry id="C2DAA0EFEC12FF86FB38FB18F36CFB77" box="[1219,1301,1224,1250]" name="Russia" pageId="12" pageNumber="255">Russia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>